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Physics
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Physics: Chapter 1
Objectives:
(what you will learn) learn)
1) understand Physics base quantities & derived quantities scalar quantities & vector quantities measurements, using instruments processes in scientific investigations
2) 3) 4)
5)
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Physics
Understanding Physics:
1. Physics derives from Latin, physica physica the science of natural things; until 19th century, it was called natural natural philosophy. Through its subfield of philosophy. astronomy, astronomy, it may be the oldest academic discipline. 2. Physics is a branch of Science for study phenomena, of natural phenomena, which involves force, matter & energy; based on experimental observations & quantitative measurements.
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Physical Quantities
Base Quantities
Quantities that cannot be defined in any other physical quantity.
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Physical Quantities
Derived Quantities
Quantities derived from base quantities (through mathematical combinations).
Volume = Length x Breath x Height = m3 Density = Mass Volume = kg m-3 Velocity = Displacement Time = m s-1 Acceleration = Velocity Time = m s-2
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Physical Quantities
Scalar Quantity
Physical quantity which has magnitude only, such as distance and mass. (Compare them to base quantities.) quantities.)
Vector Quantity
Physical quantity which has both magnitude and direction, direction, such as force and pressure. (Compare them to derived quantities.) quantities.)
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Physical Quantities
Prefixes
Simplifies description of physical quantities that are either very big or very small without losing data.
prefix symbol value pico nana micro milli centi p n m c 10-12 10-9 10-6 10-3 10-2
prefix symbol value kilo mega giga tera k M G T 103 106 109 1012
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Small quantities
Big quantities
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Physical Quantities
Scientific Notation
The standard form for numerical magnitude.
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Measurements
Accuracy measures how close a hit is to the target. If it is too far from the target, it is not accurate. Consistency measures how close together a group of hits is to the average value. If they are far apart from each other, they are not consistent.
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Measuring Instruments
Sensitivity = how small a change in reading that can be measured by an instrument Ruler Low, 1 mm
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High, 0.01 mm
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Measurement Errors
Systematic Error
Occurs in one direction only. Always negative too low or too Always high positive
May arise from various causes. Incorrect calibration of instruments Zero error pointer of instrument does not return to zero when not in use, such as a ruler worn out at one end Repeated error in reaction time Wrong assumption
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Measurement Errors
Random Error
Size of error not constant & unpredictable. unpredictable. The reading is sometimes positive & sometimes negative from actual value.
May arise from various causes. Parallax error due to incorrect positioning of the eye when taking measurement Changes in the surroundings; i.e. temperature, air circulation, lighting, magnetic field, etc.
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Scientific Investigation
Start
Observation
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Scientific Experiment
Steps involved in carrying out Experiment
Suggest suitable questions
Manipulated, responding, & fixed List apparatus/materials, arrangement Carry out experiment in proper order Documenting data obtained
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Summary
What you have learned:
< Back
1. 2. 3. 4.
Understanding Physics Physical Quantities Measurements & Instruments Scientific Investigations & Experiments
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