1.

INTRODUCTION

Phase controlled rectifiers employing thyristors are extensively used for changing constant ac input voltage to controlled dc output. In phase controlled rectifiers a thyristor is turned off by natural commutation or line commutation in which the anode to cathode voltage become negative causes commutation of thyristor. In industrial applications rectifier circuits makes use of more than one thyristors fully controlled rectifier with line commutated thyristor which employs no commutation circuitry very simple less expensive and are therefore widely used in industries where controlled DC power is required.

2.BASIC CIRCUIT OPERATION

Basic operation can be explained with the help of circuit diagram shown in fig 1. In which four thyristors are used in which thysistor T1 and T2 forward biased during the positive half cycle of the input AC supply. The SCRs T1 & T2 starts conducting only after a firing delay angle specified by the controller. During negative half cycle T3 & T4 conducts for the same firing angle. Thus the average output voltage varies according to the firing angle. Relation between average output voltage and firing angle is given by

T1 1 single phase AC supply 1

2 T3

LOAD

T4 1 1

2 T2

Fig.1 fully controlled rectifier Vo = (2Vm/) cos Where, Vo= Average output voltage in volts Vm = peak voltage of the input AC supply in volts = firing angle in degrees

3.BLOCK DIAGRAM
With the development of digital electronics controlling of power circuits become very simple, cheap and efficient. A PIC18F4550 microcontroller is used for the controlling the output voltage it has following functions Read the firing angle as an input voltage using internal ADC module Read the zero crossing output pulses ad Generate firing delay after crossing of each zero of the input AC voltage for both negative and positive half cycle. Generate the triggering pulse for all four SCRs.

Fig.2 block diagram

A pulse transformer is used to supply the firing pulses to SCR which provide protection for control circuit from power circuit. A filter capacitor reduces the ripple in output voltage waveform.

Circuit Description:
The control circuit consists of pic18F ntrol pic18F4550 microcontroller, LM 358 op-amp IC an accurate amp triggering pulse can be generated by using the proper synchronization with input supply this is done with the help of zero crossing circuit. Firing pulse is generated by pic microcontroller iring which also reads the input from zero crossing detection circuit and the potentiometer which isused to give the reference (firing angle) the output pulse from PIC is given to the pulse angle).the transformer input.
3

+5 V

R10 3.3k 1k

1 MCLR/VPP RA0/AN0 V2 VAC +5 V 1k 1k 8 U2A 33 1 2 + LM348 +5 V 32 VDD 4 3 RB0/INT0 2

TO T3 P1 1k RD5 2 28 T1 1 2P4M V3 1k

from P2

T3

2P4M

1k

3300 uF TO T2 RD6 31 VSS 2 T4 PIC18F4550 1 2P4M 29 P2 VAC

C 1k 1k

LOAD

from P1

47

T2

4. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

2P4M

Fig 3 . Circuit diagram

Zero crossing detection circuit (Ref Circuit diagram)

Fig.4 Output of zero crossing detection circuit with input When the input is greater than zero the output goes to + V sat of 5V and during the negative half cycle. The output is followed by an opto-coupler provide isolation for PIC18F. coupler

5. PROGRAMME FLOW CHART

Fig. 5 flow chart

6.COMPONENT DESCRIPTION

Serial no: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Component Name & specification SCR-2P4M PIC18F4450 PULSE TRANSFORMER RESISTOR -1K RESISTOR-47 CAPACITOR-3300 f,50 V TANSFORMER 6-0-6V, 12-0-12V LM358

Quantity 4 1 2 7 1 1 1 1

7. FILTER DESIGN

Expression for Filter capacitor, is given by C= 1/4fR [1+ (1/1.414RF)] Where f= supply frequency R=load resistance RF=Ripple factor Assume Ripple factor=3%, R=47 , f=50 Hz C= 2615 F Take C= 3300 F

8. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS

Fig .6 output voltage waveform measured across the load firing angle <90o

Fig.7 output voltage waveform measured across the load firing angle <90o 8

Fig.8 output voltage waveform measured across the load firing angle >90o

Fig.9 output voltage waveform measured across the load with C filter

Fig.10 input voltage and triggering pulse from PIC18F4550

10

Fig.10 triggering pulse For T1,T2 nd T3,T4 - PIC18F4550

11

CALCULATION OF RIPPLE VOLTAGE

From the Fig 9 Ripple voltage = (15-8)/2=3.5V RMS value of the Ripple voltage = 3.5/1.414=2.47V Average output voltage = 13.4 V Ripple factor =RMS value of the Ripple voltage /Average output voltage Ripple factor = 2.47/13.4 =18.4%

