Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
National Capital Region
DIVISION OF CITY SCHOOLS – MANILA
Manila Education Center Arroceros Forest Park
Antonio J. Villegas St. Ermita, Manila

PRE-CALCULUS

Let’s
think and act!
Image: https://tesse.io/post/applications-of-trigonometry

Quarter 2 Week 4 Module 4

Learning Competency:
1. Illustrate the domain and range
of the different circular functions.
2. Graph the six circular functions.

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 Learning Module for Pre-Calculus

HOW TO USE THIS MODULE?

Before starting the module, I want you to set aside other tasks that will disturb you
while enjoying the lessons. Read the simple instructions below to successfully enjoy
the objectives of this kit. Have fun!

1. Follow carefully all the contents and instructions indicated in every

page of this module.
2. Write on your notebook the concepts about the lessons. Writing
enhances learning, that is important to develop and keep in mind.
3. Perform all the provided activities in the module.
4. Let your facilitator/guardian assess your answers using the answer key
card.
5. Analyze conceptually the posttest and apply what you have learned.
6. Enjoy studying!

PARTS OF THE MODULE

• Expectations - These are what you will be able to know after completing
the lessons in the module.

• Pre-test - This will measure your prior knowledge and the concepts to be
mastered throughout the lesson.

• Looking Back to your Lesson - This section will measure what learnings
and skills did you understand from the previous lesson.

• Brief Introduction- This section will give you an overview of the lesson.

• Discussion- This section provides a short discussion of the lesson. This

aims to help you discover and understand new concepts and skills.
• Activities - This is a set of activities you will perform with a partner.

• Remember - This section summarizes the concepts and applications of the

lessons.
• Check your Understanding - It will verify how you learned from the lesson.

• Post-test - This will measure how much you have learned from the entire
module.

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 Learning Module for Pre-Calculus

LESSON The Six Circular Functions and their Graphs

EXPECTATIONS

1. Illustrate domain and range of the of the six circular functions.

2. Graph the six circular functions (a) amplitude, (b) period, (c) phase shift

Specifically, this module will help you to:

❖ Make table of values for a specific circular function.
❖ Describe the domain and range of the six circular functions.
❖ Graph the circular functions.
❖ Illustrate graphs of circular functions showing their different (a) amplitude,
(b) period and (c) phase shift.

PRETEST

Multiple choice. Write the number of the correct choice on the line provided.

Match each term on the left to the appropriate label on the graph shown. (For
numbers 1-3)

_____1. amplitude
_____2. period
_____3. vertical shift
_____4. A periodic function is one which ____________

a. gives the total angle is divided by the total time

b. repeats the same pattern over and over
c. has exactly 2p degrees for every period
d. gives the number of radians in one revolution around a circle

_____5. Which of the following functions represents the graph below?

a. 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠( 4𝑥) + 1
𝜋
b. 𝑦 = − 𝑐𝑜𝑠( 𝑥)
2
𝜋
c. 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝑥)
2
1
d. 𝑦 = − 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝑥)
2

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LOOKING BACK TO YOUR LESSON

Complete the following table.

A.
 in Degrees  in Radian cos  sin
0˚
90˚
180˚
270˚
360˚

B.

θ -
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 -
𝜋
0 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
2 − − 6
3 4 6 4 3 2
tanθ

BRIEF INTRODUCTION

Many modern power companies use

alternating current to send electricity over
long-distance wires (sciencing.com,2018).
According to them in an alternating current,
the electrical charge regularly reverses
direction to deliver power safely and reliably
to homes and businesses. In addition,
Electrical engineers use trigonometry to
model this flow and the change of direction,
with the sine function used to model voltage.
Well in fact, they say every time you flip on a
light switch or turn on the television, you’re
Image:https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Power_lin benefiting from one of trigonometry's many
es_north_of_Buckworth_-_geograph.org.uk_-_278618.jpg
uses.

In this module we will study about the graphs and properties of the six circular
functions. The skills that you have learn in evaluating circular functions is very useful
in this lesson. So, then are we ready?

