g|oCooa }gg g|oCooa }gg g|oCooa }gg g|oCooa }gg - -- - ja ja ja ja. .. .

}aaqa }aaqa }aaqa }aaqa

1 _}.jagg|a ag jaoogag

g|oCooa }gg - ja.}aaqa


g} _}o|o gaoq}a @gg| }qogg|o jooa|}a aeaa|o aa
aoggCaaqg q|jjoo. oa gaQaCooa @}ao Cg}q|jjg
jg|goo. @aao @gg| }qogg|o aoggCaae _ggaa Cj_ @a|
ga _gaagaaa|q|gaaa a_g|, q||_gg q|jj. @}ao Cg}q|gg
gaQaCooa a}gg gaagag qqaao Coaga Cjagao
caCaaaCqa Coaoo|j joj|g q|jj. jqggq}a, ja}}a,
_g|gq|a, agjja|a, o|ggaaa}a, CoaCjg|a,
_}o|oqag|a, @gqag|a, @ea, Cjea, gej}a, cg|}a
@a@ Coaoooa. gQCagg a@goC g_ gaoq}a
}eoCog|ao g|aogaogg Cjaag ea.

@g CqCgggg gaoq}a }egg|aCjag @gggga ggg|}agg.
q_gg @_ag. gaa @_ag. qaaggj Cjaaoa. "_jja,
CoggaCa" cag ogCgaq o o|o_aga Caajj|ag. @aao
gQCagg oag g_ o|o g||aaqg Cooggo oagg
g|agg|oao. ao} _}a.jgg|a }eggao g|g|j Cj_goa q|aq
@oC}o|g gaoq}a , gqj} 11, 2004 _ag }ooa ga}o
_q_ag @gg| }aag Co@ggqggaaaa g_| gg|a Caqo
go||o, ogCg _ogggaa Cjaaa}a. cggg g_egg|@ e}oo|aa
Cq|aaaag }a@q q}}a _ag __gjqC _e|qgggo
Coaga}a. @gg|o ogaaj jCQgga Caaeq_gg jgg|}aa
gg Cgaaoaaao|o Cog|a}a_ aeaoa|, }ao|aag
gaggaCaaeagg Cgaaoaaao||o ga ja}gCga.

jaooga cagao, @oC}@agj jaagg|o @_aa|g g_ aggg|}Cgo
cag @agqa} gqgaaCq g|aagga Caaeq_jCja_ag, @oC}o
jaooga q|qaa}a cg gagC Cg}ao, g|ao} _a|_gg q_
geQCqqjjo Cog|aa Q qao|ggaCaaeq_jCja_ag,
j|}a|a aaoa|aaa @_gg, @}ea oajCja_agjj|a
q}aoaa gqCqa_ gaaao aggg|}aggq| g|ao|o,
@_jgCgaaga @ggaeQ j|gggj|gg _qa qagaqgCga_
jaooga|o _jjq caagaa j|}oaa cag _g| q|_jCqa_ag
@g g_ ogg}jj.

aao @}aaggg. g_ o}aa gaoqa @ooag aa}egg|aaCoC
Coagggaqo _ag|aaa ooaaeaaaa jaooga|}aa _g
gjgaeQa_ag Coaa qggCgQggq|g. j|gg, _}a.jg caCga_
gaoqaaa CaaQggg. @aCaa_ gjgaeQ aaoggag, _q}
@aq|ag Cja}aaa ggg|qgga}. ggo|o @gjCja}a.
j|gg, _ag|j Cja}a. aggg|} g} Cq|oo _aa|ag
@a@ q|gq|oao. _}a.jggao o|g C_gq}gg|aa QC
gg|aqaa gqggg. @jCjag _q}g _gg|ag gqggq|g.
eQ jaooga|a a_ggag CCo Caq|agg|aa _ggj jag agg|
Cgaag Cgaa|q|g. @ggaeQaaoa agg|, @a@ }_aag
agg|.

_ga }a _a|q|a ag cajg|o @oC}@ag aqa _g|a.
@oC}o _gg q|qgg|o aqaaa @_jjaga aeaae|jjg|o
_C}aaaag @}q _g|a. _C}aaaq|a _gg @}qggag
ajQqg|o j|}@ag q|_jj _g|a. @oC}@ _C}aaa
j|}@ cQag g|aojjaa, @gg g_ q|qgg|o aeae
gqaCaaeQ @g}jjg|o Cj_jaoaa gC}ajj| gaQa_ag
@og|C}o|aag =QjaQ _g|a.

ceCe q Caag|ag _}j ee|o, ceCeC @ooag g_jgg|
eCagao _g jaoogagaa. _Ca ceCe @ooagg @ag g_
Cja_C @oao. ggo|o, jaoogCa @jCjag @oao cajggaa
q|q.

jaooga caCga_ j|}Cgogag @gg|a Cjaag o|o gaQa @ag
_aa}gg, @g}a ga aqggaCaaeq_gga@ Cj_jaoaa
Cgagg| gaQa jaoogaa @a@ _aa}aaq|oao. j}jq
Coao@qCgagao, oa qa}jgg|o @ag jaooga caCga_ aggg|}
Cgogagj ja}aa gqag. Cojaaa, o|}a, Cga}a, og| _C}j|a,
ca|jg @a| Cgoa agg| g|ag g|qaa, gQCq g_ o|g
c@jggeQ ag|} @_ag j|}Cgogg|o j|aqgg, c_ga
@|ooao ogggg| @oC}o cag gg|gg|_jja}a. _ggo o|g|
j|a ggjja}ggao _ggg @a@ @}eQ o|g| j|a
Cg}. gag|o Cg_oCo (Jer usal em) cag @aCaaag|o aaoa
(Gaza) cag cgj c_gg|o c_g||_ag.

cCa jaooga?
_ggaa Caq|. _ggaa j|}oaa. ea|o "jaooga" cajg @ag
qa}|@ g_ Caa}aaa QC. g_ ga|gaQaaaa Caa}aaa.
caagaa 1988-CoC _}a.jg, aggg|} jaooga j|}aagag
_g|q|ggq|a@, 1998-o @oC}@aaa _ag| gjjgg
aaC_ggaa||_gga@, _ag|aaaa Cgajo j}ao @oC}o|j j|}g}
|oaa }aj|@a (Yi t zhak Rabi n) _q} ja|}ggCaaeq_gga@, 1996-
o _Ca g_ CjaggCg}gCo ggg, _}a.jg aaao
Cg}gCgQaajj ggo jaooga| _g|j}aaj
CjagjCjggaCaaea@, g_ gq gaa_ag _Ca
Cooja@ jaooga g_ aggg|} Cgo @oao. @agqa}|@
@oao. @ooaq|ao cjjq _qa} @oC}o _}a qQo o|ag|o
agaaeaa|o aqgg|_aa gq? g_ aggg|} Cgogg|a _g|ja},
_q}g Coagg ee|o, Coagg qqo @aCaa_ Cgo o|agaqjjg
cajaga aaga|o j jqaa gqagooqa? g|a}jja|o j
ja}aa gqagooqa?

@_jga @ggaeqa |ajCj} o}gg|} Caoq cagao _g @oC}o,
jaoog@ag @agggggaa. @g|o ogCgaC @oao. agjaaag
_jjagj gq|}qago Cooa _Ca ggga. CaaggaCaaggaaa
Caaag gq|gga}a. @qgg aa, agg oaaoa, _agg
aga_ag _Cq @oao. gggaga, @ea, Cjea jagjaC
a|aag. "Caao, Caao, Caao" ca@ Coao QC ga}a gg|}aa
@_ggg.

_Ca Cja_aga} }q|oao. Cja}aa |ggga. aoq|
q}q|oao. aoq}a |ggga. _q|o geQ aqggq|C _ag|
gg|ggj Cjo|aa}a. _}j ee|a oqaoa gggagaa jaooga
cajg @gg|qa} g_ aaagggagaaCq @_ggq|QCa caa|g _oo
@ag oa gaQa _aaggag c_gg|_aa|gg. ao} _}a.jg
agag @}ao Cg}q|gg _C}aa _g|j} ga}g jq, "@a| _Ca
_ag|aaaa qajja _g|a}ag" cag Cjo|ga }gg j}gg
_aaq_C g|aogaogg Cjaaa}a.

_}a.jg @ooag jaooga|}a|a qagq|o _ag| cajg @oao
cajg, ogCg q|q}g|ggq}a_agg Cg}. Caagao, agg @g
q_a|o jaooga ae gC} gaoq} _}a.jggaa. @aCaa_
Cja} Cao|ggo Coaoo gqa a}aoaqg? @jCjag @aaaao
_g|j}aaj CjagjCjgg|_ag }aq| .jCaq|a (Rawhi Fat t ouh)
Cja}Ca, j|}g} _ag a}|a (Ahmed Qur i e) Cja}Ca @ggg
gaaao Caq|jjq_aa|Cgaa ga?

_ggaa j|}oaa. jaooga g_ gaoqagg Cgoaaj j|ggg, q}gg,
gQq|o g_ gaoqa}j Cjgg, @jCjag eQ gaoqagg
Cgoaa||_aa|gg. eQ _Ca Caa}ggaeqa ga
ja}ggaCaaeq_aa|gg @oC}o.

Cao|ggj ja}ggao Caago q|jjaaggaa @_ag. 1948- q_
qa} @oC}o caCga_ Cgo a|aag. _g, _g}a|a agg|ogaa
_ggaqa} a_qaa q}gg Caaeq_ggg. g|C}ag g_ga
j|}qqaa}}a jaoogaaa gCjaa}a. _q}aga _jCjag
_ggjjgg|a @eQCaaeq_ggq}a. g_ gag @oC}o cag
Cj}a}a. _g _g}a|a Cgoaag. @aCaa_ g jaooga|
_C}j|}a|a @aaCq Cga}gg @_ag cag Coaaaa}a.
@aao gggg Cqg.

@oC}ao _g}a ogaj|ggag q|_jag o|o _C}j| Cgoa (ca|jg,
Cga}a, o|}a, Cojaaa, =}aa) gaoq}agg jaooga|j
Cja}a|a_a @aegg @oC}ao cg|}gga. 1948- @eQ
gaCjgg @gg ggo gggg|a @gg||o @oC}o gqCqa_ gaQ@
g} _ag| gjjgg CogCaaeQ, Cjaa} g_ gqaga
CaaeQqggg. _gg gjjgga|a _qjja|o Cga}a ja
gaCag| qgg Cggaaa} (West Bank)|a Cj_jgg| _ggaQaCa
Coagg cagaag. ca|jgj jaa g|aoCaae aaoa jgg|, ca|jg|a
Coaggaag. gCja j|}a, gaCqao _CgaQ gqgggaao
Coaoo| q|oa|aCaaeg. jaooga| _}aj|}a Cqgqg||ag|, ga|C
Cja}agg|o gg|gga}a. gjgaeQ aaoggag Coaag Cga}gg
Caaeq_ag _ggj Cja}agg|o _q}a cggaaCa qgoo|aaj
ja}gg|_aa|ga}a. @aao, _}a.jgg|a agaqa aaq@ g_ Cj}
qgoo| _Ca @gaag gjg|oao.

@oC}o-jaooga j|}oaa|a a_aagag gaag q}|o
Coao@qCgagao, _g CCo ggaa. @aao @g gaag q}a|o
gqa|g q|q @oao. gaoa|} q_ o}gg|}o o|aaoaa
aa|g.

cggaaCa @ggaeQaaa |a}a aa|o j|qggaCaaeQ }
}aag gjj|Caqa Caaeq_ggq}a _g}a. @g|aao aaoa|o
_q}a gqaCaaeq_gga}a. j}ae aaoa|o gaoCgg|aa
gqaCaaeq_gga}a. o}gg|} aao qggCjag qagqg||ooaogaa
gqaCaaeq_gga}a. j|aaao gqa oa _qaa j|gg _q}ag
g gq|oao. Coaggaa g_ geQ g|o @ooao, cooa
Cgoa|o|_gg _qggg g}ggjjq}a _q}a. Cg}a||o
@|o}ao _ggoggag Cg}gg CaaQaa q|q}jja_ag
_jjagjaq. }ggaaag jqgg _ggo o}gg|}Cooa @aag
o}ao _Cg =}ggagaa @_aa|gg. aao aaoaa qagjC
qggq}a, 1948-ogaa @oC}o caCga_ Cgogagg gaaaa
_qaaa|aCaaeQ _g|o qgg qag @}j|gga}a. qagqggg g_
geQ g|o|ooag Cjaqga g_ qo| _g|ggq}a, cjjq jaooga|
_}aj|}aa _Cg _qg|ag aaa|aa}a? jg|qagqCgaga@
q|}qq}aaooqa jg|qaaCqeQ? q|}qq}a_CaC Co}gg,
qag @CaaQggq}aaa jg|qagqa}a? @oC}o a @jjqCa_
aa} CoCqeQ?

Cgaao _oo ga}gg ja}ggaCo j jgg|aCaaaq
|aggq|}aa j|}oaa|a ajj| @g. Caa|o @g|o _}o|o
Qoo; gg aogg|_aa|gg. gg _}o|@ @}ega aogg
@gg|o jgg|aCaa CjC}ao @_gggaa @aCqeQCag _qo|a
caa? @_jgCgaga @ggaeqo |ajCj} o|aaoaa ogagg
g}jCjaa|g @oC}o - jaooga j|}oaa|a Cq}aa ggo|o
@}aoa. q|_ga|@ a|aa|@ j}q||_ag q|qgg|a q}
_jCjaggaa j}.

gag|. ggg }jCja}} 26 gqj}, 2004





2 @j}@a ggo

g|oCooa }gg - ja.}a

_ggj Cj}q_ag qg cejgaggg. g|agqag qagggq} caggaa
CoaooCqeQ. @aao g_ gag @_ggg. _q_aga gggag @oao.
_q}g aaq|ag @g ojggaa q_gggaa. @aao q_gg| caa
ja? _jjqggaa q|g|gg|_aa|gg Cjao|_aa|gg cag Cj}q}
g|aagga}.

@aao _q} aaq|ag Q g_ Caoaa. g_Cqa j|}oaa
gaa|gaa @_agCa? gaCja_Qg ga aeq} cggaaa Cjaa|g
aaogg|o q_gggga CjaaCqeQ? gaCa @aCaa_ g|_e
Cogaqggq|ao caa cag g|aaggaa.

cejgaggCgooa _jCjag g_ qCg _oo. @aCq _q} ge|gg
ga Cqaoaaa}ag ga aeq_ag @}eagga}aag g|_e
Cogaqgga}. Coaoo|aqgg ag|} _ggj Cje Ca a}jj
g}ggq|a.

_gqa}ag, ga aeqa qa}o|ooao Cjaq|aaCg cag QC
g|aagg qgg _ggj Cjee|ag, ga Cqaoaaa} a}jjaag Cg}ggg
ggo, gaag Cjagaa Cjaa|Cg @}j|ggq|g. _qaj
jgg| _qaaq ga aeq} gag g @}j|gga.

Cj}q_ag ga ggo aaq||a ag|ao j}ggg. _q}ao caa
Cogq|gq? @Cgaja}, a @q. a Coa}. _qa
@Ca aqggaCaa @q|oaoCagao Cq|C _@jj|q|Q. g
ja}gga CaaQgg Cjegaa _q. aaaaaggaa _qa egCga.
aagj j|qaaq|oaoCagao _@jj|q|Qqg|o caaCaaag
@Cojae @oao cag Coaoo|q|a}.

@agCooa CaQaCaaeq_gg _gg Cqaoaaa}j Cje@ag
cggaa oaaa @_gg|_ag! oCo cag CqggCg Cjaaa. Coaoo|a
Caaao _gga aeC qaq|Qa a|j|q|a. @aao qg||o
aC}a goo jgg| Coaoo| _qag g|_j qQagj Cjagjq _@jj|
aqgg|_aa|ga}a.

Cj}q_ag cejggag qgaaCjag _q}g @}eaqg aaq|aa
_gg Cqaoaaa}j Cje@aga gggag j|gggg.

ogCgaqgaa. @gg qg|o @jjq q|g|gg|_aa|gCg caa|g ogCgaq.
@aa@ ga ggo aaq| goaa g_ gggag @ooag q_ggg
@_aaCq Cogg.
Cj}q_ag @jCjag Cgae@gCgaajg qg. _q}g a@ag
jaa|}eQ qg. ggo aaq|ag cejgCgaajg qg. @}eaqg
aaq||a qg _jCjag caa cag o}aag Cg}q|oao. @ggaa
gag aaogg|o _q}g aaq|Coa, g|aaq|Coa g_ga a qgg
Cjo|aa}.

@Cga ja}. aag @aCaa_ gggag j|gaajCjaqg gg|. _g
@ggaa gaaaa gggag @ooag q_gggag QC a_qaao
aggCaaeq_gg a ggo aaq| go _g gaajCjaa|gg cag
g_ g}o Cag.

Cj}q}ao @ag gj gqq|oao. @Cgaa gg? gaCaa
Cgae@gCgaajg qgaa|gqa. ca aaq|ag caaaq|j jgg
qggaa gag. @gg qg|o @aCaa_ gggag cjjq oagg| cag
_qgj|aaaaaa Caa}.

_go}. a g}aa|ggq|ao qg g_ j|}oaaa caa?

oaa|}C _q}g ggo aaq| a_gga. _Qgg q_ gggag
j|gggq|g. _q_ag _jCjag @g qg.

@}eQ aaq|a. @}eQ @e gggaga. @ggg Co caa?
g|g|aaa a_ag gag| Coaoo|aCaaeQ, _gga gQj gC}
qqCoC gaggg|_gg|_aaoa. @aao oaagg|j j|}oaa @jCjag
gaaaaaaq@ gq|}aggq|g. @g _qa} q_gg|g.

C}aj ga @oo|aaao @_ggaCaaeC Cjaagqag cag gq
Cogq}, gg @}eaqg aaq|a g_ga _agggj Cjo|aa}.
gQj _ag||a Cja_Q _q _gg qaq|Q
Cq|Cg|q|CqeQ cag Coaaaa}. caagaa _q, _q_ag
ggo ggo|o qa}a cag gaag _qaaa| _|ggq caga@,
Cj}q}ao ga ggg aaq|agj j|ggg gggagaggaa eaaa
qa}oaa cee gqggg.

a|g}a q|o|gg|}aaq}a. o|o ogg}jja_ q|o|gg|}aaaqaaCq
_aggq|Qa|aga.

gCjoo|ooao _ggj Cje, gaagj j|ggg aaa _agggaCaaeQ
_gg qaq|Q Cq|Cg|q|a.

_ggj Cj}q} @a@ c_jgaggg qgaao qaggga}. g ggo
aaq| @ggg j|gg CqCga_ Cjeae g|_e CogCaaea}.
_q Cj} Cag}a Ke ( t ur ah) _q_ag @g gggaga j|ggga.

aagCag g|aaggao aag. qagaaa cag g|aaggao qagaaa.
@aao @oC}o| _g}a_ag jaooga| _C}j|}a_agaa
j|}oaa|a goq|gg CgCoaaa Cj}q}|_gggaa Cgaga|gg.

_q} Cj} @j|}@a Abr ( aham). _q_a ggo aaq||a Cj}
oa}a. oa}aq| Cqaoaaa}aa (_qaaa) @_gg Cje @aa} Hagar )
_q ca|jg Cgogago Co}ggq. _q_agj j|ggg gggag|a Cj}
@oo (I shmael ). oa}a_agj j|ggg gggag|a Cj} =oaa I ssacc ( ).

@j|}@aao qaq|Q _@jjjj @aa}a aaaa @oo|a
qoggq}agaa _C}j|}a. oa}aagj j|ggg =oaaa|a
qg|qggq}a _g}a. (@gg qaa|o _g}aaa aaq@ _C}j|}a
jaa|}eQ qg gggq}a cagaa|gg.)

=oaa j|gggag gaa|Qggaa @oo qaq|Q q|}jjaa.
@g gaaaa|} q_a_ag gaa} ggggaa _g}a|a Cqgaa
'Cga}a (Tor ah) Coaoa|gg.

@oC}o_jaooga j|}oaa|a _}o|@ag gagqggg gaaao,
@jjq Cga}aq|o|_gg g_ aaga g|aa}qggga aa}e eQ.
_g}a|a Cqgaa @g@o, |ao o|o agjaQa_a _jjqC
a|g|ogq}a|a ajj||@ jag gjaaa q_a|gg. @ooa|}a|a
ja|g @oaa g}@a|@ @aaaga q_a|aga. gag ga_C
@ga_qagaa aao _qaaajj ggo a@jj|gq|a
cajg|o|_gg @}j|gg oa Cgaag| aagCag gC} q|gaa
_j|jj|}agagggaa CaaeQa. gag ggg|a ja|g @oa|@
@j|}@a, CojCa|aq|o|_gg (_j}qo, aa}o @ga_ag
@ajj jgg|aa @aag =}aa) jgjjQ, aaaaa cag
_agaajj @aag jaooga g|ojjgg|agj Cja qo|aag
Cgaa|ag gjjaCaaa|aga. _q}g oggg| gagaag Cgaa|g
_Cagaa. ggo|o oa}a j|gg @j|}@ag @gggCjag
jagaajjg _oCa C@j}aa (Hebr an) ca@ @gg|@ aCjoa
Machbel a ( h) cag gaa|ogaa. (@gg @ @jCjag Cga}a|o
g.) @Cg gaa|ogaa @g| a|g}aaa @gag qa_
_aa Cojjgaa gj|aaa. @gg gj|aaa gag
gggq}a_ag Cjagqaag. aCjoa gaa _q}a_ag g_
ja|gggo.
_g}a Coao@ gaoa|} q_ cajgggo o}gg|}_}qaa
@ga}aag g|}Qqg o|}. @Ca a|g|ogq|a aaogag @}ea|}
@eQa_ag ggjgaa aqggaCaaeQ aeaa|ao, ajj||a
jag gjaQ Coao@ aaogaa @g. qg|qg|aa gajj
gj|aaagaCa gq|} _gg||Qo Coaoogqag aaoaaeag. _jjqj
ja}gga@ _gg aaoggao ggjggaa. Cgaqa, @j|}@a, Caoo
Cgaa| 'g}aag}o| aaa ajj| q_e|ag qogg|a aao| _g
g}aag}o| cagao _g @Cagag}gaa. @Cagag_ag gaj Cgaag|
g}aag}o|a a_ ga|C g cag gaag ogaj|aaq|oao. _gg
gaggaa gg|aa|gaa|o q@qaa gaa @_gg|_aa|gg. Cqg o|o
Cgagg| _ gg|jjaa a|C}aa, C}aaa| @aggq}a @g| ga_
qg|jaQ gaga_, @aaCa j}q||_gga@, _C}j| ee|gCa
} o|gCgq qg|jaQa @_aaCq Coga@, g_aaa
qqqaaajj, 'gC} a ca@ gj|aaaa @ga}aaa
Caae (_ga a|a Cj} CgC@aqa.) _q qg|jaqooa g, _g
ggaa.

_g}a gaCaag g_ Cag|aa Caaeq_gga}a. cj|C} cag
ajj| Coao@ @j_ Cag|. j}agaaa Co|qa Cag|a_ gag
@g. Cga}a c_gjjg @Cag||ogaa. a|.g. jaa|}ea
@ggaeqo Cjojj, c_gjj @j_, Cjaa|q|a (Phoeni ci an)
Cjaag o|o Co|qa Cag|a_a Cj_ ggga CaaeQ
aaejjg. @aao a|.g. gaga @ggaeqo jaooga| _g}a
Cjo| @j_, ga gagagj Cj_ agg|aCaaeg. C}aj
aqa|ggj ja}ggao QC _g @j_ cag j}. _}aj|a gaaa
|ggg|_ggg _jCjag. jaoog@ag Cq|C _ _}j ee|a j|g
jgg|a|o _jCjag qaggg _g}a, _ggggj j|}agg|a|a
Cag|aC jCaa|ggaCaaeq_gga}a. @jCjag @j_q|a
q}qqq a|.g. ggo @ggaeqo _qaaajjg. qo|_gg @aa
c_gjjQ Cag| _g. (_}j|a ag|}.)

_jCjaCgooa _g}a|a Cag| cajgaa @j_ @_ggCg gq|}, _g
g_ gaoa _aaaaa a_gjjq|oao. g@oa QC
@j_q|o c_gjjQ cag, _ggaa ja|gaa j|}g|a_ag QC
jajQggggaa Cag| _g cajgaa g_ a_gg @_ggg.
@gaaCoC aaojCjaaa|o @j_ @gaag Cgaa|g.
|ao ojaaogg|o _ jgCgaajga @ggaeqa @gg| q_a|ogaa
_g}a g Cag|a g_ jagCja_ Cjao CQgga}a.

_ggo _g|ao gQaa, gaCaa g_ Cgogag _qaaa|aCaa
g_goaa _q}a jaQjg Cgaa|Cjag, gg _aaaa
q}aojjQgg _q}a_ag @j_ |a gaa|g Cgaq cag Cgaag|g.
1880_@ @eQ _g @aggj jeqg}a q, @j_q|o c_gjj
jag j|}g|aag Cgqa aeQj|qgg cQgg @}aoo|a Cog
Cgaa|aa}a. cjjqaqg jaooga ee|o @oC}o caa|g
Cgogag ogaj|gCg g_qg cag gq Cogg, Caago Caagoaa
_ggj jgg||o @j_ Cag| j|aaag g|ggga}a. 1918_@
q_ jaooga|@ j|a|o @j_Cq CjagaaCag| caa|g
_ag _ga gaaa |ggg|_ggg. 1948_o @oo aggg|} Cjggg,
@j_ _ga Cgo| Cag|aaCq @a|jCjaag.
@aagag @oC}o|o CjojjQ Cag| @j_. c_gqg CjaoCq
CjojjQ Cag| _g. _gaqg, Cjoa qgag cagg g Cag|ao
o|agaa _g}a q|_jq|oao. _g g_ _aa. |aj Cj}
_aa. Cg_oCo gaa}o agg| c_jjjjq_ag j|_aeaa
aqa}j Cjao _g}a g _aao aq}aag g Cag|aa
Caaeq_aa|ga}a. Cag| Qoo. jejaQ, aoaoa}, qg|jaQ,
qagaaa gag cag cooaqgg|@ gg ggaag}a aajj|qgg
gagaC @agqa} j|ajgg| q_jq}a _q}a.

@ag Cgag|ogjgg|@ q|qoagg|@ oa|a _g|gqa ggg|}ga}aaa
@_ag _Cg _g}agaa, gg _aa q|qa|o |a aqaaag
Cgaa Cje|aCaaeq_aa|ga}a. @ggaaa aa}egagg
Cg}ggCaaqg |a gaa|.
jaooga|}a_aaa @oC}o| _g}a|a ggggag CqeQaaao
gjggag qg @_aaoa. gQCagg Cgagg| gaQa_ _g}a|a
g g|aggg| ggggag qg jo @g @eQa.

=oaaa|a qg|gCgaagoa, j}ae aaogg|o j aqa_aga
aagagaa @ga}. @aao o}gg|} aao Cgaa|g|o|_gg _q}a
cg|}Caae oaa_ag @aagag }aaa oao|a eQ.
ja}aaoa.

gag|. ggg }jCja}} 28 gqj}, 2004





8 _g}a

g|oCooa }gg - ja.}a

_g, 44qg q_. _gaqg, a|g|og j|gjjggg ggag gagjgg
gaaaaqg q_. Cg_oCo ga}o|_gg gg| agggag g_ qgag
qgg|_ggg.

gg|ag cagao _}o|a gg|ag _oo. _g _g gg_aa|a
gg|ag. aa}aaa aaq@ _aagag _q}a_agggaa _g|aa}
@_ggg. g g_aa g_ g}jjo Coaoo|q|a}a cagao aaC}
_gaa aggqg o|}. aa}e, aa aa}aa g|gga}aC gq|},
gg_aaaggaa qeaaggag}q}aaa g|aagga}a. _q}a
aqggggaa o. _q}a Coaoqggaa g}jj.

qgag caa? _jCjag @aoCaa|aa|a (Hasmoneans - @ggg
gjjgg|aa g_ _gqo.) @_aaag jq_gg _ggj jgg||o
aq}a}aa @_ggq}, g} gaQj j}o|a g_q|a_a gg
CoCqeq|_ggg. aoq}aaa}}aa _agqg aq}a}a je|C
_ooqa? _ag _q} g|gjo Cog gqgga}. aoq} gqggg.
j}o|ag_q|a} _aajja}a. j}o|aaa}}a|a gaoq}a aag
Cojja}a. @a|, gagjjq q|oa}ae gggjjCqeQ.

_Cagaa j|}oaa @}j|ggg. aq}a} _q}a| q|oa}ae g
CgCaaq|oao. agaa, _}aagg gg q|aq|aaaqq}a cag
Coaoo|, j}o|ag_g gaoq}a _aaqa} Caaagq|a}.

@g |ajCj} ggg. aag Cojjq}aa q|oa}aaao cjjq
Caaao Cooa? aq}aC} @aa@ ggggaa. gg|agggag qgg
qgaa|a a_aa @ggaa. cjjq aq}a_ag _g|ajo geaagaa
a|aag cag Cg_oCo aa g|aagga}a. _g|ajo cagao
}e.

@aao, q|oa}ae @}j|jjgggo ogg Cg} gaagaa @aoCaa|
aa} @|}aao (Hyr canus2) }ao|aao CoojQ, aq}a}
Cg_oCogg|o|_gg gjj|o Coagq|Qqggg g} gjaQ Coga}. aaC}
@aa@ }ao|aaggaa @ago CoCqeq|_gg|_aa|gg!

Cg_oCogg|o|_gg Cq|Cg| aq}a}, goaoj j|qggaCaaeQ qagg
g|aoaa gqaa}. _q}g @oag, cjjqaqg o|}aaq _aggq|Qqg.
_gaj|a Cg_oCo gg_aaao j|}oaa @_aaag.

o|}a _jCjag C}aaa| @_aaag jq_ggg. Cqg Cgoggq}
caga@ @gg aq}a}a @o| Co g|ga gg|gg _jCjag
o|}aaq @eQCaaeq_ggq}a_ag gag Cg}gg|_gggao,
_aaao Caa} qggqa} _}qaegg, o|}aq|a g_ o|g
aaaeggag _qa} aq}a}aa g||gg Ca}q|ggq|a}a.
|}j|agaa qgg o|}aq|o, jgq| a|agggC _q} C}aaa|g
gjg| a}a @ea|a (Mar k Ant ony) gaj Cg_aagag
q}ggaCaaea}. (j|gg @ea|C C}aaa| aa}aa @aa}.)
_qqjCjag g|ag jeg ggg gqgg go@gaq
gg|jjQgg|aCaaea}.
aa}e, _q_ag g_ aa @_ggg. cjjqaqg gCgaq|a (Judaea
@oC}o|a _aag Cj}) aaaaa gaa @a|q|CqeQ. _ggg
ggo|o @aoCaa|}a|a @o|a gg|aaCqeQ. _ggg
C}aaa|}a|a gq| CqeQ. gjg| a aqggao aa} gag.

g_ o}aa o}qag|aa}|a Caajaq _gg aq}a_ag @_ggg.
g|aaggago CoojQgg caa CqeQaaa@ Cooa cag
g|aagga}. Cjagaaa, g_eggaga aagg|_gg a}a @ea||
ga q|_jjgago Coaaaa}. gej} cag @a|q|jqao _q_
aq}a}a q|_jjggagg ga oggagg Cg}q|gg gggagjjgaa
qaaa|gga}.

q|q Cg_oCogagg Cg}ao @_aga? _gg aq}a} a},
cjjqjjq}, _q} @o|ag qggao caCaaa _jaa Cg_
caCgooa cQggo Coaoqggaaa @}eQ Cj} @gag_aaa
Cg_oCo oga o|}aag _@jj|g.
@aao ja|oao. @ea|, @gag qggq}aao o|agjj|qgg,
}egeaa _|ggq|Q, g_ jaa Cg_oCoa Cgaaa| aq}a}
gaCag aq gjaQaao CogCaaQgga}.

ggg aga qa} gggaa gqggg. |aa aqaaa ggaa _g
@_ggg. @aao, aq}a} gjj|oCooqggg gq| @aoCaa|
aa}ao @gg||o _q}g gggaaa gaaggao oa|aa
gqq|oao. gj|aaag gC}aa Cog aq}a} @o| _g|aa}gag
@ggg aa} Cja}o qggga}. gCga CgogagC
}ggaag|aaa|q|Qggaa _gg gaaa aq}a}ao @o|jjgg|o
ggqggg. _qa} gaag|gg @oC}o| aa, @a| ga cg|}aao
caaagCa cag _go|a aogqag g g|ao}a
aaaaa|aCaaea}a.

a|.g. 87_ @eqo|_gg Cgaa| _Qgg gjjgg gag q_a,
ga }e qa} gCga cajj @oC}ao @e _q}g Cj}
C@C}ag. @q}g aaogg|ogaa jaooga _g}a ggoggo|o _gg
ee|o qagqg|@ o|aaoaao ogg|aa Cqeqqggg.

@ggaaag C@C}ag g_ _g}. @aao, o}qag|aa} cagaaj|gg g
g_ Cja_a caa? gag jgq|agj j|}oaa g}aqq}a cag
_q} g|aagg gej}a, gq|a}a Cgaa| oaga}ej Cjagaa
qa} aa} CqeQaaa@ Caaag qggg|aa}.

cgg C}aaa| aaa @ea|, gaa jgq|ag q_qggg gq|
CogaC}a, _Cg @ea|, _Ca @o|a @aCq|a (Oct avi an)
caa|g gg _}o|o cg|}| @ggg }eaggCjag, ogg
Cao|aaao @aCq|@agg ga@a @g}aqg Cg}q|gga}
C@C}ag. _aoo caa|g jjCj_a @aCq|a, C}aaa|
aa}aa gqgqaCaaeCjag, C@C}ag gaaa @g}ggaaaaaa
jj|Q Ca}q|ggj j}aa_ jgaaa_ _|gg _@jj|aqgga}!

gg }a@qgag |a aqaaaj j}a}gg C@C}ag, g} QC
_g}aa _g|o Co}gga}. Cj_ja@ Cq|gaQ q}}aaC g_q|gg,
ga }a@qgg|o @Cjgo Coga}. C}a, j|}aao Cjaag
Cgoa|o|_gCgooa _jCjag C@C}ag|a }a@qgg|o @a
Co}aajja}a.

gq|}, gaa} ga aq}a}aa @_gg aaogg|o g|_e
CogCaaeq_gg @aoCaa|j Cjeae _q_agj j|ggg @}eQ
gggagaa Caaagq|Q, Ca}o cag Cg_oCo|o|_gg jg|gaa
g_ Cjeaeg g|_e CogCaaea}. Cjagao, @a@ cQj
Cjeaa eggCaaeQ aa} jg|aaag gggagaaj Cjgga}.
cooaC _}o|o aa}ea_aaaa!

C@C}ag|a aaogg|o jo @oC}o| _g}a, Cqg qg||ooao gaag
gggg Cq|Cg|jCjaaa}a. oa|aagqag @o| cag
q_e|aajja@ C@C}ag g_ gq|} _g} cajgao, ga jgq|ag
qgggggo _g}a_aaaa jagaajj caa|g Cj}o g|ag
aQjjaQaa g_ggagaa CaaeQqgga}. _q} Cogqgg
_jjqaa je| cagao, jaaoqaaa @_gg _aag @oC}o|o,
g|ogg _ggaaCj_ag g_ geQ g|oaqg a|aagjqo Cog
q|qoagag agq|ggg. _g g} _gjggaa.

