Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Department of Education
National Capital Region
DIVISION OF CITY SCHOOLS – MANILA
Manila Education Center Arroceros Forest Park
Antonio J. Villegas St. Ermita, Manila
PRE-CALCULUS
Let’s
think and act!
Image: https://tesse.io/post/applications-of-trigonometry
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Learning Module for Pre-Calculus
Before starting the module, I want you to set aside other tasks that will disturb you
while enjoying the lessons. Read the simple instructions below to successfully enjoy the
objectives of this kit. Have fun!
1. Follow carefully all the contents and instructions indicated in every page
of this module.
2. Write on your notebook the concepts about the lessons. Writing enhances
learning, that is important to develop and keep in mind.
3. Perform all the provided activities in the module.
4. Let your facilitator/guardian assess your answers using the answer key
card.
5. Analyze conceptually the posttest and apply what you have learned.
6. Enjoy studying!
• Discussion- This section provides a short discussion of the lesson. This aims to
help you discover and understand new concepts and skills.
• Activities - This is a set of activities you will perform with a partner.
• Check your Understanding - It will verify how you learned from the lesson.
• Post-test - This will measure how much you have learned from the entire
module.
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Learning Module for Pre-Calculus
EXPECTATIONS
PRETEST
Multiple choice. Write the number of the correct choice on the line provided.
a. -1 b. -1/2 c. 0 d. 1
_____ 3. Evaluate cos180°
a. -1 b. -1/2 c. 0 d. 1
√3 √2 1
a. b. c. d. 1
2 2 2
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Learning Module for Pre-Calculus
BRIEF INTRODUCTION
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Learning Module for Pre-Calculus
engineering, and even in crime scene
investigations.
In physics, like in projectile motion, trigonometry is used to find the components
of vectors, model the mechanics of waves both physical and electromagnetic and
oscillations, sum the strength of fields, and use dot and cross products. In this lesson,
we will study about circular functions where in the measurement among the sides of
triangles is applied combining the concept of the unit circle.
DISCUSSION
Circular functions are defined having domains that are sets of numbers that
correspond to the measures in radian units of the angles of similar trigonometric
functions. While, the ranges, is the same as of trigonometric functions, which is the set
of real numbers. These functions are called circular functions because radian measures
of angles are determined by the lengths of arcs of circles. To be precise, trigonometric
functions defined using the unit circle lead directly to these circular functions. These
circular functions are periodic, meaning they repeat over and over again after a
specified period.
Let’s recall your lesson in Junior High School Math about the six trigonometric
ratios given an angle in a right triangle.
adj hyp
cos = sec =
hyp adj
opp hyp
sin = csc =
hyp opp
opp adj
tan = cot =
adj opp
Placing the right triangle in the coordinate system, taking note that the given
angle is in standard position and the hypotenuse of the tringle is always equal to 1
representing the radius of the unit circle.
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Learning Module for Pre-Calculus
x adj r hyp
cos = = sec = =
r hyp x adj
y opp r hyp
sin = = csc = =
r hyp y opp
y opp x adj
tan = = cot = =
x adj y opp
Now we have the six circular functions derived using the trigonometric ratios.
Since in a unit circle the radius is equal to 1 we can write,
1
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝑥 sec𝜃=
𝑥
1
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑦 csc𝜃=
𝑦
𝑥 𝑦
tan𝜃= cot𝜃=
𝑦 𝑥
We have to note that the denominators should not be equal to zero. From these
circular functions we can derive the reciprocal identities
1 1 1
sec𝜃= csc𝜃= cot𝜃=
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
The equation of unit circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1 , since 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝑥 and 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑦 we can derive the
following Pythagorean identity
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 = 1
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Learning Module for Pre-Calculus
The correspondence of function P on the unit circle is defined as:
P ( ) = ( x, y)
Where the domain is any angle in standard position which is the length of the arc
from (1,0) a point on the unit circle in the initial side of to P(x,y), the terminal point of
the arc and the range is an ordered pair which is the terminal point of , that lies on
the unit circle.
