Basic Cell Structure

Cells
Basic building blocks of life Understanding of cell morphology is critical to the study of biotechnology

Cell
Smallest living unit of an organism Grow, reproduce, use energy, adapt, respond to their environment

Cell
Many cannot be seen with the naked eye A cell may be an entire organism or it may be one of billions of cells that make up the organism

Cells
Divided and classified in many ways One common classification method is the presence or absence of a cell necleus

Nucleus
Relatively large structure with a cell Directs cell activities Some simple single celled organisms lack a nucleus

Nucleus
Prokaryotes have no nucleus Eukaryotes have a nucleus

Prokaryotes
Single celled organism Kingdom Monera Lacks a cell nucleus Internal structure is less organized than other cells

Prokaryotes
Genetic info needed is within the cell Two most common blue green bacteria and true bacteria

Blue green bacteria

Have ability to produce their own food like plants Most bacteria get their food from other sources

Prokaryotes
Less complex than eukaryotes Still have many of the basic internal characteristics

Common prokaryote structures

Cytoplasm Chromosomal material Cell membrane and wall Ribosomes Some have flagellum for mobility

Eukaryotes
Organism made up of cells that have a nucleus May be single celled Kingdom Protista May have billions of cells like plant and animal kingdoms

Eukaryotes
Single celled eukaryotes include paramecia, euglena, and diatoms

Eukaryotes
Typically are highly organized Infinite number of shapes and purposes

Eukaryotes
Human body has at least 85 different cell types All eukaryotes have a number of structures in common

Common structures
Organelles smaller parts of the cell with specific funtions Cell membrane acts as a gatekeeper

Cell membrane
Controls what enters and leaves the cell Plants, algae and bacteria typically have a tough outer structure known as a cell wall

Cell wall
Provides additional structure and protects the cell from pressure caused by movement of water Animal cells do not have walls

Cytoplasm
Organelles are surrounded by a jelly like substance Primary component is water

Nucleus
Largest and most identifiable part of the cell

Other organelles
Ribosomes Mitochondria Golgi bodies Endoplasmic reticulum

Other organelles
Lysosomes Vacuoles Chloroplasts in plants

Nucleus
Brain of the cell Site of much of the manipulation done in biotechnology

Nucleus
Controls activity of the cell Round or oval structure Typically found in the middle of the cell Appears darker than surrounding material

Nucleus
Surrounded by a membrane that controls passage of materials in and out of the area

Nucleus
Contains DNA DNA is located on chromosomes Most organisms are diploid have tow chromosomes for each trait

Diploid
Humans 23 pair Goldfish 90 chrms, 45 pair

Cytoplasmic Organelles
Organelles are required for proper cell function Ribosome make proteins for cellular use and communication May be attached to endoplasmic reticulum

Endoplasmic reticulum
Layered membraneous Make and transport proteins

Vacuole
Large organelle, without specific shape Store waste or raw materials used in synthesis of proteins

Golgi Bodies
Golgi apparatus Similar to endo. Ret. Look like a thick elastic band that has been folded several times

Golgi Bodies
Adds modifications to unfinished proteins Makes lysosomes

Lysosome
Small round Store enzymes that break down food into chemical compounds Destroy cell organelles and the cell itself

Mitochondria
Energy factories Rod shaped Change food into molecules that can be used for energy

Mitochondria
Contain DNA Can replicate themselves

Chlorplast
Found in plants and some other organisms Contain chlorophyll

Cellular processes
Respiration Osmosis Diffusion Photosynthesis

Respiration
Cells break down carbohydrates and other molecules to produce energy Oxidation of glucose is one of most common forms

Respiration
Breaking down of sugar into water, carbon dioxide, and energy Energy is used to do the work of the cell

Osmosis & Diffusion

Transport of raw materials, wastes, and synthesized materials out of the cell

Diffusion
Movement of molecules, especially gases and liquids from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration

Osmosis
Specific type of diffusion Movement of water through a membrane from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration

Equilibrium
Diffusion and osmosis happen to enable a cell to reach equilibrium

Cellular reproduction
Three ways Fission Mitosis Meiosis

Fission
Prokaryotes Cell grows larger and makes a second copy of its DNA At some point the cell membrane divides the cell by the growth of a transverse septum

Fission
Two new cells are formed as the division grows inward from either side of the cell Two cells now called daughter cells Sometimes known as binary fission

Mitosis
Eukaryotes Requires 6 stages Interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis

Mitosis
Creates cells that are identical to the original cell. Have the entire compliment of chromosomes existing in pairs - diploid

Meiosis
Division of sex cells Stages of Meiosis I: Interphase I, prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, telophase I, cytokinesis I

Meiosis
Meiosis II Interphase II, prophase II, metaphase II, anaphase II, telophase II, cytokinesis II

Meiosis
Each cell receives one chromosome from each pair randomly Resulting cells have half the normal number of Chromosomes - haploid