@aagag @oC}o gqa q|qoagg|o cggaaCggaaCa
oagaaaao Cogaaq|_ag g|ao|o, g| _g|q|o qaoaa
@ooag aaogg|o C@C}ag aa} _Ca q|qoa go}oo|ag
q|gg|g q|jjag} q|q. jag g|oaao CoajjQgg|
ga}aaaa|g, q|gq|gaa aaaa aQq|ggg (C@C}ag a|C}aa
aaaao, aoaoa} q|qa|o g_ aa Caaeq_gga}. _q}g
@o|aaaogg|o @oC}o|o _ga j|}g|jo|jja _g|a @_gggaa
@}aoo|a}a gg|jj|Qa|ga}a.) Cjaag o|o Cooa
gg|jj|jjCqeqaq.

a|g|og j|gjjgggo aa} @|} @eQa_ag gaagaaa
ajjgaao CoaoojjQ Cg_oCo ga}o|_gg j}agaaa _g
@o (aa} oaoa aaogg|o ajjg) joCqg gaagg@ag
@oaaaa|, o|agggCja|_ggg. gC} g_ aq}gaa _g|o |oo.
CaaQCaaoa @aa@ jag|aaaa @_gg C@C}ag|a aaogg|o _gga
Caa|o @_gg @gg|CoC @}eaqg gagaaa Caa|o
c_jjjjg. jag Caa|o @_gg g|ojj}jja @a@ Caago
g|ogag @aegg, gg|aa aQaagg|o Caa|o _jCjg C@C}ag
gg}q|a}. gq|} Caa|aoo agg| @_gg, o|agggCja|_gg aggo
aqa}, _ga jag |ooa_CaC eQ jgjj|gg
g_ajjQgg|aa}.

@gga Caa|aoa aQqggaaa jgga|} g|}a_ @|}
gg_aa_ je||o _}ggjjgaa q}oag Coaoa|gg. aa}
gajgaeQaao agjjagj j|a 'C@C}ag|a @}eaqg @o
cag _agaajj _ggj j}agaaa Caa|o|a g _qaaajje|
gggjCjggg.

C@C}ag|a C}aaa| Caag a|C}aa aaaaog gaaag
_aCaa|o|a aQaagg|o |ggg|_gggaa g_ q|}oa
eCaga@, _gga aaogg|o, _gggga _jjq_ j|}aeaa
aaojjajj CqCgg a|aag cag _qggo Coaoa|gg _g
o}gg|}.

@gga Caa|aoa aq g_ aa}egg|aao QC _g}a @agqa}
C@C}ag aaa} g|aaq|@ o}gg|}gg|@ jgg|}jjQgg|
aqgg|_aa|ga}a. _q}g aaogg|o ggg _Qg|aa q|}oa
@ooao g_ Cog|CjaoCq o}gg|}gg|o jg| Coa|ga}a.

C@C}ag|a @o| gjjgggag q_agaa. _g _ggaa Cj}
j|}oaa @oao. @aao _q}g @o|aaaogg|CoC g_ ojq
gggg. j|aaao aCj_ o}gg|}aa ojq.

g_ j|gjj. j|gagCjaCg '@g oaga}ea gggag @oao cag
qaaq}a _g|q|ggq| j|gjj. _g gogg|CoC g|aggg j|gjj. _g
goggaCa g_ Cj} oqaoaaj j|aaao q|ajCjaa|g j|gjj.
C@C}ag aaa aQq|gg Caa|o eQ @qjj Cjaa|gg cag
g}aag}oaaaj ja}ggo Coaaaq}a j|gjj.
_gga gggagag Cgaqqa (Joshua) cag Cj}a}a. _g @j_
Cag|jCj}. @a|ogg|o goo cag _g qgajjQ. gag @Ca
cagao j}.

ea|o _g gggag q|jj ggo Cj} oqao, a|g|ogq
Cgaag|, j}q @}j|ggCjaggaa Cg}ggg. @Caaq aqggaCaa
gqao, q|oaa gqao @}jgg|o C}ajCq
o|}jjq_aa|ga}a. Cgqga}a cag a|g|ogq}a CaaeaQ
@Caaq g_ aoaaaa}}aa QC _g}aao ja}aa gqggg.
j}agaaa gg ggg|a Cj_aaaa CaQaaqgg g_
gqooaggaaaa ja}gga}a.

a|_qea j|gggCjag, _qaaa Caao@qggg aoa CgCaae
ggo|aa cjjqCooa @|ggga aaga q|q}aa|agaCqa, _gggo
ogg oaaaag aaga @Caq|a j|gjj Cga}jaa eQ.

_Ca aoa|a Cj} C@C}ag. @}eaqg Caa|aoa aq _Cg
_gaaa C@C}ag.

C}ag aaa cag ajj| gg|jj|Qqg @qa}ggaa.

gag|. ggg }jCja}} 2 qoj}, 2004





4 a|.j|.

g|oCooa }gg - ja.}a

_g}a|a o}gg|}gg|o @Ca a|g|ogq|a j|gjj |a gaa|aaCga_
g|agoo|.

Caooagj j|gg @a@Ca_ Cgq@ga|a q} _q}a_ag g|aaa
a|goo||aaaqgaaggaa @_gg|_aa CqeQ. Caa|o, _g
gogg|a _aaC 'Cgq@g@aaaaa aagg|_ag go cajggaa.
@aao @Caq|a Cjagaaa, oaaga _g}a|a @|}aeQaao
gj|aaaa|a Cq}aa _aoggj ja}jjgaa @_ggg. @aCq
_q}aao @Caaq ga @oq|oao.

CjgoC@|o (Bet hl ehem) @Ca j|gggCjaCg _g gg_a}a
_e}q|a gog jag Cqg qoaa|a gog _qa}
_aa aeQ, C@C}ag aa} @Caq|a j|gjaja gg|ggg
Cg}q|ggq|a}a. '@oC}o aaa @jCjag gaoqa @aa
@gg|o, @aa aaoagg|o j|gjjaa cag c_g| aqaajj jag
g}aag}oa q}aao aqaaaq _q@agg gaqo Coaaaa}a.
C@C}ag g_ aaa. _g o}qag|aa}. 'aaa @jCjag
gaoqa caa|g j|}Caa _q@ag gC} g_ _}gggag QC
g}gq. _gaqg, ga jgq|ag @jgg.

@aCq @Caaqa Caaagq| q|_j|, @aa q|aaa C@C}ag.
|}j|agaa, @Caq|a ggag Cgaoj, g aaq| C}a (@j_
Cag||o |} Mi r i am) _agggaCaaeQ, gggaga ca|jgagg
gjj|jCjaaa}. jg Cqgjj |aaCaae C@C}ag, @gg q|q
Cg}ao CjgoC@|o _jCjag @}eQ qgagj gggaga
cggaaCj} @_gga}aCa, _ggaa Cja} Caaag qo|aaa. Caaag
gggaga|o gag cjjq @Caqaa @_ag caa|g g_Q
gj|aaa!

C@C}ag |}gagqa} @Ca Cg_oCogagg g|_j| q}q|oao.
aaa @ggg Cog| a|aggj|gCa _agQj } g|_j gq
Cogg. _jCjag C@C}ag|a aagaa jggag qgg|_aa|gaa
cag Caq|jjQ Cg_oCogag q}ao gaoC}ggagj Cjaq|a}a.
@Caag _jCjag cQ qg.
gg qao|j qg|ogaa ggoggo|o Cg_oCogag qgga} @Ca.
@ag} @Caaq _Ca |a aq}gg @, Caa|o. a|.g. 960_o
ggoggo|o ajj Caa|o. j|gg @qaajjQ, jooaeQaao
@_gg _aa QC |oo|_aa, C@C}ag aa}ao eQ
ajj Caa|o.

e|aaeaa|o, gaaeaa|o Caa|o|CoC @_gga} _q}. jo
oa|o ag|aaq|ag|C j|}a}ggaa|o Cgagg|_gga}.
_jCjaCgooa Cg_oCo aa _qa} g_ Cgq@g}aa Cao|ggj
ja}aaq|oao. jag| |aa g} @ag}. _qqgaa.

'@Cga, Cgq@ga q_a|gaa, q}jCjaa|gaa, qgCgq|aa cag
Cga}gg @aq|ao Coaoo|aCaaeq_gg gaa caa|g jag|}a}
(Caqaa cag ajj| Coao@. ga C}aggao @a a
_e|ggq}, CqQaa||a aaQgCgaa eqaa Caajq}
caCgooa gaaaj jgg| g@aaaa q|q}aag g_a|gg ajj|.)
Cga}a gg| g}gg|o gaaogaa Cjgg @Ca ga Cj_a}aa
g|agggg Cgaa|Cjaggaa aa _qa}a }gg aqa|aa
@}j|gga}a.

_qa}g ga|ggaaaq ggo q|q, _q} ga 'a|gga}a
(ajj||o @qga}a cag q_. Son of Man ) cag gg|jj|g. @g
|a gaa|aa gg|jj. Caa|o _ggo _jjq_qaaggaa aao
aaoaa cg|}ja}ggaCaaeq_ggg. _g}a|a Cqggg|o, a|gga}a
cjjq @_jjaa cajg jgg| g_ gg|jj eQ. @gg|g g}jj ga|o
gg| qgg gg|jg|ajCjao _qa @_jjaa cag gaa aaq|o
aegaa _g}a|a Cqggg|o Ca|o caa|g g}aag}o| c_g|
jgg|a|o q_a|gg.

Ca|o|a aaq|o a|agg gg|jj gaaajjgg|ggaa cajgaa @Ca
g_Cjag Coaaag|oao. 'a}gg}ao a|gga}@ago Coaoojjg
cajgCjao _q} q|aa| q|qa j}aaa|ogaa (Thi r d
per son) q_a|agaCq gq|} g_Cjag 'a}gg}ao caago
Coaoojjg cajgCjao _q} gg|jj|g|oao.
@Caaq ga a|ooag _g}a, @agCooag @ga}aaa aaq,
'Cqggg|o gg|jj|jjq_ag a|gga}a @q} _oo} cag
Coaaaa}a.
@aao, @Cgooa @Caag @g}qa}a Cj_gqagg gQaaq|oao.
aa}e, cooaqgag q| gaa|aa _q} g_ Cgqa _ggq}aa
@_gga}. g_}aaj ja}aao Coqg, Coq|}aaa Caao Coqg,
aaaj CjooCoqg ggo, @ggg g_ gggaga |} j|aggg
cgoCogg qa} _q} g|aggg| _gjgaa ajj| jaa jaaaa
q|q}aa|gg.

c| aa @Caaq ggaCaaeQ j|ajgg @g g_ gaa|aaa}e.
j|gg _q}g aoj j|}oaa. _g|o @_gg c|a. aga|a
gaa j}. qagagagj jg|oaa qagaga _ooao oagaagagg
g}qaao Coaaa @ga. cooaqggag Coaa, g_ Cg_aaq cagao
gqgaagag gqg gqgoo caa|g ggCjaag ajjaaa.

_g}a|aC g_ qgaa eQ. qa}Cgag Cq|aa|ga
_q}a_ag gga. _ag cgga aa}gag Coaa}a.
ggg|@ j|}a}ggaaaaaa g|a cag Cja_ Sabbat h day . ( )

_jjqaa g_ g|agg|o @Ca g_ Cgqaogg|o aa aaa|, gj|
g|ao|o @_gg g} agag CgaQ _qaaa gejjQgg|aa}.
(gCg 12.10)
@g g q|C}ago Coo cag _g g_a}a ggg oaqaa}a.
'@qga}a, gga_ag @eq}aa @_aa|ga} cag
Coaoo|q|a} @Ca.
a @Q gga|o g_ gg||o q|_ggao Ca Cja @aa|
cQaaa}aa? @aq| a|ga cqqCqa Coaaqa caa|g
_q}g a|gCg _Ca gqgaaj j}ggCaajjg. gggC}aa|
cajgaa _q} q_e|aajja}.

@Caaqa Caaoo gq Coga}a.

@gg g_gag Qoo. @ag|} jo g_ea|o Caaao
ggo|a|o|_gg gjj|gg Cqg Cqg @a_agj je CogjqC
@_gga} _q}. Cjaa|g @a|Coooa aa _q} j|aaao
Cjaag.

@ga Cga}oo|aaggaa Cg_oCo Cgqao gg_a}a|a ggag
gaa _q}g q|}oaa_, Caa|o g|ooaa @qaajjQ caa|g
g}aag}oag, _qa}a Caaao CoCg @aCqeQ caa|g
g}aaggag _g gg_aaaa CaaeQqgg Co}gga.
ga aag CojjQqggg ggo ga @}, gg jaa|}eQ
o}a_a @gg| q|_gg __gg|aa} @Ca. _gao caa|g oa gjjg
Cq|aaaaa_aaaa _qa} ggg|Qa aaqaCaaQaa ajaa.

_ag|} _g gggg. @Ca j|}a}ggaa|o =Qjq_ggCjag _g
gg_aa _@jj| _qaa_a _Ca qgg _gao, @Caaq
Cg_a| ggg|Qa aaqaCaaQggaa. Ca _qa}a aag Cog
@_ggjCjaaa}a.

@aao, _q}a gaaC g}aa|gg|_ggjq @Caag }egeaa
q|g|aaCqeQaaao _gggj Cjag| aa}ea CqeQ. oao|a
CqeQ. Cg_oCo|o _jjqaa aa}eaaCa, _qgago
aqaaaQ oao|aaCa g_a}aao Ca
CgqaaeQj|qaagqq|oao.

@aCq, aqjjQ @}eQ Cjaoao|aag Cgqjj|qgga}a. _q}a
agg| gggooaQ @ggaa.

Cg_oCo ga}a Cj_a|aa Caa|ao @qggg ga}aaa,
gaCg gaa|o g|_ja a gaaao gq cag @Ca
Coaaaa}.
Cjagag? }egeaa q|g|ggq|a}a. @aao g_
}aagaaaaqaqg aa_ag q|qgagg Cg}jjQgg|aa CqeQ.

_jCjag @oC}o, C}aaa|}a|a @_aaag jq_ggg. C}a
aa}a j|}g|g|g|aa aq}a} jaaqo j|oa (Pont i us Pi l at e
ajj||o Cjagg| j|oagg cag gg|jj|jjQ j|oagg aaa @qCa.)
@o|CogCaaeq_gga}. qgaaaa Ca _q_ag, @g g}
_g|aaa qgag caCg Cgaag|g. @|@ gg_aa gjaQ
Cog|_gg aa gg|a}, @aq|ao '@Caag }egeaa
ggCg @aCqeQ cag qo|ggg|gao, Cqg qg||ooao g
oggagg Cg}q|gga}.
@Ca o|@aq|o _agjjQqggg gaagaa g_ ojq gggg.
_qa}a aaqaCaaQgg _gao, ga j|agag q_gg|, ggg e}oo|
CCoaa, ggCaaao CogCaaeaa. gaagaa, gaag oaaaaa
_|aajj gjjg Cq|aaaaaa gg_aa|C
g|_jj|aCaaQggq|Qggaa qgg|_ggaa.
Caago jeggag @aojjQ, g_q|gaq ooaagg _qa Cog
aa} @Caq|a |a}a gqggg. _g}a_ag a|g|ogq}a_ag
@a|o |ajCj} @_joaq} gag c_jjjjQqggg aa}eaag.
_gao ga gqgag _aCg q_gg|g, ggCaaao CogCaaeg,
a_ag g_ Cja_aa @oao. _qaag @eqq| _g
gg_aaC , 'ggg|ooag }gggaga aaqaCaaQgg gaa jaq
CoCga cag q_gg| _gao|, 'ca_aCaaa? _g ajaQ!
cag Coaoo|q|Qj Cjaq|a}a.

@oC}o|a aq}a}aa j|oa @_ggg, a|.j|. ggo @ggaeqa 27o|_gg
86_ q_a_ag @ajj aao cag o}gg|} Coaoa|gg.
@gaqjja|o @Caq|a }e 80_86_ @eQa_ag @a|o
g|aggg|_aaCqeQ cag ae|aajjQa|gg. goo|aa q|q}a g
@gjgg|a a|aag.

o|@aq|o _agjjQ, eQ |}gCg_gg _q} q|e@ago
Coaga} caa|g a|g|ogq}a|a gj|aaagaa _g}a||_gg _q}aa
CqgjQgg|aaaQ ggo @ga}. Caa|o, _g}a|a gj|aaa|ajq,
}eggagj j|a Cgq@ga |}gCg_qCgajg a|aag. CqgjaQ
_Cagaa Cgaga|gg.

@Ca |}gCg_gggaa gj|q}a, @ojaa oaaga _g}a||_gg
a_ggq|o q|oa|jCjaaa}a. @Caagjj|a _q} q|QoCoagagg
Cga_ Cjagjj|a gaoa _g|aa}aa @_gg Cgo, (@j_
Cag||o Cgaaj. ajj||o aaCaaj cag q_.) _q}a|a
qg|aaqaa @_gga}.

a|.j|.62_o Cgo _g}aao aooao _qgga Caaoojja}.
Cga}gg gq|}aa _q} @Caaq Cgqga}aaa a _o
Cja_gg|q}aa o|gg|}ggo CoagCjag|a @gg|Cg @ggga
aa}e.

Cgoagj j|gg Cg_oCo ga}a a|g|ogq Cgqaog gaoaj
Cjagjj|o @_ggq} aoa.

@q}aCooa @Caq|a agagj j|gg Cg_oCo ga}o
@_ggjqC gg j|}oa}aa g|aggg|qgga}a. @aao, ggo ggoaa
a|g|ogq ggagj j}jjqag g} @aaaa @}j|ggo CoojQgg|q},
jao. (Paul . ajj||o jo _jCjaogo} cag gg|jj|jjq_ag.)

oao (Saul ) cag @gCj} Caae _g}aa @q}, a|g|ogq ggag
gj| ggj|gg jao cag g Cja} agg|aCaaea}. g_aa||o j|ggg
jao, gg| @o|aCqg a|g|ogqgagj j}jjqagg g qagga
Cgaaaaaa CaaeQ, gg|ga}aao|a a|gaga aa} qg|C |a ge
je CgCaaea}. ea _aag Caae _q}g Cjooao
jooa|}aaeaaaa aa aq}jjQ a|g|ogq ggagg g_q|aa}a.
} }aa, ga} ga}aa, Cgo Cgoaa a|g|ogq g Cqa CaaeQ
j}qg Cgaa|g.

gag|. ggg }jCja}} 6 qoj}, 2004



6 a|_ogqg _g}a_

g|oCooa }gg - ja.}a

a|g|ogq ggg|a c_oo|, _ggoggag q|jj ggo gg |ajCj}
oqao. @g|o ogCgaC @oao. a|.j|. 800- @eQ o|}a, @o|a
aa}, a|}o, aoj}o gg @jj|}aaaq|a qagj jgg||o
qo|ggqgg _g}a|o |ajCj_jaaaaCaa} a|g|ogq}aaa
ag|q|q_gga}a. a|g|ogqgagj j}jj je||o =Qj Cgo, jao
Cjaag @Caq|a Cgag}a _aaa}eggaCoC o|agjj|qaajjg
jQCaaao Cojjg (Cgao _g}a aooao _qgga
Caaaga}a. jao, C}a ga_ago CoagCjag aa} gC}a _qa}
o|ag|o _agga}. _CaC _q} |a} q|a}.) aa|aC
|ajCj} _@gajgag eaaa|g. @g, gaaaaaaq@ Cqaaa
a|g|ogq j}q gq|aa _aggag gaa @oag.a|g|ogq @jjqj
j}qg Cgaa| _Cg Cqa, gCgaq|a _g}a_ag CqCga_
qaa|@ Cg_aaq @}jaag.@Caq|a o}aao jg| gjaQ
c_gjjQaCaaeq_gg aaogg|o jaooga cajg (_jCjag
jCoogaa) qaCa o|}a, Cojaaa Cgaa| CggCa ca|jg|a o|o
jgg|aqa} geCga_ |ajCj} g|ojj}jj. _g|o gCga caa|g
@oC}o|a @ |ao Coagjaag. @aCjag (C}aaa| @_aaag
j _q|o) _jCjag _g gaaao| _g|aa} Cjggg. C@C}ag
aaa @_ggqa}, C}aaa| oaa}q}gg|ag _q} a}aa @_gga@
|a Cg_aaaaq}aa @_ggaa. @gaao jaCQjj Cjaag @jgga
g gCgaag @ooao @_ggg. _Ca gaqg g_ j|}oaa
cagao _g C@C}agao QC eaaajja qgaa
@_ggg.a|.g. gaaaa @ggaeqo C@C}ag @gggg, C}a
_g|aa}j gCgaaq g_qgaag ga aQjjaqo
cQggaCaaeQq|g. _gaj|gg, C@C}ag ag|} gqgqaCaaeQ
a_ @o|j} gqq|oao. C}aaa| aa}a j|}g|g|g|aa
aq}a}aa QC @ gqggg. _g, C@C}ag|a aCa @aa@
o}.C@C}ag|a }e Cgaa| jo @ggaeQa_ag @jjqggaa
@oC}o, C}aaa|a aaoa|aa @_aaCqeq|_ggg. C}a _g|aa}j
cQag gqa_aga aQjjCqeq|_ggg. _}o|o }g||o @gaao
Cj} j|}oaaa g|ooag Cjag g }g||o _q}a_ago o|o
g}oaa @_gga. aa}e, _jCjag C}a|o g|qaa g
cag g a|aag. @aaCa o|g Cgq qg|jaQa @_gga.
Cj_ja@ aa_ag aaC} a. C}a|o j}q||_gg
_g}aaCoC @gaao oa|aa gqq|oao caa|gCjag, @gg "aaC}
a" g| gCgaag Cja_gg caCga_ o a|.j| 40-
@eQ CaaeQq}jjg._jCjag C}aaa| aa}aa @_ggq}a
Cj} aao|goa (o|egq}uge). _q}gaa, @a| C}a oa}agg|ggag
j _aagg @a|o Cgqaoa|@ ga o|aoa
QC aqgg, gaaa QC CgagCqeQ caCga_ q|j}g
gg}aqj j|gjj|gga}._}o|o }g||oaa cggq|gg g|e|jaj
oa|ggaCaag ga}aa @_gg _g}aao, @gg qg|jaQg g|e|jaj
Q ga gqq|oao. _g}a_ag gC} a. _q}a g aa
CgC@aqa cag _agjja}a. _qa}ggq|} Cqg aa} Cgag
_q}a ga}aa @oao. (@ooa Cgaagqggg gaCj "gaCg a"
caa|g a_ggaaagaga Caaeq_gg g _g ggaa.)@aCq _q}a
Cja}agg|o @ga|aa}a. @jjq_ gg}ag _qje|qaga
aaq@ @gjjCg Co cag gga|aa}a.gCgaq|a _jCjaag
aq}a}aa @_ggq}, @a}jja-1 cajq}.
_q}, g|aoaa cQggo Coaoo| q|aa _|jjggaaa C}agagj
Cjaaa}. _g}a|a qg|jaQ gag cajg @|}a|} @eQaaag
Cga}gg q_qg. g|C}ag _ag aggo Coaoqg gqag aa}.
C}aaa| aa}a g _q}a_ag g|jj }aag eQ.
@aao Cga_qggg} aaa _qa} cgg _g_ gaaa}a
cajaga Caago agg| qagg g_qag Cg}jjQgg|q|a}
@a}jja-1._q_a gooCg}, C}aaa| aa} aao|goa,
Caajaao, gCgaq|a Cgqaoa|o ga@a o|aoa
aqggg CgagCqeQCaa|g _}a gg}aqg g|_jjCjg gq
Coga}.@aa@ Cja}agg|o @ga|gao aagCojj _g}aa
_q} aa|aag ga}aa @oao. _q}a aq_ g|oo
geqaajjCqeqq}aC cag g|aagga}. _}o} Coaoqaga
Caao _g }ag q|aqao. Caa gggao }aggC}aa. }aggC}aaa
gggooaQagg geaa cagao, _g }e QC. @gaqjja|o
@|}aaeaaaa gCga _g}a }egg|a qaoo|o aagg|_ggCjag,
_q}a_ag g} _g|}q _qggg. geaa g|agCqggjjQqggg
gaj, ogg cg|}ja}ag qaa|o aa} aao|goa _q}g _}o|o
cg|}aao Caaao Cojja}. C}a|o g|aggg @o|agg, @Ca
@oC}o _g}a|a |a}a aajjagg|g.@ggo ojqggagj j|gg, a|.j|.
66- @eQ qa} C}aaa| oa}agg|gg|a g_ jgg|aa @_gg
gCga caa|g @oC}o|o CqCgggj j|}oaa Cj}gaa cgq|oao.
aggg|} CqaaCa, ga|gaQ Caa}aaaCa _q}a| @oao.
jaoogaj Cj_g|ogg|o|_gg gg o|o gaQa_ @jjq C}aaa|
@_aaag jQggaa @a|a cajgao a_ag cg
q|gg|aoaaCq jq|oao. C}aaa|}a, @jj|gggq}a. ga
_a| qagCqeqq}a. @g @ojaa aa agg|o
g|jCja|_ggg.a|.j|.66-ogaa _Ca ggoggo|o g_ j}o|
gjg. j}o| Cogq}a_ _g}aC. Cg_oCoa ggg|@aa
C}aaa| @aa|}|jj|o|_gg q|Qq|gg, g_ g_aaa _g
oa}agg|gag _aaaCqeQ cajag Cgaaaaaa Caae _ggj
j}o|a "o|oa" (gegqt s) caa|g _ajj|a} gaa|ag
ggg|aa}a. gQCagg Cg_oCo _g}a|a cee|aaaaj ja}aa,
o|oa _ajajo Co}ggq}a o|gjaaaCa}ga. _q}ag j}o|,
aa_ag ogCgaqgaga aaq@ jgagC gggg. Caa|o, _q}a
cg|}jjg g_ oaga}e CgogagCa, ggg|o aaaaCa _oo.
aCj_ C}a oa}agg|gg|a oaa}q}gg|a cg|}ggj j}o| Co
@}j|gg|_gga}a. @g g|oo _jaa}aag cag
a_g|aa}a.@aao, j}o|aaa}}a |ao aojaa gCga aq}a}a
}a@qgago o|ggqgg Cg_oCoaa aajjgg|q|a}a. gq|} @oC}o|a
Cgga agaa}j jgg|a|@ ae|oaa @gag _q}aao
@aa|}|ggq| gqggg. @aao, cjjq g_ g_aaa _g _}ao
g|gq|q| gq cag _q}a Caae gj|aaa, _Qgg g_
q_gg|o ga}aag.@jCjag, C}aaa|jja g_ Cqagg|o
@oC}o|a g gaaggao @}j|ggg. Caago Caagoaa @ggg
@aa ag Cgaa|g.a|.j|. 70- @eQ _g gggg. j|}
qggg Cjao @oC}@ag gaggg aCj_ C}aaa|j jaag,
@eQ @Qag q|ao _qgg gqo Co @}j|ggg. j}o| Cog
o|oa _ajj|a} @_gg @ Cg}ao aggg Cjaaa}a.
Caa}gaeq caja}aC, _g! Cg_oCo j j}o|aaa}}a
aajjgg||_gg _ggaa @aa gQCaggaaa aaajjQgg|g
C}aaa| }a@q. C}aaa|o oaa}q}gg||a aaaa ao (g|qt us)
cajqCa _jCjag }a@qg gjg|aa qg|ggg|aCaaeQ qgg|_ggaa.
ga cg|}gg _ggaa Cja} _q}a Caaaga}a. gQgg
aq}aaCooa @qgga}a. aee|oj aa _aagag
agg Cgagaa|aa}a. oaaoa o|aggga. ga agga.
gggaga, Cjea, @ea cag _q}a q|gg|ao ja}aaCq
@oao. aee|o Cgaj _ggaa _g}aa agga agga Caaag
qo|aa}a.@ggg gaaggo|a ooa Cg_oCo ga}o g|agggg. @,
_gga Caa|o! @gga Caa|ao gaa|Q _ooqa _g}a, C}aaa|o
oaa}q}gg||a @aea ggo ggo|o cg|}gga aoa Coga}a?
@agggaCa gQCagg _g} goggaCa ja|gggo cag Coaoo|,
gj _qggaCaaea}a? _q}ag @eqgg|a
_aaooqa @g? @ga jgCj_agaCa _q}aag g||} j|qgg
@aqggg?@a| caaaoggag _g}a j}o| cag @ga
g|aaaaaagjqagg gaaggao g_ Cqagg|o gggCqeQ cag
g|aaggq}a, Caa|ao @qaa @}j|gga}a. gaaggo Cgaa| o|o
e| Cg}a|CoC _g @@aao o|gg|, g|} @}j|ggg. aga
Cj}gg cQaajja. _oaa} q|aga agg Cgagaajja.
@ea @qaajja. aa|o gaqgga}a. gaagaa Cqg
gaaa|}agaa C @_gg _ggaa g|jj Cja_aa a_q
qa} gaaq C}agag _@jj|q|a}a. _qgg gaa|aaaq,
Caa|o|a |ajja|gaa Cja_aaaa a_gjj gaggaoaa
jagg|}a_, CqaojjaQa |aa, j|}aeaa ga C_gq}gg|g
gaa| (g|et q|oqeo caja}a. o|eojg q|t eoj.)
gag. C}aaa|}a|a jaCQjaj, jQCaaaoaaa _g}a
_ag|a oa|ggaCaaeq_gg|_jja}a. @aao Cg_oCo
Cgqaogag _q}a gaaag Cgaa|g, Cjagaagqao cg|}ggj
Cja} qg|agg g|}eQ qgga}a.@aao, j|}aeaa C}aaa|j
ja|a cg|C} Cg_oCo _g}a Cqg Caaa. a|gg
jaa|}ea|} _g}a _ggj Cja}o jQCaaao Cojja}a
caa|gg q}oag. @agggq|}, Cg_oCo Cgqaogg|o g|
CogCaaeq_gg gg_aaag ga|C g|gaaqgga a_q|Cogg|aa}a
C}aaa|}a.Cg_oCo ga}C g_ aCj_ gjajgCgaq Cjaoa
aao||ggg. cg j|ea. }gg. @qjaQa|a @aC Ca
aggo go|a. qo@ga qaa|o q| Cqa|o Caaaqgg
Cja_aa gaaqaCaaeQ C}aaa|jja _agg g|_j
@}j|ggg.@}eaqg gagaaa ajj _gg @o eQ
@qaajjQ cag gaaC} _a|ggo Coaaa @Caaqggaa _jCjag
Cg_oCo ga}gg _g}a g|aaggjja}gga}a.a|g|ogqgg|a gaa
_q}ag Cqgjj @a@ jo aaa } @}j|ggg.