The sine function (sin ) is the function which associates each arclength with the y-
value of the corresponding point on the unit circle.
The cosine function (cos ) is the function which associates each arclength with the
x-value of the corresponding point on the unit circle.
Where the domain of the function is the set of real numbers and the range is -1 to 1.
Quadrantal angle is an angle that has its terminal side on one of the coordinate
axes. The angles 90˚, 180 ˚, 270 ˚ and 0 ˚ or 360 ˚ are quadrantal angles.
Illustrating the correspondence on the unit circle
P ( ) = ( x, y) B (0,1)
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Learning Module for Pre-Calculus
EXAMPLE:
1. Give the values of sin and cos for the following points.
19𝜋 34𝜋
a. P(20 𝜋) b. P(- ) c. P( )
2 2
Solution:
a. P(20 𝜋) = (cos20 𝜋, sin20 𝜋)= (cos (0+10(2 𝜋), sin (0+10(2 𝜋)) = (cos0, sin0)= (1,0)
𝜋 𝜋
= (cos ,sin )= (0,1)
2 2
𝜋 𝜋
hence, cos = 0 and sin = 1
2 2
Solution:
7𝜋 4𝜋 3𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
a. cos = cos( + ) = cos(2𝜋 + )= cos =0
2 2 2 2 2
9𝜋 8𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
b. sin = sin ( + ) = sin(2(2𝜋) + )= sin = 1
2 2 2 2 2
𝜫
a. Special Angle or 30˚
𝟔
√3 1
P( , )
2 2 1
y
1
30˚
2
x 30˚
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Learning Module for Pre-Calculus
√3
2
In a 30˚-60˚-90˚ right triangle the side opposite the 30˚ angle is half of
the hypotenuse and the side opposite the 60˚ angle is equal to the shortest side, the side
opposite the 30˚ angle multiply by √3. Since the hypotenuse is equal to 1, which is the
1
radius of the unit circle, therefore the length of the side opposite the 30˚ angle is and
2
√3 𝛱 𝛱 𝛱 √3 1
the side opposite the 60˚ angle is . So we have, P( ) = (cos , sin ) = ( , )
2 6 6 6 2 2
𝛱 √3 𝛱 2 2 √3 2√3
𝑐𝑜𝑠 = sec = = . =
6 2 6 √3 √3 √3 3
𝛱 1 𝛱 2
𝑠𝑖𝑛 = csc = = 2
6 2 6 1
1 √3
𝛱 1 √3 √3 𝛱
tan = 2
√3
= . = cot = 2
1 = √3
6 √3 √3 3 6
2 2
𝜫
b. Special Angle or 60˚
𝟑
1 √3
P( , )
2 2
1
√3
y
60˚ 2
x
60˚
1
2
Since the hypotenuse is equal to 1, which is the radius of the unit circle, therefore
1
the length of the side opposite the 30˚ angle is and the side opposite the 60˚ angle is
2
√3 𝛱 𝛱 𝛱 1 √3
. So we have, P( ) = (cos , sin ) = ( , ) )
2 3 3 3 2 2
𝛱 1 𝛱 2
𝑐𝑜𝑠 = sec = = 2
3 2 3 1
𝛱 √3 𝛱 2 2 √3 2√3
𝑠𝑖𝑛 = csc = = . =
3 2 3 √3 √3 √3 3
√3 1
𝛱 𝛱 1 √3 √3
tan = 2
1 = √3 cot = 2
√3
= . =
3 3 √3 √3 3
2 2
𝜫
c. Special Angle
𝟒
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Learning Module for Pre-Calculus
√2 √2
P( , )
2 2
1 √2
y
45˚
2
x
45˚
√2
2
In a 45˚-45˚-90˚ triangle the length of the legs is equal to half of the hypotenuse
and multiply by √2. Since the hypotenuse is equal to 1, which is the radius of the unit
√2 𝛱 𝛱 𝛱 √2 √2
circle, therefore the length of the legs is so P( ) = (cos , sin ) = ( , ).