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DISCUSSION

Graphs of Circular Functions

As discussed in the first module, circular functions are defined having domains
that are sets of numbers that correspond to the measures in radian units of the angles
of similar trigonometric functions. While, the ranges, is the same as of trigonometric
functions, which is the set of real numbers. These functions are called circular functions
because radian measures of angles are determined by the lengths of arcs of circles. To
be precise, trigonometric functions defined using the unit circle lead directly to these
circular functions. These circular functions are periodic, meaning they repeat over and
over again after a specified period.
Graphing the Sine Function

Let us consider the following table in graphing the y= sinθ function.

 in Radian sin 
0 0
𝜋 1
2
𝜋 0
3𝜋 -1
2
2𝜋 0

𝜋 3𝜋
The values of y= sinθ at 0, ,𝜋,
2 2
and 2𝜋 angles is 0,1, 0, -1, and 0
respectively so we have ordered pairs (0,0)
𝜋 3𝜋
, ( , 1), ( 𝜋, 0), ( ,-1) and (2𝜋,0) to graph in
2 2
the x-y coordinate plane. We only plotted
the points in the graph from 0˚ to 2 𝜋.

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 Learning Module for Pre-Calculus

The graph of the sine function is sinusoidal meaning it is a continuous wave that
repeats every 2Π period. The graph of sine function looks like this, the graph is
continuously repeating every 2Π period. The domain of the function is the set of real
numbers and the range is [−1,1].

Graphing the Cosine Function

Let us consider the following table in graphing the y= cosθ function.

 in Radian cos 
0 1
𝜋 0
2
𝜋 -1
3𝜋 0
2
2𝜋 1

𝜋 3𝜋
The values of y= cosθ at 0, ,𝜋,
2 2
and 2𝜋 angles is 1,0,-1,0 and 1
respectively so we have ordered pairs
𝜋 3𝜋
(0,1) , ( , 0), ( 𝜋, -1), ( ,0) and (2𝜋,1) to
2 2
graph in the x-y coordinate plane. We
only plotted the points in the graph from
0 to 2𝜋. Because the period of the cosine
function is 2𝜋. The period of a circular
function illustrate one complete wave
graph of the sine or cosine function.

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 Learning Module for Pre-Calculus

The graph of cosine function looks like this, the graph is continuously repeating
every 2𝜋 period. The domain of the function is the set of real numbers and the range is
[−1,0].

Graphing the Tangent Function

First let us make table of values for the tangent function using the following special
angles

θ -
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 -
𝜋
0 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
2 − − 6
3 4 6 4 3 2
tanθ Undefined −√3=1.7 -1 −√3 0 √3 1 √3 =1.7 undefined
3 3
= −.6 = .6

Then plot the points in the coordinate plane. We ony

π π
selected x-values from - to because one period of the
2 2
tangent function is π meaning from this interval the graph of
π π
the tangent function has one complete period from - to ,
2 2
after that the graph will only repeat continously.

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 Learning Module for Pre-Calculus

π π 3π kπ
Observe the graph of tangent function, it has asymptotes - , , or in , where
2 2 2 2
k is an odd integer. So, the domain of the tangent function is all real numbers except at
kπ
, where k is an odd integer. The range of the function is the set of all real numbers.
2
The period of the graph is 𝜋.

Graphs of Cosecant, Secant and Cotangent Functions

The graph of the cosecant function in the ( 0,2𝜋) interval of domain, can be

obtained by reflecting the graph of the sine function with respect to the line y = 1 in the

interval (0, 𝜋), and y =-1 in the interval [(𝜋, 2𝜋),and considering the values where the

cosecant function is undefined. The function is undefined at 0, 𝜋, 2 𝜋 and in any angle

𝑘𝜋, where k is an odd integer. So the domain of the cosecant function is all real numbers

except 0, 𝜋, 2 𝜋 and in any angle 𝑘𝜋, where k is an odd integer. While, the range of the

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 Learning Module for Pre-Calculus
function is y ≥ 1 and y ≤ -1. The period of this function is 2 𝜋.

The graph of the secant function has a period of 2 𝜋. The graph of the secant
π 3π
function in the interval (− , ) can be obtained by reflecting the graph of the cosine
2 2
π π π 3π
function in the interval ( − , ) about the line y=1and in the interval ( , ) about
2 2 2 2
π π kπ
the line y= -1. The graph has asymptotes at − , and in the angles , where k is an
2 2 2
kπ
odd integer. Thus, the domain of the function is all real numbers except at , where k
2
is an odd integer. The range of the function is also is y ≥ 1 and y ≤ -1.

The graph of the cotangent function is undefined at 0, 𝜋, 2 𝜋 and in k 𝜋 angles,

where k is an odd integer. Therefore, the domian of the function is all reals except 0,
𝜋, 2𝜋, and in k 𝜋 angles, where k is an odd integer. While, the range of the function is all
reals. The graph has a period 𝑜𝑓 𝜋.

