a

q (shear flow) = avgt = const. avg =

2 2

c = a + b 2ab cos
PL = i i i Ai Ei
T = J

max = K
V = w(x )dx

Tc J

T 2tAm

; K = torsional stress concentration

=
max

PL AE
Tc = J

M = V (x )dx

My I

y
Ix =

bh 3 12

J solid shaft =

c
h
4 o

I=

c4

J tubular shaft =

(c 2

ci4

)
b

TL JG

=
i

Ti Li J i Gi

Ix =

(I

x'

2 + Ad y

P = T = T 2f ; P = power

I x = y 2 dA, I y = x 2 dA

J 3 T = c = c 2 max

(Solid shafts)

y=

Ay , A

x=

Ax A
x =
Mz y M yz + Iz Iy

4 4 J T (Hollow shafts) = c2 c1 = max c2 2c2

n = E2/E1

n = Est/Econc

nb

2' =

My I

2 = n 2'

VQ It

Q=

y' A'
d

(qmax ) f
V

Vtdb 4I

VQ q= I

Neutral axis

(qmax )w = Vdt b + d
I 4 8
q =0

qmax,top flange =
qmax,web =

Vtdb 4I

qmax =
qmax

V R

Vtd b d + I 2 8

*Cylindrical vessel

hoop =

pr t

longitudinal =

pr 2t

avg =

x + y
2

x y & R= 2

2 + xy

*Spherical vessel pr = 2t T My bending = torque = J I

1,2 = avg R

max = R

x =

x + y
2 2

x y
2

cos 2 + xy sin 2

x =

x +y
2

x y
2

1 cos 2 + xy sin 2 2

xy =

x y

sin 2 + xy cos 2

y =

x +y
2

x y
2

y =

x + y
2

x y
2

1 cos 2 xy sin 2 2

cos 2 xy sin 2

tan 2 p =

xy ( x y ) / 2
-( x y ) / 2

x y 1 1 xy = sin 2 + xy cos 2 2 2 2

avg =

x +y
2

tan 2 s =

x y & R= 2

xy + = max 2 2
2 2

xy

y
4r 3
1 I x = I y = r 4 4 1 J = r 4 2

r x

y' =

r x

d 2 v M (x ) = 2 EI dx

Pcr =

2 EI
L2 e

cr =

(Le / r )2

2E