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An Introduction To Gas Turbines & Microturbines For DE Applications
An Introduction To Gas Turbines & Microturbines For DE Applications
EXHAUST GAS
PROCESS STEAM
Hospitals Hospitals
Solar Turbines
Pharmaceutical Pharmaceutical
Solar Turbines
Principles for Performance Improvement Power output and efficiency can be improved by:
Increasing the Firing Temperature Greater effect on power output but required: New Materials Thermal Barrier Coatings Cooling of hot section components Increasing the Pressure Ratio Greater effect on efficiency but required: New materials Improved Aerodynamics
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Reduced Costs
Increased Power Density Higher firing temperatures & new component designs More compact turbomachinery with lower component costs More highly loaded components
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Future Possibilities For step change improvements, move to Complex Cycle technologies:
Combined Cycle Recuperated Intercooled Recuperated Integration with high temperature Fuel Cells Solid Oxide or Molten Carbonate Reheat Cheng Cycle Wet Cycles Humid Air Turbine (HAT) Cycles
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GAS TURBINE
STEAM TURBINE
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Combined Cycle Uses GT exhaust gases to produce steam for Steam Turbine generator
Approximately 40 - 50% additional power
13MW gas turbine gives c.18.5MW in CCGT configuration
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Intercooling
Reduces the work required to compress air Increases power output for same mass flow but no efficiency gains When combined with recuperation (ICR), improves efficiency too Rolls Royce WR21 Simple Cycle 13MW 35% efficiency Recuperated 12MW 40% efficiency ICR 15MW 45% efficiency
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Combined Gas Turbine / Fuel Cell Derivatives Can integrate gas turbines with High Temperature Fuel Cells
Fuel flexible Increases power density of FC Offers very high electrical efficiencies Concept designs and pilot plant 200kW pilot scheme from NKK/JFE, Japan with 2000 hrs experience 300kW plant of 57% efficiency under construction in USA < 1MW scheme from Siemens Westinghouse within 2 -3 years 40MW concept based around WR21 ICR Gas Turbine
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2:1
Recip or Gas Turbine with Low Grade Heat Recovery or STAC 1:1 STAC System or Combined-Cycle with Back Pressure or Extraction Steam Turbine ELECTRIC LOAD, MWe
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Steam Production
Absorption Chilling Preheated Combustion Air
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Industries using Gas Turbine Cogeneration Food Processing Pharmaceutical Pulp and Paper Manufacturing Refinery Hospitals Universities
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Cogeneration Economic Factors Need for reliable electric and thermal Energy Facility Heat to Electricity Ratio of 2:1
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Gas Turbine Summary Simple Cycle designs are approaching their limits
Application flexible
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Microturbines
Small, high-speed generator power plants, 25 200 kWe One moving part Primarily fuelled with natural gas; major biogas potential Relatively low capital, O&M costs Lower emissions than conventional reciprocating engines Several applications
Traditional cogeneration, hospitals etc Generation using waste and biofuels Backup power Remote Power for those with Black Start capability Peak Shaving.
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0-30; 0-60 kW 400-480 VAC/DC User connection bay Digital power controller
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Generator
Compressor
Air bearings
Turbine
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Mission
To accelerate the deployment of DE systems worldwide
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WADE Network
4th (Rio, 2003)
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Promoting DE with international agencies, eg World Bank institutions and UN agencies Building international network of DE organisations Carbon credit development from DE
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