The graph in the interval (-𝜋, 0) can be obtained by reflecting the graph of the

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 Learning Module for Pre-Calculus
π
tangent function about the line x= − . While the graph in the interval (-0, 𝜋) can be
2
π
obtained by reflecting the graph of the tangent function about the line x= .
2

Properties of the Graphs of Circular Functions

Period
The period is defined as one complete wave graph of a circular function. Consider
the function y=sinBθ and y=cosBθ, the period of the graph is defined by the formula p=
2π
.
B

Example:

1. y= sin2x
2π 2π
Solution: the period of the graph is p= = = 𝜋, hence the graph will have one
b 2
complete wave in the interval form 0 to 𝜋.

1
2. y= sin x
2
2π 2π
Solution: the period of the graph is p= = 1 = 4𝜋, hence the graph will have
b
2
one complete wave in the interval form 0 to 4𝜋.

Notice, that the effect of the value of b streches the graph or shrink horizontaly
the graph. In example 1, the value of b=2, it shortens one complete wave of the graph
from 2 𝜋 to 𝜋. While, in example 2 b=1/2, it lengthens one complete wave of the sine
function from 2 𝜋 to 4 𝜋, hence the graph is streched.

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 Learning Module for Pre-Calculus
Amplitude

The amplitue of the graph y= Asinθ and y= Acosθ, is A, the distance of the maximum
and minimum points from the x-axis. The effect of the value of a stretches or shrinks
the graph vertically.
Example:
1. y= 2sinx
Solution: The range of the mother graph y= sinx changes from [−1,1] to [−2,2] in the
graph of y= 2sinx.

2. y= 3cosx
Solution: The range of the mother graph y= cosx changes from [−1,1] to [−3,3] in the
graph of y= 2sinx.

Phase Shift and Vertical Shift

When the graph is translated horizontally we call that the Phase shift. Consider
the function y= sin(θ+C). The phase shift of the function is C units to the left from the
position of the mother graph y= sinθ. Meaning all the points of the graph y= sinθ will be
shifted C units to the left in this case. While, in y= sin(θ-C), the graph will be shifted C
units to the right.

When the graph is translated vertically we call that the Vertical shift. Consider
the function y= sinθ + D. The vertical shift of the function is D units upward from the
position of the mother graph y= sinθ. Meaning all the points of the graph y= sinθ will be
shifted C units upward, in this case. While, in y= sinθ-D, the graph will be shifted D
units downward.

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 Learning Module for Pre-Calculus
Examples:
π
1. y= cos (𝜃 − )
2
π
Solution: All points from the mother graph y= cos 𝜃 must be shifted to units to the
2
right.

π
2. y= sin 𝜃 +
2
π
Solution: All points from the mother graph y= sin𝜃 must be shifted to units to the
2
upward.

To summarize the properties:

y = A sin(B(x + C)) + D

✓ amplitude is A
✓ period is 2π/B
✓ phase shift is C
✓ vertical shift is D

Examples:
Sketch the graph of each function. Use only one period.
1
1. y= 2cos (𝜃 + 𝜋) + 1
2

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 Learning Module for Pre-Calculus
Solution: Determine the properties
2𝜋 2𝜋
Period: P= = 1 = 4𝜋
𝐵
2
Amplitude: A=2
Phase Shift: 𝜋 units to the left
Vertical Shift: 1 unit upward

The smaller graph represents the graph of the mother graph y= cos𝜃 and the
1
bigger one is the graph of y= 2cos (𝜃 + 𝜋) + 1. The phase shift of the graph is 𝜋 units to
2
1
the left and the period of the graph is 4 𝜋 so one period of the graph of y= 2cos (𝜃 + 𝜋)
2
+ 1, will start at – 𝜋 and will end at − 𝜋 + 4 𝜋 = 3 𝜋, from the starting point – 𝜋 we will
just add one period which is 4 𝜋 to get the endpoint of one period of the graph. Then the
vertical shift is one unit upward.

