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Power Management Institute,Noida 28 07 2008 28-07-2008 DR. S. S. KACHHWAHA Assistant Professor (Head, Training & Placement) Department of Mechanical Engineering Delhi College of Engineering,Delhi-110 042
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Fundamentals Mechanism of Heat and Mass Transfer Design and Performance Analysis Discussions Recent Developments Conclusions
Fundamentals
Classification Cooling Tower Zones Terminologies Heat and Mass Transfer Mechanism
Classification
Natural Draft N t l D ft Induced Draft
Spray Zone
Nozzle configuration for uniform distribution of water over the fill material 15% cooling in large cooling towers To develop spray pattern: Height f H i ht of spray zone = 0 45 m (18 i h) 0.45 inch)
Fill Zone
Classification (a) Splash Fill (b) Trickle Fill (c) Film Fill
Rain Zone
Rain zone is required in a cooling tower to permit uniform airflow into the fill. Inefficient portion of the cooling tower (10 to 20% of total heat and mass interaction only in large size towers) Droplets and jets are formed due to dripping of water from the sheet of the fill. Droplet radius in rain zone is large as compared to that i th t in spray zone. For a 100 ton blow through tower: Rain zone = 0.90 m (36 inch); ( ); Fill zone = 0.90 m (36 inch); Spray zone = 0.45 m (18 inch).
Terminologies
Cooling Range Approach Ambient Wet bulb Temperature Cooling Load Zones of Cooling Tower
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Fundamentals Mechanism of Heat and Mass Transfer Design and Performance Analysis Discussions Recent Developments Conclusions
Modes
Evaporative heat and mass transfer Convective heat transfer
Merkel Method
Enthalpy of air
dima hd a fi A fr (imasw ima ) = dz ma
Water Temperature
dt w ma 1 dima = dz m w c pw dz
MeM = hd a fi A fr L fi mw = hd a fi L fi Gw =
t wi
t wo
(i
c pw dt w
masw
ima )
Assumptions
The value of Lewis factor (Lef) relating heat and mass ( g transfer for air-water vapor system is equal to 1. The air leaving the cooling tower is saturated with water vapor and it is characterized only by its enthalpy. The reduction of water flow rate by evaporation is neglected.
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Problem Formulation
Design /Analysis
Given Water mass flow rate Inlet water temperature Cooling range g g Air inlet temperature (WBT & DBT) To calculate Air mass flow rate Fill size
Required Equations
Heat and Mass Transfer, & Energy Equations Draft Equation (with Fan Characteristics) Pressure Equation Empirical Equations Geometries
Energy Equation
The amount of heat transferred,q (J/s) to the air stream from the circulating water is expressed by energy equation as q = mw . cpwm . (twi two) = ma (imas5 ima1) imasw5 = enthalpy of saturated air-vapor at 5 ima1 = enthalpy of air-vapor at cooling tower inlet The amount of water lost due to evaporation [mw(evap)] is given by y mw(evap) = (mav5 mav1)
Draft Equation q
The Draft Equation obtained by matching fan performance curve and the flow characteristics is expressed as (Kilfi+ Krzfi+ Kfsfi+ Kfi+ Kspfi+ Kwdfi+ Kdefi+ Kctfi+ Kupfi) x (mav15/Afr)2/(2 av15) (KFs(mav5/Ac)2/ (2 av6) = 0
where K = denotes the loss coefficient and g p mav15 = average air-vapor mass flow rate between 1 and 5 Afr = frontal area of the fill av15 = harmonic mean density of air-vapor = 2 /(1/av1+1/av5) mav5 = air-vapor mass flow rate at 5 air vapor 5 Ac = area of the fan casing av6 = density of air-vapor at 6.
This equation will g q generally correlate measured p y pressure loss coefficients accurately for all types of fills under all types of practical operating conditions as it make provision for a spectrum of forces due to shear and drag. Film fill empirical relations: Kfdml =19.658921 Gw0.281255Ga0.175177 Kfdml =3.897830 Gw0.777271Ga0.215975 + 15.327472Gw0.215975Ga0.079696
where Gav1 = mass velocity of air-vapor at 1 [G = m / Afr] Gav5 = mass velocity of air-vapor at 5
The specified fan upstream loss coefficient (Kupfi) referred to mean conditions through the fill is given by Kupfi = Kup. (av15/av5). (mav5/mav15)2.(Afr/Ac)2 where Kup = fan upstream losses
Pressure Equation
The pressure of air upstream of fan (pa5) is expressed as 5 pa5 = pa1[1(0.009754(H3 +Lfi/2)/ta1]3.5(1+w1)(1-w1/(w1+0.622)) (Kilfi+Krzfi +Kfsfi +Kfi +Kspfi +Kwdfi +Kdefi +Kctfi) x (mav15/Afr)2/ (2 av15) Here, it is assumed that the air-vapor leaving the cooling tower is saturated.
(i
c pw dt w
masw
c (t =
pwm
wi
t wo ) 1
i(1)
+
( 2)
+
( 3)
1 i( 4)
tw(1) = two + 0.1 (twi two) tw(2) = two + 0 4 (twii two) 0.4 (2) tw(3) = two + 0.6 (twi two) tw(4) = two + 0.9 (twi two) (
Exergetic Equations g q
Limitations of conventional studies Based on law of conservation of energy. Energy analysis alone p gy y provides no information of energy transfer from the best possible way (only a quantity of energy transfer). It is insufficient to indicate some aspects of energy utilization and may be misleading.