gag|. ggg }jCja}} 9 qoj}, 2004


6 j|}gg @_ ggoo|

g|oCooa }gg - ja.}a

g_ Caa|ao @qjjCgajg cjCj}jj o}gg|} qQ cajg gg
aa} q| gag |a gagaag Cg}. ggo gaogagaga
aeaeq|Q _aoag aao|aa, cggg gaogagag Cggaoq|Q
ga}ag ojqaa _jjqC jqggq|aqg _g.
_g}aaj Cjagggqa} _jjq_ ojqgagg g qagga|o
@}eaqg gag _q}a ja}ggq|a}a. a|.j|. 70- @eQ
C}aaa|g gaagg@ag @oaaaa|, @qaajj _ggg Cgqao
@agqa} eQ ajjq|oao. @aCaa_ Cgq@ga @ga|qgg
eQ _aga aqgg_qaa cag _ggo aagg|_aa|gg. @qgg
Caa|o|a g_ Coaoaoa _q}a g|_j cQgg _Qaa ggo|
Coq|oao. _jjqC q|Qq|a}a. jaCQjj|a gajaa}ggaa
@a@ |oo|_ag Caa|o aggoaq}a g_ jgg|aggaa _q}a
g ja|ggg|a |ooaa aqgg qea|aCaaeq_aa|ga}a. aagoo.
ea|CoC @ag oCag j}q| qo|ag (@oC}o|o Q
Cgae@g ogq|a|g) aa} gjg oo _g}a_ag _ggaa
gj|aaa. _ggaa gajaa}gg.
Caa|ao Cgq@ga qgg aqgg_qaa. agg aaa a} qgg
aqgg_qa}a?
_ggaa. _ggg g_egaa. ggoggoaa _g}a ga_
ga|ggqaaa|aCaaeQq| gq Cog g_e _gCqgaa. gg
gggag aoaoa}ggag qg|jaQ gaga_ag cgga aaogg|@
ggq}aao @jgg @_gCg g_ cag gCga _g}a_ag _ag
gg|aag Cgaag|g. gaa|aa, "@Caaqa Caaagq}a" cag
a|g|ogqj j|}oa}a}a |aggq|}aa oCag Coaoo|aCaaeQ Cjaag
aCj_ _qaaaa _q}a|a qagq|a g aq|gg g|agg.
|aa}aaa aqa|aaCqeq q|q @g. @Ca o|@aq|o
_agjj aaogg|o gCga _g}a|a cee|aaa |a Coagj.
oogaga g Cgaq|oao. @|}a|ogaa @_ggg _q}ag
cee|aaa. @Caq|a }egag |}gCg_gg q|eCeg|
ojqgag _Qgg, _Cg gCga _ggogaa @}eaaj j|}a|gg.
@Caaqj j|ajgg|, _q} Cjo| Cag|a|a _qgg| qag
gqCqQggq}a, a|g|ogq}a cajja}a. _q}aCgaa |oog
gg _}qaa goggqa} _jjqj jg|aa Cgaa|aa}a. Cqgg
@aggq}a _oo}. gaa|aa, _}aj|}a _oo}.
@ggo ojqa gggCaaeq_ggCjag jaooga _}aj|}a Cqg
ja}aqa}aaa QC @_gga}a. _q}ag Cgq@g} _jCjag
j|gaaq|oao. @a@ o|o @ggaeQa _q}a aagg|_gCg g}CqeQ.
_gqa} gagg Cg}gg o|gCgqaa (gaa|aa, agaa gQ
qeg qgaa _}aj|}a|aC _g|a.) qea|aCaaeQ, _g
j|aggg qagggCaaeq_gga}a.
_jCjaag j|}oaa, _}aj|}a_ag _g}a_agaagoo.
_g}a_ag a|g|ogq}a_agaag. _g}a_ag
C}aaa|}a_agaag. (C}a _jCjag a|g|ogqg gaoaaaa
@a||_aaq|oao. aa} gg o|g Cgq qg|jaQaga _Ca.)
C}aaa| aag|jgg|, a|g|ogqgg|a _a}Cqa q}oo| caa|g @}eQ
aa}e|aga _g}a|a _aag j|}gaaaa j|}oaaa.
@aCq Caa|o|o @qaajj aqa} _q}a g aa_ag
c_jj|aCaaea}a. _ggo cajg @agqaao "Cg}gCgQaajj"
g} @a caa|g a_ggaaagag gaaqgg, _g}a_ag @a|oaa
gggaaj jojjQgg ggo|a CgCaa @}j|gga}a. gago
oqaoq|Qa|g oag|a _aagagC _q}a oaggaaaaa a_gg
Cgaa|aa}a.
C}aaa|}a_ag cg|}aa ggo aoagag eaaa| "o|oa" @aa
eQ g|}aag Cgaa|g. gaaaq| q@qaagaa - gaaaq|
@g}qa}a g|aggg g} @aaaa - gaaaq| g||Qo
Coojaq _ajjaa!
_gga aaogg|o C}aaa|a aaoa|aaa @_gg cooa @a|@ "ga
C}a|a gqaa" cag Coaoo|aCaaqg g_ Ca}qaa q|qaaa
a_gjjg. ggo ggo|o aoaoa}o Co_a CaaeCga_ ogaaa
Cga|o C}aaa| oa}agg|C Coaoojjg. @g g}
ea. _qjjaj Cja_aga} qog|, _qjjaa aoq|
@}eq@ _aag C}aaa| aa}a gq|} aqa Co@gg|Cg @ga
aa}e. aoq||@ Cja_aga}gg|@ }gg oga, Cj
ogaaa q_e|aajjQqg|o q|jj|oao.
@aao @Cgooa C}a|o QgaCa gq|} gg|aa|gaa|o j}q||_gg
C}aaa|a aaoa|a _aagg|@ _oo. jaooga gq|} _ag
C}aaa|a aaoa|aaa @_gg Cj}o|a, jaj|Coaa, (@aag =}aa,
=}aa), ca|jg Cjaag @a|@, Cja_aga}oo; qgaC
gaeqaqg. aoq|Cooa o|gjaaaCa}a @j} q|qaa
@_ggg. qaqa}gagag "C}aaa|a gqaa" cag Cj_aaao
Coaoo|a CaaoaC gq|}, ea|o _q}a j}gajggag}
qagaaaaggaa qagggCaaeq_gga}a. q|aooo q_aaCooa
C}agagj CjaaCaaeq_aa, aga ggg_ ajjaaa
QC _jjgg| aa|a qagaaaaa @_ggg.
@gg|ao|o, gCga (@oC}o) _g}a|a o|oa @aa eQ
jgg_q CaaeQ o|o|}gg cg @}j|ggCjag, jaoog@ag Cq|C
qo|ggqgg _g}a_ _q}aa @g}aa gaqgga}a. Cgo
coaoaao gaa j|}gg|_gga@ "_g}a" caa|g _aagagg
gaaaqggaCaaqggaaa @gg ggga _qo| cag a_g|aa}a.
_g}a|a c_oo||o @ggo ojq |a |a gaa|aaCgaag. oa|a
cgg gao|o _q}a j|}gg qo|gga@ g_ j|}oaa cagao gag
Co}gCg g}qg caa|g gqaq ggo ggo|o cQggg _jCjaggaa.
@aagag oa|a cgg gao|o cgg g_ _g_ag caa
j|}oaa caga@ _gg gaQ _}ooo; @oC}o _}agaa gaaao
qgg g|ga|gg! _CgCjao @oC}o|a j|}oaa cgqaaa@ _g ga
Coaggj j|}oaa caCg cgg gaqo qo|ag _g}a_ g|aaaa|ga}a.
@_jga @ggaeqa @}j q_a|o _gaqg, jaooga ee|o
_g}a|a ga| gaa _qaaa|C g_qg cag gq Cog _ggaaa
Cqaoaa _g}a|a _}o|o j|}g gaoq}a @}j|ggCjag gC}
g} _agjajggaa q|Qgga}a. _g Caaaa. |a }ao|aa.
"_g}aC, @oC}@ag qa_a!"
_qqgaa. ooaaeaaaa _g}a, aao aaoaag gaa
qo|ggqgg gaQaa _gga aeC gggg, Coagg, aaa, qQ
qaooaa _jjqC CjaQq|Q @oC}@aga a|j|q|a}a.
@oC}o g|ooaa _qaaajjQq|Qa cag _q}a Caaq|oao.
jg| @gg|o gaa qo|aa Coa}a @_aga cag
ja}aaq|oao. Cqao a|aaga, qQ a|aaga, qag q|Qqa}aa,
ggaao ogg|aa Cg}Qa caCgooa Cao|aaCq @oao.
g_ Coao. g_ aa. gC} gq. _g}a caa|g g} _aa
g||gg _q}a @_jga @ggaeqa Cgaaagg|o g_a|aegg
aagaj j|aaao q|}qaaj ja}aajCjaa|Cga. @ggCaooa @}ja
aa}e|aa _agg "o|oa" @aagg|a gj|gjaj gq ggg
ojqaa _g|ggCaaqg |a gaa|.
Cg_oCo ga} @ogag C}aaa|}a @qggg, a|.j|. 70- @eqo.
_ga Cga}oo|aao aa} gag|o|_gg gaag @eQa _g}a_ag
C}aaa|}a_agaa gga q|Qq|Q gggCaaeQgaa|_gga.
Cg_oCo _g}a_ag, jaoog@ag Cq|C @_gg _g}a gaoaa
_aagg gq|aa Coga}a.
_qje|aag cajg Qgaa _q}ag g|o|ggaa @_ggg.
_g}a a_ag gagggq}a _oo}. gaa qo|ag g|ojj}jajg
gaaC @g ggg| jaggq}a. C}aaa|o oaa}q}gg|ag
_qq_qaCaaeq_aa @a| _q}a ga}aa @oao. C}aaa|o
oaa}q}gg|agj Cj} ja @_aaoa. @ jog jejog
@_aaoa. @aao _g}a| ggga @_aa|gg. gggg|o
q}}egaa cajg Cg}gCg _q}a ge|a @ga|aa}a.
Cqoqagaaaq@, g cg|}jje}aqg Cga}gg jg| CogCaaeQ
@_aaCq _q}a _jCjag q|_j|aa}a. Caa|o, C}aaa|j
jaaa cg|}gg Cqgg| Cjg @oag cajag _q}a |a gagaa
e}gg|_gga}a.
a|.j|. 78- q_ _g gggg. oaaao g}gg|o oga caa|g
@gg|o _g}a g C}aaa|}a gaaggo g|aggg|aa}a. _g go
q}oagg|o _jjq_ Caa}ojq |a _}gaaCq g|aggg|_aa|gg.
ggg }eg qagq|a g} _a cag gq Cogq| _g}a
g_jg. g_ _ga Caaa |_a @_aaaag caa|g Cqg|a
Cag| C}aaa|jja gjg. C}aaa|}aaj Cjagggqa}, _g}a
a}agg|ggaaaa g|aggg a|}oo|aa gQagqg|o _g g_ jgg|.
_g}a_aCaa, a}agg| cajg Cqg g|o ojggjj q|qoo.
_g _q}a|a a}aag. aaoa|ag|aa gg|jaj gaa| a
@@g|.
|a Caa}aa gaaggo _g. gaCj g}aa|aajj gqa
@}jaa gg. cjjq C}aaa|}agaa CqoojCjaa|ga}a
cajg Cg}gCg _g}a g cg|}jaja aag Cgaa|aa}a. @aao
C}aaa|}a Cg}q gggaga aaq@ _gg gag Ca}ooa gagg
gaaggaoC _g|a CgCaaea}a. @}q|o a|}a a|}aaaj jggg
gaqggq|Q, _og|CaQ _g}aa CqqaCaaaga}a. gggagaa
C} @aa|a a_gag Cg}gg _jjqC ao|o qo|aa}a. aee|o
j _gjCjea _aaq}a g jao|o qaCaaQa
g|agggjjg. _g}a|a aaogaaa Cqq qg|a|o cg|gga}a.
qQa @qaajja. aoq|aa, Caa|oa _aagg
Caa_ggjja.
C}aaa|}a| j|qjQqag q|_jag jo _gagQja,
_ajjQqaga aaq@ ggCaaao CogCaaeQq|Qqg o|gggg cag
gq Cog, CaaggaCaaggaa @gggCjaaa}a. gQjg gaoq}a g
aaq|, gggagaaa Caaag, gaaa aggaCaaea}a.
gagoo, @}eoo. @ggaaeaaaa _gagQja @jjqg ggCaaao
CogCaaeq_aa|aga.
}egg|a oa|aagqag qaa g|aggg o}gg|}gg|a @ggjjaaa,
@oojq ggggggo aa} 1,900 q_a ag|gg eQ
Cq|ooggag qgga. 1960a|o jaoogaj jgg|a|o gggjj
CgaoCja_ @a, oga gggg|a cooaa Cq|oo|Qa
aaq|_aa|aga. g_ o|g gaa|@ aa} @_jgaggg @ea,
Cjea, gggaga|a c@jaQa CgqaaeQj|qaajja. aa}ja
j}Coagaaa, _gg c@jaQa|a qagg goo|aao
aqaaaq|_aa|aga. C}aaa|}a|a j|q|o _ajjQqag q|_jag
_gagQja Caggaag ga aggaCaae Cj_aag|a Cga
g} _gg|a _g!
@ggo ojqggagj j|gg Cg_oCo _g}aao oa|jjggg
C}aaa|}a g_ jg| qg|a Cao|gga}a. Cg_oCo ga}a
Cgqaj Cj_a, _gga Caa|o|a gajaa_ @ojaaCq _gg
ga}o qo|jjq}a|a agg|o Cjag Cj_|g e}gaa
_q}aa, oa}agg|ggag cg|}aaa aoa Cog @eQa|aga cag
a_g| C}aaa|}a, _g}aaj j|}gg @oa cag gq
Coga}a._gajq, Cg_oCo|o cgg g_ _g_ @_aaaag.
gCgaq|a _g}a _aaq_ agaa}Ca} a|}aa_agj
Cjaq|Cqeqg. (@aag aaoa, _ga aggjjgjjgg|a.)
@ag g} gg}qaaCq C}aaa|j Cj}}a gCgaq|o CaaeQqggg.
agaa}Ca} a|}aa|o _g}a Caggaa qo|aaaag cag
g|aaggq}a, _Ca gCaaCq @_gg j|g _}aj|
ogagg|a}aCgaa geQ geaa _g}aaa CaaeQCjao
Coa_a|aa}a.@jjqj j|}gga_qgago _g}a|a a|}oo|a
_aaoa cag g|aaggg C}aaa| _}a.
C}aaa|}a cg|}ja}ggjqC a|}oo| _a @}j|ggg eagaa.
@aao agaa}Ca} a|}aa_aga gqCj}gg _g}a CqCga_
aa}gag |aggq|}aa _jCjag @}j|gg|_gga}a.
a|}oo|aa aaq@ Cj}Cga_ j}o| _g.
gag|. ggg }jCja}} 12 qoj}, 2004




7 jgg|ao Cqoqg

g|oCooa }gg - ja.}a

gagg|jj. @gg _gg|agg|o q_a|g g g_aa, _gj j|
@o|}}a|a gq|a cg g}g|}q qoaa @ag gaga
a|ajjg|oao. _g}a g CoojaQaa |a }ao|aa aqggaCaae
g_ aaoagago o|gg|}ag _gg|a cajgao ojggjj
gj}a|a gq|a cg qa}jjq_aaq|oao caCg
a_gCqeqg.)
oga gaagg@ag _g|ag j|gg jaooga|a agaa}Ca}j
jgg|a|o qag g|}jjgg|aajj _g}a_ag, qagaaa cjCjag Cjao
j|}oaaa |aagaaggaa @_ggg. @aao _g|aa@ @gjjaa@
@agggga@ _q}a g|aogaogg Cjaq|q|oao.
C}aaa|}aa cg|}gg _q}a Cog aoaa_ o|g j}o|a_
Cga}gg Cgaoq|aC g_q| qgga@ g_ o|g| gj|aaaaagg
_q}a|aC @_ggg.ggggao Cg|aa gqagq}aa jgg|ao
Cg|ggao caa?
@ggaa _q}ag Caoaa|a g_q}o a_aa. j|aaa|o gg
o}gg|}Cg _g|qa|a cag jgg|oao|a cag }agggg|}
|aaq}a cag gag|agj Cj}Cjaaq}aaa _g}a
o|gg|}aajjggCaooa @}j @Cagaa g|aga|gg.
_aag Cg_oCo _g}a|aC @ggaa Caoaaa gaaqgg,
gj|aaa_qq}a, o|o ggq|a. _gg ggq|a. C}aaa|}aao,
Cg_oCo @o @qaajjQgaCj jooaeQaaa _aCaa|o|o
qo|ggqgg Cga@aa Cja oaa (Johannan Ben Zachai ) caa|g ggq|
_q}a_ gaa|aaq}.
oaa|a Caoaa caaCqagao, C}aaa|}a|a ga|oo|gjjaa
caCaaa Cga, _qgagCooa _g}a_ ggo|o CjgCqeQ.
_q}a aoq||o o|gggq}a cagao, _g}a_ aoq||o o|gggq}aaa
@a|q|CqeQ. _q}a jejo jaggq}a cagao gag
jegagj Cj_aaa aggaCaa CqeQ. _q}ag aoaoa}j
Cj_aag _g}a|a Cj_a c gaggggoo cajag ogag
Cq|oo|Qa aaCqeQ. gg Cgoggag CqeQaaao a_
Q_qoaC gq|}, gg @aggag _g gqag cajag g|_j|aa
CqeQ. j|}gg qag aqgga@ aggao gagaaCq cjCjag
@_jjq}a cajag @e|gg}aa e}o CoCqeQ.
aCj_ _g oa}agg| gaag g|gqg caa|g Cj_aaq|a ggo
Coao, @gg _gg ggq||aaCoC ggoggo|o cQgg aqaajjg.
"jgg|ao Cqoqg" caa|g _q}g qa}gaga gqCqa_ _g}a
agg|@ gg|} Cjao j}q|j j}ggg._ag Cgaa|, _q}a
a|}oo| Coqag _gCq g|ggg|aa}a. agaa, g oggg||a_ag
gagaa aoq| _|jjg|o gq|} aqa Co@gg @}j|gga}a.
oaa, Cqg o|o _g g g_aaa _agggaCaaeQ C}agagj
Cjaaa}. oaa}q}gg|ao ogg|gg, gCga _g}a @a| a|}oo|
Coaa}a cag gj|aaa _|gga}. C}aaa| @_aaag
j gqaaaaaCq _q}a gggCaaqa}a cag qaaa|gg,
jg|@ag gC} g_ gg}qaggag Q Caa}.
jaooga g|ojj}jj|a agaa}Ca} a|}aa|@ ga}a|@ _ga
gggaga jqag j|aaa C}aaa|jja @qaaa ag.
_Ca _g oagaa gjjaaa gggqggg cgg @a_g
@_aaaag.
C}aaa| aa} @gg c| CqeQCaaa ggaCaaea}.
j|aaa @qaaaag; gCjagaaaag ga Coaag.
_qqgaCa cag _q} g|aagg|_aaoa.
@aao, @ggg g_ ga @_aa|gg. oaa|a Caa}aaa, _ggoC
_g|ao gQjjggaaa g_ Ca. aoq| q}gg, gg gagjjg
cagao caa _}gg? _agaaaq@ _g goggag g_ Cj}
jagaajj g? a}agg| caagag CqeQaaa@ a|aaaoa.
_ggaaa cjCjag CqeQaaa@ Cja}aoa, Cqgg| Cjgoa. ggo|o
@a _g|ao aajjgooqa gaa|? g aaeao Cjaq|agqag
gQjjgooqa gaa|?
_g cjjqjj aaoa _g! aaQgg ag|} gg|a a|gag
g_qg a|g|ogq j}q|aCaaeq_ggg. jo _g}a a|g|ogq}aaa
ag|aCaaeq_gga}a. o|g Cgq qg|jaQa|o =QjQaCaaeq_gg
jo _}aj| @aag_aa_ Caggaa a|g|ogqgagg
g_q|aCaaeq_gga. _}aj| g|ojj}jajg gaeq, gC}ajjaq|@
a|g|ogq aaCoQgg aqaa @}j|gg|_ggg.
jaooga g_qgC a|g|ogq |qa}a gaggCgaag
Cgaa||_ggg. _e| _e|aaj jag|}a}a Cgo agg
j|}oa}ggagj CjaaCaaeq_gga}a. a|g|ogq cgg gaQagj
Cjaa|gCga, _gg gaqa ga aaa, aoaoa}gag _jjqC
ggaCaaeg. _gggg gaQ aa Cja Cag||CoC a|g|ogq
Cjojjg. jg|Cga_ g|e|jjaa _ooao, jg|Cga_ g}oaaaCq
a|g|ogq aaao ggaCaajjg. |aoa_aaaao
Coao@qCgagao, _gggg|a c|, @aao CoajjQggjj
qqqaaCq @}j aaogg|o a|g|ogq ja}aajjg.
@g ogaga _g}a_ag aCj_ @agooaa @_ggg. cee|aaa|o
gagqaaq}a cagCjag _g}a|a g cggaa o|gjj |aag,
j}agaaag cajagCooa g gogago Co}ggq}a_aCa cQggo
Coaoo|aa Cqeq aa _g g_a}a_ag @_ggg.
@ggaaaqaqg _gjj|aa|o "Cga}a"aqo Coaoo|aCaaQaa
Cqeq g|}jjgg _q}a_ag gjq_ggg.
oaa g_ag C}aaa|o oaa}q}gg| _|gg gg}qag @gggo
oagaaa _aggg|o q|jj|oao _ooqa?
@aCq, _g}a a|}oo|a g|ggg|aa}a. _g|jj}o|a
@}j|gga}a. CjgCga}a g gggagaag gqgao
j|aa_ag _@jjg Cgaa|aa}a. gag |aggq|}aa ga
aaaao Cog Cgaa|aa}a. agag Cg}Cooa, Cqg
o|ggaa|ooao agjjg. ojag|jjag aqaaao Co|jjg. g
Cg}gg|o j|}a}ggaaa, j|}oaa Cajg. Caa|@agg gqgao
Cooqg. gggaga|a jqjj|o gq|} aqa Co@ggqg. _q}aa
ggg|a jaag|o|_gg q_qao jagaajjg.
CCoaaaj ja}jjggg @Cgooa gagC|ooag aa}aaag
Cgaagoa. @aao _aagag gQCagg gCga _g}a_ @qgag
g_ Cqq| Cjaoo Coga}a. gao agg| _q}a c_jj|aCaae
Cj_gaq}a _qaagaaa _aggg, aoq|gaa. @g|o ogCgaC
@oao. @aagag o}qCgo _q|o Cgag|ogjgg|@ gqa
Cqaea|@ gaoo|gggq}aaa _g}aC q|gqagj ja}aaoa.
@gg q}oo|aaaa q|gg _ag agjjggaa.
@ga|a|o, _g gg_aa|a _g|aa}jgg|o gj gqag _ago
o|o Caaaa agga CgCaajja. }ja aaoCo (Rabban
Gamal i el ) caa|g gjj| Cjaga}, go oga|o o|o aggaa
qo|ggg|, aaogg|a CgaqaCagg qaa|o jg| Caoaaaa
gaaqgga}.
g gj|aaaa_agj jgjaa Caoaaa _oo _aq. agaa, aa
gg||o gjjgg C@ _g|a}aa qg|Co Caoaaa. ga}eaa,
_ggaa _g}a ga Cog jaqaaj Cjaaa|aCaa
aaogaaa jo| CaaQjjg caa|g qgaagag aqgg|_gga}a. @g
j|gCjaaaaa Coo caa a_g| gjj|a @o|}}a o|o},
"aaogaaa jo||Qj jaqgagj Cjaaa|aCaaqaga aaq@
_qgg|ag gaaaaaaq@ Cj}aajo Co@gg|j j}a}gg jaq
Cjaaa|aCaaoa" cag Coaaaa}a.
Cga@aa Cja oaa Cjaag g_a}a_ Cj}aaja aaq@ Cj}
j}aa}|oao cag __gggg|_ggaa cQggo Coaoo| aaa jo||Q
jgaagg|o|_gg a}a.
@g _g gg_a}a|a oaj|o ae|oaa aggoaa q|aq|ggg.
_gqa} ga|_ _g|aa}jaa gg_aa|a oaj QC q|a| qgg
g|aoa ag|, j| @o|}}a_aaaa gaa|ggq _g|a}ggg.
@o|}}a_ g_a}a_ o _ggog q}aaa _g|jja}a.
_gaqg, gg_aa_ag _|aajjQqgg _Cg _ }aag
aoq|a}a_ag qgajjg. _q}a "}j|" (Rabbi ) cag
_agaajjg Cgaa|aa}a.
gQCagg _g g_a}a_ @gg aggao gaq|oao caga@
Cj_jaoaa g_a}a aaogg|a Cgaq a_g|, aoq|a}aag
ga_ago oaaq}aaa _aa}aaCq Coga}a. }ja aaoCo,
@g Cga}jaa q|g|jje}aq Qqggaaa o|}a, C}a cag _g}a
_g|a qagggqgg j|g gaQa_ag je CgCaaea}.
aaoq|o @Q gaaajjQ g_ oga c_gg g|gaCqeQCagao aoq|
q}oo||aao QC _g oagg| cajCg _jCjaag gCga
_g}a|a ga}a gg|}. @gga aa}egg|aaogaa _q}a
aoq|a}aa gg_aa_ag g|a}aa _ggog|o aqgga}a. _q}a
CoaaaagCooa Caa}a. a|agg _g|o CooqgagCooa
agg|o @_gg|aCaaea}a. _Qggo CoCqeqCgaa caa|g
aaaaaaa aagg|_aa @}j|gga}a.
gagjgaggg q_a.
_gaqg, Cg_oCo Caa|o @qaajj a|.j|. 70- @eQ Cgaa|
a|.j|.116- @eQ qa} _q}a_ag Cqg o|ggaaC @_aaq|oao.
agjg. aggago Coaoo|aCaaQjjg. gaaaaa q|ao Coqg. _g
@aggag Q_qo @ooao jagaajjg. (_gaqg a|g|ogq C@
j}qao gQjjg.) a|}oo|, j}o| cag @gaao, g_aaag Cgag|o
Cog q_aagago Co|jjg.oaga}e q|qaga. @aao
_oaga}e aqa Co@gg| @qgag _q}a Coga}a. |aa aqaaa,
gg @gg gqaq CoojaQaa j|g Cgoa|o gg|jjaa
C}aaa| @g|aaggagj gaQa|o qo|ag _g}a_ag
Cg}jjQgg|, _q}aa @gaaa aajj|qaao Cog|_gga}a,
jaooga _g}a!
_gg gagjgaggg @eQaa, _q}a gq|_gg @eQa caCg
CoaooCqeQ.
a|.j|. 116-o _q}a g gqgaga aaogga}a. ggoggo|o ca|jg|@
o|j|aq|@ qo|gg qgg _g}a, _Ca @_gg C}aaa|
@o|a}aa cg|}ggj j}o||o gg|gga}a. "Cga g_ _a}oag|
_q}aa @aa|g Cjao gggCaaea}a" cag _oojqgag
q_e|aa|ga} g_ C}aaa| o}gg|} @o|}}. @_ Cgoa|@ caa
gaa|gg cag q|a|aCaa_ gaaC} gg| ga}aao|o
aoj}o gq|o qo|gg qgg _g}a, _Ca @o| _g|aa}gg|o @_gg
a|C}aa aq}a_ag cg|}aaj j}o||o gg|gga}a. ja}aqa _ggj
jaa g|_jjqggg gaaao @Ca CojCa|a cag _agaajj
=}aaa|o C}aaa| @o|a_ag cg|}aa _g}a gg
Cgaa|aa}a.ca|jg, o|j|a, aoj}o, =}aa. gC} ogg|o @gg
gaag Cgoa|o qo|gg qgg _g}a aggg|} gaa CaaeQ j}o||o
gg|ggg, gg|aa|gag g_qag Cj_ j}j}jjagaaa|g. C}a
gaoaa aqao Caaeg.
_ag|aa _a||_gg _g}a_ag g|C}ag caa @ag? @ggj
j}o|a|a Cq} ca|_gg Cgaga|gg?
_q}a_agj j}q|oao. Caa|o @ggaa aCj}ggag gQq|@
jaooga _g}a _Cg gagjgagggaeQaao _ag|aggaa
_jCjag CgCaaeq_gga}a. j}o| qaoaa g _a|_gg
q}q|oao.
ea|o, Cg_oCo|o|_gg q@aaaaa aCoa} a|}aa_ag
q|}jj gCga ga}a _g}aooqa j}o||o
=Qjq_aaCqeQ?
_g}a|a _ggg g|| j}o| C}aaa|}a_agj j}q|oao
cajagC jaooga _g}a gaga a|agg ggo Cqgg|aaa
a_g|aa}a. ge CgQaaoggagj j|gg ggo gagaa _q}a
gagg|o g_ ggjj jaggqo cqjja}ggg.
gag|. ggg }jCja}} 16 qoj}, 2004



8 _gjj}o|

g|oCooa }gg - ja.}a

_g}a _g|a qaggg jaooga, ca|jg, o|j|a, o|}a, =}aa Cjaag
gaQa _aagag C}aaa|j Cj}}o|a _aa. C}a oa}q}gg||a
j|}g|g|g|aa aq}a} g_q} _ggj jgg|aa @eQq_qa}. g_
Cjoaag _q} aa} cag _} aaao _agaajja@ _q}
aq}a}gaa. _g|aa} cag cg j|}agaaa a|aag.
aq}a}a_ag cgga aaogg|o, cgg Cgogg|ogaa _g|aa}
@_gg|_aa|gg? C}a gaoaa cQag gqaq _g|q|ggo
CoojQggqggaa _q} Cqao. gq|}, j}o|a ggg
aaoagg|o ea|CoC _q}a_ag Cqao a|aag.
Caa@ejgg|o aoCo}a CaQaCaaeQ, gaaa }o|ggaCaaeQ
g_ ag|} ooaoaaj Cja_aga ag|gg|_jja}a Cjao|_aa|gg.
_g geCgQaao Cja}aqq|Q, g|C}ag _ag|aa|,
gagjgaggg q_a _ag|ag gq|} CqCgaaag g|aaggaj
ja}aaao @_gg _g}a q|qgg|o _q}a_agg g| ogCgag
cgq|oao. g|C}ag _q}a j}o||o @gaaQ cag a_
g|aaggj ja}gg|}aggao } @gga g Cog|_aaq|oao.
@aao, _jjq_ g_eggaaaaggaa _gg gagjgaggg q_a_C
_g}a gq|_gg|_aa|ga}a. a_ cee|jja}aa gqag g_e.
a_ @ggaa @ooag Cg}. a_ o|gg|aaa _qaao @ooag
g_ Cja_g.
_jjqggaa Cqqggg _gjj}o|.
ggo|o ca|jg|@ o|j|aq|@ _g @}j|ggg. _ggj jgg|aa
@eQqgg C}aaa| @o|a}a, caa gaa|gg cag
aga}jjggg }aaa @gjjaao ogg|aa Cqeqqggg. jaa
o|aaaj|aaa|a. C}aaa| q}}a g}gg|gg}gg| _qaajja}a.
@Caaag _Caaagaa o|g a|}aaa ga}aa _g}a
qagg, C}aaa| q}}aa q|}qqgg, aajjgg|aCaaeQq|Qqa}a.
j|gg, aajjgg| g|ojjgg|aj jagaaag q|gaao agg| qagg
q|_a _agg, _jjqC C@ gaCag|, _Qgg @oaaag
gaagqa}a.
C}aaa| _}oao ggo|o @ggg g|} c_oo|aj j}ggCaaCq
gqq|oao. Caa|o, cgg g_ ga| j}o|ag_ Cja}agag
gggq|oao. agaa, gQCagg _g}a_ @aegg
Cja}aqaCaaeq_gga}a. coCoa_C gjg|a. coCoa_C
o|jjaa. _jjq_ @eaaaa a g_a|aejj oa o}gg|}gg|o
CqCgggj jgg| aa|g, cgga aaogg|@ @_ggg|oao cag
q|aa|ga}a o}gg|} @o|}}a.
ca|jg|o j}o| ooagag _aggq|g caa|g Cog|
gg|aa|gaa|o j}q| Cqagg|o aoj}o gq|o qagggCaaeq_gg
_g}a, _Ca @_gg a|C}aa @o|aa} cg|}ggj j}o| Cog
Cgaa|aa}a. gCaaCq aQ Caajgg|o @_gg C}aaa|j Cj}}a,
@gag, gaCa qo|gg Cja a|C}aa _}aag gq| Coqgaa
_g|q|gg, j}o|a}aa gQaa @}j|ggg. ggg aCj}a
gjQgg||_gg _g|}oo| _jCjag oggg ge|gg|_ggg. C}aaa|
q}}a aga}ggaCaaeQq|a}a.
"j}o|a}a cag CgaCg. _gaa cag ja}" - @ggaa _q}a_ag
@jjq_gg aa. @aCq, g g q|}qaa}a. q|}q q|}qa
Caaaga}a. g_ aCj_ }eg g|_q|gaaqC ggg|, Cqg| ge|gg
C}aaa|jja, Cjaaao Cjaa|gCgag |oo|_gg Caago _g}aa
gaQ agg|q|Qg ga _agj Cjao Co}ggg.
gjg CojCa|a cag _agaajj @aag =}aaa|o j}o||o
=Qjq_gg _g}a, _a|_gg C}aaa| aq}aa} q|}qq|Q,
@o|aC j|qggq|a}a. ca|jg|@ o|j|aq|@
_jjqaaCga_ ogg}jj |a q|a}q|o _aggq|Q caCg
cg|}ja}aajjg.
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a|}oo|a}aa gQaa @}j|ggCjag g|aoa _jjqC
gaoagaa|q|g. Cja}aQ gq|}g aggg|} gaag @_gga@
_g}aa g_ }a@qaa qg|gggo o}aa gaoa @ooagCg @gg
qgoo|aga aa}eaa @_ggg. a|gg @}eaeQ aaoggag
Coaa _q}aao j}o|ag Cga}gg ggg, gaagjj|qaa
gqggCjag|@ g| g_aaa g|agCqgq|oao.
ea|o, gg| @o|aq|@ g_o|o @jj|}aa gaQa|@ C}aaa|
@_aaag jQ qaggg _g}a, g @o|a}a_ag cg|}aaj
j}o| Cog, C}aaa|jjaaa gg|ggaaq, g_ j}gg _g
oa}aggag g|gqg cagCga_ aCj_ aaaqggaa _gg
gagjgaggg @eQaaaj j|}Q qgga}a. _jjq_ _gjCj}}a
_qaa|q|ao, _ggCaag ga|_ }a@q gjQggjjQq|ao,
j|aaao a} jaCQgga@ oa|jjg o|}oo cag g|aagga}a.
Cg_oCoag gaoga}aaa Caae _g oa}agg|. qaa
o}gg|}gag _gaaa ja|ggag _qggaa @Q, CCo g_
oa}ag. gaCg g. gC} a. g_ Cj}}a. g_a|aegg
gqaa. @j_ caa|g j}aga Cag|. ggg|a _qgg| @o|.
Coaa g|g|.
@gga aaq|a ajj|, gCga caa|g @oC}o|o @_ggg.
Cg_oCo caa|g ja|g _|a g_ jgg|aaa Caae @oC}o -
aggqa}Cg j}o||o =QjQa Caagg|ggaCaaeq_ggCjag
_ag|aa aaoaaao _Cg o g_ aCj_ _ajgag gjgg|
Coqggaaa g}gggag cg|}Cgaaa|aCaaeq_gg @oC}o.
a|.j|. 182 - o _g gggg, ca|jg|o j}o| Cqqgg o}aaj jg|Ca_
@eQa_agj j|gg. g_ o}aa gjg| @ooag aa}egg|aaogaCa
_g}a|a j}o|a _aa| gQaajja?
@jCjag _q}a_ag g_ gjg| a|agga}. _q} Cj} o|Caa ja}
Caaoja Si mon Bar Kochba . ( )
jo @ggaeQa qa} _g go ga a qgg @aCaa_
Cgq@g}aaCq _qa}a CaaeaqaCaaeq_ggg. q} cagao _g.
c_oo| cagao _g. e}oo|a}aa Cjoa caga@ _q_aggaa.
@aao, Cqg Cjoaj Cja}a|oo _q}. Coo|o _q}g |}
@_ggg. o|ggaa g_qg aggg|} _gjCj}}a jgg|gaaCq @_ggg.
o|Caa ja}Caaoja, Caago e}oo|qojj gjg|. Cja}a
Cqg|a aa|aC c_jjqggg _q} aaae jaa Caago
gaagga Cja_gg|aq caga@, _g}a_ag _q} CogCgooaC
@agaaa|ajq CojjaqaaCq Cgaag|a.
ga}eaa, ja}Caaojaq|a }a@qgg|o Co_qCgagao, ggo g|jggaa
- _g}a g g|aagg|a _aaaaa aaq|}oa|o gaag
CqqaCaaCqeQ! j|aaao Cja}aagg|o |C} Cjaaaq
ggg|ao q}oa. _gggg ga}aaq}agaaa cajag _gg q|}o
g|aagg|a goC _q} gjjaCaaqa}. aaa gqa aaq, a}aqg
CqQqa}aa cagao _g @oao. ojggjjq}a, ja}Caaoja
gaa|ao|o g_ aa q|}ao gq, g aaao gaCa Coaggaa
CqqaCaaCqeQ. q|}o geaa| q|_gg, }gg CoaQCjag
gagg|o cqq|g e}oo| aggao aaag|_aa CqeQ. agagj
jaagaaa|a Caaeq}aaogaa g_ gq }ej Cja}agg|o
jCaQaa gq cajg _q}g a_gg.
@aCaa_ ga}eg Coaoooa. j}o| gg|gg aggg|} _g
oa}ag gg|gg gaa Cjaa|g CjoaaCooa gjj|gj Cjaagaq
cajag Cg}q _}gggg|o g|_j|ag q|gaa, j_aaaaaoo| Coo|
@_jg gaCaaagg ga jga_aa|a|o Cja_gg|aCaaeQgaa _q}
CoagCjag|aq @}j|jja}! ga|ag gaQ gaaa|o jQj j_gg, Coaga
gQagCjag _q}g CoagCjag|q|a gQ C@ _g|a}ag. qo|
gaaao aee|o g} Cj_a|aa@ _q}g CoagCjag| g|gaag.
g_ o, @_ oa|ooo. g qagga g_qg o|Caa
ja}Caaoja @jjqaa e}oo|a Caagg|jja_agaa qaggga}.
_g}a_aaaa q|Qgaoaa a g_qa} caa|g gCga _g}a|a
gj|aaaa _q} ggg|@aa g|}aa}gga}. "ga Cja}aQa.
a_ago aggg|} CqeQCagao gagaa Cja}aqaaCqeQ.
a gqaa}; a j|aaao q} aa}. aggg|}gagj
Cjaggg _q|o Cja}agaa a cajg _q}g j|}o|gg|Cjgg
Cjagaa.
@oC}o|o Cqqgg j}o| oaga}eaagoo. gg gaQa|o gggjj
j}o|a_a _gaa gjj|a gqag. g_ _ajC c_ggg
Cjaoaag gCga. C}aaa| @o|aa} _q}g jaaa
gqo Cogq|a} Caaoja. @}Cqooa, jaCoooa, gaCooa,
qa}, agaCooa gg. _g}a e, gaa gg|ggo o|gg|aaCq
ag cag aeqjjaao Coaoo||_gga} Caaoja. _q}a_aaaa
o}aa ga@ga}eaag gaC @_gga}. jo qa}a g_aa eCqa,
g_g| gC}a __ggao _q} @_gg|_aa|ga}. _q} cjCjag
ggqa}, cjCjag aeq|g|jja} cag a_C ja}ggg|oao.
gCgaq|o @_gg C}aaa|j jaa q|}qqgg, _Ca @o|a
_aaa, Caaojaag _g|aa aao @aq|oao. jo ag|} Cag|,
Cqag, _g|aa}gaga aajjgg|q|a}a _g}a. _g}a|a c_oo||a
_aaaa q|a| _gg 182 - q_gagC _g gaaaq|o
ggo q_aaa gg|gga} Caaoja.
aggg|} _g oa}aggg|a ggo Coao gjjQq|ag g}
e}oo|aa aqggg|a go gaQ aa_ag _g|q|ggq|Q,
_g}a_a aggg|}gg|a _aaaao o|o gaeaa _q}
Cq||a}. (_g|}q qoaa _q}g aqg gag|a o|o jgg|a_
_q} Cq|| gaea_ _agqa}aoo||o
aeCQaajjq_aa|aga. @ag gaga aaeaa|aaa|aga.)
_jCjag C}aaa|o oa}q}gg|aa @_ggq} C@}a (Hadr i an).
gCga aaaq|Qj Cjaq|g cajag _q}ao g}e|aaCq
gqq|oao. _g}a @a| aaoaaoggag cg gqagqag gaqg
CoCqeQ cag gq Cog, g_ jaa _@jj|aa}.
gjjgaggga|} Cj} _a|Cga_ aCj_ ja.
Caaojaq|a ja|o _jCjag @_ggq}a|a cee|aaa
@}ea|}ggag gag.
|a Caa}aa ggg gqgg _gaa gg caCg Coaoogqag.
jQCaaao cag gg|jj|Qqggaa o}. Caa|o C}aaa|jja,
Caaojaq|a o|g| jaa g}_ e| Cg}a_ag _qggg gaqgga
aajCjaQq|g. _jjg, Cg_oCo ga}o qo|ggqgg _ggaa
_g}aa gQooaaoag @_gg qgg Cqg Cgaa|aa}a. g_
|} g gjj| q|agjqagj ja}ggaCaaea}a. cg|}gg g|gaa
_g}a_ag _qaao g}jjq|oao. @e, Cje q|gg|ao
ja}aajjq|oao.
_ggo ojqgg|a Cjag aa} jgga|} _g}a Caaoojja}a
cag g_ oo _g}a Caaoojja}a cag @_q|gaa
a_ggaa @_aa|aga. @}eQagC o}aa @ga} a|aag
cagCjag, C}aaa|jja g|_j|j CjagCjag Cg_oCo|o g_
_g} |_a @oao cajg Q ea.
Caaoja aag Cojja}. a|.j|.186 - o _q} }eagga}.
(aaqo|o @_ggCjaCg }eagga}a, Cqg q|gaa @ggga}a cajg
jgg| g|qaa @ga}a @oao.) _g}a eQ _gaag
_qaaaaa}a.
gag|. ggg }jCja}} 19 qoj}, 2004