2 4 4 4 2 2
𝛱 √2 𝛱 2 2 √2
𝑐𝑜𝑠 = sec = = . =√2
4 2 4 √2 √2 √2
𝛱 √2 𝛱 2 2 √2
𝑠𝑖𝑛 = csc = = . =√2
4 2 4 √2 √2 √2
√2 √2
𝛱 𝛱
tan = 2
√2
=1 cot = 2
√2
=1
4 4
2 2
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Learning Module for Pre-Calculus
In using reference angles to find the exact value of circular functions we should be
mindful of the signs, below are the signs of the six circular functions.
9
3. = The angle is in the III quadrant.
7
9 9 7
' = − = − =
2
7 7 7 7
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Learning Module for Pre-Calculus
79
4. = The angle is in the IV
42
quadrant.
79 5
' = 2 − =
84
−
79
=
42 42 42 42
5. = − 150
' =180 − 150 = 30
Examples Use a reference angle to find the exact value of the six trigonometric
functions of the following angles.
The angle = 300 is in the IV quadrant. The reference angle of the angle = 300 is
the angle ' = 60 . Since the angle will terminate at quadrant IV, the only function that
will have positive signs are cosine and secant.
1
cos 300 = cos 60 = sec 300 = 2
2
3 2 2 √3 2√3
sin 300 = − sin 60 = − 𝑐𝑠𝑐300° = − =− . =−
2 √3 √3 √3 3
1
tan 300 = − tan 60 = − 3 cot 300 = − =−
1 √3
. =
−√3
√3 √3 3
3
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Learning Module for Pre-Calculus
2
2. = (This is the 12 0 angle in units of degrees.)
3
2
The angle = is in the II quadrant. The reference angle of the angle = 2 is the
3 3
2
angle ' = . Since the terminal side of the angle = is in the II quadrant, then only
3 3
sine and cosecant have positive signs.
2 1 2
cos = − cos = − sec = −2
3 3 2 3
2 3 2𝜋 2 √3 2√3
sin = sin = 𝑐𝑠𝑐
3
= .
√3 √3
=
3
3 3 2
2 2𝜋 1 1 √3 −√3
tan = − tan = − 3 𝑐𝑜𝑡
3
=−
√3
=− .
√3 √3
=
3
3 3
7
=
3. 4 (This is the 315 ˚angle in units of degrees.)
7 7
= = '=
The angle 4 is in the IV quadrant. The reference angle of the angle 4 is 4
7
=
. Since the terminal side of the angle 4 is in the IV quadrant, hence cosine and
secant have positive values, the rest of the values are negative.
7 7 2
cos = cos =
2 sec = = 2
4 4 2 4 2
7 2 7 2
sin = − sin = − csc = − = − 2
4 4 2 4 2
7 7
tan = − tan = − 1 cot = −1
4 4 4
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Learning Module for Pre-Calculus
ACTIVITIES
Activity 1. A. Complete the following table involving all the points of intersection
between the unit circle and the x and y axis.
00
900
1800
2700
3600
B. Draw the coordinates P(x,y) of quadrantal angles in the unit circle. What
appears to be the maximum and minimum values for cos and sin ? Use words and
an inequality to express your answer.
Activity 2. Complete the following table involving the reciprocal of circular functions.
The first one is done for you.
Sine
Cosine Secant secθ 𝟏
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽
Tangent
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Learning Module for Pre-Calculus
Activity 3. Determine the exact value for each ratio. Include a diagram. The first
60˚ sec300˚=
1 1
= 1= 2
𝑐𝑜𝑠60˚
2
1 √3
P( , − )
2 2
cot ( −225 )
5
csc
6
4
sec
3
3
cot
2
csc
Activity 4. Draw the angles in standard position of the unit circle in the figure below write the
angles in degree and radian and the coordinates of P(x,y).