2. Identify the properties of the graph.

𝜋
A. y= 5cos2(𝜃 − ) -2
2
Solution:
2𝜋
Period: P= =𝜋
2
Amplitude: A=5

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 Learning Module for Pre-Calculus
𝜋
Phase Shift: units to the right
2
Vertical Shift: 2 units downward
𝜋
B. y= 6sin(𝜃 − ) - 3
4
Solution:
2𝜋
Period: P= = 2𝜋
1
Amplitude: A=6
𝜋
Phase Shift: units to the right
4
Vertical Shift: 3 units downward
Note: The red graph or the bigger graph is
𝜋
y= 6sin(𝜃 − ) – 3, while the blue graph or the
4
smaller graph is y=sin 𝜃.

ACTIVITIES

Activity 1. Sketch the following mother graph. Use one period only.

1. y = sinx
2. y = cosx
3. y = tanx

Activity 2. Complete the following table for domain and range of the following circular
functions.

Circular Function Domain Range Period

1. y = sinx
2. y = cosx
3. y = tanx
4. y = cscx
5. y = secx
6. y = cotx

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 Learning Module for Pre-Calculus
Activity 3. Write an equation of the given trigonometric functions having the specified
characteristics

Trigonometric Function Amplitude Period Phase Vertical

Functions Shift
Shift

1 Cosine 6 4 None None

2 Sine 5 2 None Up 2
3
3 Cosine 15 4  Down 10
Left
2
4 Sine 2   none
Right
5 3 3

REMEMBER

Summarizing the properties of the graph of circular functions:

y = A sin(B(x + C)) + D

✓ amplitude is A
✓ period is 2π/B
✓ phase shift is C
✓ vertical shift is D

CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING

Graph the following functions and give the properties.

1   
1. y = 3 sin (2x) 2. y = 4 cos  x  3. y = 5 sin  x − +2
3   3

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 Learning Module for Pre-Calculus

POSTTEST
Multiple choice. Write the number of the correct choice on the line provided.

Match each term on the left to the appropriate label on the graph shown. (For
numbers 1-3)

_____1. amplitude

_____2. period

_____3. vertical shift

_____4. A periodic function is one which _______________.

a. gives the total angle is divided by the total time

b. repeats the same pattern over and over
c. has exactly 2p degrees for every period
d. gives the number of radians in one revolution around a circle

_____5. Which of the following functions represents the graph below?

a. 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠( 4𝑥) + 1
𝜋
b. 𝑦 = − 𝑐𝑜𝑠( 𝑥)
2
𝜋
c. 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝑥)
2
1
d. 𝑦 = − 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝑥)
2

𝜋
_____6. What is the phase shift of the graph y = 5 sin (𝑥 − ) + 2?
3
𝜋 𝜋
a. units to the left b. units to the right
3 3
c. 5 units to the left d. 5 units to the right

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 Learning Module for Pre-Calculus
______7. Which of the following functions
represents the graph below?

a. 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥
b. 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥
c. 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑥
d. 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑥 + 1

_____8. What is the vertical shift of the graph y = 7 cos 4(𝑥 − 𝜋)- 1?

a. 1 units upward b. 1 units downward

c. 𝜋 units upward d. 𝜋 units downward

_____9. What is the phase shift of the graph y = 7 cos 4(𝑥 − 𝜋)- 1?

a. 𝜋 units to the left b. 𝜋 units to the right

c. 7 units to the left d. 7 units to the right
_____10. What is the period of the graph y = 2 cos 2(𝑥 − 𝜋)- 5?
𝜋 𝜋
a. 2𝜋 b. 𝜋 c. d.
2 3

REFLECTIVE LEARNING SHEET

Shifting of Mindset
Phase shift is defined as the horizontal translation of the graphs of the circular
functions. In the function y = A sin(B(x + C)) + D, C is the phase shift of the graph, wherein if
C is greater than zero, the graph moves C units to the left and when C is less than zero the
graph moves to the right. Shifting means moving towards a specific direction. In real life
situation, specially now in this time of pandemic many difficulties arise. Some people loss
their job, business, and even some has loss their love ones. In this time of difficulties, it easy
to feel lonely or feel depressed. But do you know class that God affirms us that we are to be
confident in Him. We call it confidence in God, it means that even when we are facing
difficult times, God is here to take care of us. A verse in the bible in Isaiah 41:10

"Fear not, for I am with you; be not dismayed, for I am your God; I will strengthen you, I will
help you, I will uphold you with my righteous right hand."

This God’s affirmation is very promising and encouraging, so whenever we feel

negative about what’s happening in this world, we can be bold and courageous because
God is with us. So, class are you in the positive mindset right now, because of God through
his son Jesus Christ? Or do you need some shifting of mindset to the right direction? Can you
share something how you experience the presence of God working in your life in this time
of pandemic?