9 _g}a @ooag Cg_oCo.

g|oCooa }gg - ja. }aaqa


gQCagg _g @ag _jjq_ q|qgago o|gg|ggj ja}aaCq
aqjjg. a_ag agg @a cag, Cgq@g} Caoo|a qg|
gjjq}a cag Cj_aa Coaoo|aCaaeQ caa ja?
Cg_oCo @oao cagao gqCqa_ _g_ag qag qqoao caggaa
Cja_. gaqaCaaeq_gga@, o|o |} @oao caCg _}gg.
cCaCaa jga| qagggCaaeq_gg gajj|eaaaggaa _q}a
ga e}gga}a.
a|.j|. 186-o ggg C}aaa|j jaCQjjagj j|gg jo o}gg|}
gaa|ggq qagg aa}a Cqag gaa @}j|gga._qgg
|a gaa|aa @}eaj jgg|g Cg}ggCaaqg _qo|. ggoaqg,
_g}a_ag Cg_oCogag cggg Cga}j @_aaaag cag
C}aaa| _g|aa}j ja}ggj ja}ggo Cog gjaQa. Cg_oCo|o
@_gg _g}aaa Caaag qggg|g, _g|o ggo gqqaaa. Cga}gg
Cg_oCo|a aggjjga|o qo|gg qgg _g}aa aqaaaa
aagCog gaQ agg|aa}a. caaqg Cja gg|. @Ca @_aaaCg
cajggaa C}aaa|}a|a g|ao.@gaqjja|o @oC}o (_ag
gCga) _g}a _aaq_ q@aaaaa gaQ aggjjQ, agg
qa} Cgoa|o _ag|aaaj Cja qo|aaj je|aajja}a. agg
qa}a|@ C}aaa| @o|gaa gggCaaeq_ggg caga@,
gCgaq|o|_gg q_ _g}a _g |aa aqaaa gagagg}a
gqaaaaCq gggjja}a. ga|a aaoa|a|CoC _q}a
gaaqaajja}a. cjCjag aeaae|jja a_ga agg|aCaaeC
@_ag. _gjj|aa @_gggjja. _g gCjagaaa
gQgg g|gggjja. "}j|" caa|g _g @o|}}aa cjCjag ggg}a
j|a Cga}ggCaaeC @_gga}a. _g aa eQ g_a|aegg
j}o|, Cja}a cag cg|@ @ga|q|agjqag g ggaa|aqaa
cooaq|gaa gjaQa_ Cojja.@}eaqgaa, Cg_oCo,
gCga caa|g Cj}aaC _q}a o|ggaa|o|_gg gagg _g|gg
q|Qjqaa g_ o g|agCqggjjg. _gajq Cg_oCo ga},
o|a CajCao|aa (Ael i a Capi t ol i na) caa|g Cj}ao _agaajjg
Cgaa|g. gCga caa|g ga| gaQ, o|}ajoog|aa caa|g
j|}agg|gg|a Cja}C ga CoaggjCj}aa gaCqeqgaag._gaqg,
@a| gCga a|aag. Cg_oCog a|aag. _Ca _g}a?
a|aCq a|aag.g_ q|qgag aqa|aaCqeQ. _gga aaogg|o
"Cgo" cag qa}gaajj g|ojj}jj |a o|g|g. @aag
aqa, ag|oa _aga a aaeag. _aag jaooga
g|ojj}jj|o gCgaaqj Cjao gaaaagg "Cgoa" @_gga.
a| ajj| j|}g| @_agaaao, cQgg aao|j jaaaaj
ja_a. "jCoog|aa Cgo jg| gjaqa aaogg|o" cag gg|jj|Q
|agCg|qaaa aajjq_ag. @g Ca, gCga, CjC}a,
CgaajCjao|, oa}a, Cja|aa|a, ao|Coa caa|g Cj}aag ggaaoj
Cj}a_a gjj|Q _aa aa@qg|o o|g ggjja Cg}oa.
g_ ggaao _oaoj jaagg|o aqggaCaaeQ gjj|ao
j}ggq|Q.cggg @gg q|q}a cagao, Cg_oCoao agg|a gagggg
@g ao j}jjaaaqg cgg _g_ @ooao ja}ggaCaaqggaa
_aag C}aaa| _}o|a j|}gaa aqaaa @_ggg cajago
aqaaaCq.o|Caa ja}Caaojaq|a }eggagj j|gg _g}a j}o|
gg|gg eQ o|gg|aaCq cjjq jo aao @aaQ cag
C}aaa| gaoajj g|aaggg. @_jj|@ jagaajj q|qgg|o
_o|}gagaa @_aaaag cag g}aa|gga}a. @g, Cg_oCo
ga}a a|g|ogq}a_ag |a oagaaa _oaa|jCjaag. _g}a
@ooag Cg_oCo|o _q}a gjj|}oa} Co a|g|ogq
Cgqaoaa c_jj|, g|ao} j|}a}ggaaaa ggg, aaa
(_gaqg, _Ca qagggCaaeq_gg _C}j|}aa) @Caq|a
jaag|o _agaa Coa}aa @_ggg. C}aaa|}aaj
Cjagggqa} _jCjag _g}aa gQagqg caa|g g|ggag @gg,
a|g|ogqj j}qo oagaaa _oaa @_gggao, aeQCaaao
q|a}a. C}a|@ _jCjag a|g|ogqgg|a Cooqaag
Cj_a|aCaaeq_ggg @ggg g_ aa}eaa @_aaoa. Cg_oCo|o
Qooao _gga}gg|a _g}a _ag|aaag g}ggjj j|g
Cgoa|a coaojjg gaaa|@ @ggj j|}oa} CgCaajj
cgggga @_aaq|oao!_g}a_agj Cjooq|o gj|aaa g}
@|ooag ggg|ao. cjjq ga Cgq@ga qgCg g_qaa; eQ
@oC}@agg gaa g|_j|j Cja, Cg_oCo|a @o eQ
c_jjjjQqagj ja}jCja caa|g j}aeaao gj|aaa Qgaa
_q}a qo @_ggg. g|oogg cg|}aaogag Cgaaa| _q}a @_|o
gaj|og Cgaa|Cjag _gg _gjg g|agggg.g_ g}o. _g
}ao|a g}o. g} @_Qo o|agagg|o|_gg qgg a|gag}o. cjjq
_gga g}@agg Cgae@gag Cgj qg @_ag. gQaa,
g}@agggaCa gq|}, _ga gg|ag _oo._q} Cj} _a|qa. (Aki ba
ben Joseph cajg g_jCj}.) Cg_oCo _g}a_ag gaaC} |a
j}ooaa a|g}gaa _q}. _a|qa, g_ }j|. gjj| @o|}}.
o|Caa ja}Caaoja j}o| Cog aaogg|o _q_agg g @g}aqg
Cg}q|gg, C}aaa|j Cj}}aag cg|}aaa aoagagj j}jj|aa} cag
ggg oajjQo o|ag|o _aaajjq}.j}o| ggg ogg|o
@|}aaeaaaCaa} jQCaaao CojjQ, @a@
jooa|}aaeaaaCaa} aag CojjQ cCaCaa o|agooaaoa_ag
_agggo Cooojjg|o, Cg_oCo aa_ag _a|qaq|a gajaC
_jCjag aggaa @oao. _q} caa @aa}, cCa Cjaaa} cag
Cao|aa gqao aao _q}aa _q
q|aaqaCaaeq_ggg._jjq_ g_egg|ogaa g_
o|agooaaoag|_gg _a|qaq|a }ao|o Cog|, c_gg qqq|o
ggaggo|o _g}a_ag _@jjjjg. gag CoaooCqeQ.
Cg_oCo|o _a|qa qo|ggqgg aaogg|o _q_ag @|}aaeaaaa
o|q}a @_gga}a. _q} cCa Cjaaa@ j|aaao g_ jaCjao
aeq}a ggg Cjaqg, aeCaaaa aao| cag c_ga|ga}a
_aaaogg|o qaggg o}gg|} @o|}}a. _gg aeq}a o|o}a
gq|agaa gg Cog|a _g goggago o|ag|o|_gg _@jjg
Cgaa|aa} _a|qa._g o}gg|}gg|o _a|qaq|a Cj} @Cjggga
aa}e, _q} gg Cqg q}a|a jggg, _}ggggag _}gg
Cgq, aa_aaaa qagaaa Cgg|gagaa og|aa
_g|o|_gCg cQgga CaaQggggaa caa|ga}a _g
@qa}a.Caooag @agqa qga|gaa gjjjQ jgga
aaa _a| _g}a|a Cqgaa "Cga}a", _gqa} g_ g
@oaa QC a_gjjQ qggg. qagaaaaaaa Cgg|gaga_
_g|CoC @_aa|gg cag aeCQggaCaaQggq} _a|qa. @gaaogaa
"Caoo|a @aaCq _a|qaqaa eQ qgg"Cgag _g}a
Coaaaa}a.o|agagg|o|_gg _a|qa _@jj| Cog|a cooaC
@gg, Cga}aq|o|_gg aeCQgg qagq|o g_aaj jaaaaCq
@_gga. qagaaa _ajj, _}o|o _ajj, o|q|o oa ca
ja}ggjja}gg _q} Cg}gCgQgg _@jj|qgg|a _qgg|ggaa
@agqa}|@ @oC}o|a og|a qgaajjQa|aga._a|qaq|a
Cgaaa |ag Cg|qaa @_ggg. gg aa @ag _gaagaaa
@_aa|ga}a. @gg|ao ag. g|oo g_ga _q}ag ja|g
eae eQ Cjgqa}a. _jCjag _aaajjQ _g}a|a @o|,
_g}a|a Cqggag _qgg|gaa _aCqeQ. C}aaa|, a|C}aa
@}qo oa|a g|go _gag jqggq|aag. aa|a qagaaa
gag|@ _ggg gaaaa gjQq|aag. _g}a, _g}aaaCq
@_aaCqeQ. g gj|aaa Cag| gj|aaa _ga _qjjaa.
_qagga _oo; aggg|}C g|}gg}aag. _jjq_ g_e
q_Cjag _q}a aaa qagg Cg}ggq}aaa
@_aaCqeQ.@gaaa a_gg|o CaaeQgaa g Cog|aa
o|agooaaoag |_gg Cq|C Q_q q|a} _a|qa. gjgqag
@oo}, _q_ag _jCjag qg Cgae@g!ga cee|ag g}
Coaaa ggg| gqggq| g_egg|o, _a|qaq|a CoojaQa
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a|gqa}o o|gg|}qag Co @}j|gga}a._qa} g|gaaqgga aaaa
}a aq, }aaa @_ja goo|aao _q}g aoa ggg|,
geQ geaao oagaa a|| cQgga}a. aa }jggao _q}g
gga|@ q|gg|@ ag|aag| }gg Caao Coga}a. gaaaa
a||CQgg, Cgaa|o gQ Cjaa}a. o|g o|g o|aag g|o
qaq _q} gaCg ggg|aa}a.@ggaa q|q}a_ gagq|ao
Cq|C @_gg _q}g o|q}a_ag j|g _g}a_ag _qqjCjag
_}oaa g|}aaCoC "_gaaa" q|q}aajja. gqggjCjaag
_ggo._a|qa _@jj| @gg|o Cog||o gaag @agaajjQ
o|gg|}qagaaa gg|jj|Q, "qagga g_qg oa@ |}a@
@aaqa@ @aggCgaeQ Coqg caa|g gqa qaggCga.
@aaqao CojjQ @aggCgaeQ cggaag cajag @jCjag
gaa g_qgaa _g|ggCaaeCa"" cag
gg|jj|q_gga}!o|gg|}qaga|a @gg||o _a|qa }eaggq|a}
caa|g Cog| _ggoggag @gg|aa @_gg g_ gj|aaaa
ga}ggq|g. ogCga|ooao gaa ga|gg q|jjq_aa|Cga
cajg _q}a_agj j}ggCjaag.@a| gj|aaa gaaga CaaeQgaa
_q}a |}qagggaaCqeQ. _g cjjqjj
aaoa!a|gg jaooga g|ojj}jj g_qg|@C _jCjag
a|g|ogq j}q|q|q_ggg. a|g|ogq ggg|a gaoaa CjaoCq
@a||_ggg Cg_oCo. _g, _g}a|a ga} cajag cQggo
Coaoo|aCaaeq_gg aCj_ _aaaa Caa|@ _jCjag
@oao. cg g|_j|aa@ a|g|ogq Cgqaoa. jag|}a}a|a
j|}oa}a. j|}oaa. o|@aq|o _agjj @Caq|a
aqC}aq|a, o|gja, jg| gjaqa j}qo.gaa g_ _ga cag
Coaoo|aCaaeaCo j|}oaa cagaag _g}a_ag.caa Coqg?
cCa qagqg? cjjq eQ Cg_oCogagj Cjaqg? @jjqC
a|agg @gg|o, _ag| gaaa|o qo|gCg aao ag|aa
Cqeqggaaa? C}aaa|}a|a _qaaaCq qaggg g}jjggaa
c_g| aqaajj q|g|a?_g}a|a Caa aggo a} aag|@
q|gq|oao. agaa, g_ ojq gggg. ggaggoaa g_ C}aaa|
aaa, a|g|ogqgag ggaCaaeQ g ag|aaa._g}a @q
q|_ggagCjao Cgaga|jCjaaa}a.gag|. ggg }jCja}} 28
qoj}, 2004



10 aaaoaaa

g|oCooa }gg - ja.}aaqa

a|.j|. 818-o _g gggg. a_ _qqqaa cg|}ja}aaq|oao.
gg|jjaa C}a|o|_gg a|g|ogq}a g|aaggaj
ja}aaq|oao.a|g|ogq j}qg Cgaa| aaogg|o _g
cggaaaCaggaa _qggQ aaaa aq}gg|_ggCga _Cg _ag
@o|a}a|a q|C}aggago ojag|ggaCaaeQ @_ggg.
gC}ajjaCqg a|g|ogqj jag|}a}a @Caq|a a|aaa
CaaeQCo}aaj Cjaa qg|a|Coooa }aaa cg|}jjaa
_qaaaa aQaaa geaaaagaa
ogg|ggaCaaeq_gga}a. _g}a @Caag @agggaga aaq@
_g|aaaCq a|g|ogqj jag|}a}a jo} gC}ajjaq|o aqaa
_@jq|aa Cqeq|_ggg.@|@ a Coa}ao _q}a CgCaae
ggo|a|a joa caggaa _gaao CoaooCqeQ. ggo ggoaa
aaaoaaa caa|g C}aaa| aaa a|g|ogqgag gj|
ggaCaaeCgaQ Qooao _g j}qggg gaaaoaa
ggo|aa CgCaag Cgaa|aaa.@g C}a|o qo|ggqgg
a|g|ogq}a_ag Qooao gg|aa|gaa|o C}aaa|a aaoa|a|o
qo|ggqgg _ggaa a|g|ogq}a_agC |ajCj} gaaaag.
_gqa} _g}a_ a|g|ogq}a_ g g qgaaaaj j|ajgg|
qagqg|o }aaa o|aaoa @_ggqgga. C}aaa|o
oa}q}gg|aggaa qg|jCqeQ caa|g gg}aga agjjq
gqao cg|}aa qg||ooao g}a _qoagj
jQaCaaeq_gga}a. @jCjag aaC} a|g|ogqgag ggaCaaeQ
@Caq|a Cj_aaaj j}jj gaqgg q|gao _q}a_aa|_gg
aCj_ j|}oaa _qjQj Cjaag. a|g|ogq g_a}a jaQjQo
CogCaaeq_gg aa}gag C}aaa| aaa|a _gg gagg |ao
aojaaa|q|g. C}a|o Qooao aa C}aaa|a
aaoa|aCg a|g|ogqggag ag aa|a oga _ggog |a
}gggaa g|jj|jjg. _q}a_ _qagga|o qagqgaa
_ooao g_ "a|g|ogq oa}agg|gg|a j|}aga" caa|g Cj_|g
e}a qagg Cgaa|aa}a._g}a|a qagq|o Cja}a
q}oagg|o C}aaa| aaa aaaoaaa a|g|ogqggag ag|
ojq |a gaa|aaCga_ a. Cjagaa g agqggg
_gga|o g_ aaCa CqCga_ ggag _aa}gg gjggg
ajj q|gg|aoa eQ. _g gaaaggaa aa
qeaCqeQ cag gg} CjaQaCaaeq_gg oa}q}gg|a|a
qogg|o qgg g_qa! oa}q}gg|C gaaa qeao Coao@qag
q|Qgg @Caq|a Cjagaaaa gg g aga|ga} cagao g|oo
a|g|ogqgag q| CoaaCga_ g @_aa gqag cag gg|a
a|gaa|o C}aaa|a aaoa|a|o qo|gg qgg ja} _g}a_
_C}j|}a_ a_gg Cgaa|aa}a. @oojq C}aaa| @o|
coaoag Cq|C @_gg jo @a|@ gq|} o|ggaaag
q|gg|aga gg|jj|CqeQ. gaa|aa "@Caaqa Caaag @a"
caa|g ggge}oo|ag @jq_gg _g}a _ggaa Cj_C aeae
gqaCaaeQ @gaj|a a|g|ogqggag aggCgaa|aa}a.@gaao
j|}oa}a_agj Cjag a|g|ogqj jag|}a}a_ag j|}oaaa gag
@}j|gga. aooqa aqaqgg c}ggo gQ CjaQgo cag _q}a
_gqa} Cjaa|g @a|Coooa j cggaaCa jo aqa
Caago Caagoaa agg Cgaa|a. jag|}a}a|a q_aaao
oa|aa gqagq}a Caaa g@g@ggaCaaeQ gga|j
Cjaaa}aC gq|} gaaajCjao Cgagg}a g_qagj jqjjqaaa
gagggaCaaea}a. gjg C}aaa| aaa aaaoaaa g
ag|ga q|aqaa _g}a_ _C}j|}a_ _ooag j|g o|gCgq
qg|jaa}a_ a|g|ogqggag ag gaqgga}a. C}a ga}CoC
qo|ggqggq}a _q}a. _q}a goaaggaa C}a ga_ag Cq|C
gC}ajja g_qgC a|g|ogq aj}aag gao g||}gg|j j}q
@}j|ggg. @g|o _g}a|a j|}oaa caa?ggoaqg g}oa.
gggqa|a jggg ja}aag Cg}ag q|_jag ja} aa|aC
a|g|ogq Cqaaaj j}q|aCaaeq_gga@ jqggq}a gg||o
_jCjag a|g|ogq cajg "_g ggg|a agg|a}aajj qqq"
cajgaa a_ggaaaC CCoaa| @_ggg. _gg oa|a @g|
ga_ gag. |aj j}agaaag. ge ja}j} Caaeg.
@|@ CoajjQggjjag qqq Caaeg. _g ggg|a j|gaao
g_a}a o|gCgq _q qg|jaQaa _aa}aa
@}j|ggq|a}a. go ogaag g CgaqaCagj agg|aCaag
ge|ggq|a}a. _agCooa q|}oa Cogq}ga @Ca.
jg|Cga_ ggag _qaaa _oo; @_ag _g ggagggaa
g_gjQgg _q} g|aagga}. _jjqjj g_gaga
aQjjq}aga a|g|ogq}a cag _agaajjQa|ga}a cagao
gag g_ a|g|ogq}aa _aa aaejjQqg|o caa gqg cag
_q}a g|aaaag Cgaa|aa}a.@g ogaga _g}a_ag |ajCj}
gaoqo|aag. a|g|ogqgaga aaq@ _gg }qaag; @}eQag
ojgg|oao cag g|_j|aa _q}a gqgga}a. @aao gg
qagaaj jqo|Q q|aa _q}a_ago oagg||ooao @_ggg.
oaa}q}gg|C a|g|ogq}aa @_ggg aa}e._g}a|a @}eaqg
j|}oaa qg|jaQ Cga}jaag. _gqa} aaa} qg|joCoaoo|
_q}a qgjgggjja}a. gg g qgaaaa qg|jaQaa
_q}a }ao|aaCq aqggaCaa Cqeq|_ggg. _qqjCjag
C}aaa|o oaa}q}gg|a gaqg o}o Cjo| gg g qgaaaag
Cga_qggg _@g| Cjgg qgga}a. @jCjag aaC} a|g|ogqgag
gg g ag|q|jqao a|g|ogqC C}a|a @o|gaa|j Cjaag.
_gaqg @o| j} g. aaa} @a| qg|jCqea; a}gga}
qg|jQa @Caq|a jaag|o Coo@a cag aa} aaaoaaa
Coaoo|q|a}.@g _g}a_ag oa|aagqagCga_ q|q. aaa}C
qg|jQq|oa a|g|ogqgg|a jaaga cjjq _q}a gja}a?
g_a|aegg @ggg cg|}aa g}o CaaQaa _q}aao gqq|oao.
o}aa gaoq}a a_ _q}a|aC _jCjag @oao. @aCq
aggag QC j_a|aa}a.gagaqg |a gaa|aagaa
j|}oaa j|agjj. C}aaa| @_aaag jq_gg _aag
jaooga|o a|g|ogqggag ag|q}a|a qagaaagg} |a Cqaaa
}g Cgaa|g. _}a Cqaoa _q}a_ag |ao aojaaa
a|agga. Cao gaQa_ago Coag aoq| j|o Cgag|o Co
oaa}q}gg| }aaa qajjaa _qaaa|a CaaQgga}.
a|g|ogqggag agCqa_ag _}oaao Cooq|o g|oa a|agga.
qQa qgajja. @Cgooa aa} g ga|jj a|goo|ag
Cg}q|aa CgCaae ggo|aga.@gg a|g|ogqj j}o||o _g|a
jag|aajjCa} _g}a. _q}a_ag C}aaa|j Cj}}aag j|agjjCg
Cj_jaQ cagaa|jCjaag. qagaaagg} }qggaaa g
agaag cag gg|aa @_gg o|gjaaa _g}a Cqg
qg||ooao gg gaagagg gggg Cq|C Cja qo|aaoa cag
gq Coga}a.g_ Cj_ aa _q}a oCj|@agj
Cjaaa}a. @aCaa_ }qaagj Cjaag. CqCga_ g_
Cjaoggagj Cjaag. Caago Cj} Cg}a|agj Cjaaa}a. qag
@jj|}aaaq|a o|o Cgoa_ag Cjaaa}a. C}aaa|j Cj}}aag
Cq|C cCaooa oagg|Ca _Caooa Cjaaa}a.j}ae aaogg|o
ca|jg|o _qaaaa qo|ggaCaaeq_gg _g}aa cjjq
QaCaaeQq}a a Caoo ca@ @ga} _@jj|aaC}a _Cg
Cjao g_ @ga eQ q_qaa gaa eQ Cg_oCo|a q|o
CaaeQqgg Co}jjaa caa|g g_ gj|aaa _q}a| @_ggg.
aee_a _q}a g gaeaeg gggg C}aaa| coaoaa
agga}a.o}gg|}gg|o joCqg aaoaa|o joCqg aa}ea_aaaaj
jaooga|o|_gg _g}a Cq|Cg||_aa|ga}a. _qgg @g |a
gaa|aaCga_ a. a|g|ogq Cjao @ooa Cjao _gggg|o
"j}qo" caa|g g} _o a|aag. _g ggg|o gagg caa|g
q|q _gCq a|aag. a_ _ggggag agCqeQ cag
_q}a Caaaa}a. _CgCjao _gggg|o|_gg Cq|Cg| j|g
gaag g_Cqa} cee|aaaaa gagaa
jaQjQqa}a._jjq|_aa ca|jg, o|}a, Cga}gaa, jaooga, o|j|a,
=}aa, =}aa Cjaag Cgoa|o QC @_gg _g}a cjjqj
j|gaaogg|o gC}ajj| gaQa|o j}q|aa}a, gqCqa_ gaqo|_gg
g g q|}jja}a caa|g ogCga cgoa.@ggo ojqgaa
_qgg|a Cgaaajj|. C}aaa|j Cj}}o|a _g|aa} coaoag
Cq|C Cjaq|CqeQ caggaa ggo ggoaa _q}a jgjjg.
_q}aa a_ Cq|Cggq|oao. _q}aaaCqgaa Cq|Cg|aa}a.
_jjq Cgogagq|Q Cq|Cg|q}aag gQaaagggaa C}aaa|
@o|a}a|a jg.g|g|aa qagaq gCgo|gg @jjq @
Cj}gg _g}a, gqCg| gaQa|@ ga|ggaaaCq qo|aag
Cgaa|aa}a. _gaqg, _gggg gaQ aa_a _q}a
aoaaq|oao. agaa, gqCqa_ gaQagj Cjag _g}a_ ga|a
aaoa|aa gjQgg|aCaaeQ, _ga gQjaaaCq Co}gg qo|aag
Cgaa|aa}a.oCj|a|o @_gg @o|q Cgaa|o _q}a_ag
Cqao a|aggg. g|a ga}jj|o _q}a =Qja}a. j|g
Cgoa_agj Cjaa _g}a, Cgog Cgag|o|@, @a q|aja}gg|@
_g|a aqa Co@gg|aa}a. @ggao||o _q}a Cjaa}j Cja_a
ga}gg q|gjagj j|}gaa Cgag|oaaa Caaea}a. @a@ o|o} o|g|
_q|o q}ggaa ajjoa qaa|, q|aja} Cog Cgaa|aa}a.
q|jj| CgeQaaa jo} je||o _}gga}a.@g Cgag|@
ag|aa@ _q}a g jgaaqgaaaaCa, qagaaa gagaCa
agg|aCaaq|oao. cgCjaaa@ aojgg|o _aa
aeQCaa_ q|gaaCq @_gga _q}ag gqqaaaa. gg
_aaaa q|QaCaaQaa _g}a g_Cjag og|ggg|oao
cajggaa |a gaa|aa q|q. _q}ag |ajCj} jo
_ggaa._gCqgaa j|gaaogg|o aCj_ joqaaa
@a|jCjaag.gag|. ggg }jCja}} 26 qoj}@ 2004



11 a|_ogqgg|a q}oo|

g|oCooa }gg - ja.}aaqa

a|.j|. gaaaa @ggaeaj j|}g|g|g|ggqj jQggq|gaa gC} g_
q|qgaga gg|jj|CqeQ cagao, gQCagg o}gg|} @o|}}a_
aqaaaQqg, a|g|ogqgg|a j}qaoggaa. @Caq|a }egag _Qgg
@}jaa @aa _g. @agqa}|@ Cga}ggCaaeq_ag g_
gqqaaaC cagCjag, gaaaa @ggaeqo _ga qoa, agjaaag
_jjagjgaa @_ggg.gg|a a|gaa|@ gC}ajjaq|@ gag j}q|,
Cq_ag @}j|ggq|q_ggg _g. aaaoaaaa _Qgg qgg
C}aaa| @o|a}a_ a|g|ogqgg|a q}oo|aaaa caa
CqeQaaa@ Cog ga}aa @_gggao, a|g|ogq}a g_
Cjagaaoggag gaga|g e}q|o g|agg|_gga}a.@gg|ao|o
jaooga g|ojj}jj|o qagggCaaeq_gg a|g|ogq}a, Cg_oCoa
_ga aggjjgj jgg|aa g_qgaa a|g|ogq _|aaa aaQ
gqq|o, aee|o j @a|Coooa ga Cgqaoaa c_jj
@}j|gga}a. @gaao, g_jaa C}aaa|o oaa}q}gg|a
ogCgaqjjQgg| ag|} @g; @aCaa_ jaa, ja|g _|aa
Cg_oCog a|g|ogq}a|a ga}aaCq aaojCjaaa|o
_aa}aajjQq|Q. Cj_jaoaa _g}a Cg_oCo|a
aggjjga|o|_gg Cq|Cg|q| g|ao|o @gggj Cj} gaa_
q}ag cag _q}a a_g|aa}a.@jjq Cg_oCo|@ aggjjg
ga}a|@ Cj} Cj} Cgqaoaa c_jj| a|g|ogq}a,
_jCjag a|g|ogq gag j}q||_gg gC}ajj| gaQa|o|_gg gg|jjaa
a|}o, @ggao|, jaoaa gjagj ag}a}a joa} Cg_oCogag
q}qagaa gjaQa Coga}a. Cao gaQ ag}a}a,
@Caq|a _|ag qgg g}o|ggq|Q, g|_j|oCoag ga gaqo
a|g|ogqgag C@ j}jj CqeQCajCg _q}a|a q|_jjaa
@_ggg. _jjq q_a|g Cao ag}a}a_ o|oa} g|}gg}aaCq
Cg_oCo|o gaaqgg, _q}aaa CaaeQ _}o a|g|ogqgagj
j}jj gq Coga}a. _gaqg, "gg ee|a Cj_aa,
_ogaQaaa}}aC e}gg|_aa|ga}a ja}, g @a@
e}q|oaoa?" cag jaoogagg _g}aa _C}j|}aa
ja}gg aggaaaa Cajg.@gg ggo||o, jaoogaa
a|g|ogq}a_aga ae|oaa Cqgg| a|aggg caCg CoaooCqeQ.
}aaa _C}j|}aa _g|ajo aa} @|} _g}aa
_q}a _jCjag a|g|ogq}aaa agg|aaaqaa}a.gaaaa
@ggaeqa @gg||o (a|.j|. 876-896) C}aa @e aaa
g|CaCao|o (Theodosi us 1) g_ oC j|gjj|ggaa. C}aaa|
oa}agg|gg|o a|g|ogqgagg gq|}, Cqg cgg gggag _@g|C
a|aag!@ga Cga}oo|aa, _Qgg qgg jg| @ggaeqa
Cgaaagg|o o|o a|g|ogqg ggq|a jaooga|o @_gg _g
Cgqaoaa (_ga Caa|oa_ag Synagogues cag Cj}.) @qaa
@}j|gga}a. o|}aq|a qagj jgg||o|_gg qgg ja} Coa (Bar
Sauma) caa|g g_ a|g|ogqj jag|}a} Cg_oCo|a aggjjga|o|_gg
}aaa _g Cgqaoaa @qgggaa _g o}gg|} @o|}}a jo}
gg|jj|Qa|ga}a.@qaajj Cgqaoaa eQ aQqg, eQ
_aq @qaajjQqg cag @g g_ Cga} gqqaaaaa
@_ggqgg|_aa|gg. a|.j|. 614-o _g}a ogg g|g|j Cj_goa
q|Qq|gaa g_ ojq gggg._jCjag C}aaa|}a_ag cg|}aa
gg Co Cj}o| }a@qCaag a|j|, Cg_oCoa Cgaaa|
qggCaaeq_ggg. jaooga _g}a, @gaa g_ qajjaaa a_g|
_q}a_a Cjo|aa}a. gjjgg caaCqagao, Cg_oCoa Cj}o|
}a@q Cqgg|Caa, jaooga _g}a gqa}a. jg|oaa,
Cg_oCo|o Cj}o|aaga aQjjCga_ _g _}a _a _q}a
gqCqeQ.@ggg g| Cqgg|a}aa ggCgg|g. a|.j|. 614-o ggg
gggg|o Cj}o| }a@qgga jaooga _g}a_ @aegg, C}aaa|
@o|aa} cg|}ggj Cja}a}a. @gg| Cqgg| _g}a_aCa
a|aggg. Cj}o|g gjg| CaaQgg qaagjjq CgC@|a Cja
@Coo (Nehemi ah ben Hushei l ) caa|g _g @ag gaoq} g_qa}
Cg_oCo|a aaaaa _}gg|q|Q } Cjao Co}gga}.ge
CgQgaa_agj j|gg aggg|} _g _}a! _g}aao ggo|o gjCq
gqq|oao. ogCgaqgg|o caa CoqCgaCg j}ao, gaqo @_gg
_ggaa a|g|ogq}aa _q}a g}gg|g g}gg| q|}
@}j|gga}a. jaooga|a coao qa} gg q|}qq|C g|_j|
qgga}a. _a|_gg _ggaa a|g|ogq Cgqaoa_ aqaa
@_ggj _jja. @oC}o|o g_ a|g|ogq_ @_aaaag cag
Caaq Coga}a. Caaeaqaa}a. gg|gga
ga|a}a.@Cgooa gagaeQa qa}gaa. _g}a_aaaa
a|g|ogq}aaj jaaggaCaaqg cg|}aaoggag googoo cag Cj}o|
aa} gq Cogq|a}. C@, @oC}o q|qgg|o Q
gao|ao @_ggao C}aaa|j Cj}}oao cggj Cj} Cgaoao
caaaogg|@ q}ag cag _q}a_agg Cgaag|g. @aCq, _}o|o
}agggg|} caa|g }g||o, jaooga _g}a_agg gaa _|gg qgg
@g}aq q|oaa|aCaaeQq|Qqg cag gq Cogq|a}a.@Cgooa
g_ Cj} aa}a? eQ g_ jaCQjj. g_ gg. gaa
jgq||o _}gg|q|Q qgg _Cg _g aaa CgC@|a Cja
@Coaoa Caaagq|Q, a|g|ogq}a_aCa ga @g} cag
Coaoo|q|Q qggq|g Cj}o| }a@q._Qgg gggaeQ aaoggag
jaooga e, Cj}o|}a|a @_aaag jQ @_ggg. _g}a
eQ ga jag aqaa _@jq|aaj je|aajja}a.
qg|jaag; gjj|aaa gggaag; g Cjagaaa
ag; a|g|ogqggag cg|}aa gqqaaaa cag
CgCaaaag. @q|_ggao jaooga|o qagoa; @ooaq|ao
CqCgaaqg a|j|j Cjaa cgg @Cojae @oao.@ggo
ogg|@ jo _g}a Cgogag q|Q Cq|Cg|aa}a. g_aaa
C}aaa|o oa}q}gg||C Caa}aaa aqgg, gg gaaaaa
g|agCqgg|aCaa _@g| Caa}|_aaoa. gagaaa@ g|oo
a|agg|_ag. @jjq _q}aa jaaggaCaaeQq|CaC cag
q_gg|aa}a. a|g|ogq}a_CaC o}oaa gggCaaeq_aa
gq. ojgg|ooao g_ gaga g}jj|aa} gj| Cao Cjaq|
q_gg _q}a_agj jooaeQaao Cga}gg @_ggqggg.@aao,
q_gg|j ja|oao. C@}aa|o (Her acl i t us) caa|g C}aaa| aaa
jaooga g eQ jaCQgg qggaa. |aa aQaaa gg.
@gg||o eQ jaooga C}aaa| @o|ag qggg. _g
|oo|_gg Caago ggo _g}aa gagg gaQ agg|aa}a.
aa|jja CaQaCaaeQ, a|g|ogqgag gao og|gg o|o _g}a
QC @oC}o|o qag _@g|aajja}a. _jjq _@g| Cjgg,
j|gg g}eQ j|qggq}aaCooa aeag qgaa|ooao a_q|o
gg|aa}a. (@ggaaeaaaCaaa} q@aaaaa a|g|ogqggag
agg|gaa o|o gg|jja @_aa|aga.)Cga}gg _qo qagaqggaa
qagCqeQ cag @_gg g q|g|a g|aagg _g}a q_gg|aa}a.
_g @gag C}aaa|j jaCQjjagj j|gg o|q|o _}ooo; g_
}a@q _}oaaCq _Ca @o| _aaajjg. a|g|ogq }a@q.
C}aaa|o oa}q}gg||a j|}g|g|g|aa jaoogaa @ g||aajjq},
oa}q}gg||a gg|}j j|}gaa|a_ g_q}oo}. }a@qg gjg|a_
g_q}. @a@ cggaa aao @ggj Cja}aCa cag gqCqa_
@oC}o| _g_ aggag __ga}a.ea|o, _g}a _jCjag
C}aaa| @o|a g|aagga aoa||_aaCq Cqea.
a|g|ogq}a_aaa _q}ag }ooa cooag _}ggC
@ooagaqaa @a|jCjag aao Cqgoaa|} q}q|_jjag _jCjag
_q}a e}q|oao._g}aaa @ooao, a|g|ogq}aaa
@ooao jaoogaee|a jggq @aggq}a caa|g gC}
_aaga cqq|g aoaoa} q}oo| _gg, Cqg a|g}aaa
qagggCaaeq_gg _C}j|}a|a qagaaa|o _jCjaggaa
ggogagaa g_ o}oo| gjg. C}aaa|}a @ea@,
a|C}aa}a @ea@, Cqg a} @ea@ _gqa} _q}a Cqg
aeaaaaaaCq @_gga}a. @jq}a _q}aaj
Cja_jQggaa}a. _g}a _q}aaa aeQCaaaa}a.
a|g|ogq}aCa, g agggqa caa|g Cgaaa|o QC _q}aaj
ja}jja}a. @ggaaag _q}aga _Ca Cj_jaaa
aa!_ggg a|g|ogq gg jej ga cag, o|g Cgq
qg|jaQa|o gga||_gg _C}j|}a|a gj|aaaa cgC
Cja_jQggggaaaqoo cag g_ a_gg _Ca @gaa
Cq_ag||_ggg._C}j| ee|a @g|qao|aaa _q}a_aga aoq|
a a|aag. agjjg, oajj|Qqg, oggg| Cj_agqg caa|g gag
aa}a gq|}, Cqg cgggC oaaaggq}a cag a_gjja}a.
_jjqjj @agg|o ggo ggoaa g} c_oo| a|.j|. ga @ggaeqa
Cgaaagg|o gjg.c_oo| cagao, Cqg Coaoo|o _a|q|aq
c_oo|oo _g. oa o}gg|}gg|o Cqg cg, cjCjag, cgga
aaogg|@ @agqa}|@ _ggg g|a}aa c_oo| gggg|oao.
gQCagg _C}j|}a|a qagaaaa j}qjCja c_oo|
_g._g a|.j|. 622- q_, Cojj} ag 27- Cgg|, g|aa|ga.
g_ a|g}, g} }o|_gg @aCaa_ _ag @
Cj}gga}._qqgaa. gQCagg _C}j|}a_ g Cj}qgggg
ga}aa|q|a}a._q} Cj} gag. @Caagj j|gg @agqa
_@jj|gaa gjjjQ @agg@g} (gj|) @gg|g @g_
_qC}gaa.gag|. ggg }jCja}} 80 qoj}, 2004



