Slope,Length and Area for Polar Curves

Slope,Length and Area for Polar Curves Slope, length, area for polar curves in calculus is one of the most interesting and bit complex topic of Calculus. In this section, we will look at areas enclosed by polar curves. Here, we used the word enclosed instead of under. We try to look at the difference between both the words through a diagram given below: The formula to find the area (colored) for the diagram given above is, A = r2 d Now, lets take an example of this type of problem and try to solve it using the formula given above. Example: Compute the areas of the inner loop of the r = 2 + 4 cos ? Solution: To solve this function of polar coordinates, we have to determine the value of at the point where the curve goes through the origin.
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We can know this by solving it with assuming the equation equal to zero. 0 = 2 + 4 cos , cos = -1/2, = 2/3, 4/3.

The graph of the function is represented as the colored area in the following graph: Do you know why we need the value of at the origin? Because this is the place where the inner loop starts and ends and thus gives the limit of the integration. So, then the area is: A = 2/3 4/3 1/2 ( 2 + 4 cos )2 d, = 2/3 4/3 1/2 ( 4 + 16 cos + 16 cos2) d, = 2/3 4/3 2 + 8 cos + 4 ( 1 + cos(2) d, = 2/3 4/3 6 + 8 cos + 4 cos(2) d, = ( 6 + 8 sin + 2sin(2 )) 2/3 | 4/3 = 4 - 63, = 2.174. This is the brief explanation of the area for polar curves. Now lets move to the other topic, which is Slope for polar curves. To study this we have to take rectangular coordinates:
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