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Fuzzy Sets
Fuzzy Sets
The expression for the characteristic function or membership function can be written as:
~ ( x) = 6
~ The fuzzy set 6 contains the elements like ( 6,1),(5.5,0.8),and (100,0.000113161) .etc.
1 (1 + ( x 6) 2
Zadeh proposed an alternate representation for fuzzy sets, which is more convenient. Suppose A is a finite crisp set with elements {x1 , x 2 ,.......x n } , then an alternative representation for C is:
C = {x 1 + x 2 + x 3 + ...... + x n }
Here + denotes an enumeration or listing rather than addition. Yet another way is to include the characteristic function also into its fold is:
( x)
x
bottom entries is just a delimiter or separator. The fuzzy set of expensive cars can be now written using this notation as:
1
1 1 0.8 0.7 0.4 0 0 + + + + + + } Ferrari Rollsroyce Mercedes BMW Honda Fiat Renault The set F = {( x, F ( x)) | x X } can then be written as: { F=
F ( x1 )
x1 + ............. +
F (xn )
xn
i =1
F ( xi )
xi
i.e. if the same element has two membership values, say 0.8 and 0.6, then its membership degree becomes 0.8, the larger of the two. Any countable or discrete universe U allows such a notation.
A=
x X
F ( x)
x
A ( x)
The set close to 6 can now be re-written as : 0.1 0.2 0.5 1 0.5 0.2 0.1 ~ 6 ={ , , , , , , } 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Example.3.3 : X can be the set of integers described by the membership function :
1 | x6 | 3 3 x 6
F ( x)
integers. Example 3.4: Consider the set of old people belonging to the universe of people in the age of 0 to 120. X = [ 0, 120] We can define the membership function as : 0 ;
old =
0 x 60
( x -60) / 20 ; 60 x 80 1 ; x 80
120
old ( x)
x
Fuzzy sets follow the same properties as crisp sets. Since membership values of crisp sets are a subset of the interval [0,1], classical sets can be thought of as generalization of fuzzy sets:
Involution:
~ ~ A=A
~ ~ ~ Let A, B , C be three fuzzy sets defined on the universe of discourse X . For a given element x of the universe, the following function-theoretic operations of Union, Intersection and Complements are defined as follows :
~ ~ ~ ~ Union : A B ( x) = A ( x) B ( x) ~ ~ ~ ~ Intersection : A B ( x) = A ( x) B ( x) ~ ~ Complement : A ( x) = 1 A ( x) These are shown graphically in Figs3.8-3.10
~ A
~ B
~ A
~ B
~ A
~ A
~ Any fuzzy set A defined on the universe X is a subset of the universe. Also by definition null set has a membership 0 and x in X has a membership 1. Note that the null set and the whole set are not fuzzy sets. Example3.5:A simple hollow shaft is 1-m radius and has a wall thickness of ( 1/2) m. The shaft is built up stacking a ductile section and a brittle section. A downward force P and a torque T are simultaneously applied to the shaft. The failure properties of the two sections can be described by the following fuzzy sets A and B for the ductile and brittle sections as follows:
We can see the following: . 1. The set of loadings for which either material B or material D will be safe can be ~ ~ obtained by getting A B 2. The set of loadings for which one expects that both material B and material D are ~ ~ safe can be obtained by forming A B . ~ ~ 3. The complements A and B represents the set of loadings for material D and B are unsafe. ~ ~ 4. A | B gives the set of loadings for which the ductile material is safe but the brittle is not. ~ ~ 5. B | A gives the set of loadings for which the brittle material is safe but the ductile not. ~ ~ ~ ~ 6. De Morgans laws can be used to find A B .= A B which asserts that the loadings that are not safe with respect to both materials are the union of the those that are unsafe with respect to the brittle material with those that are unsafe for with respect to the ductile material . ~ ~ ~ ~ 7. De Morgans law A B = A B asserts that the loads that are safe for neither material D nor material B are the intersection of those that are unsafe for material D with those that are unsafe for material B. Consequently, we can find the following: 0 .5 0 .7 0 .2 0 .4 1 0 .5 0 .3 0 .2 ~ ~ } } and B = { A ={ + + + + + + 2 3 4 5 2 3 4 5
etc.
3.4 SET POINTS AS HYPERCUBES
A geometric analogue can be used to illustrate the idea of a set membership. The fuzzy ~ set A is defined on the a universe X. For a universe with only one element. The membership function is defined on the unit interval [ 0, 1] ; foe a two element universe,
4
the membership function is defined on the unit square; for a three element universe, the membership function is defined on a unit cube. All these are shown in Fig. For a universe of n elements we define the membership on the unit hypercube, I n = [0,1] n . The end points on the unit interval in the Fig and the vertices of the unit square, unit cube in Fig b and c respectively represent the possible crisp sets, or collections of the elements of the universe in each figure. This collection of possible crisp(non fuzzy) subsets of elements in a universe constitute the power set of the universe. For example. In Fig. C, the universe comprises three elements, X = { x1 , x 2 , x 3 }. The point (0,0,1) represents the crisp subsets in 3-space where x1 and x 2 have no membership and x 3 has full membership. i.e. the subset { x 3 }; the point (1,1,0) is the crisp subset where x1 and x 2 have full membership and element x 3 has no membership and so on. In general there are 2 n subsets in the power set of a universe with n elements; geometrically this universe is represented by a hypercube in n-space, where 2 n vertices represent the collection of sets constituting the power set. Two points in the diagram bear special notes, as illustrated IN Fig. The point (1,1,1) where all elements in the universe have full membership is called the whole set X and the point (0,0,0) where all elements have zero membership is called the null set . The centroids of each of the diagrams represent single points where the membership value for each element equals 0.5. This corresponds to the point of maximum fuzziness. A membership value 0.5 corresponds to the element belongs to the set as much as it does not, i.e. it holds equal membership in both fuzzy sets and its complement.
.= (0)
X ={ x1 }=(1)
{ x 2 }= (0,1)
X= { x1 , x 2 }=(1,1)
. (0.5, 0.5)
.= (0,0)
(1,1,1)
(0,0,0)