12 @ag@g} gag

g|oCooa }gg - ja. }aaqa

gag caa|g a|g}a j|gjj, _q} g} @agg@g} cag _g|jj
g_e - @gg @}eQC _C}j|}a|a o}gg|}gg|o |a gaa|aa
_oa.g_ a|g}a j|gjCj cjjq gaa|g g_eag? caa|g
Caq| cgoa. gg @agg@g}aaj jgg| gaqoa_ag ga j}aea
aagaaC @ga}aaaa Caa Cqeq|_aa|g g|ao|o, @q}
g_qa}a gg|gg q|q}aa Qgaa aaga|o|_gg _ooao,
o}gg|}gg|a jaaa|o|_gCg ga Cjg gqa|gg. aaoggao gag |a
Cg_aaaaq} cajg QC @ggga aa}eoo. _q}g aaogg|o
qagggq}a, _q_a Cg}o jga|q}a, _q}g j|}oaaa,
Cjagaaaaa Caq}a c_g|aqgg gg|jja }aaa
@_aa|aga. gag gg|gg gqCqa_ gaq@ joCqg g|aoa|o
o}ja}aajjQ, gjjCgaaajjQ, _q_a Cg}qaaj jga|q}a
q|q}ggqgga Cja_gg|aao QC _oCog|a. @gaao, gag
gg|gg q|q}a|a gjaggaa jgg| _ggaa Caq|a_ _qjQj
Cjaq|Qa|aga. @ga} @ooag g_ gqaaag, aag|a g_q}...
g_ Coao a a|aag.@ga _qjja|ogaa @jjqCa_ gqag
q}Cqeq|_aa|gg. gag j|gag gaaC} _q}g ggag
@gggq|a}. j|ggg o|oaaoggagaaCq gaa @gggq} _q}.
ag q|aja}aa __gao|j caa|g gg Cj}jjaq|a
_}qaejj|ogaa _q} q}gga}.@ggj j|aae|a g_ aa}eaaa
a_g|q| gqag caga@, |a @ qg|CoC Ca|aaaaa
q|aaQj Cjoaaa _gCq gq|}aaa qq}aa @_gg|_aa|ga}.
@ qCgagao jggj jaa|}eQ qga|CoC. __gao|jjao
gagago o}aa j|jjqjajg g} @oq|oao. _q}g aga
_gggj Cj_ gaaa @_ggg. _aag g|a _C}j|aq|a
Cj_jaaa aa|a g|aoa @ggaa. qa cajg |aoo|o_aCa
} q|qaa @_gg|_aa|gg. aoq| _ggaaq}a_aCa
}ggaagaa @_gg|_aa|gg. jqjj|o =Qjag _}ja gggaga, @
qg|CoC g}Q q|aaQa|o =QjQqg, qao|j qg|o
qaCggqg o}q oaga}eaa @_gg|_aa|gg. gagq|a qg|o
@_gg _ggaa j|aa_ qg||o @qjjaq, _qggj j|qgg
q|aaqaCaaeq_gg aaogg|o, gag Q ga|C cagCa
o|gg|ggjq _}gg|_jjq}aa @_gg|_aa|ga}. _agj ja}gg Cao|
Co j|aa| "j|gq| cQggga Cgaaa @gga Ca|aaaa|o
@_jjgaa gaa a_gq|oao" cag Coaooaqq}aa @_gg|_aa|ga}.
_q}g ga|a q|_j ajaqgag, cjCjag o|gg|ggjq @_ag
@oaj |aoo|g| qg|o|_gCg ggq}a aqa|gg qgg|_gga@,
_ag @a|agga Cga}jjQgg| _jCjaCg a_
Cao|ggg|oao._aag _C}j|}a|a @ojago ogg
Cg_aa|ooagg _g. _q}a jag|aaaaaggaa @_gg|_aa|ga}a.
@j}a@| (@j|}@a) gj| aQq|gg "a.ja" caa|g jo @ggaeQa
j}agaaa qeaaogogag jjag|a qo qgg
qegjq}aaaggaa @_gg|_aa|ga}a. cCaa|_gCga gg@gg
_gjg @ag _qaa cQggqgg _Ca j|}g|qa Cog
g|aCa_ aa j|}a}gg|jjq}aaa @_gg|_aa|ga}a.@aao,
@gg jag|jjaag, gagq|a @a|aj jaagago ogg
ojgg|ooaggaa @_ggg. g| jqjjg|q|ooagq}aa @_gg gag,
gag gQa|, _gago Cjgg|_gg @a|ag Cg}oo|a _Cgaaa
a}a@C e} @oq|oao. @aao, _q} g _aaq_agC g_
}aag @_ggg. jejaa @ag}, jag| |aa @ag} caa|g
_q|o gjq_gg }aag. aga_ag qo|gg Cja
gqaqq}aa @_ag @ag} cajgao eaa||_gg
}aag.ga g} @agg@g} cajag _q} _g|qggCaooa
jooaeQa_ag gaCj _qaa||_gg }aag _g. caa q|gg|ao
cagao, _C}j|}a| _ag jag| eC gq|}, "@a|a" cajg
_q}a_ag _gg|aaCgaag. gg g_o oeaa_ag
@ajCja}a_ag a}aag gaeg|gao Coaoo| CqeQqa}aC
gq|}, a}gg _aaj q|aggg, oCaag}ggq j|}Q gCgo
a_ag a|aag.@gga aa}egg|aaogaa _C}j|}a|aC aojaa
a|g|ogq Q_q gqggg. @Cg aa}egg|aaogaa _g}a_ag
a|g|ogq}a_ag _QggjqaaCq _q}a Cja_jQggjja}a.
@gaaCoCgaa "aa}j|a" cag _q}a _ag
q_e|aajja}a.@jjqjjCga_ @agg|ogaa gag j|gaa|ga}.
gagoo; @}eoo; gg@gg _gjg aaa o|aoaaao
Cogaqgg qeg @a. agggo oajj|Q, oggg| Cj_aa|,
aeQCjaaCaaeq_gg @a. Cjea jaaajjCg, oggg|
Cj_agqgggggaa cag gg|j gj|Cga} @a. }aaa g
gj|aaaa_a gqCag|aCaaeq_gg @a. jqjjg|q|ooag @a.
g}Q @a. ggCqg| j|qgg @a. gg Cj_a caaCqaCg
e}ao aao aaoaa qeqggq| @a.g_ ojq gggg. aQ
ag. Cj} Cq. Caaa ga}a gg||o @_gg "a.ja" @ogg|a
j}agaaa aq}a Cqgg|o @qgg q|_ggq|a. gCaaCq |a
j_gaa||_gg @o _g. @qggq|Qj jgjj|aaoa cag g|aagg
_C}j|}a_aga Caago j @_ggg. @agqa|a @ogag
@qjjgago gaqg _jqag Cg_Ca caa|g j. @aao, _gg
Cqgg|o, @ogg|a aq}a gaaaCq @qggg|o |a
g|g|agga}a.@a| j|}oaa|oao. @agqCa gg}
CaaQggq|aa; @ogag eQ g|_ggaa c_jj|q|oa cag
gq Coga}a. joCqg @aag_q|a}aaj j|}gg @_gg _C}j|}a
@gg g_ q|qgg|o gagCo}gg, g|g| Co}gg, @oj ja}ajjj
je||o =Qjg Cgaa|aa}a.@}jgg|o cooaC o|gjjaaggaa
@_ggg. aQaajje| Cqaaaggaa gaCjgg qggg. @aao, g_
gg|jj| a qggCjag, _q}a|a @ojaa g}Q ajaq
CCoaa|, _qggaCaag ga}aa|q|a}a.q|q @ggaa.
"a.ja"q|a @qaajjCga_ aq}o|_gg, "@g_o _oqg" cag ao
gaag cQgg jgg|}jjQgg| aqgg|_gga}a. Caago q|Coqaa ao
Cjao|_aa|gg. _agg g|_jj jg|ggaaCqeQ. @aao a} jg|jjg?
cggaaCa @aag_q|a} (Caagg|}gga} cag _q}aaa gg|jj|Qqg
@ooa|} qgaa.) Co}gggaa Caa|aoa aqaCaaeq_gga}a.
Caa|aoo Co}gg aQqg @g_o _oqgagg g|_jj jg|ag
je|a CgCaaqg gagoo. @g Cj_a ojggjjg. Ca}q
Cga}jaag.@aCq, ga gaaa Cjaq c_ggq|g. cgga aeg
Cago ggaa|, }gg Cj_aoa caa|g g|aoa. gaagaa,
@CgCjao cggaaCa jo jjjCjgag aa}ea_aaaa qaCgg|g
gaooq|q}aC _q}a. oagaaoo; oeaC _q}a|a
_aaaa @_ggg. g_ o|g qajjaa|agga@ _qggaCaaeQ
qqggg _ggaa Cj_C ga}aa @_gga}a.@q}a|a @ggaa
@oaj, "a.ja" gaQaa Cga}jaa c_gg j|}oaaa
gaag|gg Caaa ga}j Cj}q}a_ag |a _oo gjg.
cjjqaqg }gg gg| Cj_gqagg gQggaaCqeQ cag g|aagga}a.
cggaaCa q|gaaa ga}q|a| (Caaaq|o qo|ggqgg _C}j|}a
@q}aga.) Cjo|jja}gga}a.@aao cggg joa|oao. a_
}aa q|Qgg}g ga}aa @oao cag Coaoo|q|a}a. gg
CoCqa. Cqgg| Cjgjq}a _ggj ja|ga aoaog g|_jj jg|ag
j}o|aaj Cjgqa}a cag g}aaaao Coaoo|q|a}a.aaaao|
ggo|aa g_ gg|q}, ga jgag g_ Caoaaa gaaqgga}.
gggag g_ga ggg|jCjaoa. a}aqg g_q} Coao@
Caoaaaaaqg Caago Coq|oaaaoa.@aao, a} _gg
g_q}?_aag Cja_g aggg, gga aaao q|qCjag a}
ggo|o "a.ja"ag qegqggaaao Cooa|gaC}a, _q}gaa.
a}a|_gga@ o}. _gg ggo qeaa Co@ggj Cjaa|gq}
j|}oaaaa CaaeQCooqg. _q} Coao@ Caoaa cgqaaa@
CaQ, _gajq CoojQqg._go}. _q} caa Caoaa
CoaooCqeQ? oeaagg ga}aa @_ag @aag_q|a}aC, a}
_gga aoaoj jg|aaoa cag QC _q} Coaoooa. _q}
gg|jj|Q g_q|a} aoaoj jg|jja}a. ggq}a
gggagaaCqeQ.@}qg@ cg|}ja}jj@ @_ g}jj|a_C
_aag @} g_qg "a.ja"q|a Cq|C aagg|_gga}a. gga
Cja_g @a@ q|qa @oao. @_ j|}ag _gCg}gg|o g}
_q _ag|aa "a.ja"agg Cgago Coagg. _q}gaa, _q}gaa
cag _aaq}a gQa_ g@g@gga.Cga_g gqgg _q}
g|_j|Cjag _ggaa Cj_ Caggaa cg|C} qgg g|ag aC}ag
ggjja}gga}a.gaggaa _q}. _jCjag _q_ag @_jgggag
qg. @ega}aa _g|q|o o|gggq}aa _ag|q|_j|aa
gQCagg Caaaag _q} _jCjag gag _g|gaaa||_gga}.
gaCj CoaaagCjao, _q} _aaq_agC _aj }aag
CCoaa||_ggg.@aCq, g_ o}aa gj}gaa @ogg ggo
gj}aao Coag|_aa|ga}, @q} gg j|}oaaao Coaoo|g g}
Caaoa cag gj|aaaa _qa} _@a|j Cjog
Cgaa|aa}a.gag Cjagaaaa Caa}. @jCjag gaa caa
CoCqeQ?@_ g}jj|a} @_aa|Cga. "@g_o _oqg" caa|g
aoao a} "a.ja"q|a aq}o jg|aaCqeQ? gaggaa
CoaooCqeQ.gag jaaaa Coga}. @}eq ga}gg, ga Cga|o
Cjaq_gg gea cQggg ga}|o q|}gga}. _gga aoaoa CaaeQ
qa_a cag gg}q|a}.ao qggg. _agg geqa gQCq aqaao
Coaaaa}. aqgga}a. _qqgaa. @a| @_aCaa_ jg geqa
ga|aj j|qggaCaa_a caga}. j|qggaCaaea}a. _jjqC
cQggj Cjaj Cja_gg|, _o|q|Qa caga}.gag aqa|aaCqeq
@ @g. gag go ogag qgajj @ooa caa|g
a}aagg|a @ga}jj| @ggo ojqggaggaa jaggg|_aa|gg.
_C}j|}a|aC ggga caa|g _q}g Cj_aaq|a
Cgaaajj| @ggaa. _q} g_ gj| cag _g|jjQqggCaooa
jooaeQa_ag gaagaaCq ggg ojq @g.gagjg, ga@goo;
gaoa|} geQaaao o|gg|aa|gg _C}j|}aa g_ Cogeqa
gaag gaaaa gggaa j|qaa aqgggago aCj_
ggCaaagg gq|}ggaC}, _g. _ggaa @}j.gag caCga_q}
g|aaaCo Cja|_ggao _C}j|}a_ag o}gg|} cag gag
@_gg|_aga cajCg ogCgagaa.

gag|. ggg }jCja}} 02 gaq}, 2006



18 gj|aa g||aajjo

g|oCooa }gg - ja. }aaqa

gagag gaj @agg @g}aaa @qoa|o _g|jjq}a
Cagg @_jgaggg Cj}. _q}a_, ggo a|g} @ga Cgaa|,
@Ca qa}|oaa jg|Ca_ Cja}j jgg| q|}qaa _g|gaa @ag
gaga a|aaa|aga. @agq@a Cg}qaag Cga}j CaaeQ
Cjo|q}a, @agqaaCoC goqg| aajjq}a g_qaa.
@agqa||_gg aa_ag Cqggagj Cjgg _|ggq}a @aCaa_
qaa.gagag gaa} @jjq Cqg __jj ojq Q
gaggag ggg|_aa|gg. ggoaqg, Caooag __jj "Cga}a"
(g}@a @gaa "gq}ag" cag _agaa|gg. _g}a|a Cqgaa
@_jjg.) _Qggg, gaqg caa|g Cq|Qag __jj oag. (Psal m
cag @a|ogg|@ o_} cag g}@a|@ gg|aajjQqg. ajj||a
jag gjaqo @gaaj ja}aagq.) gagaqgaa, @Caag
__jj "@ago" cajjQ Gospel ).@Caago aa} _g@g
@eQa_agj j|gg "@agg@g}" (gj|) cag _aa
aajjq}, gag.gagag gg @agg@g}a_agaa
q|gg|aoa jo. Cqg __jj q|gggao Qoo. ga g}
@agg@g} cajag e}gg qaa|CoC gag |a
q|gg|aoaaq}. gg @g}a _aaq_ cg|}ja}ag g_ aegg|o
@o}qg|aajjgaCj}o gaggaC @a aeQCaaeQq|a}a.
gag Q, q_aaeaa|o Cja}aq, _ jgg }aaa
Cqgaaaa _@jq|gg, @a|ao oagaa ggo|a|a q|aqaa
cggaaCa o gg a jaagaa _@jq|gg, Cja}aqj
Cja}aq, @gg||ogaa ga "_@jjjjq_jjga" aa}egaga
aeg|gga}.@gg @a|aa aa}ea Qoo; gg @agg@g}a
_aaq_ @a|aqag|aaa QC _aa aaejj g|ao|o,
gag g_q}ga aa gaoq}aa, gg| @o|aq|a gaa|a}gg
_}o|o qqqajja}aa @_gg|_aa|ga}. _C}j|}a|a qagq|o
aj|o cajg ggoggoaa cqjja}aag Cgaa|Cg gag
_q}g Cgag}a_ q}aoaa @o|jjgg|o _}gg (_q}a
ao.jaaa cajjQqa}a.) @g Cgaa|j|gggaa. _C}j|}a|a
o}gg|}gg|o gag g} _gg|a _oo. agaa, _q}ag
o}gg|}gg|a ajj|C _q}gaa. gaag aaa aqggggaa
_q_ag ga, j|a cag gao _}ja|a o}gg|}gag @ Co
gq..@_jgaggg qg|o gagagg g|_eaag. _qa}a
aaq@ qg|o |ggg, _qa}a aaq@ Cja_aga} _ggog|o
}gg, agga caa|g q|gaqj Cjee| _qa} q|_j|
eggCaaea}. gag|a Cg}a aee|g _qa}a aq}gg,
_jjq_ gqag q}g @eqg.g|_eggagj j|a, g_ aeq}aag
g aaa cg|o|_gg q|oaao, _Cg o, @a|ao oagaaa|o
ga |gggq}aa _qaaq ga|a gaqj Cjaaaqq}aa
@_gg|_aa|ga} gag. Caaa ga}o|_gg o|g|g Cgaaoq|o @_gg
@|}a caa|g gagj jgg|agggaa _q} g|aagg|a Cja_Q _qaaq
Cooqg qgaa. g_ga, @_gaoo... qa}aaeaa|o, agaaeaa|o
_q} _Ca gaa|ao ggg g|aagg|o @_jjg qgaa.a|jCjag
Caago ej Cja_aa Q cQggo Cooqa}. gqaaa
Caago gee}. _q_ag aa cag Cqg g a|aag.
g|aagg|o aa}ggao, cjCjag c_qa}, cjCjag cQggo Coag
eaqo oajj|Qqa} cajggCaooag gg}qag|oao. o|o o
oajj|Qqa}. oajj|aCoC qa}aaeaa|o aegqa a|ggg eQ.
jo oa|o Cq|C Cjaa aeq} ga aeaa|o g|_j| q}agaga
aeQ agga @aa _@jj|g Cgq _aggg q}o Coaaag
eQ.@aao, gag|a @a|ao oagaa_ag aggaq|a _}e
gggagjj @_gg|_aa|gg. Cooqa gQjgg|o j|ggg q}gg, qog|aa
qagaaa jaggq}aa @_ggCjag|@ g aeq}a @a|a gagagj
j}ggCaaaqq}aa _q} @_gg|_aa|ga}. _qa}g Cgagg}
Coaag caa|g cee _q_ag @_gg|_aa|gg. gag|a
qagaaa|o @g |a gaa|aaCga_ a. cjCjag @|}a
aojjgg|a gaaa|a @__ag aa}gg, g|aagg|o o|gg|_ag
gagag, cjCjagaqg g_ j|}aeaa @a|_g| jagg g|_q
aeCeg|C} Cgaag. aC}ag _aa Cg}ag. ja}gg aegg|o
o @aa|j CjaQ, jggg |ggg, Cjooggo oaggq|Qqa}. _gg
_q a} cag _q}ao _aa aeQCaa gqggg|oao. _g
gaaa a Cg_a| q_a|gg cag j}ggg|oao. ggo|o Caago
jgga}. @aaa} cag @a aae gqaggao gj j.jogaa
@ggj Cja}a _q_agg Cga}ggg. @ ag |a
aajjgg, jggg CCoaa|q}aa @_ggqa}, _q}g aaq|aa
aggagaa _qqjCjag Cggg|, g|aagg|o goaa Caao Cog
qgg|_aa|ga}.|a ge Cja}aggagj j|gggaa, gaaa Cgaaa| qgg
_gg g|_qgag gagao @aaeQCaa gqgg|_aa|gg._gg
aCj_ _q, g_ qaaq_ag. qaaq} cagao Cgq} cag
Caaoa. @agqa|a gaoag gjg| cag aqggaCaaoaa?
gqg|oao. _q}g Cj} g|j}o.ggag "@agg @g}a"
_aaq_agC @gg g|j}o|a gogaa ga Cog|a @agqa
Coaoo| _@jj|aaa cajg @ooa|}a gj|aaa.gaaa q_gg|,
g|aagg|o Cgagg, @a|ao oagaaa|a oogag gag
CgaQq|q_gg Cg} _g. _gqa} @} @_gg _q_ag
_oogqaCaaeq_gg g|j}o, _jCjag Cg_a|qgg @}g
g_q|aa}."ggq}aa!" cag ggoggoaa g} @agaaaa
Cq|jjQgg|aa}.@aao gagag caa jg|o Coao@qg cag
q|aq|oao. _q} c_gjjqaag Cg}agq}. j|aa_ago
Coagq}oo}. gooq}, Cg}aa}, aga_aaaa a|}gjq},
gQCagg Caaa ga}qao|a|a gooj|jj|}aggagj jagg|}aaq}
caga@, jqggq}oo}. _}j||o g} _o} _q_agg Cg}ag.
aaa _oo; cag jqgga _q}ao gggqag!@aao g|j}o
Cga}gg qgjggg|aa}. "ggq}aa.""gaa cjjq ggCqa?" cag
g|_j Caa} gag. gagaqg gagaa "ggq}aa" cag
gg}q| g|j}o, gaag @gaa aqjj|qgg, q|Qq|ggj j|gg
Coaaaa}."aj jagg @agqa|a g|_gaggao ggq}aa. _qCa
a|gaa }gga aq|o|_gg jaggaa. ggq}aa. @agqa aCj_
Caaaa|. _qCa c_gCaaaoa CaaeQqgg aggaCaaQggaa.
a|ga _g|agqgaga agggg_jq@ _qCa.""g|j}o CoaoooCoaoo,
gaqo|ggg gag @qqoaaaa CaQ Cq Coaoo|aCaaeQ
qgga}. j|aaa|o @oojqgag g|aa}ggq}, "_ggo Coaga
oo}aajjgaa _oo; ca @ggg|ag c_gjjgaa e}gCga
cag _q} Coaoo||_aa|ga}.q|aCjg g_egg|ogaa g|j}o ga
q_aa|a Cgaaagag _q_ag Cq|jjQgg||_aa|ga}. "g, gag!
g} _ooaq|a @g}aq}. gaCa g|j}o.""@jjq_ ojq gggg cag
Coaaaao a} gjqa}a? _g "aa}j|a|a" ogagg|o!@aao,
gagq|a _@jqgag _q}g aaq| agga g_aaa gj|aa}.
gjgqag _ag q|j_Q Cjee|aag g|agggq} _q}. gg
aeq} g} @agg@g} cajag gjqg|o _q_ago o|g gaa
@_aaq|oao. _q}g _gg @gaa gj|aaa, @a@ @gaa
Cq_ag q|ggg|o g_ ojq gggg.aggaq|a gagq| oCaag}}
g_q} @_gga}. |a qgaa _q}g Cj} q}aa@ (War agah) cajg.
@|}a gaa|o g|aagg|o @_gg g aeq_ag g|j}o g}oaaa|,
_qa} g} @agg@g} cag _g|q|ggj Cjaaag q}aa@q| agga
CoaaaCjag, "ogCgaC Cqea. gag g_ gj|gaa. _q_a
qgg Cjo|g g|j}o caa|g qaaq}ga cag Qgo gj|aaa
_|gga} _q}. ae Cg}ag, jo Cqga|o jaeqgg| Cjgg g_
a|g|ogq} _q}.g|j}o caa|g qaaq}a qg|aa gagag @agqa
_|gg g}@a gC} ga|o, gC} Cja_g|o Caggaa _|aajj
Cqgoo. a|gg @_jgggag @eQaao @aCq||o jgg|
jgg|aa, q}aoa _gg ga@ j|a@aa, Cqg Cqg ggg|aoa|o,
_gggga aaoagg|a Cgaqa _g cooa aaoa_ag Cja_gga
caa|g ja}aqa aa| __jjg.Cqgq}a gag
@ggqg jgg| gag o|o g@aaaa q|q}aag ggg|_aa|ga}."e|
gao|a _g|}aqj Cjao ogg|o _aq ca@C @gg. |ggg
o|} g}ggaa _@jq _g. @ga| q}aa gaa e}gg, j}gg
CaagCgagCjag _g|}q|a qoa gag @}j|ag. ggg|@
j}ggq|a _g|} g|agq|Q. o|o oa|o g|j}o Cg}qaa
qgg a}aQqa}. _q}g Coaga, _jjqC e}aaa ca
agg|o @ga|g gg.""gggagg, g_aa gaogg, @agggaa
e}ao, gg|CaQ qa_ _}jaa|a qagaaa g|aoa agg|
}gg @agqaao g||aajj g} g|}aaCq _q} ga
e}gga}. g| _aaa} a|aag. Cj_aCa, qaaq} qgg
"@agg@g}" cag _g|q|ggjCjaa Cj_|gCa, a}qCa a|aag.
g|a. Cqg g|a. @jjqggaa gag ga @gg|qa}
a_g|aa}. gg qagga_ag gQCagg _C}j| g|ojj}jaj
@ooa caa|g a}aagg|a jaa _agggqgg, Cgg|jjQgg|, gaa|a}gg
ao.jaqaa @eQ agggq} _q}. @aao @gg|qa} a|g|gg
@aaa Qgg|, qge C}aqaa eQ, @a|o
@_ggag|}Cgaa @_gga}. aaq| agga, g_ Cooqj Cjee|gaa
caga@, aaq|a @aegg a|goo|aa _ggo Cooqaa _|
_| aga_agg g}g ga}aa @_ggaC} gq|}, gaCaag g_
g|}@ (Cq|aaaa) _q} cQggaCaaeg|oao.jaoaagg @gg
c|agaa gag|a |ajCj} joaa @_ggg.gag, gaCa_ gj|
cag aeQCaaeg, ggoggo|o _agg g aaq|| Cg}q|gga}.
_Qggjqaa _q} @ggg|ggj Cjo|g, q}aa@q|.@_q_C _ag
gjqg|o cggg gaag aaq|oao. @aao q}aa@ Q g_
q|q Coaaaa}."gaa gja|Cga. @aao ga @aaao Cjaa
cag @ggjjQq}a. aqjjQggjjQq}a. a, a}q|C
g}ggjjQq}a. _q}a a_a Cja} q_qa}a..""q}aa@
Coaaag ogg|qaag. _o} j|oaao _jjqCgaa gggg.gag|.
ggg }jCja}} 6 gaq}, 2006



14 gagg|a gaa c@j

g|oCooa }gg - ja. }aaqa

@ooa caCga_ a}aa gag gj||aao _g|ga
CojjCjag, _gaa agqgg ggq}a_ag ga
gggq}a_ag @a|o _qaa ggo Cago|o @gaaj
jajQggjj Cja_, gagg|a gaa c@j.@ggaaag
ja|}aaa @ooa gg|gg j|}oa}a cgC _jCjag
@}jaa||_aaq|oao. }aaaq}a @ooagg|o
@aegg|_gga}aa cagao _g|oao. |go|jCjaaao jggj
jg|aaggCj} @_jja}a. gag|a gq|a}a_ gej}a_. _ggo
o|g qgg|o @}eQ Cj}gaa Cjea. g_q}, gag|a aaq|aa
agga. _q_agj j|gg @ooagagg g_q| @}eaqg Cjee||a
Cj} go jgo. @q} gagag o|gg| gag. @agqa g_qCa
caa|g gggqgag ggaCaae @ggo o|g g_q|a} _jCjaCgooa
Cga_aaaaaa ga_ag Cq|C Coag g_ jggaaa|o a_g|ao
Qqa}a. gag gj| qa|oaag ga aggaCaae Cqg q}aa gg|
qegqa}a. gg gj|aaa g_ Cao|jCja_aa @a|q|aag
cajgaogaa _jjq a_g|ag @ Cgqj Cjaaa}a._jjq
_q}aao g|g|aag Cga_gq|Q q} @oq|oao. Caaa ga}a
gagq|a, _q}a Cga_qgggj Cjaa|g qg||o g|agCaaeQ a|eo
Coqa}a. _q}ag gj|aaaaa @ooagag, _q}ag Cga_aa
gaga, _q}aaC a|eo Cogao oa|ggaCaa _q}a
ga}aaggaa @_gga}a. @aao gaag, _q} g} @agg@g}
caa|g _q}ag @ga} gj|aaaa gagq|a a|eo Cogagggaa
_q}aao oa|aagqao @_ggg. Caa|o gag g} @agg@g}
cajag, g}@a _q} qa|oaa __jjQaCaaeq_aa|g Cqg
cajag _q}a qaqa}gagao _oo; g _gg}agaqao
e}gg|_gga}a. @agj j}ggCaaaqq}aaa Caaa ga}gga
gagq|a @oaoC cajggaa _q}ag q_gg.ga _@a|a
a|eo Cojq}a| qqa} _q}a ga e}ggag cQggo
Coaooaqq}aaa @_gg|_aa|ga}a. "a qg||o gaa ggaCa
q}q|oao; caa g|g|aag Cgag _@g|a" cag Cqeqa
CaQaCaaaqq}aaa @_gg|_aa|ga}a. @aao, gagq|a_ag
goo|aa _qaajjQggqg|o g} @agg @_gg|_aa|gg. cggaa
o|g|Cga_ ! ga|_ ggag, ga|_ @agqaa, ga|_
gj|aaaa @q}agaa q}gg, j}jjjCjaa|ga}aCa? caa|g
cagga._gg caggagaa gaaq|o |}oaa g}ag
Cgagg}qaa @a|jCjaag. Cga_qggg cggg ga||gagg
CgqjCjaaa@ a}aqg gaagCj} qj CoqggCaag j|aaaCoC
qggq|Qqg qgaaaag.g_ gg|jj| g|agg|o _ggaa qj coao
g|jCjaag. _gaag Cqg a|e@a gg je|a
qa}gggaCaaeq_ggq}a, _aagagg Cgag q_jq}aag
gaaaoa cag gq Coga}a.a|eo|ogaa @}j|gga}a. Cjoo|o
gCg|, aaaojj qa} Cjaag. o|g g_q|a}aa goo|a_ag, gaj
jagaaggaCaag ggaajj gg CoCg @aCqeQ caa|g ggg|ao
gjg. gagq|a|a gg|o aa} gjjgCj} qa} @_gga}a.
goo|a _g|ajo jggj jaa|}eQ Cj}.gagq|a _q}aag
Cgagaag cag ggo|o coo}gga}a. g}@a gg|aao q|j}g
gag cag _g|q|ggq|Q, @gaaa aaqaa}a. @aao,
Cga_qggg cag jgjjQ qgg goo|a, } Cg}gg|o Cga_Cg
g}CqeQ caa|g gg| Caaeq}a. @aCq, caa @aa@ o}
cag g qgaaaa Cga_aaag Cgaa|aa}a.aagg|_gg gagq|a
_q}aag gaaag Cgaa|aa}a. g|g|aag Cgaga
gqq|oaoC caa|g gaa Caajaa _aCaaeg, _q}a|o gC}
g_q_agggaa. _q} Cj} o_g. @gaa|CoC Cja}age |aa
o@}a caa|g qogg|o qggq} _q}. gg g}aa ajaqaa
q|Cag|gg, gag|a qg|aaQgoaa gg _ag|aag g
aaa|o =QjQqgg o_g, _aagago oa|aagqag Caaj
CCoaa, @g gg|aa}.gagg|a gaa
c@j._Qaaaa_@ gqa_@ qgg|_gg gagq|a
o_gg||_gg _jjqCa} @ggag cg|}ja}aaq|oao. _q}aao,
_gg c@jg gaaggaoo oa|aa gqq|oao.@ooagg|a
o}gg|}gg|o o|ggjj ggo }gg _g. gagq|a|a }gg. o_gg|a
Caajgg|a q|aqaa g|}gg }gg.@aao ojqgaga Caq|jj
gag, ggaajjaaaaa @a| aa} gaaaaag cag
_q}aa coo}ggq|a}. Cgagaa, _oojq gaCjgggggo
ogCggagag oaa aaogg|o _q_ag __jj @ag qoaa_
gag|a a_gagC j|}g|jo|jjgaa @_ggaga aqa|aaCqeQ. g}
ga}e . "gj|C, g|ooaa _q}a ggoo| Coa|ga}a. _q}a
gqagCooa oa|ggaCaaeQ aee|aa gag|o _q}aa q|Q
q|oa| @_a. @gg|}aa}jCja_ag _qaao _|a. _g|aoo;
Coagj _qaao Cjag." (g}@a|a @gg| _gg|aa|o gagaa
_gga}a (g ga}aa) ca@ jgg||o q_qg @g. (86.17.) @aao
gagag |ag Cgaaa aaogg|CoC @g
__jjQq|g.)aee|aa q|oa||_a caa|g gg}ag,
g|_jg gaaaag}a cag _}gg.g_ Coa}, @ooagag gj|
ggaCaae _ggo o|g g_q|a_ag @}jgg|o|_gCg gag g,
_q} goaa qgajjQ Cqggg|a q}a g g_ ogCgag
g_aaa@ gjg|oao. qgajjQ gqCqa_ q}a _ga g_
_}gggga qagaaa|o aajj|qjjg caa|g gqq|o @_gga}a.
@aaao, _QggQgg ogg}jja|o gagq|aao cggaa
gaja_ag aaCjag aaa qaa aqaCaaeQ
aaCq @_aaj jga|aCaaea}a.caagaa @_aa|gg a
@ooagg|o cag q|_j|a Caq}a| QC gag q|aa
_|gga}. g}@a|o|_gg o|o q}aa gg|a aaej|gga}. ga@ qa}gag
Cjo| _qaajjQggoa cag qggq}a, gag gg|aaaej|ggg
Cjoo|ggg @ooagg|o @aeggq|Qqa}a. @g |aaoo.
@}jaaoa|o }aaa gag @ggaa ojqa ggg|_aa|aga.
gaCg @jjq @_aaa|o _q}g Cgag}a (gag Cgae}a
aqggaCaaeg|oao. cooa_C _q_agg Cgag}aga.) Cqg cjjq
@_jja}a?@|@ @ooa j}qgCgaa| gagaeQa
g|agqaggCjag, _ggg|o @_gCga}a Cagg cee|aaa Cqg
gagjg Cj} QC. gaaaaqg @eqa Cgaaagg|ogaa ja|}aaaj
j|}oa} Cooa caa|g @ag gg} gagag qggg. _gC
"a gq|a}a_ag coo}aaa Cog _agjj q|Qa" caa|g
gg}gaa.ggoggoaa @ooa caCga_ a}aa gg|gg
Cq|jjaaa _g|q|jj _g|o @ae q_jqaa _agjj _gg
gaaaaqg @eqogaa gag gj|ao Cojjg.@ooa caa|g
jg ggoggo|o jaoogaao Coagaggg _jCjaggaa.gag|.
ggg }jCja}} 9 gaq}, 2006



