Compendium/Physics/Class XII 1

2010 Vidyamandir Cl asses

Dear Student s,
Vidyamandir Classes academic t eam knows that you are rigourously st udying t o cover t he ent ire prescribed
syl labus. As t he Final Exams approach, t his is t he t ime when you need t o revisit t he concept s you have
learned. At t his t ime, you have t o be very focused and direct ed in your approach.
To make your learning process precise, effect ive and enj oyable, we at Vidyamandir Classes concept ualized
t he compendi um series, st rat egi cally desi gned t o help you i n scoring high grades in examinat ion. The
Compendium is primarily intended t o present the concepts of chapter in a concise manner. All key definitions,
diagrams and formulae have been int egrat ed for a quick revision of t he chapt er.
To help you t o easily mast er complicat ed concept s, defi nit i ons, diagrams and f ormul ae, we have added
int eresting tips, mnemonics, maps and mat rices. Let us take a look at the element s of t he Compendium and
how t o use t hem.
Knowi ng t hese f eat ures will make it easier for you t o assimil at e complex informat ion.

I co n D e scr i p t i on H o w i t ca n h e l p yo u

Concept map
To di rect l y recapi t ul at e mai n concept s of t he
chapt er .

D r a wi n g T i p s
Drawi ng Ti ps
To hel p you draw and remember di agrams,
we have t hought f ul l y devel oped some
mnemoni cs t o hel p you t o memor i se
i nf ormat i on

Compare
Cont rast Mat ri x
To hel p you i n compari ng di f f erent concept s

Memory Ti ps
To make your l earni ng process ef f ect i ve, easy
t i ps have been provi ded.

In t his compendium, we have also incorporat ed:
CBSE Blue Print : Type of quest ions asked and t he weight age of different forms of quest ions.
Analysis of Previ ous Years CBSE quest ions: The t opic wise analysis of previous years quest ion al ong
wit h t he marks allocat ed.
We are confi dent t hat t his Compendium wi ll prove very helpf ul in achieving excellent result in your
exams.
All t he very best f or your exams!
Vidyamandir Classes Academic Team
ABOUT THE COMPENDI UM
Compendium/Physics/Class XII 2
2010 Vidyamandir Cl asses
The unit Magnet ic Ef f ect of Current and Magnet ism is one of t he most import ant unit s of
Physics f or Class XII. The weight age of t his unit in t he board examinat ions is 8 marks and a
mix of 1, 2, 3 and 5 marks quest ions can be asked.
Magnet i c Ef f ect of Cur r ent and Magnet i sm
About M agnet i c Ef f ect of Current and M agnet i sm
C BSE BLU E PRI N T : M A GN ET I C EFFEC T O F C U RREN T A N D M A GN ET I SM
The numerical probl ems based on el ect ric pot ent ial are r elat ively easy. Numeri cal problems
based on capacit or s, especially capacit or combinat ions, need caut i ous approach. Derivat ions
are simple and lear ning t he same can hel p you perf orm bet t er i n t he examinat i ons.
M O V I N G C H A RG ES A N D M A GN ET I SM
The analysis of quest ions f rom t hi s chapt er f or t he last f ive years shows t hat derivat ions
and descript ion of devices are given much import ance. The f ollowing t able shows t he
same.
N u m b e r o f Qu e st i on s
Ch a p t e r s
i n t h i s u n i t

Opt i ons
Very
short
(1 mark)
Short
Answer I
(2 marks)
Short
Answer II
(3 marks)
Long
Answer
(5marks)

T ot a l
M a r k s


I


1

1

-

1

8
1. Movi ng Charges
and Magnet i sm

2. Magnet i sm and
Mat t er

II


-

-

1

1

8
Ye a r s
D e r i va t i on s/
D e vi ce s ( M a r k s)
Un d e r st a n d i n g of co n ce p t s/
N u m e r i cal s ( M a r k s)
2004 3 2
2005 3 2
2006 5 -
2007 5 1
2008 4 2