9.PROGRAMME

LIST P=18F4550, F=INHX32

;directive to define processor

#include <P18F4550.INC> ;processor specific variable definitions

;****************************************************************************** ;Configuration bits CONFIG WDT=OFF; disable watchdog timer CONFIG MCLRE = ON; MCLEAR Pin on CONFIG DEBUG = ON; Enable Debug Mode CONFIG LVP = OFF; 12

CONFIG FOSC = INTOSCIO_EC

;****************************************************************************** ;Variable definitions ; These variables are only needed if low priority interrupts are used. ; More variables may be needed to store other special function registers used ; in the interrupt routines.

UDATA WREG_TEMP STATUS_TEMP BSR_TEMP vipin res 1 RES RES RES 1 1 1 ;variable in RAM for context saving ;variable in RAM for context saving ;variable in RAM for context saving

UDATA_ACS

EXAMPLE

RES

;example of a variable in access RAM

;****************************************************************************** ;EEPROM data ; Data to be programmed into the Data EEPROM is defined here DATA_EEPROM DE CODE 0xf00000

"Test Data",0,1,2,3,4,5

;****************************************************************************** ;Reset vector ; This code will start executing when a reset occurs.

13

RESET_VECTOR

CODE goto

0x0000 Main ;go to start of main code

;****************************************************************************** ;High priority interrupt vector ; This code will start executing when a high priority interrupt occurs or ; when any interrupt occurs if interrupt priorities are not enabled.

HI_INT_VECTOR

CODE bra

0x0008 HighInt ;go to high priority interrupt routine

;****************************************************************************** ;Low priority interrupt vector and routine ; This code will start executing when a low priority interrupt occurs. ; This code can be removed if low priority interrupts are not used. LOW_INT_VECTOR CODE bra 0x0018 LowInt ;go to low priority interrupt routine

;****************************************************************************** ;High priority interrupt routine ; The high priority interrupt code is placed here to avoid conflicting with ; the low priority interrupt vector. CODE HighInt: retfie FAST 14

;****************************************************************************** ;Low priority interrupt routine ; The low priority interrupt code is placed here. ; This code can be removed if low priority interrupts are not used.

LowInt: movff STATUS,STATUS_TEMP ;save STATUS register movff WREG,WREG_TEMP movff BSR,BSR_TEMP movff BSR_TEMP,BSR movff WREG_TEMP,WREG ;save working register ;save BSR register ;restore BSR register ;restore working register

movff STATUS_TEMP,STATUS ;restore STATUS register retfie

;****************************************************************************** ;Start of main program ; The main program code is placed here.

Main: MOVLW B'00011000' IORWF OSCCON,1,0 CLRF PORTB CLRF LATB MOVLW 0X0E MOVWF ADCON1,0 BCF 300005H,1,0 15

MOVLW 0X00 MOVWF ADCON0,0 MOVLW B'00101100' MOVWF ADCON2,0 MOVLW 0X01 MOVWF ADCON0,0 MOVLW 0XFF MOVWF TRISB,0 MOVWF PORTA,0 CLRF PORTB movlw 0x00 MOVWF TRISD,0 MOVLW B'00001111' MOVWF PORTD,0 BCF PORTD,5,0 BCF PORTD,6,0 BTFSS PORTB,0 GOTO neg GOTO pos

pos

BCF PORTD,5,0 CALL delay1,1 BSF PORTD,5,0 CALL delay2,1 BCF PORTD,5,0

L7

BTFSC PORTB,0 GOTO L7

16

goto neg

neg BCF PORTD,6,0 call delay1,1 BSF PORTD,6,0 call delay2,1 BCF PORTD,6,0 L6 BTFSS PORTB,0 GOTO L6 goto pos

delay1

BSF ADCON0,1,0 L12 BTFSC ADCON0,1,0 GOTO L12 MOVF ADRESH,0,0

L5

NOP DECFSZ WREG,0 GOTO L5

17

RETURN

delay2

movlw 0x10 L11 DECFSZ WREG,0 GOTO L11 RETURN

;****************************************************************************** ;End of program

END

10. REFERENCES 1. PIC18F4550 datasheet 2. LM 358 datasheet 3. P.S Bimbhra Power Electronics

By Vipin A M, Natiional Institute of Technology Calicut Email:vipin.am@gmail.com

18