16 _gg gag q|aaaa

g|oCooa }gg - ja. }aaqa

a|.j|. ga @ggaeao Co}gg _C}j| q}gga}a| caCaaa
@_gga cag gaaoaaqaa g_ jqo CjaQqa}a. _q}a|
}aaa gaa @_gga. _agaaaq@ _g|aaa _qaa
@_gga}a. _qaaaa aaq@ _g|aaa aqjjaqa @_gga}a
cag _jjqo gq Cjg.@Cgooaqgaga aaq@ _q}ag
Coaggaa @_gg gaa|aa q|q, gag ajjaaa.Coagg,
aaa, _qaa, qa @_jj|@ aoq||@ oa gaagg|@ ga
j|gjq}a caa|g cee, _aag jeaaa} _C}j|}a _ggaa
Cj_agC eQ. gg @ag gj|aaa, qg|jaQ _qa jgg|
Cj_|g @_gga@, gaaoq| }g||o gaa aaq@ _g}a
Coaaq}a caa|g e} _q}a|aC @_gg|_aa|gg. _g g
|a jejg; _g}a _aaq_ aggg|gg CCoa} ca@
cee _q}ag @ojaa|j Cja|_ggg.@ggaaag a|g|ogqgaa
_aag Cgg||o q_Cqaa}Cooa _}qaeggaCaa_ gaa
@_ggCg gq|}, _g ggg|o j|}oa}, gagg Cjaagaq cg
_gCq @_ggg|oao. @gaaCoC g_Cqa _q}a_ag _g}a
Cjq}aaag Cg}gg|_aaoa.@gg cee _q}a|aC cggaa
gq|}aa Q_q||_ggg cajggg gC} g} ga}e Coaaaao
Cjag. q|a|q|Q.@ooa Cgaag|, gagaeQa @a|, CaggC
gagjg goo|a oa|o @_gg g_e _g. _}j|a|a ja|gg
g|_q|gaaaao gag qggg. _ggo ogg|o joCqg gaQa|o|_gg
Caaaagj ja|g agg|a}aaj jooa|}aaeaaaCaa} q}g
Cgagqa}a. @aagag _Cg Caaaagggaa goo|a ja|g
agg|a} CgCaaa|ga}a. _Cg a"_jaaqggaa jjag|a agg|
q_a|ga}a. @aao @aag a"_jaag _aag a"_jaag
q|gg|aoa jo. j|}gaaaa q|gg|ao, _aagag _Ca @_gg
}aaa _qo o|aoa, o|g Cgqa._jjqj ja|g agg|a}aa
q_ jag}aa jo}gg, ga aqgg, q|_gga ggg|, jee|
CgqaCaaqg|o Caaa ga}ggj jeaaa}a gagq|a_ag cjCjagC
@}q eQ. jee| QC @ggga aa}e _oo. o|o q}ggaa
aa}ea_ eQ.ja|g agg|a}aa q_ Cq|gaqa_ag
q|_gg|gg jo}ag gagq|a, _jjqC _q}a_a o|o q}gga
gjjggaao CogCaaeQ ga Cgag|ao CjQgg|aCaaqg
qgaa. o} jg qaaa, gaa| qaaaa ggg| Coqg _aag
gagq|a|a j|}gaag Cgag|o. a|gg, gg| @o|a g_qg|@
_aag Caaa q}gga}a q}ggag Cga}j aqgg|_gga}a. o|o
@jj|}aa gaQa_@ @} a|gag gaQa_@ _q}a_ag q}ggag
Cga}j @_gg|_aa|gg.@gg q}gga ga cjCjag agaaa
@_jjggg, ja|g agg|a}a aaoa|o Caaaag q_Cqaa} gag
aqa|jjg |a _qo|. ag}a}a qog|aag ggqggg, Cg}oo|o
o|aa|aCaaao, Coa}aa a"_jaq|o qg|jQg g|_jqggg,
ej j|}oaa|ooao eQ a|jjggg, @aaj|gqggag Caaa
gagq|a CjagjCjggaCaaqa}a.q_qa q_q gjjggaa.
@aao _gg q_q _q}a_ag g_ j|}oaa @_ggg. gag. _q}
go _g|gajjQggjjq_aa|g @ooa caa|g jg| a}aa.
caagaa Coaoa|ga} gag cag aa Cqqaaa ja}aaj
Cjaa|gq}a _q}g _qje|gg @ooagag ggaCaaeQq|Qa|g
_ja. _gga qa} ja|}aaaj j|}oa} CgCaaag|_gg
gag _q}g Cgag}a_, @ooa Cgaag| _gg gaaaa
@eqa Cgaaagg|o ja|}aj j|}oa}ggaaaa @ag gg} a|aaaj
Cjggq}aaa, Caaaag q_ ag}a}a|aC @ooa gg|ggj
Cjaqgggg ga}aa @_gga}a.caa Cog gagq|a j|}oa}gagg
gQaaoa cag gagq|a Cao|gga}a. _qa} g_ gg|}qag| cag
ga|aaa}} cag o|gg|}gg, qqa} _qa} a_ Cg_a @oao
Coqggg g_jg gjaQ Coga}a. gjg aoaaaa}} cag
j|ggoaaaa}} cag aa q|C}ag, @agq|C}ag gqqaaaa|o
=QjQjq} cag Coaoo|j ja}gga}a. Ca @q|ao jqaajjq}
cag g_ qggg|a g||Qj j}jj|aa}a.gagq| q}gga}
ogagg|a @ggaa gqqaaaa g_ q|j}ggag eQ jee|g.
gagq|} ogagg|CoC @ag}aaa @_ggq}a, gg
ggaga}a_ j|g gq|a}a_ a @gg gagaqj jgg| cjCjag
gqgaaCq Cjo|aCaaeq_aa|ga}a; ea|o _q} caagaa
Coaoa|ga}, Coa|ga} cag _g| @qo |aaq}aaa gag
@_ag @ gaqj Cjaa @}j|gga}a.@aga aaq@
gagq|a_ag Cqg j|}oaa CqeQa? ag}a}aaoo; ggo|o gg
aaa _q}a gagq||_gg "aajjagg|"aaCqeQ.@aCq
o|gj|aggaaa o|o g|jggaaaa _q}a gagag aqaag
Cgaa|aa}a.g_ j}e| g|aggag gagq| Coag,
"ea|CoC ga g} @agg@g} cag gaa cjjq gjqg?
aao @gg g_g|oaqj j|gg aa gqa?" cag oqao
q|a}a. "ja}, @gg gag cjjqg g|eajCjaa|ga}!" cag g
gogg|a @qoaaj ja}ggj Cj_|gaaj jaaaa
j}gga}a.@aao, gag ae gq g|aa|gg gae _gg _gjg
gaaggaa Cogg. j}e| g|o @}eaa @_ j|agaaaj j|}gg
aao||ggg!Ca, gag g_ gg|}qag|, aeaQ q|gag Coa|ga}
cag _ogg Cgaa|q|a}a gagq|a.gagoo; @agjCjao Cqg
jo ojqa_ gag|a qagaaa|o gggggaaa o}gg|}a gg|jja
@ag qao|aaa a|aaa|aga. @aao, o|gg Cqaoaa _gjg
g|agggqag gag gj|, @ooagg|a ajj|aa g_Cjag
aqggg|oao. @ooagg|a a cajg g}@a gaa."ga" caa|g g_
Coaoao }gg|a e|q|gg|o aqggggaa gagag ggag
gj|aa @Caaq @agqa jaggaa cag @ooa Coaoa|gg. _ggo
o, Coaoo|o|_gg g|ggq}, @agg@g}. @gag Coaoo|o|_gg
g|ggg, g}@a caa|g g_ Cqg. @a, g}@agaa gaa|C gq|},
g|agggjjQ _gjgaoo. g|agggjq_oo.@ag, gg aa}q|
gag |a gagaa e}gg|_gga}. ga @agqaao @ooagag
q|aa j}jj g||aajjq_ag g_ a_q| QC cajagj
j}_}eaa _g|gg|_gga}. @aCq, ga goaa g|agggjjQ cggg
gaa }a CaaqggCaa Cj_ajjQqggCaa g|oao cag |ag
Cg|qaao Coaoo|q|a} _q}. @a|agg|a |aa aa|gg g|ao cajg
@ggaa. @gg g_ g|aoaaaaggaa cggaaCa ga|q}a_ Caa|a_
jooaeQaao aQggq j}gg|_aa|ga}a. "gaa" caa|g g_
q|qgag ggg|@aaa aa gqCjaggaa @a|a qojjQ
caja}a.gag g_ j_gg @a|aqag|._g g_jg|_aa, @gg
gaag caa Cog gQgg g|gggoa cag gagq|a q
@Coao|aag Cgaa|agj ja}aaoa. _q_ag cg|}aao oagg|g
_ggaa j|}oa}aa gQaa| q|Qqg; ja|g agg|a}a aaogg|o
j|}oaa|ooao gg q}gga gaa jojjQgg|aCaaqg caa|g
g_ g| _q}a_agj Cjagaagaa @oao.@aCq, ogCg agj
q|ggg|o gaag @aCaa_ q|gaa j}o|gg, _q} g_
Cja}gaa cajag g|_j|jjg cag gq Coga}a.@Cagaa
_q}a_ag _g}a|a g|aa qggg. jqgg _g}a. jeqg}aaa
_g}a. _g|q|g o|ggg _g}a. _g }j|aa (Rabbi ). @gg }j|aa gg|gg
gCaaCq ga ja}gg|_aa|Cga. _g gg_aaaa q|g @q}a,
_ggo oa|@ q|gjaa}a. ga|_ oogaa, ga|_ gg|ag
cag _g}a|aC @gg }j|aa|a Cooqaag |ajCj}g. aa}
_|ag g}jjaa agg| qggaCa Cooqaagj Cjgg }j|aa
@_gg|_aa|ga}a. (_g @o|a}a @_ag @a|o }j|aaaa
Caaao Cj_ja@ a_ g}jj qgaaa}a cajag
Coaoo|q|CqeQ.)@ggaaag _gg Cgaag|CjaCg g|ggq}a
_oo _q}a. _g}a|a Cgq@g}aa Caoo go @agqa _|gg
Cqgaa "Cga}a"q|o }j|aa jgg| gg|jja g a|aag.
j|aaa|o "gaogg Tal mud " ( ) cag _go og|a_ _g
gj|aaaa_ _a| j|}g| _qaaajj aaogg|ogaa }j|aa_aaaa
gaa|ggq qg. o|eggqoqgeg |ujeqsa caCg gg|jj|Q
_ag "gaogg" aaogg|o }j|aa|a Cooqaag oogag
cq|_ggg._ggaa _g gg_a}aa _@a|, ga j|}oaaag
g_ g} Cajg cag gq Coga}a, Caaa ga}gg gagq|a.
gg ggg|a jgg| gagajjaaa _q}a_ag
CCoaa||_gggaa@ _g g }qaag caa|g cee
@_ggga@C @jjq_ gqag qgga}a. @ggaaa _g}a|a
gaoaaaa @oC}@ag ggqa? _jjq gqaaogaa _Ca _g
g_a}a @_jja}aa? coCoa_gaa @ Cj}gg gg| @o|a
g_qg j}q| qo|ggaCaaeq_aa|ga}aC.@aao _aagag Caaaq|o
_g}a _g|a @oao. _g g_a}a g_q} @oao. @aCq,
g}j ga}o (Cg|aa ga}a jeaaaoj Cj} @ggaa.) qo|ggqgg
o|o _g }j|aaao ogg|aa @ _@jj|aa}a.j|}oaa @ggaa.
gag g} @agg@g}gaaa? _q} Coao@qagCooa gj|,
gjgga|oao. gg|}qag|Ca cag ogCgajjQa|Cga. caa Cog
_qa} j}o|ggao o}aa @_ag? @eaeQ aaoaa @_ggq_
_}ja|a gj|aaaaa _q} Caq|agaaga|ga}. _qjjaC
ga}ggq|Q Cjao|_aa|gg. _}ja|a qg|jaQ _qaa _q}
g|jjg|oao. _qgg gC} @agqa caCga_ jg| a_gag
gaaqgg aaa =}aa|ga}. _q} eaa, Cjao|a cag
ca_agg Cg}ggaa CqeQ. @ggg _g g_a}agaa g_ qg|
Coaoo CqeQ.Caaa ga}gg qe|a}a|a @gga Caa}aaa, g}j|o
qo|ggqgg _g g_a}a|a oajagj Cjao Co}ggg. _q}a,
Caaaqao|a gag gg|ggo Coaaa gqCqa_ gaqao }aaa
aqa|gga Caa}a. gag geCg} @Coaoaa ggg|aa}a.
@gg||o, gagaqj j}Coag|aa gag q|aaaaa _q} Caao
Coaoo| _}ja| Coaoo| _@jj|aa}a."@ggaa j}ao. @aqgaa
Caq|a. @ggg Coaa Caq|a cag cg|oao. @gg gag
Caq|a_ag _gg gag caa jg|o g_a|ga} cag CaQ qgg
Coao@a. _q} Coao@ jg|oa o}aaaqaa @_agaaao,
ogCgaggag @|ooao _q} @agg@g}gaa cag ga gjoa.
jg|oa o}|oao cagao, _q} j|ggoaaaa}}gaa cajg|o
ogCga|oao"" cag Coaaaa}a._g gg_a}a c_jj| _gg
gag q|aaaa_ag ogg|aa cgg _C}j|_ag q|a Cg}
g|a|oao. gag g_ _C}j|}. c_gjjqaag Cg}agq}.
a}g ja Caq_ _oo}. caCq _g g_a}a_ag QC
q|a Cg}gg _gg q|aaaa_ag _q} cjjq jg|o Coao@a|ga}
ja}aaoa cag jgjja}a gagq|a.gag|. ggg }jCja}} 18
gaq}, 2006



16 _j|oa| aaa gggaq|

g|oCooa }gg - ja. }aaqa

@g|aaogg|o gg ogagg|aa} q|Qg ga|C j|}ggCjaa @ag}a
a}? _q}a|a j|aae| caa? a|gag, Cgg g|aoCg je
Cog @_ coaoaa Cga je| a}? _q}g o|gjj caa?
@aa cajg caa?_g gg_a}a|a @gg gag q|aaaa_ag
gag gj| caa jg|o Coaaaa} cajg g_jg @_aaQ. @gga
Caq|a|o|_gg a_ag gaqg j}a|gga? CCoaaaj ja}ggao
ggo @_ q|aaaa_ Cqg Coagaao @Q g|}jjjjaq Cjaog
Cg}a|ggooqa? }gga g|ag|, CqgCa qjaga
CaajjgCjao!ea|o _g gg_a}a_ag qj Cgaaa
g|oao. _}gga Cja_gg| @gg q|aaaa_aaaa q|aaa
_q}a g|oo _g|qa}a. o}qg|ooaa gagag q|aa
Cg}gg|_aaaCgag _q}a gj|ggaa @g|o gaa|aaa aqa|aa
Cqeq q|q.Caa|o, ggo @_ q|aaaa_C o}gg|}
Cga}jaaaq. gag gj||a aaoaa a|.j|. ga @ggaeQag @g
o}gg|} q|aa cagao, @aCaq|a|a qag _a|ggj ja}aaoa.
@g|aaogg|o jag|aaao _g. _ggg gaaao jo @ggaeQa_ag
gaj ggg oag|aa aa| q|aaaa _aq. _jjg,
@_aaCq @_aa|gg @aa. @aagag qa} _g caa caa|g
q|aa, _ggaaa q|aCgQ gaa|_ @_aaCq
Coa|ga}a.@aCq, cjjq gag eaaa @agg@g}gaaa
cajg @aCaq|aa _q} cjjq cg|}Caaa|ga} cajg|o|_gg
Cg}ggq|Q cag gagq|a_ag gj|aaa Coaoo| _@jj|aqgga}a,
_g }j|aa.q|aaaaaj CjggaCaae gagq|a, CgC} gagq|
qgg _qgag gaaqgg, jg|o Coaooa Caa}aa}a.gag,
jqggq}oo}. _g o}gg|}? qajCj @oao. _gg @aa? @.
_q}, @agqaao Cg}gCgQaajj g_ a|g}. o}ao} a|g}. gg
_e}q|a _qoaqqo je Cog, @a|agg|a o|a}aaa
aeaggq}. gagq|a @a|a, gggq oa}gggoo.
g}aaa_aCaa, gg}aaa_aCaa _Ca @|oao. a}gg
jag||a |aaaa|gg g|ao|o o|ggqagggq}. ga, @agqaao
Cg}gCgQaajjq_ag g_ a_q| cajag _q} |agCg|qaa
e}gg|_gga}. gaaCaag cg aaag Cg}ag cajag Q
_q} |agCg|qaag Cg}ggaqgg|_ggggaa, ggq}a_ag _q_ag
q|gg|ao. g|j}o go @agqa gaaa|ag Cqg q}aa
_q} g gej}a_ag gg|aaaq e}o CogCaaeq_gga}. ga
jaaajjga CgaaaC _ggaa cajg|o _q_ag g_ aggg|
_ ogCgag @oao.@aCq, gga aqaajj q|aaaa_ag
gga q|a Coao@qgaao Coaoo|, qggq}aa
_@jj|aqgga}.q|j}g @Cagaa qggg. _Cgjjq _q} _ggaa
gg}qagaa, gga q|a g_qgaao Coaoo|q|gq? _q}
Coaoo|q|a} cajgaaCoC _ag|} g|j}o qgg Caq|gga_ag
q|aa c_g|aqggq|Qj Cjaq|Qqa}a caa?g_gaoo; @_
gaaoo. _Qgg jg|aagg gaa_ag g|j}o q}Cq|oao. Caq|
Ca gagq|a aaCaaqo o|}aa @}j|gga}a. |a
q_ggggga@, ga @agqa g_Cjag gaaaa aaq|aaa
cajg|o Q gagagg g}ag gj|aaa @_ggg._gg
gj|aaagaa g|j}ao _gag q}qagggg cag CoaooCqeQ.
_g aa q}q|oao. ggaC jg|o|jjgaa gag Coaaag gqg
cag aqggCaa_ q|ggg|o g} @agqoagagggaa ggo|o
aggCaaeQ qgga} g|j}o. ("cgg q|qgg|@ g|ooaa gaa _ag
gaaago CoCqa cag gag}; @aqa _ooa@ _ooa@ gaqaao
gaaago CoCqa cag gq}aa." - _o a@.j, 18 .
28,24)_gaj|gg _g }j|aa c_jj| gag q|aaaa_ag q|aa
Cq|qgga.ggoaqg, gg ogagg|aa} q|Qg ga|C j|}ggCjaa
@ag}a|a aag. gg| @o|aq|a j|}o|gg|Cjgg j}aea aaga_
gag @g._q}a "@Cjoo g|gg|a}a}a" cag
_agaajjq}a. a|.j|. gaga @ggaeao Co}ggq}a. _gga
aaogg|CoC _qgg gC} j}Cja_a qea|qgg _gg
@ag}a_ag, _q}ag ogagg|a}aCoC Cj_ j|}oaa eaag.
oaC o|ao qg|jaqo gga||_aa, @q}a Q gC} @agqa,
_qgg @agqa cag Coaoqagj Cjagaaag aa, _q}a_agj
jo oaaa q|aq|aag Cgaa|aa}a.@aCq, gg aaa
q|Q q|oa| _q}a g_ aoa gaaag Coag qo|aag
Cgaa|aa}a. (Cagg cggaaCj} cag Cg}q|oao.) _q}aa
_o@ajoa@.j (gaag Cgag}a cag _}gg) cag _agjja}a.
gaaagC Cjaaq}a, ga ggg ga @}j|gga}a.
(gaaag Coagq}aa @agqCa aagaag gqaCaaQgg gao
Coggaa g}@a ga|gg. @ga}. _o a@.j 18.11) aa} gg@g
q_ gaa! j|gg _q}ag aeq|g|jaj, _g|aa|o gga|a a|gg
aa|a q|g|jje}ag _qaaa aqgg g|agqa aag _g._g
}j|aa|a @}eaqg q|aa, a|gaaa Cgaa jeggao _gg
ag}aa}j jgg|g. _q}g Cj}, goa}aaa. (@oCoao@ag @}eQ
Caaja aq} cag Cja_.)_q}ag gagaqg Caq|,
@aa gg|gg. _}j Cag||o _@ cagao @aa. @aCaq|ag
gagaga a|agg jg|o. "_agjjgg| |ao Coagj gaaC
a_ag _|aajjq_aa|gg. @goao, _ga gjaa ga
_g|ggCaa gqag.""gag caa Coqa}? @agqoa
_jjqggaa qggg! @aCq, gag qgajj @agqoaaa
_jjqC _q} gagq|a| jg|oaaag Cg}q|ggq|a}.gag
gj||a jg|oaaa Ca _g }j|aa_agj Cj_gg g}oa
gjg. g|ooaa gagao jg|o Coaoo gqag cag _q}a
gj|aCaaeq_ggg g_ aa}e. _q} jg|o gggq|gao, _ago o}
caCga, o}|oao caCga g_ Coaoo|o Coaoo|q|gqagg
@}eaqg aa}e.gag g_ gj|gaa cag _q}a gjjaCaaeC
@aCqeQ. @|@ _jjq gjjaCaa _q}a a
og|aaq|oao. gagq|a_ag, }j|aa|a @gg @}eQCaaaga
j}q|oao. "gag g_ gj|gaa" cag }j|aa Coaoo|q|ao,
_q}a _ag gjjaCaag ga}aa @oao! _q}a qa}|o
gag g_ Cjao|. j|ggoaaaa}}. @gg ceegag agg|aCaa
_q}a ga}aa @oao.@aCq, }j|aa|a a_gag _g| C@
@}q aaao jgjjQ q|a}a.@gg gag Caq|a
CaajjQ, gag _qggagg goo|aa jg|oaa _|gg
ojqggao @}eQ gaa|aa q|aa gja. @ooa|}a|a
o}gg|}gg|o _gg @}eQ q|aa_C gg|jj|ggggg jg
qa|jjaq.ggoaqg, jag| gj|aaa, jag| _qgj|aaa Caaeq_gg
_C}j|}a jo}, gaag g_qgaa gj|, _q} aaq jaag|o
gaa agqgg gjjaCaaea}a. @gaq|aqaa, _C}j|}a jo}
goo| @aa}a. j|}oa}a|aao, a|g|ogq j}q|aCaaeq_gg _Cg
aaoagg|o, @gg g_ ojqggao, cqq|g j|}oa}g @ag| gaaaaCq
@ooa j}qg Cgaa|g. gagaqo ogg|aa _q_a Cjo
joCqg Cgoa|o|_gg _C}j|}a Caaaaq Cgaaa| q}g
Cgaa|g @ga j|gggaa.@}eaqg q|a, |a jagaaag.
gagq|a, goo|a g |aa aQaaa qagagaa aq|ggg
q| @}j|gga}a. g_q} goo| cag Cg}ggaCo aq aqggg
Cgaao }aa|g _ag _q}ag qagag coao
aggCjaag.@aCq, CaagoC@ g|aoa o}ag qa} goo|a
Cqg Cgo caaqg Cja qo|aaoa caCga_ Caoaa gag
gj|| gaaqaajjg. _jjq @ Cj}gg qo|jjggg gag
aqaaaq @, _j|oa|a. (@jj|}aaa aegg|o @_ag @aag
cgg|Cajj|a.)aee|aa aaa (_jCjaag _j|oa| aaa|a
Cj} gggaq|); g goo|eaa Cj@a|g Cgo cag Coaoo|,
gagCq g aaa _Ca _@jj|aqgga}._aagag
cgg|Cajj|a g_ a|g|ogq gaQ. gggaq| g_ a|g|ogq}ga.
@|@ gj|aaaa goo|a _Ca jgjjQj Cjaaa}a.
goo|a ggoggo|o @Cj}gg ojq _ggaa. Caaaaqg
gaeq @ooa Cq|C jgjjg _jCjaggaa.}ao|aaggaa
_q}a Caaaaqq|Qj jgjjQj Cjaaa}a caga@,
gagq|a_ag _q}a _j|oa|aq|o g|g|aa qo|jjg j|qaaq|oao.
@aCq, _j|oa| aa}a agg|o goo|aaj jgg| _ja
_g|q|jaj g_ q|agaa q|aggg, cjjqaqg _q}aa gaQ aggo
Cogq|CqeQCag q|_j|aa}a. @}eQ @gq}aa
_j|oa|aag _@jj|aa}a. (_ggg @gq}a_ g_qa Cj} _}
@ja _o @o. @aCaa_ @ga|a Cj} Cg}q|oao.)@ggg
@g}a|a je| caaCqa|o, cjjqaqg _j|oa| aaa}o ogg|gg,
Caaaq|o|_gg _ag|aaa qgg|_ag goo|aa gaQ aggo
Cogq|CqeQ cajg. gqggao _q}a_ag }e geaaC
a|aagjq Coqg. gagggjo gaQ aggoaqg _qo|._q}a_
gaa j}aj Cja_a_a aaa}o ogg|ggj Cjo|aa}a."aaa!
a Cgogg|o _aaao Cgq qgg|_aa|g o|oa} a_ag
_aa aaQa|Cga. _q}a gagaaag ga ggaga
aaq|Qq|a}a. a|g|ogq}aaa ag|ggaa a Cgoggag
qgg|_aa|ga}aa cagao _g|oao. Cga g_ jg| g. _q}ag
gq|a}a_ @ag gaoq}a_ @q}aag g|_jj| _@jjjq
CqeqaCaaeq_aa|ga}a. gg Coagg ggag q|Qgg, a
ggag gaag _q}aag gCog g|_jj| _@jj|q|Qa"" cag
@}j|gg, q|oga}aag ga Cgaaagag cQgg aqgga}a.aaa
gggaq| Cao|aa @}j|ggaa. "o}, _aggg qa_a _ggj jg|
gggq}aa" cag gg} CaaQggaa._j|oa| aaa|a _aq|o,
gaa a} cag, ga g caa, cggaag cajg gg|gg
_aagag goo|a cQggo Coaaa o|o q}a @aagag
@ooa|}a g|_jgg|_j g|aa_ g_ o|gga}.@ooagaga
gg|gg @|}a|} jggaa _|gga@ g}ag q|aaa|aaaa
_ggo o|o q}a |a _gaaaj j}aqggq|Qa|aga. _C}j| e
g_qg @ooa Cqg Cqaaaj j}q| Cq_ag|ga Cgaaa _ggo
o|g q|aa a}gaa.gag|. ggg }jCja}} 16 gaq}, 2006


17 }a aagg

g|oCooa }gg - ja. }aaqa

@|}aaeaaaa jaaa g}@a, jooa|}aaeaaaa jaaa
q_ @goa (gag gj||a qagaaa|o gaCjgg ojqa_
_q}g Cjagaaa_ _a| j|}g|a_ag @go cag Cj}. o|o}
@gg cag @gaa _agjja}a. g}@aa @gao CjaQa
ggjj|aCaaa ag. g} @a cajg @agqaao __jjg.
@go, gag gj||@ag.), cggaaCa q|aa @oa, @
@oa, @g} @oa, cg|}jj @oa, @ooagagj jgg|j
Cjajaqaa @_aa|aga. @aao, _j|oa|a caa|g cgg|Cajj|aq|a
aaa gggaq||a _aq|o, gaa a}, gag jg| g caa
cajg jgg|, _gg ggo gaogag goo|a o|o q}a|o
cQgga}ggaga aaq@ @ooagagg goo|aaj j}aqag
Coaga Cqg cg a|aag.c|aaa Coaga. _oaa}a
a|aag. Cgaaaa a|aag. e}ggag, e}ggjqC
Cq|jjQgg| _gg Cg}a|aaogaa _ggo Coaga @ggaa
@ggaeQa aggj|a@ gqg gqgqjja @_aa|aga. g_ o|g|
CoagCjag| Cjao _agg|_ag _gg q|aagag |aoo|o q}a|o
a_aa|aao a|aag oag @ggaa."gaa _g|aa|o @_gCga.
g_aagg qaggCga. o|aoaa agaa
qea|aCaaeq_gCga. |}gg|_jjga Cja_Q _aagg
_aa|}aa gaao CoCga. c|q}aa ca
aoajggagj jajQgg|aCaa g_Cjag ga|g|oao. ca
@agg|_gCg g_ @ga} @agqa Cg}gCgQgg _@jjqa} ca
qagaaa @qqagaaggaa @_ggg.ca @g} ca aeaag
g|ggga}. _qCa, @g| _ggCa _gg gC} @agqaa qeao
Coaoo| _q} caa _aggga}. Cjoo|o ogg|, qaaaaa
aajjaggqg|o gg|, gq|a_ag gej}a_ag a_agC gC}aa
@agaaag|_ggo, cgaCja_Q }gg o|gg _@g|aaag|_ggo
@a|qgag qgjggg|o Coaaaa}.Cjeaa g|aao Coaaaa}.
Cjaoao| Coaooao|_agjq CaQaCaaea}. Cga_aa, Cgaaj,
agq} @a|qgaga aajj|qaao Coaaaa}. @aqgaa ca @g}
ca_ag @q_ag aaa. @qgagggaa ca gaao Co}gg
jo} cg|}aa|ga}a. _aaao CgqC a gaQag
qgg|_aa|Cga. aajjaggq}aaa.""g} @a ca@ Cqg q|q}ag
qagaaa Cgg| cajg @ggaa. _ga _ggaa jaaa_C @qgg|a
q|} q|aaggaa.goo|a|a @ggg gaa|ao q|aagaga Ca
_j|oa| aaa gggaq|, _q}aa gaQ aggo Coaoo|a CaQqgg
Caaa ga}a gagq|g @gq}aag g|_jj| _@jj|q|aa. g_
jaqg _g|ag @q}aa cggaaa gaQ agg CqeQ? C}aj o}.
ga _j|oa|aq|CoC Coaa|aa @_ggCaaoa cag
Coaoo|q|aa._ggg @g}a _gga q|Qqga|oao. "@Cgooa o},
@q}a|a jg| ggg|a Cqg, a a|g|ogq g Cgaagqggga
aa}eaa @_gg @Caaqj jgg| caa Coaoa|gg cag Ca_a"
cag CqCga_ j|}oaaa c_jj|aa}a.g} @a|o @Caaq (=oa gj|
cag g} @a|o q_.) "@agqa|a _qa" ca@ Cja_|o
aqaaajjq_ag. @Caaq _qa cag _agjjq}a @q}a
cag Coaoo|aqg ga qgg aa}gag Cqgg|a}aa
g|agCqgg|aCaaj ja}gga}a, gagq|g @g}a.@. _ggg
gggaq| o|q|oao. @. @Ca @agqa|a _qagaa. @g|Coaa
ogCga cag Coaoo|q|aa.@aa@, _j|oa| aa_ag, g
aaa|a @ggj j}_}e o}eaag| CqCga_ ogCgagag c_jj|q|g.
cCa g aaCa g_ goo|aa|q|QqaCaa caa|g ogCga. @ga
q|aqaa, Cgo g_qg Cj_ j}j}jj qggg|a_ cgg
Cgaa|a. "@Caaq ga @agqa|a agga cagooqa
Coao@a|Cga? @agqa|a _qa cag _q}a Coaoqag ga
cjjq gjjaCaaoa?" cag aa j|}g|g|g|a, aaa|
oeaag qgga}a.ea|o gggaq| g_ ggoo|eaa qag|.
_q@ag goo|aa aga|g ceeCooa @oao. _jjq_ o|ggaa
_q@ag cgq|oao. @|@, _Qggq}a g e}a_ag
g|jj|ag Cj_ggaa|aa aaaaa @_ggggaa _aagagj
j|}oaaaa|q|g. g_Cqa gaqo Cj}gaaa aoq} gaqg
g|agoa cag _qa ogCgajjaa. cggg @_aaQ cag
_aaao Cgq qgg goo|aa ga gqoaa_a ga}aa
@_agjq CaQaCaa Cog|_aa|gaa.gooCqaaa _jjq_
q|j}g g|agq|oao. ga g_ eaaa a|g|ogqagaa; g ag
gCgoCooa @oao cag aa| cQggo Coaoo|, @Ca
"@agqa|a ga}}gaa" cajg|@ gag cggo ogCgag @oao cag
qaaggo _|gg, aaao oagaajjQgg|aaa. _gaj|a goo|a
_Ca Cga}gg qagqggg cggj j|}oaa @ooao
Cjaq|g.@aao, Caaa ga}gga gagq|g gaoq}a @agj Cj}
_qaaaaa a_g|aa}a. gaa _@jj| @gq}a, aa}gag
gqaaao g|_j|qggg|o _q}a_aga Caaj CjaggaCaaeQ
qggq|g. gaqg Cog, goo|a _ggaa Cja} Cqqj
jagggq|aogaa ga @gg|} g_ cag gj|aa}a.@aao, a}
gaoa|o gag g|}qg? Co@gg| _j Cjaoa gg| gqgao Coag
@oaaag gaag qooa ga|o a_ag eQ? gagq|a|aC
_jCjag Cooqaag gag|jj Cjgg gaoq} __g@o cajq}.
@aao qgaaq}. @gga aa}ggag @ }gg gaa CqeQ. aa}g
Cg}gCgQaaoa?__g@@agg ga _aa }a gaja qggg.
_ag _jCjag @_jgg|ag qg. g}Q cagao _jjq_ g}Q
ajaq Caae @ag}. |ag gq|}aa _q qg|jaa}. g_
ogg}jj a|aggao gagaq _q}g Cgag}aa g_ qg|
jee|q|aCaa cag jogaaaaa aagga a|ggq}.@aCq,
__g@o qa|oaaCq _jjq_ qajj qggCjag, |a a|goo|a
ggaCaaeQ g_ Cj} qaag @aa|aCaaeQ Ca
a|j|q|a}.}a Caaj, _qgg @agqaa gag
gaa|ggg|gaao Qoo. gC} Qj jgaqaaa @_gg Caaa
ga}a aa|aC @ag @_ j|}a Cgaag|q|ggg gaggaCa
aa}e caa|g e}oo|qjj ag|ao _q_ag @_gg|_aa|gg.
_gaao, gaaga Caaagq|ao cooa j|}oaaa_ag g}
a|aggq|Q cag gj|aa}. gq|} @ooa gag |ag gq|}aaj
j}q| }aaaq}aa @a@ aq}gg|_aaq|oaoC. _Caaag
@CaaagaaggaCa g ag|aCaaeq_aa|ga}a? gagaqa
Caaagq|ao g agqg g|agq|Q; ag|q}aa eQ
agg|q|oa.@qqag cee|jq gaagg Cgq @aC}aqgga
jgjjQj Cjaaa} }. Cjaa|g qg||o gg@ja_jg_ooa@
ca@ g_ goo| (@q} Cq|jjaaag gaaa goo| cag
_jCjag _g|q|ggaCaaeq_aaq|oao. |_agj jgg }ao|
goo|aaggaa @_gg|_aa|ga}.) a}g gQgg g|ggg|, "cCa @ggaa
@aC}aqaaa a|j|q|}a?" cag Caa}."caa? _gg
gaag gg|gga aQqggaaa"" cag Coaaa }, ga qaa
CgaQaaaqaa}.gggaga aqao qggq|g. caa Cog @gg
g}Q a}g gQgg g|gggqg? aa|o Caaao qa_a
CjaaCaaeq_aa|ga}. gag _q}g Cgag}a_ g|eae|o
_}gg Cjo|aCaaeq_jja}a. _q}a| @g g @_aaag.
ggaajjaaaaa g CogCaa gqag. @CaC @qa}g
gQaaaq|ao q|j}g gjjg gg| cag _go|q}, Cqg qg|C
@oao cag aeq}aa, "gagaqa Caaoqg @_aaQ; a
qqCoC goo|aa aqggaCaaeQ g gagaq Cgaaa|j
Cjaqagj ja}ggao a}aqg o|}aaaa}aa?"" cag Caa}.gg|a
Cgaaa _jCjag cjjqaqg gaaga aajjaggqgaa QC
@_ggg. ajjo|aa Cqg aa}aqg @gaa Cg}gga@ o}C ca@
gqq|o @_gga}. @aCq }a oCaag} _qg aeq_
goo|aa ag|q|a}a caa|g eaa (_agqa} _ag _gg
q|q Cg}ag.) ggoggoaa } Coaoo|q|a}._gaaCoaa?
ggo|o ca qQa aaaj j|Qa|q|Qj j|gg gag| Cjaa|Cga
cag Coaoo|q|Q } CgC} ga oCaag}|a qQag gg
Cgaa|aa}.g oCaag} jagg|aq|a q_Ca } CoagCjag
C aC}a gg|aCaaeq_ag g}o Cag. ogCgaC @oao. gg
o}aaggaa Coaoo||_aa|ga} cag Caaj gaoaCag|, _q|
qa_a agaq aggg g|ggg C jagga} }.a}a
aeg jagg|a, ga aqgg gg|aCaaeq_gg g} @a|a j|}g|ag
ga aag agaajja}gga}. _qg aeqCaa, gaa
q|Qq|Qjq agag Cgaa|aa}. @aao } q|q|oao. ga
oCaag}a _qgg }ggaaaj jQgg|q|Q, agga}a g jagga}.
@_q_ aqj j}ea}a. _qgga CaaeQ cgjja}gga}a.
aggaa}a Caaagq|Qqg cag Cqg|CaaeQ gaaa| _ag,
oCaag} aa jQ q|_ggg o|g|Cg ooa gjg.oCag
gaaggao g|ggg|q|Q, "ga aqgg gg|aCaaeq_ggaga
CaaeQqa_a. _jjq caagaa _g|o @_aa|gg cag ja}aa|Cga""
caga}.qagaaa|o o|o ogg}jja @jjqggaa |ggg }ogaqaa
cjjqCa _aggq|Qa|aga. gaagga jagg|a cQggqgg CaaQgg
g} @a|a _ggo o|o jgg|aa qao|ggj ja}gg } gag|ao
qaaa aCg Cjaa}. j|}|jj _oog CaaeQ _gqa} @ooag
aa| _aj CCoaa|q}aaa aea aoa| g|aga}."@Cgaa! @gg
qoaa @ggaa _gg o|gjj Caaeaqaa @_aa|aga! g|oo
a|g} _qaaa|gaa @_aagqag. cagao, @g @agqa|a
qoaaga cag Cgaaga|gg" cag Cjog Cgaa|q}, o|o
q|aaqa|o "gag g} @agg@g}gaa cajag gaa
gjjaCaaa|Cga. @Cga, @jCjaCg Cja _qa}o ogg|gg @gaa
}aao Coao@a|Cga" cag _og|aCaaeQ gg
Cgaa|q|a}.@ooagg|a o}gg|}gg|o }a @gg aagg, |a
gaa|aaCga_ g|_jj. @Cg }gaa gag gj|ao ogg|gg
gaeC goo|aa ag|q}. _ggaqa} }ao|aa QC Cga_g
qgg goo|a Cq|jjaaa Caaa ga}o a"_jaq|o
Cga_aa Coqggg qg| gjQgg|a CaaQgg, jagaaqoaa g|agq_
_qC}gaa. j|aaa|o _C}j| ee|a gaa|a}gg @}eaqg
ao.jaqaa gqgq _}ggq}. (ggoaqg ao.ja, __ja}. @q}
_jjg q_qa}.) }a @o|aaaogg|aCjaggaa _C}j|aag
Cq||@ @ooa Cqg Cqaaaj j}qg Cgaa|g. },
ao.jaqaa @_gg aaogg|o Cg_oCo ca|jg|a @g|aaggag
jq_ggg. g_ Cj_ jaCQjj|a @gg||o ca|jag _jCjag
@eQCaaeq_gg (a|g|ogq}aaa) ajoagg|}a caa|g @aggqa}
qggg|, Cg_oCogg|o aaCoQgg aqgga} }._jCjag Cg_oCogg|a
@}o j|qjjaa @_ggq}, ga}a oaq|a (_aao oaq|gaa!) gaC
agqgg } _|gg, @q_jq _agjj q|Qggg q|Caagaa
@oo}!