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Learning Module for Pre-Calculus
REMEMBER
7 14
1. 2080 __________ 2. 4 ____________ 3. 5 ___________
5
−
4. – 2920 __________ 5. 3 ___________ 6. – 4450 _______
2 2 5
cos tan cos
1. 3 2. 3 3. 3
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Learning Module for Pre-Calculus
− 5 7 7
cos sin csc
4. 3 5. 4 6. 3
− 3 11
sec cot tan
7. 3 8. 2 9. 6
5 2
sin cot
10. 4 11. 3 12. csc(− )
7 −
sec cos
13. 6 14. 2 15. tan 4
POSTTEST
Multiple choice. Write the number of the correct choice on the line provided.
_____ 1. What is the reference angle of 120°
a. 30° b. 45° c. 60° d. 90°
a. -1 b. -1/2 c. 0 d. 1
_____ 3. Evaluate cos180°
a. -1 b. -1/2 c. 0 d. 1
√3 √2 1
a. b. c. d. 1
2 2 2
𝛱
_____ 6. What is P( )?
3
1 √3 1 √3 √3 1 √2 √2
a. ( , ) b. (− , ) c. ( , ) d. ( , )
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
𝛱
_____ 7. What is cos ?
3
1 1 √3 √2
a. − b. c. d.
2 2 2 2
𝛱
_____ 8. What is sin ?
3
1 1 √3 √2
a. − b. c. d.
2 2 2 2
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Learning Module for Pre-Calculus
5𝛱
_____ 9. What is the sign of cosθ in of 𝑃( )?
4
a. I b. II c. III d. IV
______12. In what quadrant P(θ) is located if cosθ > 0 and sinθ < 0.
a. I b. II c. III d. IV
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Learning Module for Pre-Calculus
Relating this principle to our daily lives, I want you to ask this question
to yourself. “In my daily life, am I guided by the words of God in the bible?” the
bible is telling us in the verse that I want to share in Mathew 6:33
“But seek first his kingdom and his righteousness, and all these things
will be given to you as well.”
The verse is telling us to seek God first above anything else. It means
studying the bible, and having a relationship with Him. As a Senior High student,
do you have some verses in the bible that you always remember which serve/s
as guiding principle in your life? Can you write that verse/s below?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________.
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Learning Module for Pre-Calculus
ANSWER KEY
PRETEST:
1. C 2. C 3. A 4. A 5. A
ACTIVITIES:
Activity1.A
00 (1,0) 0 1 0
1800 (-1,0) 0 -1 0
3600 (1,0) 0 1 0
Activity 2
Tangent cotθ
Cotangent 1
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
20
Activity1.B
(0,1)
(-1,0) (1,0)
(0,-1)
Activity 4.
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Learning Module for Pre-Calculus
𝟏 𝟏 1 √2
B. 1. − 2. -√3 3. 4. 5. −
𝟐 𝟐 2 2
2√3 −√3 √2
6. 7. 2 8. 0 9. 10. −
3 3 2
−√3 −2√3
11. 12. Undefined 13. 14. 0 15. 0
3 3
POSTTEST
1. C 2.C 3.A 4. A 5.A
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Learning Module for Pre-Calculus
E-SITES
To further explore the concept learned today and if it possible to connect the
internet, you may visit the following links:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cqIZue-plBI&t=194s
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rv8xzlDprb8
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCkoctKeYBbgHlIWsOvRvnUQ
REFERENCES
http://www.math.utoledo.edu/~janders/1330/Lectures/Lesson6/Lesson6.doc
https://www.math.purdue.edu/files/academic/courses/2009summer/MA15400/Les
son6(students).doc
https://www.mcckc.edu/tutoring/docs/bt/trig/Special_Angles_Chart.pdf
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