Exergetic Equations
Law of Degradable of Energy (Exergy Analysis) Powerful concept of exergy to fulfill of incompleteness Exergy is a measure of the usefulness, quantity or potential of energy to cause change, and it appears to be an effective measure of the potential of system to impact the environment Importance This study is useful for determining the operating point of cooling tower in various inlet air conditions performing thermodynamically valuable.
Exergy of Water gy
The exergy (W) of water is given by Xw = mw[(hfw hfwr) tr.(sfw sfwr) Rv. tr .ln (r)] where r = pa.w/(0.622 + w).pvs and h and s represent enthalpy and entropy of water respectively.
Exergy of Air-Vapor gy p
Exergy of air-vapor is sum of exergy of dry air and exergy of vapor. vapor Specific exergy of dry air (J/kg) is given by a = [xa.(cpa/Ma).{ t tr tr. ln(t/tr) } + (R/Ma).tr.(p/pr) + (R/Ma) tr. xa. ln (xa/xar)] ).t Specific exergy of vapor is given by v = [xv.(cpv/Mv).{ t tr tr. ln(t/tr)} + ( [ ( ){ ( (R/Mv).tr.(p/pr) + ) (p p (R/Mv).tr. xv. ln (xv/xvr)] g q gy p Using above equations, exergy of air-vapor mixture becomes Xav = ma [a + v]
Exergy Balance
Total exergy entering = Total exergy leaving + destroyed gy exergy Total exergy entering = (Xwi + Xavi + Xwimakeup) Total exergy leaving = (Xwo + Xavo) Exergy d t ti (Xd) i given b E destruction is i by Xd = (Xwi + Xavi + Xwimakeup) (Xwo + Xavo)
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Fundamentals Mechanism of Heat and Mass Transfer Design and Performance Analysis Discussions Recent Developments Conclusions
DISCUSSIONS
Input Parameters Air/water conditions Atmospheric pressure at ground level 1(Pa),pa1 Water inlet temperature (K),twi Water outlet temperature (K),two p ( ), Inlet water mass flow rate(kg/s),mw Inlet air dry bulb temperature(K),ta1 y p ( ), Inlet air wet bulb temperature(K),twb1 101325.000 314.65 303.47 412.0000 306.65 298.1500
Guess Values Average mass flow rate of air vapor through the air-vapor cooling tower, mav15 (kg/s) Pressure at 5, pa5, (N/m2) mw
pa1
Calculated values (Output) Average mass flow rate of air-vapor(kg/s),mav15 Pressure of air at 5 upstream of fan(Pa),pa5 Air dry/wet bulb temperature at 5(K),ta5 Transfer coefficient for the rain zone, Merz Transfer coefficient for the fill zone, Mefi Transfer coefficient for the spray zone, Mesp Total transfer coefficient / Merkel number for the cooling tower, MeT Merkel number by Chebyshevs formula, MeC Actual fan shaft power (W),PF Water lost due to evaporation (kg/s),mwevap Mass flow rate ratio at inlet (mav1/mw ) Evaporation loss of water (kg/s), mwevap Exergy destruction (W), Xd Second law efficiency, II Thermal efficiency of the cooling tower, th 441.7592 101170.321 306.76 0.264781 0.886219 0.102264 1.253264 1.27580 69242.37 7.4834 1.0631 1 0631 1.8164 2260169.503 0.9204 0.6777
312 310 Air outle temperature(K) et 308 306 304 302 300 298 292.15 294.15 296.15 298.15 300.15 302.15 303.468 Wet bulb tem prature of inlet air(K)
Inlet mass flow rate ratio v/s wet bulb temperature of inlet air
1.09 1.08 Inlet mas flow rate ratio ss 1.07 1.06 1.05 1.04 1.03 1.02 1 02 292.15 294.15 296.15 298.15 300.15 302.15 303.468 Wet bulb tem prature of inlet air(K)
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0 292.15 294.15 296.15 298.15 300.15 302.15 303.468 Wet bulb tem prature of inlet air(K)
29 2. 1
29 4. 1
29 6. 1
29 8. 1
30 0. 1
30 2. 1
30 3. 4
68
Second law efficiency and exergy destruction to the variation of inlet dry bulb temperature.
Dry air flow rate required to the variation of inlet dry bulb temperature
Second law efficiency and exergy destruction to the variation of inlet relative humidity.
Exergy change of water and air to the variation of inlet relative humidity.
Dry air flow rate required to the variation y q of inlet relative humidity
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Fundamentals Mechanism of Heat and Mass Transfer Design and Performance Analysis Discussions Recent Developments Conclusions
Recent Developments p
Limitations of the conventional cooling towers. Development of Shower cooling tower [SCT].
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Fundamentals Mechanism of Heat and Mass Transfer Design and Performance Analysis Discussions Recent Developments Conclusions
Conclusion
For a given cooling tower load (mass flow rate of water and cooling range,the model successfully predicts the air outlet conditions, fan power requirements, make up water requirements and various evaluation parameters such as mass flow rate ratio, thermal efficiency of cooling tower, exergy destruction and second law efficiency. The wet bulb temperature of inlet air plays a significant role on overall performance of the induced draft cooling tower. From parametric study, it may be concluded that increase in wet bulb temperature of inlet air causes increase in air outlet temperature, thermal efficiency and second l t t th l ffi i d d law efficiency and ffi i d decrease in inlet mass flow rate ratio,evaporation loss, fan power requirements and exergy destruction. Droplet diameter in the rain zone has no significant role in the performance of cooling tower. The present model can be successfully applied for air conditioning and power plant applications for wide range of load. load
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