_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
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 Learning Module for Pre-Calculus

ANSWER KEY
PRETEST:

1. B 2. A 3. D 4. B 5. A

LOOKING BACK TO YOUR LESSON:

A.

 in Degrees  in Radian cos  sin 

0˚ 0 1 0
90˚ 𝜋 0 1
2
180˚ 𝜋 -1 0
270˚ 3𝜋 0 -1
2
360˚ 2𝜋 1 0

B.

θ 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 -
𝜋
0 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
-2 − − 6
3 4 6 4 3 2
tanθ Undefined −√3=1.7 -1 −√3 0 √3 1 √3 =1.7 undefined
3 3
= −.6 = .6

ACTIVITIES:

Activity1.A

1.

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 Learning Module for Pre-Calculus
2.

3.

Activity 2

Circular Function Domain Range Period

1. y = sinx Set of Real {y ∈ R|-1≤ y ≤ 1} 2𝜋
Numbers
2. y = cosx Set of Real {y ∈ R|-1≤ y ≤ 1} 2𝜋
Numbers
3. y = tanx Reals except Set of Real 𝜋
kπ
, k is an odd integer Numbers
2
4. y = cscx Reals except y≥ 1 𝑜𝑟 𝑦 ≤ −1 2𝜋
k𝜋, k is an odd integer
5. y = secx Reals except y≥ 1 𝑜𝑟 𝑦 ≤ −1 2𝜋
kπ
, k is an odd integer
2
6. y = cotx Reals except Set of Real 𝜋
k𝜋, k is an odd integer Numbers

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 Learning Module for Pre-Calculus
Activity 3

Trigonometric Function Amplitude Period Phase Vertical

Functions Shift
Shift

1 y=6cos x
1 Cosine 6 4 None None
2

2 y=5sin3+2 Sine 5 2 None Up 2

3
3 1 𝛱
y=15cos2(x+ 2 ) -10 Cosine 15 4  Down 10
Left
2
4 2 𝛱
y= sin6(x - 3 ) Sine 2   none
5 Right
5 3 3

CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING:

Solution:

1. Amplitude: 3

Period: 𝜋

2. Amplitude: 4

Period: 6𝜋

3. Amplitude: 5

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 Learning Module for Pre-Calculus
Period: 2𝜋
𝛱
Phase shift: left 3
units

Vertical Shift: 2 units upward

POSTTEST

1. B 2. A 3. D 4. B 5. A

6. B 7. A 8. B 9. B 10. B

Management and Development Team

Schools Division Superintendent: Maria Magdalena M. Lim. CESO V

Chief Education Supervisor: Aida H. Rondilla

CID Education Program Supervisor: Remylinda T. Soriano

CID LR Supervisor: Lucky S. Carpio

CID – LRMS Librarian II: Lady Hannah C. Gillo

CID – LRMS PDO II: Albert James P. Macaraeg

Reviewers/Validators: Remylinda T. Soriano, EPS, Math
Angelita Z. Modesto, PSDS
George G. Borromeo, PSDS

Editor: John Rainier P. Rizardo

Writers: Gloria Sophia J. Laguidao

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 Learning Module for Pre-Calculus

E-SITES

To further explore the concept learned today and if it possible to connect the internet,
you may visit the following links:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cqIZue-plBI&t=194s
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rv8xzlDprb8

https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCkoctKeYBbgHlIWsOvRvnUQ

REFERENCES

Ascano, et. Al, O. A. (2016). Pre- Calculus . CHED

Ferrer, et. Al, College Tinonometry (2nd Edition)

Internet Sites:
https://sciencing.com/real-life-applications-trigonometry-7769833.html

https://www.mathsisfun.com/algebra/amplitude-period-frequency-phase-shift.html

https://www.cliffsnotes.com/study-guides/trigonometry/graphs-of-
trigonometric-functions/circular-functions

http://www.troup.k12.ga.us/userfiles/929/My%20Files/HS%20Math/pre_calc
ulus/Unit%202A%20-
%20Graphing%20Trig/trig%20graphing%20review.doc?id=12408
http://www.newpaltz.k12.ny.us/cms/lib/NY01000611/Centricity/Domain/132/Grap
hs%20of%20Trig%20Functions.doc

http://fsgi.aikido-roma.it/trigonometry-quiz-doc.html

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