Cardiac system Systemic circulation: - transports oxygenated blood away from the heart, to the rest of the body,

and returns oxygen-depleted blood back to the heart. Systemic circulation is, distance-wise, much longer than pulmonary circulation, transporting blood to every part of the body. Pulmonary circulation: - transports oxygen-depleted blood away from the heart, to the lungs, and returns oxygenated blood back to the heart. Oxygen deprived blood from the vena cava enters the right atrium of the heart and flows through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle, from which it is pumped through the pulmonary semilunar valve into the pulmonary arteries which go to the lungs. Pulmonary veins return the now oxygen-rich blood to the heart, where it enters the left atrium before flowing through the mitral valve into the left ventricle. Then, oxygen-rich blood from the left ventricle is pumped out via the aorta, and on to the rest of the body. What is cardiac muscle tissue? Myocardium- composed of muscle cells called myocytesstriated like skeletal uscle but less oranised. Single nuclei and rich in mitochondia generates own rhythm called inheret rhymicity intercalculated discs provide desmosomes for structural attatchment and electrical contact by gap junctions - which are low resistant pathways between cells What is the inner surface of the heart covered by? Endocardium The fluid filled sac that surrounds the heart and keeps it contained within the chest cavity is the ...? Pericardium Valves 1) semi lunar valves Pulmonary (3cusps) Aortic (3cusps) 2) Artventricular valves Bicuspud (mitral) Left Tricuspid Right What is a commisure? Line at which the cusp edges meet Stenosis?

Narrow valves Incompetant valves (regurgitation)? Do not close properly and leak

Aortic pressure: Systolic- 110mmhg Diastolic- 80mmhg Mean 90mmhg Arterial system Contains 17% of blood Veins Contain 70% of blood Thin walled Cardiac output- volume of blood pumped per minute ~5l/m (21l/min in vigerous exercise) Heart rate x stroke volume Stroke volume Volume ejected per beat ~70ml/beat Heart rate 75bpm Cardiac index= cardiac output/ body surface area

What is the normal blood pressure of a person? 120/80 Electrocarigram- supplies a cmposite recording of all action potentials produced by nodal and muscle cells three principle deflections P wave signal from SA node spreads through atria, atrial excitation QRS complex- firing of SA Node, ventricular depolarsiation, atrial repolarisation (ST segment- following ventricular contraction and QRS period is a brief period of low electrical activity) T wave- ventricular repolarisation 121. How would an ECG be affected by an ischaemic event? ST depression 122. How would an ECG be affected by an myocardial infarction? ST elevation

Pericardial effusion The fluid reduces the hearts ability to beat, as represented on the ECG. On electrocardiogram (ECG) all her QRS complexes are small. pericarditis. ST elevation, but it is saddle shaped.

The functions of the cardiovascular system are modulated by? Autonomic nervous system What causes heart rate to increase? Sympathetic stimulation and adrenaline increases heart rate What causes heart rate to Decrease? Parasympathetic decreases hr Systole: - Contraction of the heart Diastole: - Heart refills During the systole phase of the cardiac cycle high blood pressure in the ventricles causes what to open? Aortic valves to open When is ventricular volume higher? At the beginning of systole In the cardiac cycle when do atrio ventricular valves close? During systole, when ventricles begin to contract

What detects mean arterial Blood pressre? Braoreceptors stretch receptors located in carotid sinus and aortic arch What happens with decreased mean arterial blood pressure? Reduced arterial wall stretch decreases baroreceptor activity, resulting in decreased firing in afferent nerves traveling via the glossopharyngeal and vagus to medulla in brain therefore sympathetic nervous activity increases = increase hr

What initiates a heart beat? Sinoatrial node action potential in the SA node activate adjacent atria sites via gap junctions contained within intercalculated discs;desmosomes. A wave of depolarization sweeps through atrial muscle . the imp;ulse is channeled by AV node. The av node contains small cells and conducts slowly and delays impulse ~120ms, allowing time for atrial contraction to complete ventricular filling. Impulse then transmitted from AV node by specalised wide and fast conducting myocytes the bundle of his and purkinje fibres

If epithelial cells burst platelets stick to collagen and form thrombus

58. What is a normal heart rate? 50-70- bpm 59. What is a normal stroke volume? 70ml 121. 122.

138. Where is a clot most likely to have come from if a patient suffers from a pulmonary embolism? DVT. What increases heart rate, the parasympathetic or the sympathetic nerves? Sympathetic (origin superior and middle cervical sympathetic ganglia, cell bodies in T1-T5 Tx Sp nerve segments).

Which one of the following is not a cause of atrial fibrillation? Pulmonary embolus Pregnancy

Alcoholism Cushings disease Hyperthyroidism Which blood clotting factor does Haemophilia A affect? V111 Which blood clotting factor does Christmas disease affect? And what is another name for this disease? Factor IX. Haemophilia B Which circulating blood glycoprotein is necessary for the aggregation of platelets when forming the initial plug following a haemorrhagic incident? von Willebrand factor