Compendium/Physics/Class XII 3
2010 Vidyamandir Cl asses
A PPRO A C H T O M O V I N G C H A RGES A N D M A GN ET I SM
The mai n der ivat i ons i n t his chapt er ar e t o ar ri ve at t he expr essi ons f or magnet i c f i el d
creat ed by current carrying conduct ors. These are based on t wo l aws, viz. Biot - savart s law
and Ampere s circui t al law. The devices described are cyclot ron and moving coi l galvanom-
et er . Thorough st udy of t hese t opi cs will f et ch you a lion s share of marks all ot ed t o t his
chapt er .
Compendium/Physics/Class XII 4
2010 Vidyamandir Cl asses
(i ) Faraday s laws and Lenz s law
For ce act i ng on a char ged par t i cl e
moving in a magnet ic f ield:
Helps you t o conclude t hat :
(i) t he induced emf is direct ly proport ional t o
t he rat e of change of magnet ic flux.
(ii) effect of c is t o oppose t he change in |

F= q vB

(ii) Magnet ic moment of a revolving elect ron

(min)
e
he
4 m

B. D ERI V A T I O N S A N D D EV I C ES
Leads you t o underst and t hat a ci rcul ar
current loop act s as a magnet ic dipole.
Helps you t hink of t he variat ion of magnet ic
moment wit h
(i) number of t urns (ii) area of t he loop
Thi nk of revolving elect ron as a single t urn
current loop.
Get expressi ons for I and A.
Use t he equat ion: m = n I A.
Include angular moment um t erm and apply
Bohr s quant i zat i on condit i on.
( i ) Bi o t - Sa v a r t s l a w
Magnet i c f i eld st r engt h at a point due t o a smal l cur rent el ement of l engt h dl car r yi ng
current I,
0
2
I d sin
dB
4 r
u
=
t

0
- t he absolut e permeabilit y of f ree space
=
7 1
4 10 TmA t
A . C O N C EPT S A N D N U M ERI C A LS
Compendium/Physics/Class XII 5
2010 Vidyamandir Cl asses
Thi s di agram is vit al t o t he
deri vat ion. So pract ise it well.
M a g n e t i c f i e l d d u e t o a ci r cu l a r c u r r e n t l o o p
Get expressions for dB at P due t o current element s dl at
C and D.
Resolve bot h int o sine and cos component s.
Cos component s cancel out and si ne component s get
added.
Now int egrat e dB t o get t he t ot al fi eld due t o t he ent ire
loop
dl
}
over t he circumference will always give
2 r t
for a
circle.
Subst it ut e f or si n | and si mpli fy.
Apply x = 0 t o fi nd t he fi eld at t he cent re
Remember:
Use right hand t humb rule t o find t he direct ion of t he
field due t o a current l oop
2 2
PC PD d r x = = = +
( )
0 0
2 2 2
I d I d
dB sin90
4 d 4 r x

= =
t t +

( )
0
2 2
I sin
B dB sin d
4 r x
|
= | =
t +
} }

( )
2
0
3
2 2
2
Ir
B
2 r x

=
+
0
0
I
B
2r

=
Compendium/Physics/Class XII 6
2010 Vidyamandir Cl asses
I I . A m p e r e s c i r c u i t a l l a w
The line int egral of magnet ic f i eld around any closed pat h (or circuit ) in vacuum is equal t o
0
(absolut e permeabi lit y of space) t imes t he t ot al current (I) t hreadi ng t he closed pat h.
0
B.d I

M a g n e t i c f i e l d d u e t o a n i n f i n i t e l y l o n g s t r a i g h t c o n d u c t o r c a r r y i n g c u r r e n t
Draw a circl e of radius R around
t he wire.
. B dl Bdl =

, as B is t angent ial t o
t he circle at any poi nt .
By Ampere s law,

0
B.d I

M A GA N ET I C FI ELD D U E T O A SO LEN O I D A N D T O RO I D
. 2



Bdl Bdl B dl B R
0
2 B R I =

0
2
I
B
R

=
Take n as t he number of t urns per unit
lengt h.
Dr aw t he di agr am hi ghl i ght i ng t he
rect angle (MNOP) of lengt h L.
Solve B.d

over t he closed pat h MNOP.

