Professional Documents
Culture Documents
IPA Chart (C) 2005
IPA Chart (C) 2005
CONSONANTS (PULMONIC) Bilabial Labiodental Dental Plosive Nasal Trill Tap or Flap Fricative Lateral fricative Approximant Lateral approximant Alveolar Post alveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Uvular 2005 IPA Pharyngeal Glottal
t d n r | v F B f v T D s z S Z L l
p b m
c k g q G / = N R J x V X ? h H
VOWELS
Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a voiced consonant. Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible. CONSONANTS (NON-PULMONIC) Clicks Voiced implosives Ejectives
Front Close
Central
Back
> !
p t k s
Close-mid
IY e P
u o O A
Open-mid
OTHER SYMBOLS
Voiceless labial-velar fricative Alveolo-palatal fricatives w Voiced labial-velar approximant Voiced alveolar lateral flap Voiced labial-palatal approximant Simultaneous S and x Voiceless epiglottal fricative Affricates and double articulations Voiced epiglottal fricative can be represented by two symbols joined by a tie bar if necessary. Epiglottal plosive
DIACRITICS
Open
e E { a
Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a rounded vowel. SUPRASEGMENTALS
kp ts N(
"
*
foUn"tISn
e_ e! e@ e~ e
Downstep Upstep
e e$ e% e e&
3 7 2 + ` 8
n9 d9 Voiced s3 t3 Aspirated t d More rounded O7 Less rounded O Advanced u Retracted e2 Centralized e Mid-centralized e+ Syllabic n` Non-syllabic e8 Rhoticity a
Voiceless
W 6 5 0
b a 1 Dental t1 d1 Creaky voiced b0 a0 Apical t d Linguolabial t d 4 Laminal t4 d4 Labialized tW dW ) Nasalized e) Palatalized t d Nasal release d Velarized t d Lateral release d Pharyngealized t d } No audible release d} Velarized or pharyngealized : Raised e6 ( 6 = voiced alveolar fricative) Lowered e ( B = voiced bilabial approximant) Advanced Tongue Root e5 Retracted Tongue Root e
Breathy voiced
e e e*
i.kt