gag|. ggg }jCja}} 20 gaq}, 2006


18 gag Coaaag o}C

g|oCooa }gg - ja. }aaqa

o}gg|}_}qaa @ag gaga a|aag oaaga|ajq a|.j|. 619-
@eQ qa}|o @ooa _ggaa gag Cqaaaj j}q|q|q|oao.
_}j Cgoa joqgg|o gag gj||a Cooqaag j}q||_ggg;
_qa} _qgg|, @ooagg|o jo} @aeggCaaeq_gga}a cajg
eaC. @aa@ gg|jj|Qo Coao@ q|ggg|o g agga
g|aggggaao Coaoo|q|gqag. gag g_ gj|gaa cag gjq}a
@_gga@ @ooagg|o @aeCqa}a cee|aaa gagqaaCq
@_ggg._gg 619- q_ gagag gjg qgaag. _Cg
q_gg|o, _gjgg ggg qgaa _q}g ggo aaq| agga
aaoaaa}. oa|a ggo goo| Cjee|. jo _}jj Cjea
@ooagg|o @aeqggga aa}eaa q|a|q}. gagq|a
gq|a}a joC} @ooagag gjggg agga aggaa aa}eaa
@_gg }aaa gq|a Cog|_aa|ga}. _q}g }e gagag
Qoo; _aag Cgg||o @ooaggaCa aCj_ @gjj cajg|o
ogCga|oao.@aCaa_ }e, gaago o|g qg|o|_gCg @aa|
q}gg _q}g Cj}jja __gao|jj|@ag. gagq|_ag
gagag jaa ggg|q|ao @_aa gao gaqg Cogqa
cag @gagqa} ggo| Cogja}gg g_ goo @ga _q}. _q_
_Cg q_ @ggg Cjaaa}.@aa@ g}gg|o gqeQCja _}a|g
_ag gagag _jCjag _qaao @_aaq|oao. Cqggaa
Caaaq|o _q} qo|ggaCaaeq_aa gqag _ag cg|}jja}a|a
qagag gqqaaaa |gggCaaeq_gga. gaqg g_ gqag qgg
caaqg @ ag|aaogaa o}jjQ cag jo} Cga}gg a_ggag|
qgga}a. @aao gag g_Cjag gaaa g_ gqaq cQggo
CoojQgg|g|oao. cggaa aaoaaa@ ojggjj q|qgg|o
@agaaa cag gag _q_ag qgg Co}agqa} @|
_aoaa}. @aCq, aao aa|qggaaaa aagg|_gga}.aa|ggaa
Cogg. @ agqggaoo. @aCaa_ q|qggag. _gg g_
ojqgaa @aagag jaoogagg _C}j|}aao g|ao} g|aaggj
ja}aajjQa|gg. g|aagg g|aagg a aaaao Coa|gg. Coagg e.
_g ja|g e. _CaC _ag|aaag gaa qag Cg}gg|_jjga
_qogag cee| cee| aggag gao Cog|_aa|gg.Coaggo
Coaaa|aa@ @ooagg|a cg|}a gg|gg aqaoaa@ Caago
gqeq_gg gag, _aagag @} Cga_aaaaaa Caaa ga}a
gg||@ a"_jaagj Cjaaa}. Cga_gq|Q, aajj|o _CaC
g} g}aao oagg, ae _}gga}.cjCjag q|g|jj g|ao|CoC
_qa} gaq q_ g|j}o _ag gag Cgaa|Cjag qgg, gq
c_jj|aa}. g|Qaa|Q c_gg _}gg gagq|a aaaaj jgg|
c_jj|aa}. _gaj|a gggqgag gagCq q_e|gg|_aa|ga}."..._q}
ca aaaaj j|qgg cCaa _aggga}. Cq gaag Cgaa|Caa.
j|qaoo|a Cq|C gaa qgg Co}ggCjag _Ca Cqa
CqC} caCga_ |_a g|agCaaeq_ggg. ja}ggao a_ag
Cjao|_ggg. CaaCqg a_ag Cjao Cg}ggg. @aao @}eQ|oao.
@}eQag @ajj Cgagg Caae Cga g_ |_a.
(@|_agag gag gj| "j}aa" cag gg|jj|q_aa|ga}.)
_|_aggag @_jgg _aag Cj} o|gga @_gga. aaoa_
o|ggaaj CjaoCq _aoggCaaeq_gga. cggaa Cj} |_a _g!
_|_a cQgg aqag gqCqa_ aaoq aee|a ja}aqg
Cgaao g|a}gggaa @_ggg..."g|j}o qg|aa, gag _|_agg|a
g g| _}gga}. j|aaaCoC g|j}@ g|aCaaea}. Ca _gg
|_a ga j|_aeaa o|ggaa _aoggjq qaa|o }gg
jgaag Cgaa|g. g|aa ga}a CCo _g jggg, q g|ao|o
Cg_oCogago Coagagggaa gag gg|jj|Qa|ga}.@ggaa.
@Cagaa @}j. @j}a@| caa|g @j|}@a gj| qaggg _|. goa
caa|g Caooag Cga}a __jj _|. =oa caa|g @Caag
ajj| qgajj _|. gagag ggag @agg@g}a jo_a
ojggjj Cg_oCo e. @agqa|a q|_jjjj|}Cgo. _Cagaa
g|j}o, gagaq _agggqgga}.gag gj| Cg_oCoggag qggg,
@ooagg|a o}gg|}gg|o |a, |a, |a gaa|aaCga_ ojq. _ggj
jegg|aCjag ggag gj|a}a _aaq_ gagaq _Ca
ogg|gggaa _aagg gj|a}a_ Co}gg Cga_aa g|aggg|gaa,
Cga_aaagj j|a q|_ggegaa (@qq|_gg|o, g|}aao }o
_a| jagg|} g_jgg jao g|}j| jagg|} g_jgg
aqaajjq_gga. gag, g|}aao }ogagg Cgaao, jao
a|eegag QC cQggaCaaea}. @gaaCoC @oa}aa
goo|a @ag gq_ggqg g q|C}ago Coo caja}a.)
_gaj|a gagaq g|j}o qa@oaggag _agggo Coaggaa
@ooa Cg}q|aa|gg._ggg ga, @o|ao, @Ca Cjaag gj|a}a_ag
@agjCjao qa@oa agg|a} o|gg|gg|_aa|gg. gagag qa@oa|o
g} @ogag }gg|aq|o Cgqaj CjC}a||a g}oa a|qgaao
CoaoojjQa|gg.@ggo ogg}jjgg|ogaa gagag @ooagg|a
j|}aea gg|gg jo gaa| qoaa __jjq_aa|aga.
goo|a g|ao} gjg Cqa CgagCqeQ caa|g @ag gg}
@ggo ogg}jjgg|o qgajjggaa. (@aao "gjg Cqa Cga_qg
cajg |a o|}. @aga gaggga Ca_a" cag goa gj||a
@Coaoaa|aCj}o g|_jgg|_j @agqa| gagggaCaaa
Caa} @gg||o ggg Cqag Cga_aaa g|}jjggaa aqgga} cajg
@ooa|} gj|aaa.)g|j}o _agggo Coag qa@oa aeQ jq|ag
e gag, CgC} qgg @ga| @g Cg_oCogaa. _gga
a_agag CaaCqg a_agag @ajj |_aaa j}aa, _qa}
g_ gag|ag CaaeQqgg @gaa|q|g.@aagag Cg_oCo
cagCaC gag g|aaag q_ Dome of t he Rock @gga gag|a
oo||ogaa _agg|_aa|gg. gag gj|, q|e@oa Coag g|_j|
qgg @ga| @gg|o, _oojqgg|a g|aaqaa _aaajj g_
qg|jaQggo. Cg_oCo ga}a cgg @gg|o|_gg ja}gga@ @gg
qg|jaQggo CgajQ. _jjq_ _ajj Cg}gg| Caaeg. @gga
gaga Caaj}g @gCaaQ @aegg _o _aoa caa|g gg|gaa
jaooga goo|a|a gC} Coagg. @gg @_ goaa @aegg
_q}a ajggo gaggo cag _agjja}a.@aao jaooga cag
gg|jj|QCjaCgooa _aaggag Dome of t he Rock jgag QC
Cga}gg aa Cq||Q q_qg (Caa|o _agj
jCQjjggaa aoj! gaga Caaj}gag aCg gg|a
@aeggj jCQjjg |a o|}aaCga_ aa}.) qgaaaa|q|g.
@aCq, Dome of t he Rock gaa goo|a|@ag; _o _aoa gg|
@_ag|, gaaa|o @qaajj _g Cgqao cag _g}a g|
q_a|ga}a.@oC}o jaooga j|}oaa|a @e|Cq} @ggaa. Caa|o
@_gg @ @qaajjQ gg|a ajjg oCag jo
@a|o joCqg aaoaa|o gaCjgg ojqgaa. jaooga
_o _aoa gg| q|qgg|o _jjqggaa gggga cajggaa @Ca
j|}oaa. |a q|}qaa q|aaaa @}aoo|_}qaa
_@aCqeq @gg q|qgagj j|aaao ja}aaj Cjaa|Cga. @jCjag
gag gj| g|_j| qgg aaga g|ag Cogq|oa.Cg_oCo
gag|ag qgg @ga| @ajjag|j|gg, gagaq eQ
CaaaaCa CaaeQqgg a|j| @gg|CoC @gaa|q|Qj
Cjaq|a} g|j}o.Caaaq|o|_gg Cg_oCoggagj je
CgCaaeQ, _a|_gg qa@oa Coag, g|_j Cg_oCo qgg,
_a|_gg Caaaq|@ a"_jaaq _q} _aggCjag @a@
Cja_g q|qgg|_aaq|oao.q|qggg jgjjQg ga gagq| oCaag}
g_q}a qQago Coag gag ggag @} gaag gggag,
_jjqC q} q|ao _q} Coaaaa}. @ggo ojqgag gaa
aa| gjCjaa|Cga cag Coaaaa}.oaga}e a|g}a gjaq
q|qa @g! _aagag Caaaq|o|_gg jgjjQ Cg_oCo
CooqCgagao gagggjo g_ag aao @g. aaogCga_aaa
Caaaq|o gqggq|Q @}g Cga_aaa Cg_oCogg|o g|aggg|q|Qg
g|_j|gaa gag Coaaaao a} gjqa}a?@aao gag @agj
jgg|Cooa o|gg|aa|gq} _oo}. gag Cg}ggag qa}gag aggao
_jjqCgaa Coaaaa}. _q}g gagq| oCaag} _ag gj|aa}a
cag Cg}q|oao. @aao gagq|a aaCaaq gaaaa Cao|
Cjo @g g_ goo aa}eaa|j Cjaq|g. gagaq g_
ajgg|aaa}} caCg _q}a g|qaa gqaq, C}g
j|}oa} Co @}j|gga}a. (@aao g} @oo} @g|o eQ.
jgag q|oa|a Cgg|g gaa Coag g|_j| qg||o, aCg oaao
a}aaaaj je CogCaaeq_gg ag}a}a, q}ggaa g_q|a}
gg|gg _q}a _jCjag cCa @_gga}a, cggaa Cgaao,
_q}a Caaaaq qgg _a cggaa aaoag Cjaag
q|q}aaCooa goo|aag Cg}q|gg|_aa|ga} gag. ojggjj
q}ggaa g_q|a}a gg|gg _q} Coaaa _aaaa _q}a
g|_j| qggg gjj|Qj ja}gg, gag Coaaa _aagg q|q}a_
o}C cag aeQ q|gg|_aa|ga}a.)@ggo ojqggagj j|a gag
Caaaq|o Cga}gg qo|jjg |ajCj} j|}oaaaa|j Cjaag.
g|ooaaa gagq|a goo|aa g|g|aa qagq|aa}a cajg
Cg}ggq|g. gg|jjaa, gag|a |_aCa @jgg Cg}oa cag
_q}g Cgag}a jo} Cga}gg coo}gg qgg|_aa|ga}a.a|.j|. 622o
_g gggg. gag Caaaq|o|_gg g}jag @ Cj}oa cag
g}aa|gga}. g}j cajggaa _}jj Cj}. @aao g|aa cag
Coaaaaogaa Cjagq|o j}.g|aa cajg @j_ Cag|jCj}.
_aagag _Ca _g|a CjojjQaCaaeq_gg Cag| _ggaa.
Caa|o g|aaq|o _jCjag _C}j|}aaa aaq@ _g}aga
_g|a qo|ggqgga}a._C}j|}aaa gagq|a|a Cgaoao|o|_gg
gjj|aa _g}a g|aggg g|aa ga_ag gag @ Cj} Cg}ggg
g_ o}gg|} q|Caaggaa. @aao _Qgg o|o q_a|o gQCagg
gg| @o|aaq @ooa caa|g g_ ga|aag CaaeQq_qggg
_Ca ga||_gg aaogg|o _q} ag| q|ggagaa @ga}a
aa}eaa @_gg|_aa|aga.

gag|. ggg }jCja}} 28 gaq}, 2006



19 _g}a_a gjjgg

g|oCooa }gg - ja. }aaqa

g|aa caa|g g}j ga}o _C}j|}a_, _q}aaa aaq@
Caago _g|a _ _g}a_ qo|ggqgga}a. @g|o, _C}j|}a
cajq}a Cj_ja@ @g|qao|a. _g|a jqggq}aCa,
jeaaa}}aCa _oo}. Caaa ga}a gagq|aaj Cjaoooao,
gagaq g} @agg@g}aa gjg|o _q}a_agj Cj} _q|o
cggj j|}oaa @oao. aa}e, gagaq _q}a ga|o
g_q}aaj ja}aa gqggggaa. _q}aaj CjaoCq gag
jqjjg|q|ooagq}. _q}aaj CjaoCq c|aaa qagaaa gaga
CgCaajq}. _q}aaj CjaoCq aa| j} Caaeq}.
_q}aaj CjaoCq jaoaaggq}. @aao _q} g|}aa|g gqCqa_
Coaoo|@ Cq|jj __ggg g}aag g}aag}oag
g|aaqao|a_agj j}qogQjaqaa @_gga. ja}}gaa; @aao
@gag @agqa _ggaa g_qa}ggaa ga@a @g}aag
Cg}gCgQgg|_aa|gaa cag __gggg|_ggaa e}gg q|ggg|o
@_gga, _q_a Cjoa CoojaQa_.@g @g @eQaaa
qg|aa g_ gqa|ooao, aaQo Coqa Cjao j|ggg, qaggg
qggCaaeq_gg _C}j|}a|a qagag g} _}gg Co}jjggaaaCq
@agqa gaagj jagg _@jj|aqggaa cag gj|aa}a
g|aaqao|a. @gaaCoC, gj gqag _ag gag|a
@g}qa}a_ @ooagg|o @aeCqa_ _Ca Cj_ag
Cgaa|aa}a. _qgg gC} j}Cja_|a Cj_aaaggaa
gag Cjo|aa}. goo|aaa ag| _C}j|}a gg @aag_j
jaaaa gaa|Qg ga_ag _qggaCaaeQ oaaao, gggaaa
@_gg Cjag cg|}aaa _q qg|jaa}aaj jejQgg ggo|
Cojq gag Cga}gg qo|ggg| q}g Cgaa|aa}.@qq|qgg|o
_aag g|aa ga}gg _g}aa _@o}gg gggCaaCqeqga
_qo|gag _q} e}gCg @_gga}. @ggaaa aa}ea |a
gjaaaq. _g}a_ _qgg gC} j}Cja_a qegjq}a
cajg ggo aa}e. gq|} _q}a|o jqggq}a _g|a. _ajj
}g||o q@qaaa aa@ag| _q}ag gg_a}a|a oaja,
gqCqQjjg|@ CoojQggqg|@ g} g_aa Cg}gg|a
aajj|qggqgga. _q qg|jaa}a_ag cg|}aa oaa
@ooagag gaa|gggaa|o, _g}a|a gggagjj |a _qo|aag
caCg gag _jCjag a_g|aa}. @}eQ oCaag} ga cajag
gaaqgg, @_ ggg|a_ oCaag}ggqgga jgaCqeqga
_qo|gag _q} cQggo Coaaaa}. _jjqo Co @@aaao, Cjag
cg|}ao ogg|aa qo|a a|Q. g_ gg cag q_aaao }a@q
jo _g|a}ag. _C}j| goo|a|a o q@ _g}a|a
jgg|a}a @aeaaao Cqgg|agj j|}oaa @}ag. Cqg Cqg
gj|aaaa, Cqg Cqg qagaaa gagaaa Caaeq}aC caga@
_qgg gC} @agg gggqgg|a _qjja|o @_ ga_
g_a|aegg CoojQqg Cj} aa}oo caCg gag
a_g|aa}._g}aao ggo|o gaag g_aaa ga gqq|oao. g}
@agg@g}, aaaaaaa| _C}j|}a|aC g|gg|_aa|ga} cajag
_q}ag a gjjaCaa gggg. _Cg o, _qgg gC}
@agqa caa|g a_ggaaagag gag Cga}gg qo|ggg| qggg,
_qa} gj|ggaa @aCqeQ caa|g ceegag gjQgg|g.
Caa|o, _C}j|}a|aC Cqg a_ag _jjqo o|gg|aaag
Cgaagag.ga aa}ea_aaaa @ooaq|a@, ogaj jagaajj,
_}o|o}g||oaa jo Cjaag aa}ea_aaaqg goo|a_a
@aegg Coojoa cag _gg_a}a|a oaj _jCjag
g}aa|ggg. Caa|o, gagaqj j|ajggCqa} cee|aaa
ga_agga gjgqag _ag _jCjag Cj_a|aCaaeq_ggg.
Cg_oCogg|o|_gg jgjj gaaa, _ag|aCjao qagggCaaeq_gg
_g}a_ag _ggaa jagaajj _qo| cag jg. _q}a| g}
g_aaa g g|}qaa _ajj @_ggCg gq|}, g_aaa }a@q
a|aag. g_ ga}ag cag q_aaao cg|}gg g|ga @jo
Cjagag.@aao gagq|a @}aga}a oq@ ajog
g_Ca Cjggq}aaa @_gga}a. eq|Qg
CgaggCg}ggq}aaa qaCgg| gg j}aqq}aaa _q}a
@_gga}a. gag g_ Coao Coaaaao |a}gg} o|ggaa
@_gga}a. _ggaaq}a_a go@g Caaqg _ggo gga|o
C@ qao @_aa gq|aa @_ag cag aeagj Cjag _g
gg_a}a|a oaj.@gga aa}eaa |a aqaaaj ja}aaCqeQ.
gag, _g}a|a Cgaga gaa| cag a_g|ggg ga
aa}eagaa eQ. _g}a, @ooa|}a|a Cgagaa
q|_j|aag }a@qa aa}eaC j|}gaa. gag|a j|}oaa,
_qgj|aaaa}a ojggjjg. _g}a|a j|}oaa, Coagg
qagaaa Cga}jaag. @}eQ Cqg Cqg coaoa|o g|ga|g
j|}oaaa. @|@ g_ Cg}Caaqo qgg @aeCqeq
aaoaaa _jCjag gjg.g} ajaQ CogCaaea}a. @_
g}jj|a_ j}oj} Cqeq gq|a CogCaaCqeqg. a_ag
cggj j|}oaa caga@ Ca Cja gqCqeqg gaa|. Caaa
ga}a gagq|aao g|aa goo|a_agj j|}oaa q_aaao
_g _g}a gggg|o aoggCaaeQ goo|a_ag @g}qaa
@_aaCqeQ. _CgCjao, g|aaqag _g}a_ag a}ao cggj j|}oaa
qgga@ gag|a ja gqj Cjag.gjqg Caago o|}gaa.
g|aaag qgg @}eC @eQa|o gag _Ca g_
oaa}q}gg|Cjaoa a_gjja}. _q}g Coao@ag agaa g} cg|}ag}o
_Ca c_ggq| gqag. g|aaq|o @_gg _C}j|}a oga
g_qag gg _aja@ aa||aa Cjooa@ aq}gg|_gg gag,
g} @a|a qoaaa gg| gg|a aaq, _q}a|a aaaj jej
aqgga}. cgg g_ a|gjj|gq| gg|jjaa _}ja aq|g}a @ggaa
_}gg Cjag|gg, @a| q}aaa agjaa|o ga}ggq|gqag cag
cee| _C}j| @g|qao|a, g|ooaa gag g} @agg@g}gaa
cag ja}gg agg|}gg|o gj|, _qje|gga}a. gaCg ga aa}
cag a_g @}j|gga}a.ogCga|ooao _q} g_ aa}gaa.
@aao gj gqag _ag c|aaa aajj|qgg aa}. _ag
ggagjjgaa, g_aaogg|o j|eaa _aa CogCaaeq_gg
g}gag q|aoag qaa|, _Ca g_ gqao aqaCaaeQ
qagggCaaeq_gga} gag. jaagg|CoC =oo gaoa CqggCga_
j|qaoao gaC aqaCaaea}. goo|a Cg_oCogag
Cgaaa|g CgagCqeQ cajggaa @}ja aaogg|o gag qa|oaa
Cq|qgg @aga aaaa @_ggg. (j|aaaogaa Caaa @_ag
g|ao Cgaaa|g Cga_aa gggjq aa aggjjg.)c|aaa,
jaoaa|ooag qagaaa, ga|qagq|@ Cjagqagq|@ Cg}aaa
aajj|qaao Coaaag, oCaag}ggq Cjagaaa Cjaagaq,
Caq|agg gagaq ggjqo Coga. _g}a_aga , gag
g @g}qa}aa Cg_oCo Cgaaa|g CgagoCoaoo||_ggg |ggg
ogCgaq|ggg. _g gg @ooag joCqg qaa|o gaga gag
Cga}j CaaeggaCaa cag _q}a gj @}j|gga}a.
goo|a _gj Cjeaag g|_e CogCaaoa cag
_jCjag gag g||_gggaaj jo _g o}gg|} @qa}a
c_ga|ga}a. g|_e ga _}o|o gaq q@jjQgg cag @_
g}jj|a_C a_g||_aaoa._Cg o, @ggo o}gg|} @o|}}a o|o
agjaaaa _aaa Cog|a CjaoCq Cq||Qq|Qqag
CoaooCqeQ. ga}eaa, a}qa a|oj} caa|g jagCjgg _g
o}gg|} @qa}, "_g}a gaaa _q}ag @gg| @agg@g} cag
g_aaa ggaCaaeQq|Qa|g jogg|o, gag gaC g_ _g}aa
ag|q| ga}aa @_gga}" cag Coaoa|ga}. @ggg _g}a
og|aaaggaogaa @_ g}jja}aC g gg|Cqeqgaag cag
c_ga|ga}.g} @a|Coa, gag|a qagaq Cjagaaaa
Coao@ @goa|Coa, gag|a a|_ggq}a aqggq|Qj Cjaa
g|aaagg|jja cg gag|Coa _oog agg gggq} a_a
gg|jja|@Ca @ag|}aaCga_ _g|}oo|g}ggaa q|q
aaejjq|oao. @}eQ q_aaoggag Coaa |ggg go@ga
q}ggqgg goo| - _g oCaag}ggq g|aaq|o @ggjCjaag
Cgaa|ggg eaaa aa}ea Cqg. ggoaqg, CaaQgg
qaagjjq _q}a goo|a_ag } Cg}gg|o gq|a Coqg|o
gaa aaqaa}a. goo|a Q gagj jagaajj|aa CqeQ
cag cg|}ja}gga}a. @}eaqg aa}e, goo|a|a gggagjj
CqeQ; @aao gaag g_ agga @agg@g}aa gjjaCaa
@oag cag _q}a q|ajj|qaa g|agg. @ag cgg goo|g
g|oo gjjaCaa aa}. "ga @agqaa caa
jg|ggao, oa|ggaCaaCqa. gag g} @agg@g} cag
gjjaCaaagjogg|o cqq|g g gag @_aa gqag" cag
Coaoo|q|a}a.gagaqg |a gaa|aagaa aa}e, @Ca
Cogagj CjaoCq gag _g}a g ggg|a @g|
gj|aaaa_agj jgjaa jg| gjjgaa qgaaaa
CgCaaeag g_a}a_aaaa @}agaaa Cj_gqag
q|}oa Cog Cgaa|aa}. gC} @agqa. _qaaggq|}
qg|jaQag}q}a Cqg a_|oao cajggaa @j|}@a caa|g
@j}a@||a qg|gCgaagoa CgCaaCqeq gg|. @ggg agaa
_g}a gggCaag Cgaa|Cjag, _q}ag ggaga gag
gaao q|}o|ggg, _g}a_agj j|qaaq|oao.@gga aa}eaaogaa
_g}a goo|a|aC ggo ggo|o j| eaag. a|.j|. 624-
q_ gag gg aa| @a| Caaaaq Cgaaa|g Cga_a
cag Coaaaa}. _ggaqa} Cg_oCo Cgaaa|g Cga_gCaaeq_gg
goo|a _jCjag|o|_gg Caaaaq Cgaaa|g Cgag
@}j|gga}a.@}eQ Cqg Cqg g|aoa. cg|C}g|C}gaa @_aa
gq.gag|. ggg }jCja}} 27 gaq}, 2006



20 @ooa qagaa|o j}q|ga?

"j|}oa}a}a|a oa}gg|ggao a|g|ogq j}q|g; qagaa
|}o|aao @ooa j}q|g" cag g_ a_gg oCag j}qoaao
CoaoojjQ q_qg. @ag Cgggoo, @ooa j}qg Cgaa|
gaaaCq @aa_gg g_ gggooaaa aqaajjQ qgg|_aa|gg.

a|g|ogq cjjqj j}q|g cajag @gaa _oaqggg @g @oo.
@aao, @ooa j}q| q|ggagg Cg}ggCaa Cqeqg
_qo|aag.gag gj| j|ggg o_g| _C}j|aq|Coa, cooa
gj|a}a_ag agg @aa jaooga|Coa Q @ooa gg|gg
j|}oa} CgCaajjQ, _Ca Q _a}aa Cooqaagj
Cjgg|_agaaao @ggaaCga_ q|q jgg|j CjoCqeq _qo|C
Cg}gg|_aaag. agaa, gQCagg gg| @o|aq|@ |aagga|
aaogg|o Cooqaagj Cjgg, gag gj||a agagj j|a |aoo|o
@eQa|CoC gC}ajjaag a|gaaao|aag j}q|, oa|a
@}eaqg Cj} gaa @ooa aa@ag| g|ga gqgg|_aa|gCgagao,
_g cqqag j}q|g cajagg Cg}ggCaaqg |a _qo|aag.

@ag @}aqggg ggo gaaa @_jjg, "_g _oagggoao
j}jjjj g" caa|g ga _j|jj|}a, _oog ga gq _oog
ga g}aa. @gg ga g}aa _oog ga _j|jj|}agag
@ooagaga aaq@ Cqaaaj j}jj| Cq_ago Cogq}a Cgagg|
o}gg|} @o|}}a. Cj_ja@ _g}a. o|gjaaa a|g|ogq o}gg|}
@qa}a.

|a _gjaaCga_ ga}egag Q ja}aaoa. gag gj||a
aaogg|o @ooagag gaa|Q Cagg aa} c_jgaggg _oog
cejg gga g|agggjjgaa _aagg Cgagg| o}gg|}
@qa}a_ Coaoa|ga}a. _ggaa gga|@ }gg @g
Cj_a|Cgag gga aag|aa qagaa|o |}q @ooagg|o
@aegggaa }aaa ojqaa @ggo o}gg|} @qa}a
jqo|Qa|ga}a.

ea|o gag gj||a aaogg|o gaCjgg ggaaa
@ga}a_a a|ajjg Cagg gaggaa. jg_, a@g, @aaa
caa|g gag @a|o goo|a Cg}qaa gggg|o
=Qjq_aa|ga}a. @ooa gg|gg _ooao, gag gj||a qagaaa
gg|gg @}aoo| Cog|_ag Cgagg| @qa}a|a @oa|o @gg
gga jgg| gg|jja @_aa|aga. ea|o cejg gga
_q} aaogg|o ggg|_agaaao, @gg qagaaa q}oaggao|}}a
_qgag _qo| jg| Cog|_jja}a. agaa, CgCoaaa gag
gga jgg| QC _q}a Cjaa|ga}a.

@agaCaaeC, @ooagag gaa|Q gag gj||a aaogg|o
g|agggjj gga gaggaa caa|g gqag q}Cqeqgaa|gg.

gag gj| Caaaq|o|_gg g|aaag @ Cj}gg Coagg
a|.j|.622- @eQ. jggaeQaC _q} g|aaq|o @_gga}. a|.j|. 680-
o Caaaaq Cqgg| Caaeggg @}eaeQa ag|gga
aaoaa|q|a}. (a|.j|.682) @gga aeaa|o ja}ggao, @eQag cQ
gga qg ggg|_ggaogaa cejg gga oagg|.
_C}j|aq|o _oo; oa|o Cqg cgC _ggaa gga g_
Co} ggggaao o}gg|}|oao.

@a, gag gj||a aaogg|o gga|a go @ooa
j}jjjjq|oao caa|g gqaCa q}Cqeqgaa|gg. @ga}a_a
gag gga gC} g|agg|o @}j|gg, ggg,
gqggaqaaCq @_aa|aga. _gaqg, g_ga aoq}.

gagag gg @agg@g}a_ag |ajCj} q|gg|ao
caaCqa|o, gag g_q}gaa @agg@g}aa @o|a}aa
@_gg|_aa|ga}. gjj|}oa} QC _q}g je|aa @_aaq|oao.
agaa, _q} Caaaq|o|_gg g|aaag @Cj}gg gaaa
gQCagg @ooa|}aa aqaaaag g_ Cj} @aggaoq}aaj
CjagjCjga Cg}ggg. |aa gga| aaogg|o g|aaqag _C}j|}a
_ggaaCj_C @ooagag ggaCaaeQq|jqao, g|aaq|a
gqgag aa}aaCq _q} @a|jCjaaa}.

@aCq, goo|a_ag cg|}aa gagq|a|a gg cajg
aaojCjaaa|o g|aa aa_ag cg|}aa Caaaqao|a|a gg cag
@a|q|g. g|aaaqg gaeq @ooa j}qg Cgaa|Cjag,
cCaooa goo|a _jagago ogg|aa Cg}Qa|gCga, _Caooag
j|}oaaag g}aaCqeq Cjagjj gag gj|ao Co}ggg.
aaaao| q|aaq qa} _q} ggaag gq|}jjggaaa
ggo|aaC CgCaaeq_jjgaao o}gg|} aqaaaQa|gg.
gq|}aaCq gqag gag ogg}jja|ogaa gag, ggggaaaa
gg} _|gg|_aa|ga}.