For sides, MP and NO,
. 0 B dl =

as
B dl

. For PO, B = 0. Onl y
N
M
B.d
}

exi st s. Here, . B dl Bdl =

By Ampere s law,
Subst it ut e for I. Equat e t he RHS of bot h
t he equat ions.
N O P M
M N O P
B.d B.d B.d B.d B.d

B.d BL

0
B.d total current (in the rectangle MNOP)

0
n LI =

0
B nI =
(a) For a point well i nside t he solenoid
0
B.d I

Compendium/Physics/Class XII 7
2010 Vidyamandir Cl asses
Remember: Toroid is a solenoid in t he form of a ring.
Draw t he figure.
Find
B.d

Apply Ampere s ci rcuit al l aw by clearly st at i ng t he t ot al
current.
Equat e t he RHS of bot h t he expressions.
Fo r c e b e t w e e n t w o s t r a i g h t , p a r a l l e l l i v e c o n d u c t o r s
Draw t he figure clearly indicat ing t he di rect ion of force on
each conduct or due t o t he ot her.
Writ e t he expression for t he field (B
1
)
creat ed by t he fi rst conduct or on t he second.
Find t he force exert ed per unit lengt h (F
2
) on t he second
conduct or by B
1
.
Subst it ut e for B
1
.
Also writ e t he force experienced by t he f irst conduct or per
unit l engt h. Magni t udes of forces are t he same.
Thi s expression hel ps you defi ne t he SI unit of t he current
st rength - Ampere.
(b) At any end point of a solenoid,
0
n I
B
2

=
(c) For a t oroid

0 1
1
I
B
2 d

=
t
F
2
= B
1
I
2
1 = B
1
I
2


0 1 2
2
I I
F
2 d

=
t

0 1 2
2
I I
F
2 d

=
t

0 1 2
I I
F
2 d

=
t
B.d B 2 a

0
B.d t ot al cur r ent passi n g t hr ough t he ci r cl e of r ad i u s ' a '

=
0
2 a n I t
B =
0
nI
Remember:
(i) each conduct or is placed in t he magnet ic field creat ed by t he ot her.
(ii)
F BI
, force on a current carrying conduct or of lengt h

perpendicular t o a magnet ic field of
st rengt h B and carrying a current I.
Compendium/Physics/Class XII 8
2010 Vidyamandir Cl asses
T o r q u e o n a r e ct a n g u l a r c u r r e n t l o o p i n a u n i f o r m m a g n e t i c f i e l d
Dr aw a neat f i gure cl earl y i ndi cat i ng t he
forces act ing on each arm.
Find t he expressions for F
1
, F
2
, F
3
and F
4
.
F
2
and F
4
are equal and opposi t e and act
along t he same line. They cancel out .
F
1
and F
3
are equal and opposit e, but t hey
are act ing on t wo di fferent poi nt s, formi ng
a coupl e.
Find t he moment of t he couple.
Subst it ut e for F and put b

= A, t he area of
t he l oop.
Generali se for loop of n t urns

2 4
F F I bBsin = = u

1 2
F F 0 + =


1 3
F F F I B = = =

F b t =

Fbsin IABsin t = u = u
For n turns,
nIABsin t = u
I I I . C y c l o t r o n
U s e :
To accel er at e posit ively charged part icles li ke prot on,
deut er on, et c. such t hat t hey acquir e suf f i cient ener gy
f or nuclear react i ons.
Pr i n c i p l e :
A posit ivel y charged part i cle can acquir e suf f icient ly high
energy wi t h a comparat ivel y small al t er nat i ng pot ent i al
dif f erence by making t hem cr oss t he same el ect ric f ield
f requent ly wit h t he use of a st rong magnet ic f i eld.
Compendium/Physics/Class XII 9
2010 Vidyamandir Cl asses
Wo r k i n g :
The part icl e is produced at P.
D
1
and D
2
are given + ve and ve pot ent i als respect ively.
Part icle get s accel erat ed t o D
2
and ent ers a f ield f ree re-
gi on.
It moves wi t h a const ant speed v and get s def l ect ed along
a semicircular pat h of r adius r such t hat
mv
r
qB
=
Period of revoluti on,
2 r 2 m
T
v qB
t t
= =
Frequency,

c
1 qB
T 2 m
v = =
t
(cal led cyclot ron f requency)
Polarit y of t he dees is r eversed f requent ly t o repeat t he
pr ocess.
The part icl e get s acceler at ed every t i me wit h increasing
radi us of t he pat h and acquiring more and more energy.
The accelerat ed part icle is removed wit h t he help of an
elect ric f ield. Kinet ic energy of t he par t icle at exit af t er
t aking a pat h of radi us R,

2 2 2
2
1 q B R
K mv
2 2m
= =
Parts:
D- shaped hollow evacuat ed
met al chambers D
1
and D
2
,
called dees, placed
horizont ally wi t h a smal l gap
bet ween them.
A hi gh f requency osci l l at or
connect ed t o t he dees.
A st rong magnet represent ed
by pole pieces N and S
Apply concept s of cent ripet al
force and Lorent s force.
Ment ion how t he part i cle is
accelerat ed again and again
Wr i t e how t he par t i cl e i s
removed.
I V . M o v i n g c o i l g a l v a n o m e t e r .
Pr i n ci p l e : Torque act s on a rect angul ar coil placed inside a unif orm magnet ic f i eld.
Draw a neat and simple diagram.
Parts:
Rect angular coi l of N t urns and area A.
Phosphor bronze fibre t o suspend the coil
Cyl indri cal core t hat houses t he coil and
cylindrical pole pieces.
Lamp and scale arrangement .

Compendium/Physics/Class XII 10
2010 Vidyamandir Cl asses
D e vi ce
N a t u r e
o f d e vice
M o d i f i ca t i on t o g a l va n o m e t e r Re q u i r e d d i ag r a m
Ammet er
Low
resi st ance
A shunt r esi st ance S i s connect ed
i n paral l el t o t he gal vanomet er
( )
g
g
I G
S
I I
=

Vol t met er
Hi gh
resi st ance
A hi gh resi st ance R i s connect ed
i n seri es wi t h t he gal vanomet er
g
V
R G
I
=


Fu n c t i o n s o f e a c h p a r t :
Phosphor bronze f ibre: Enables t he coi l t o execut e t orsional osci llat ions and also act s as
one current lead t o t he coil.
Cyli ndrical core and cylindrical pole pi eces: To make t he f iel d radial so t hat t he plane of t he
coil is par allel t o t he f i eld.
Lamp and scale arrangement : t o measure t he def l ect ion of t he coil.
NIAB = C

NAB
=
C
I
= I k
C u r r e n t s e n s i t i v i t y :
Vo l t ag e s en s i t i v i t y :
Find the deflect ing couple of the coil and
t he rest oring couple of t he suspension
syst em.
Apply t he equilibrium condit ion
The deflect ion per unit current
The deflect ion per unit pot ent ial differ-
ence across t he coil
T h e o r y :
where

NAB
=
C
k , the galvanometer constant.
C.S =
NAB 1
= = =
d
I dI C k

G galvanomet er resist ance, I
g
current f or f ul l def lect ion of t he galvanomet er
I maximum val ue of current t o be measured, V maximum value of volt age t o be measured.
C o n v e r s i o n o f g a l v a n o m e t e r i n t o a m m e t e r a n d v o l t m e t e r :
Volt age sensit ivi t y :
Curr ent sensit ivi t y :
C.S
V.S
V IR R
u u
= = =
d NAB 1
C.S
I dI C k
u u
= = = =
Compendium/Physics/Class XII 11
2010 Vidyamandir Cl asses
A N A LYSI S O F C BSE Q U EST I O N S ( 2 0 0 4 - 2 0 0 8 )
N o t e :
The weight age of t his chapt er is 4 - 6 marks only. If t he t ot al marks f or quest ions f rom t his
chapt er f or a part icular year exceeds 6 i n t he above t abl e, it is because of t he f act t hat
quest ions f rom t hree or more papers have been analysed.
Co n cep t s:
Yea r s
Lorent z f orce
2008 (2 marks), 2007 (2 marks), 2005 (1
mark), 2004 (2 mark),
Cyclot ron
2008 (5 marks), 2006 (2 marks), 2005 (5
marks), 2004 (3 marks)
Biot - Savart s l aw and its applicat ions
2008 (5 marks), 2007 (5 marks), 2006 (5
marks), 2005 (3 marks), 2004 (3 marks)
Ampere s ci rcui t al law and it s
applicat ions
2007 (3 marks), 2006 (3 marks), 2005 (3
marks), 2004 (2 marks), 2004 (3 marks)
Magnet ic moment of a circular loop 2008 (2 marks), 2004 (3 marks)
Moving coi l galvanomet er
2007 (5 marks), 2006 (5 marks), 2005 (3
marks), 2004 (3 marks)