_gg gag gga_, jg_ gg |a gaa|aag. @gg
gggg|o jgCjgg goo|a Cagg 818 Cj}. cg|}aaa @_gg
gagq|a|a ja|o @|}ggag Cgj q}}a @_gga}a.
goo|a|ag qo|gg g|e|aajj @gg gggg|o _q}a Cjgg
Cqgg|, q|jjag}g. (ggo|o jaCQgg qggq}a gagq|}ga.)
@|}aaeaaaa gagq| q}}aa cjjq Cqg gg@g goo| q}}a
Cqaga}a caa|g Caq|ag _g|q|o_}qaa jg|o g a|aag.
@aa@ Cg|gga}a. @gg gggg|o _agg Cgaoq|agj jg|g}ag
q|gaa gagq|a CgaQgg _Qgg gggaa a@g gg. (_gaqg,
a@g caa|g @gg|o ggg gg.) gag g} @agg@gC}
@aa@, @g qo| qgg ggC @aa@ @ggj Cja}o goo|a
Cgaoq|aC ogg|aa Cg}ggg. @gg gggg|o gag gj|C qaCgg|,
aoggCaaeq_jjgaag Cg}a|gg. _jjq goo|a @g|o Cgaoq|C
_agga}a.

gagaqg ggaa @aaa Cja_aga gagq|a aa}eoo. Caaa
ga}a gagq| @aggq}a Cgajjaaa|aaa @qao|a caa|g
@aCaa_ _}j @aggq}aC @ggj Cja}a ggg|}ga}a. gg|jjaa
ao|a @j@ _q.j _aoa} caa|g _gg @aggaoq}.

jg_ Cja}o gagq|aa goo|a Cqgg| Caaeg|o|_gCg _q_ag
g_ jggg @_ggg. gag jaaa|a caga@, gagq|a Cj}
q}}a. _q}aaC Cja}o Cqgg| Caaeq}a cagao,
goo|aao oaga}eaa cee|q|gqag. gaaag @gg goo|a
ga gaaa|aao caaaqg caa|g gq|} ga gaaa|}ag e}a
gaaaCq qo|gg g @aggqa}g g|}q, Cgagaaa j|g
oag||aa} a @aeggaCaaeQ goo|a_a gg Coa
a|j|aa} ao|a @j@ _q.j _aoa}.

g_ g_ ga ggg @gg gggg|o goo|a_ag Cqgg| a|aggg.@gg
gag ggagaa gag gj| |_a @_gg aaogg|o goo|a
aoggCaae gga. @aq gq|} aq}a gg, _jqa gg, oqa
gg, o.jqaa gg, gggo gggo gg, gja gg, gagg}
gg, gao} gg cag }aaa gga ggggaa Cgagg|
o}gg|} @o|}}a Coaaaa@ @gg gga gggggaaa @ga}a
g|oao. o|o ogg}jja|o gg Caa ggggg eaC.
@aao Cj_ja@ Cjoaqa}gaga|o gg gq|}aajjq_jjgaaCq
Cg}a|gg. C@ o|o ggaaa|o gag Cg}o aoggCaa
q_a|ga} cag Caq|jjQ, gg Co qggq}a j|aqaa|j
Cjaagaa o|o q}oaggao|}}a Cg}q|aa|ga}a.

gag gj| g_ o|ggg Cja} q}}a, gg ggg|}a _g|ggq}a cajg
jgg| Cjagaa @ga}a g gaga a|ajjg|oao. @aao
aa Cooqaagj Cjgg g_ Cj_ggaoq}aa _q} @_ggjqao
@ojaaCq _oo aogg }aag @ooagg|a cg|}a_ag
@_gg|_aa|gg. _Cg o, gag|a Cgag}a jo} aCj_
q}}aaa @_gg|_aa|ga}a. j|aaa|o ao.jaaaaa }, _o|
Cjaagq}a, Cja}aaa|o aaq q}ggaaaaCq @ag
g|aaaajjQjq}aaa @_gg|_aa|ga}a. (gag gj||a
aaoggagjj|a ggg gga j|gg q_.)@aq g_jg|_aa,
Cga}gg Cja} _oagggoa_ g|g||aa @_ggCaaeC
@_gggao g|aaq|o g|}gg} _ag|aaaa g} gjaao CoCqeq
aa gagag gjg. gggaoq}aa _ooao, g}
@o|a}aa @gaao CoCqeq aa _q_ag @_ggg cajag
g|aaq|o Caa CqeQ.

gag g} ja Coga}. Caaaq|o|_gg _q_a g|aaag qgg
goo|a gqCqa_qa}, g|aaqag aa g gq|a}aa
ggaCaa CqeQ cag CaQaCaaea}. _gaqg, gaga
Caaaq|o|_gg qgg gqCqa_ @ae Cjeae gggaga,
gqCqa_ g|aaqao| g gq|a}aa aaoaaa aqa}ggaCaaqg.
@gago Caaa goo|a_ag g|aa goo|a_ag j|}oaa g
eaaag. Cjag cg|} a}aoaqg j|}oaa qgga@ @_ g}jj|a_
@aegCg cg|}Caaqa}a.

_Qggjqaa g|aaqag _g}a. gaCj ja}ggjq _aagag g|aaq|o
_g}a _g|a qo|ggaCaaeq_gga}a. @aa@ Caaa goo|a_
g|aa goo|a_ @aeggCjag _q}a|a jo, _g}a|a jogaga
aaq@ _g|a}ggq|q_ggg. @aCq gag gj|, g|aaq|o qo|ag
_g}a, _g goo|a_a @eaaaa gggCaaCqeQ;
g_gg_aCaa_gg} gq|a CogCaaeQ qagCqeQ cag
CqeQCaa q|Qgga}.Cqg CqeQCaa _oo _g. g} _g|aa}_}q
_}a _g|aaaC Cq||a}. _gg _g|aaa|o goo|a gg
_g}a|a }aa gg|gg _q}ag aggg|} gg|gg g|qaa
q}gga @Cjgg|_gga.

"gg gq}o|o ga @aeggaCaa_ _g}a|a }aa
jagaaaajjQ. _q}a goo|a_ago o }a
jaggq}aaqa}a. _g}a gg g qgaaaaj j|ajgg| qag
cggg ga @oao. _aagg @aag_aaa aa|
g|aaqag _g}a, goo|a_a @aegg _qaaga|g Cgo @g."

"gag gj|, g} @o|a}aa, _g|aa}_}qaa Cq|| gaa|aa
ggo _g|aaa @g.

gag gj|agj j|aaao qgg ao|.jaaaCa, o}gg|}gg|a qg|Cg
j|aaao oCag @eQ aggg cggaaCa jo goo|
aa}aCa, oa}q}gg|aCa @ggag g goo|eaagga g}
_g|aaa Cq||g|oao. gg|jjaa, _g}aaj Cjagggqa} _q}a
_gga qa} qaggg _qa qaga gjj|Qaa|o, gagq|a @gg
_g|aaaj j|}aa, _q}aaCoC gj gqagg.

@gg _g|aaaagj j|gg, gag cg|}ja}ggjq g|aaqag _g}a
_a|_gg goo|a_a go@gaqg Cga}gg|_jja}aCaaao,
j|aaa|o ga g_ g|o|ooao oCag gaoCgg|aa
gqaCaaeq_aaCq Cqeq|_gg|_aaag cag Cgaaga|gg.
qgoaa|ag|, jaa|ag|, gg|ag|C _g}a_aaaa ga| Cgo
oagg|aa||_aaoa.

Caa|o, ao.ja }a aaogg|o ggoggoaa Cg_oCogag
goo|a aajjgg|Cjag, g|aaq|o gaggj| _g}a|a
}aaaa cagCagCooa qgggaC}a, _agCooa _jjqC
aajj|qgga}a. _g}a_ goo|a_ g_ Caaq|o _gg @_
o}agaa cajagg gg joCqg gqqaaaa|ago
__gggg|_ggaa cQgga aaq, _g}a|a aggg|}ggag cqq|g
@a_g ag cag } qo|ggg|o Coaaaa}. gag aggg|}
cajg, ga|aa _gCgogaa cajag _ag _q}a } cQggo
Coaoo||_ggao g_Cqa oagg|aa||_aaoa.

agaa, goo|a|a @o|a ggaCaaeQ, _gg @o|ag j
_q|o aggg|}aa qagqgaa gjjaCaaeQ, j|aaao aggaaao
og|gg|a gg Cgaa|Cjaggaa _g}a|a @_jj
j|}oaaagaag.

cjCjag jgg|oao|ggaaa CoojaQa_agj Cj}Cjaa _g}a, _gg
g_ ogg}jjgg|o Q a _jjq_ gagaaa gqqaaa|o
=Qja}a caa|g Caq|ag q|a|ooagggaa o}gg|} q|Caag.

gag|. ggg }jCja}} 80 gaq}, 2006




21 @ooagg|a qaaaq| q}oo||a _og|qa}

gag gj||a g goo|eaa _g|aaa Cq|aaCjag, _gaa
aj_}qaa gjgaao Coaoo|ggaa _g}a_ ga g|aaq|a
@ooa| _}aag j gqaaaa _g|q|ggaCaaea}a. @aao
@ooa| o}gg|}gg|o gg|jjaa gag qaggg aaogg|o @ooaggag
cg|}aa g|agggjj }aaa aoaa_ag, g_ o|o gga_ag
aggag @eQgoa _q}a||_gCg qgggaao o}gg|} Coaoa|gg.
gg cag q_Cjag, gjjggjjq _g}a goo|aa
@g}ggaaCqeQ. @aao o|o ogg}jja|o _g}a gggg|o
jCaQaaao "gQg|aoa" aajjgaa _g|q|gg|_aa|ga}a.

goo|a_ag ggo|o _g}a a @jjq gggCaaa|ga}a cajg
j}q|oao. j|gg, _q}a gaag g_ @agg@g}aa aj_}qaa
gaq|oao; gjjagggaa _q}g _g|aaaa gjgaao
Coaoo||_aa|ga}a caa|g q|q Cg}qggCjag, aqaa _g
gaqa agg|}ggq| q|_j|aa}a.

_g gogg|CoC j|ggg, _g}a|a }j goaa QC aqaaaq
aeqgg ggag @agg@g}aa @CaaqC gaagq}a _q}a.
gaag cjjq aj_}qaa gja}a? gq|} _g}a_agg
gajjgg| } ajjaaa cjCjag eQ. _g @agaga
aaq@ o|ggg @a CqCgaag @oao cajg|o _q}a_ag
@}eaqg _j|jj|}aC a|aag. @aCq, g} _C}j|a}
@agg@g}aaCqa, _}j Cag||o qgajjQaCaaeq_gg g}@aa
g_ CqgaaCqa gjg|o _q}a_ag g|ago oaa @_gga.
@aqCooaqgag q| gaa|aa aa}e, _oo. @ooagg|a qoa
gg|gg _oo. Cj_jaoaa _C}j| ogag, }aaa a|g|ogq}a_
"aCa ga @CoCga" cag g_a g_qaa @ooagg|o
@aeggCaaeq_gggao q|agg _oo. gCaaCq a|g|ogqggag
ag| _g}aaC a @oag g|ao|o, |oo|_ag _g ogagg|a}
cCa @ooagg|o @aeggq|Qqa}aCa caa|g aoq}.

_jCjag Cj_ja@ j|}oa} gogaa @ooa j}q|aCaaeq_ggg.
ja|gjjeaa oCaa|@|_gg o_g| _C}j|aag q_
aa|aC goo|a j|}oa g|agggqa}a. gagq|}a
qagaga_ag @a|@ j|}oa}j Cjoaa g|gaag. Cjoa cajg
Cj_ja@ Cjooaa @_aaag. agaa, g}@a|o|_gg o|o g}aaaa
gg|a aaQqa}a. a|g}a @|} cQggo Coaaaa@ @agqa|a
Cg}qo Coaga|a qo|aag g|a}aaag cajag gag|a Cgag}a
e}gg|_gga}a. @aCq, gg a_ggaaa gaaqaaao,
g}@a|o|_gg gaa|aa jgg|aa gg|aaaQqa}a. _gaao
aq}jjQ q|q} Cajq}a| QC @ooa gg|gg q|aa
_|jja}a. @gg @_ aaag gaeQjq}a _qo| gag
gj|ao ogg|aa q|_jj Cg}q|jja}a. _qa} g_gag ogg|ggq|
a_ @ooagg|o @aeaCga}aa @_gggaao o}gg|}|oao!jqggq}a
_g|a|ooag _gga aaogg|o, g} @aag_ggaoq} @ooagagj
j}ggCaaeQ ggaCaaa|ga} cagao, _gg @aag_Cq
ggaCaaeQq|Qqg|o j|}oaa g|}ag. _gaqg, gaoq} gjjaCaae
g_ q|qgagg g ogagg|a aa_agg Cg}q|ggq|ao Cjag.
Caq|agg gQCagg oggag _gaa _jjqC
ggaCaaeQq|Q qgaa @_gg|_aa|gg. |aagga| aaogg|o
jooa|}aaeaaaa _C}j|}a @ooagg|o @aeggggg @gg qgaa
g_ gaa|a aa}eaa @_gg|_aa|gg.

@gaaCoooagaa _g}a aoa|jCjaaa}a. j}qo, j|}oa} Cjaag
cgC _g ggg|o a|aag. @gaa gCaaCq ja}gg|_aa|Cga.
@_ag _g}aaaqg aqaaaaaCqeq _qo|gag e}gg _g
gg_a}a|a oaj, @gga aa}egg|aaogaa gag gj||
gjjaCaaejq goo|a_a go@g Cjeao, q|oa| q|oa|j Cjaag
Cgaa|g.a|.j|. 680-o |ajCj} }a@qjo Cja_gg| g_ gq
}agg|aa @_ggg g|aa. _ga gqgag oa}q}gg|aa gagCq
@_gga}. jggaeQaao Cq|Cggggagj j|gg _gg @eQgaa
Caaaaq _agCg g_qg caa|g gg| CaaeQ jaa
jgjja}. cgg gagaq _q}g Cgag}aa gg|ggaaqC
g_qg cag CaaaoCqg| CaaeQ g|}gga}aCa, _gg gagq|a_ag
_jCjag gagq|a ja|aa} cg|}Caag ge|ooo @oao.
aa}e, gagq|a j|aaao _e|qggg|_gg _ggj ja,
jg_jCja}o jgCjggagj Cjao gg@ggj jg|agag Cj} Caae
ja _oo. agaa, ae@aCaQ Cgaao qa} _e|qggg|_gga}
goo| }a@q q}}a. _q}ag gajj|} g_ oaaoa _agg
g|aggg|_ggg. aaaa gjg _e|qggg|_gga. q}}a|a qaa|o
gogg|}a |aa|a. Cqgg|a gaqC g}aa|ggq}aaj Cjao
_q}a|a gaa|o _ag| gg| ggj|a.gaagaa gag
ga q}}a| Coaoo||_gga}. "@gg gg a|g}a g
jaaq}a_a g|aggg o}ao} ggoo. @agq@aaaa g|agggjjQ
gg. gg ga|jj e}oo|a_ag @g|o @|oao. Caaaq|o
a"_ja @agqa|a qQ. _g@C Cooo Cga_aa Co
cooaa}j Cjao goo|a_ag }a eQ. _gg
}aaaaaggaa @jjq _e|qggg|_aa|Cga.

"@aao gag j a_C _ag cg|}ja}aaq|oao. Cja}
_oo Caae gagq|_ _q}ag _e||o|_gg j|g @aag_
ja|a_ gg @gaa qo|q|Q a"_jaagC @_gg
}aaa Cgqo o|aoa|a j|aaao |_agj jgg
jga|aCaaeq_gga}a. @gg gg Q gagaaao Caaaq|o
g_ gagq| |_a @_aa gqag cajg _q}a_agg
Cg|qaag Cg}ggg.

aa}e, _e|qggg qgg|_gg goo|a|a jajo g_jg cagao,
Caaaq|CoC Cjagaa|aC j}q||_gg gagq|a jag
@aCaa_jg. _} aa|a Cooqaaaa @ggg|_gg gagq|
}a@qgg|a} cjjq g aaC gagag @g}qaaggaa
CoojQqa}a cag cg|}ja}gga}a. @aCq, gaqg Cog
|}j|agggao Cjag cajCg _q}a|a q|_jjaa @_ggg!g_ g|
}gg o|ggao _aagag Caaa gag gj||a qoaag. Cja}o
_agg Cqgg|oo; _gggj j|gg _q} Cog g_ aa}gaa
aggaag.

Cqgg|aa|jja a"_jaag gaggg goo| }a@q q}}a_ag
gag g} gg}aq @q_gga}. aa} Caaooag}a. aa}
cg|} cag ceeag}a. aa} aag Co Cqea.

oa o}gg|}gg|o @agqa} @ggg g|a}aaCga_ ojq cgg
Cgogg|@, cggj Cja}aagg|@ gggg|oao. Cgaoq|gg Caaa
}a@qgg|a} g_q} aag Cojjq|oao. Caaoojjq|oao.
agaa, "a g cgga gggg @oao. cooaqgg|o|_gg ga
q|Qgao Cjgg}a. a|g}a_ag @a|o @gaag @_ggqgg
_aagg ggggagaa Cqgjaj aaoq|o @Q
gaaa|q|QCqa" cag Coaaaa} gag gj|.

@gaa _q} aa}aao Coaooq|oao. g} @agg@g}aao Coaaaa}!
_gga a_ae jg| gaa @ooagg|a qaaaq| q}oo||a
_og|qa}. _aag g|a Cgaa| @ooa "j}jjjjCqeq"
_qo|C @ag|g gaaaaj j}qg Cgaa|g. a|g}a_ag gag|, g,
@a q|gg|ao ag cajag _qjjaaa aqgg, @agqaa
QC Cgagggaaqaaao aqaaaq @ooagg|a c|a
_C}j|}aaa aq}ggg. _aoaoaa qgg _q}a @ooagg|o
@aegga}a. o_g| _C}j|a, =}aa, =}aa, o|j|a, o|}a, jaooga
cag gqCqa_ Cgoaa @ooagagg g_q|aCaaeg. _gga qa}
"ga a}?" cag Caao cgg @aag_aqo Co}ggq}a, cgg
Caagg|}gg|a}a caCgooa jqo|QaCaaeq_ggq}a, _gaj|a
"gaa goo|a" caa|g g_ Coaoo|o ga
_aajjQgg|aCaag Cgaa|aa}a. g} @aa ggCqeQ
caa|g q|_jj aa}eaaCq _}j||o c_gjjqaaa agag
Cgaa|aa}a. aoq| j|og Cgaa|gaaCoC gg aoaoa}o
Co_a j}ggq}aaaa}a. aoaoa}jo e}gggaaCoC _gaaa
aqaaaaa Cqeq _qo|gagj j}ggCaaea}a.

aa}j|a!
@a| a} _jjqo Coaoo|q|gq? @ggo ogg}jjgg|ogaa
_C}j|}a gg g|ojj}jj|a jq||o, _}o|o oa}gg eaaa
e}g Cgaa|aa}a. coaoaao j|}gg|_gga@ goo|a caa|g
_aaggao gaa gC} aaga cajag e}g
Cgaa|aa}a. ga_a @aegg qo|ag _g}a_ a|g|ogq}a_
cgCggg qaa|o g||_gg agjq_aa|ga}a cajag
q|g|jje}a aqa|aa @}j|gga}a.

Caaa Cqgg|ag @}eQ @eQa ag|gg gag gj| a|.j|. 682-o
aaoaaa}. (o|g|gaao Cgaqajjq_gga}.) _q}g @gjjagj j|gg
@ooa| oa}agg|gg|a ggo ao.jaqaa _g|aa}_}qaaj
jgq|Cggq}, __jaa}. gj|aa}a gaa|g Cgag}a_ g_q} _q}.
@}eQ @eQaao (a|.j|.682-o|_gg 684-qa}) @o||o @_gga}.

ea|o g_ oa}q}gg|ag CgC}g|}aa gg ajjaaa Caaeq}
_q}. j} oag. _agq|j j} c|aqag|. gaCaag _aaa}
g_Cjag gaag qggq|aag cajgaao, ao.jaqaa j|gg g_
qgaa ggaq|a qQagg g|ao} Coag qQCqaoaao Cog
aqggq|Q, }@ _ggaa Cj}a @Qa|@ jao aggg
CaaQggq|Q qggq}.

g_ o gag gj||, "ga @ooaq|ao gaa a}
Cooqg?" cag o|o c| aa Caa}a. "__jaa} Coo@a"
cajggaa _q}g aq jg|oaa @_ggg. _ggag @ooagg|o
Cgaggq} _q}. _q}g aaogg|ogaa ggoggoaa g}@a g_ @oaag
Cgagaajjg.

__jaa}a aaoggagj j|gg ao.jaqaaq} }. @qa} gCaaCq
ga ogg|gg|_aa|Cga. goo|aa||_aa|ga}a caa|g aa}eggaaaag
ga gaaa ajj|aa Caaao Co Cqg|a Coag,
@gg||o g}@a|a q}a|o gaqo|ggg, @ooagagg g_q|q}.
@gg|a aao qa} gag gj||a qoaa}aa q|a|q}.

@gag ggqa|o, __jaaC} gagjj|a }gaa ao.jaqaa CqeQ
cag Coaoo|q|Qo Coaggaao, a|.j|. 684-o } @ooa|
oa}agg|gg|a Cj_ggaoq}aaj CjagjCjggaCaaea}. }agaa
}g||o jaCQjja go oa}agg| q|og}jj, g_aaaajj
q|}qaa gjj|}oa}a, g} @aa oag|o Co CgCaajj
gqqaaaa, gag gj||a qagq|o ggg ojqa, _q}g
CjaaCag|aag g|}Q je|a CgCaa_go Cjaag jo aa}a
}a aaogg|ogaa @}ja|a.

Cg_oCogg|o aaoaqgg ggo @ooa|o oa}q}gg| }gaa. _g
a|.j|. 688- @eQ gggg.

gag|. ggg }jCja}} 8 Cjj}q}, 2006



22 ao.ja }

Cg_oCo|o ggo ggo|o @ooa|} @o| qggg a|.j|. 688-o. _g
ao.ja }a aao. (@}eQ }a @_aa|ga}a. @gg ggoaqg
}, gag gj|a Cg}qaaj jga|q}. _q}g gaoag gjg|
Cjao @_ggq}. @}eaqg }, a|.j|. 717-o @o|ag qggq}.
@q_ ao.jagaa. @aao gag gj||a Cg}qg Cgag}a q}ao|o
qggq} _oo}. agaa, "aaaa" ca@ @o|a}a|a
qg|qggq}.)

_gqa} _g}aa@ C}aaa|}aa@ a|g|ogq}aa@ ca|jg|
ajoagg|}aa@ @jjQaCaaeq_ggg Cg_oCo. jaooga
g|ojj}jj|a ggggqaaa _C}j|}a_ag, @g ga e caa|g
ceeC a|gg gggq|Q _agj jo @ggaeQa aao
Cga}ggg @g. _g}a, a|g|ogq}a cooa @jj|gggq}a,
gaa _a|qag q|g|aajjq}a cag |a @ojaaCq _q}a
g|aaggaCaaeq_gga}a. g_ aggo o|ggaaaa gaa_ @oa
cag ceeg Cgaa|Cg }a @o|aaaogg|a Cjaggaa.
Caa|o, @ooa| aa}a_ ggo ggoaa, g_ g|qaa
Coog| qgggaCaaeQ Cgogg|a coaoaa q|og}jjg cag
jgjjq} }gaa. aajjgg CgoaaCooa @ooa|
oa}agg|gg|a g_ jgg|aaa CaaeQqgg }, |a gaaa|}agaa
@ooagag _ggaQ aa|ag g|e|aaao @_aa g gjg|a_ag
gg}q|q_gga}. j|}oa}aaa _C}j|}a| CgCaaoaC
gq|} _g}a|Ca, a|g|ogq}a|Ca Cqea cag } g}
gg}q|o gaC aajj c_g|g ggg|_jjgaa gC}ajjaaqo Co}gg o|o
@ooa|o o}gg|} @o|}}a Cg}q|aa|ga}a.

@gaa gag gj||a g goo|eaa _g|aaa|a Cga}
gqqaaaaa cQggaCaaqg @ooa|} qgaa. @aao g_
Cg|qaa }agggg|}|a jgg|oao|ggaaa gqqaaa caCg
Cj_jaoaa _}o|o qo@g}a ae|aa|ga}a.

ea|o, _ag @ooagagj "j}jj" Cqeq _qo|
_ggaaag gq|}aa @_jjgaa _jCjag Cgaagq|oao. gaaaaCq
_g j}q|aCaaeq_ggg. @aCq, _ajj }g||o @ooa|
oa}agg|gag q@qaa g|gqCg _q}g gaa| Cgaaaaa @_ggg.
_qaaaaCq @_gg jga|q| _C}j|}a|a qagq|o g_
go}oo|a eQje@qCg _q}g ggo o|ggaaaa @_gg|_aa|gg.
@ggo CoojaQa g_aaa gaCjg jogg|o, gQCagg _C}j|
ogag @ooagg|o @aeqg Cj} q|qaa @_aaag caCg _q}
a_g|aa}. Caa|o, "aj_}qaa _ag|, |_agj jgCga, gaaaa
aajjagg|aCaaqggaaaCqa @ooagag gjg @agqaaCoC
_aa}aajjag" cag Cja_|o q_ g} @a|a g_ qoagg|ag
_q_ag _jj} gj|aaa eQ.

@ga _qjja|ogaa, _q} ga aajjgg Cgoa|o j|g
@aggq} _aaq}g "a }aa _qo| jagaaaajjQ"
cag ggo|o Coaoo|q|Qqg qgaa. @a@ g_ jq CCo Coag
g_gag, "@ooa| oa}agg|gg|a j|}g|g|g|aa g} @_ga} gaa
a_ag g||aa|Cga. _q}g je| a Cgaao }jjCga, a
Coagag _ja}jjCga _oo. a a}aagag ga j|ajgg|o
Cooqggg cgg @a_g @ag|j jagaajjg QC. @g|o|_gg cgg
@_g}aqg gqga|ga} cagao caagg Cg}jjQgga. }
geaa _q_ag g|oo eQ" cag Cjo||_aa|ga}.

@gg _g|q|jjagj j|gggaa } ca|jg|a g jaCQgga}. ca|jag
_jCjag @eQCaaeq_ggq}a, ajoagg|}a. (ajoagg|}a
cajg @agg|a _aajCj}. g }g||o _q}a _aaq_
a|g|ogq}aC.)

_aag Cgg||o oa|a |a q@qaa }a@q Caae Cgoa_
gag ca|jg. C}aaa| }a@qggag _Qggjq |ajCj} }a@qaa
_g @_ggg. Cj}}o|a @eQo Cooaaeaa|o gag|Coa_ jaa
}a@qggago Cooqg|ggaCaaeq_gga}a. (|ajCj} gg|a}jja,
ao ge aaoaja, _oogaq aaajja
Caaeg ca|jg }a@q cag c_ga|ga} @j@ _gq| caa|g g_
o}gg|} @o|}}. gga_aaaaCq @jj|}aaa aaQa|o|_gg
aaaaa gqqgg q_ g_qg jgagqa}aa.)

@aao, jg|Cga_ Cj}}ao g|gqg caa|g aCj_ aa@
gaaj|aaa@ gggg|o jgCjgg @ooa| q}}a|a
@aC}aqaa gaagg@ag gaaao ajoagg| }a@qggao
gaagjj|qaa @oq|oao. jo @a|o Cgaoq|a gjjaCaaeQ
gggga|a}a. Cqg jo @a|o qa_ag @oaaaa| _q}ag
gaoa eaeg Cgaa. (gggg|o qaaaaaaj jajQggjj
|_aa|ag gaaggo CgaQjjg|oao cajag } g_ Caaaaaa
aqgg|_gggaao o|o @o|}}a c_g||_aa|ga}a. @aao @gggg
gaa @ga}aaa |ajjag _gaqg a|.j|. ga @ggaeQag |a
Cg_aaaa j|}g|a|o|_gg cag Cjg @oq|oao.)

o}gg|}gg|o, |aa aQaaa gga cag q_e|aajjQqaqgg
gag @g. cggaa g|aa gaCjgga cajg jgg| g|qaa
j|q|q}a g a|aaaq|oaoa|@, |ggg Cja}aggagj
j|gCa ajoagg|}a Cgaoq|ag g_q|gaag Cg}a|gg.

ca|jgj Cj}}o|a gaa }a @ggg gaaggao ggo|o aqggggaa,
qa gaa|o @ooagagj j}jjg Cgaa|aa}a cag Cgagg|
o}gg|} @o|}}a @}j|aa|ga}a. @aao, gggg|a @gg||o
gaCjgg ojqgag g_ae o|gg|aa @@aaao @gg qaggg|a
_qjja Cgaga|q|Qqagj ja}aaoa.

_aag ca|jgj Cj}}a cajg @aag ca|jg g|ojj}jj _Cq
goo. qaCa jaoogaag gaeq o|}aag _jja@ o|g|g
j}q||_ggg. qa|gaa|o Cga}aa|a o|o jgg|a_ _aag ca|jg|a
@_aaag jq_gga. @a@ c|aaaj j} CqeQaaao
@jjqo Coaoooa. Cg_oCogag aaa aqgg g_ q
Cjaao, _gg g_ qg ca|jg oa}agg|ggag jgaa
@_ggg.

gggg|o Cqgg|ae }a }a@q, Cj_gg @}qa}gga
Cg_oCogg|o gagggg. jaoogagg _C}j|}a _ggaa Cj_
a|goo|j Cj_aa|o j|}aeaa q}Cqgj q|ga cQgga}a. (}
jaoog@ag gagqggg gaCj @ooa _Ca gagggq|g
cajag gCaaCq ja}gg|_aa|Cga!) a|g|ogq}a|a @o||o|_gg
q|Qgao _aggq|Ca caa|g j}qogg|o, _gg Cqgg|a
@agqa|a Cqgg|aa ggaa|a}a. jaooga|o, _g}a|a
Coag|aagag a|g|ogq}a _aa||_gga}a. @jCjag a|g|ogq}a|a
@g|aaggag g_ gq qgg|_aa|gg caa|g ogCgaq _q}a_ag.
@gg a|goo|a cg|o|_gg Caaea @}j|aaoa?|aoo|ggg qg|,
Cg_oCo ga}a jagCjgg, aCj_ a|g|ogq Cgqaogg|o },
Cga_aa CoCqeQ. _gago jaooga|o @ooa
aa@ag|q|ag __gggg|_ggaa g|gq|q|oa.

gQCagg jaoogagg _C}j|}a_ @gg|gag @Cag|gg
} ga q|_jjaa @gaag Cg}q|gga}a.

@aao } aqaa @ag gggq|a}. _q} Coaaa aa}e .
"gaa Cga_aa ggg|aao, ggoggo|o Cga_aa gggjj @
cag Coaoo| ga gg| aqq|Qq}a. _g a|g|ogq}a_ag q_gg
g}oa."

@g aagoo. @ooa| o}gg|}gg|a g}aaa @oojq _aagg
_g, a|g|ogq q}oagg @oa|@Cj jg| Cojjq_aa|gg.

"gag gj|C g_ agg|o _g gggag ag|q|g ga}aa @_gga}"
cag cqq|g @ga}g @ooag qaggag gaaqgg _g o}gg|}
@}aoo|a} a}qa a|oj} Cjaagq}a }a @gg
gqaq, @gaag Cga}gg ao.jaaa|a @o||o _g}a cggaa
g|g|a qag gqggg cajag jaa jaaaa
q_e|gg|_aa|ga}a.

}a Cgagg gg|gg c_g||_ag @o|}}a _ggaaCj_
_qa} __jaaa}a aaq@ c|aaaq}aaCq o|gg|}gg|_aa|ga}a.
_q} jg| @aa _e|gg g_Cjag ja}ggg|oao cag
Coao@a|ga}a. cjCjag geQ geaa ge|aag Cgaggg, aaao
aggg gQjCja _a|aC _q} _e|gg|_jja}. _e|gg|_ag
g} _a|, agg aaa g} _a|. @agggq|} Cqg aa
_q_aga a|aag. __jaaa}j CjaoCq, ga _aaa}
|gggq|ao|_jjggaaa, qQ qaaj Cja aaaoCqa|o jao aggg
CaaQjjg, qgaa Cjee|a|a qQa_agj Cjaj jagg|}a
Cggga CaaQjjg, ge|aag gaqgga aaaqgg, eQ aao
Cqa|o Coag qggg gggq_qg caja Cjaag gjgqag
aa}aa ao.ja @a j|gg } Cga}gg Cogqgg|_aa|ga}.

gag oa}q}gg| cjjqCooa @_jja} caa|g Cj} cg|}ja}jja
Cg_oCo|o }a ga}qogg|aCjag ja}aaa q _C}j|}a
q|jj|o Cjoa googgj Cjaq|a}aa. aCj_ q}} cag
q_e|aajjQ }, _gg ga}qogg|aCjag g} c| ogg|ao|aj
CjaoCq aao||gga} cag c_ga|ga}a jo o}gg|} @o|}}a.

ga}qogg|a @gg||o aa|aC a}agg| }, gC} g_
q|qgag |a __gg CaaQggj Cjo|aa}. "_g}a, a|g|ogq}a,
@ooa|}a gq_C @j}a@||a (@j|}@a) qg|gCgaagoa.
oea|ag| gggaaa qagCqeqg _qo|.

"@ggo CoagCjag|, _gga qa} Cg_oCoa @o| Cogqgg
a|g|ogq}a_ag |ajCj} @aqaogagg gggg. Cjagqaaj Cja}o
Cqo@ aa}a, gg ggag _aaq_ gCg g} g|}jjgg
CoqCg _ggaa qgaa. g_ agg@ag }, a|g|ogq}a
Qooao, _q}aao q|}qqaajj Cg_oCo ga}a
_g}aa g|_jqgg _Ca qa_jq _agjj q|Qgga}.

"ga ag}aa Cg_oCoggagg g|_j|q}oa. a}a@ a_agg
gg Cg}ao ja}ggaCaaqg ca Cjagjj" caa|g }a
gg}qaggag gj| aa} c_jg _ga gQja _ag Cg_oCo
g|_j|gaag Cg}a|gg.

@CgaQ g|gggq|oao. Cg_oCogg|o|_gg _g}aa a|g|ogq}a
q|}qj|gg, _a|_gg _g Cgqaoa ga}oaj|a ag|jCja_
Coa}jja a|gaaaj jajQggjjQ qgg|_aa|aga. _gaqg,
a|g|ogq}a gg _gCqgjaj _jjqaa Cq|aaaq|_gga}a.

Cg_oCo aajjggjjj|gg _Ca } Cq|| ggo _}a
gg}, _gga gjaja _jjgjjQggjj CqeQCajggaa.
gg}q|ga g|agq|ao, gjaj __ je||o ggo a}
CaaQggg _qC}gaa. @g jo _g o}gg|} @oa|o
jg|Cojjq_ag ojqC. (@aao a|g|ogq @o|}}a|a
@oa|o @ggo ojq c_gjCjgq|oao.)

@aao @ggaa j}gg a jaggq}aa @_gg }, goo| _ooag
j|g @aggq} _aaqa} @ooa|j Cj}}o|a coaoag j
aCoa}j jgg|a|o @_gg, Caaa, g|aa @a| ga}a|o|_gg
q@aaaaa Cq|Cgg|, Cqg @a|o qo|aa g|}jjgg|gggaa
gQCagg _g, a|g|ogq o}gg|} @o|}}a_ gqgao
gg|jj|q_aa|ga}a. @agggooaQag @ooa|} g}jj jg|o cag
gg|jj|Qq|gaa g a|aaaq|oao.

gag|. ggg }jCja}} 6 Cjj}q}, 2006



28 jaooga g|ojj}jj|a Cjagaao

Cjagqaa, @ggj Cjagaao caa|g jgggago o}aa qa}ag g
a|aag. ag Cjag|ggao Cjagaao. g|o q|aggao Cjagaao.
q}oaa gagqaa @_ggao Cjagaao. aaa CaaQCaaoaaa
@ooao @_ggao Cjagaao. aao q}ggao Cjagaao cag |a
CCoaaa aa}eaaC Cjagaaoggag gg o}gg|} @oa
@gqa} gggqgg|_aa|aga. ea|o, aCj_ @ajCja}a gqg
q@aaaaag gq|}aajjQaaao, _gga aaoagagggaa
Cjagaao cag o}aa o}gg|} qo@g}a Coao@qa}a. _gaqo|
ggaag gq|}gg, aa|a qagaaag g}gag }ggqg|o
@aa_}qaaj jaagg| aa}aaC Cjagaao aa}a cag
_agaa gq.

@gg qaa|o ja}agCjag, jaooga g|ojj}jj|a Cjagaao cag
@ag o}gg|} @o|}}a gg|jj|Qqg, ao.jaaa|a
@o|aaaoaa QC. @ooa| o}gg|} @o|}}a _oo; _g,
a|g|ogq @o|}}a_ @agCgaa Coaoa|ga}a.

_jjq_ aao _Ca @_ggg cajag @aag jaooga
_}o|@a gjj|Qj ja}gg e}qg o|}. @aao _agg
Cg}ggCaa Cqeqg |a _qo|. Caa|o, jaooga ee|o
@g q_a_ag g_gag gaqg |ajCj} _}o|o aggo gjQ,
gagggg jgga|} Cj}aqg a}q|Q Cq|Cg| qgg|_aa|ga}a. @g
@g|aaoCgaC _Ca g|aggg qgg|_aa|gg. @g q_ cajg g_
Cga}aa aeaggaa. o}gg|}aao gqqagg, gqa _}o|o @g
Cgaa|j|gg @g gaa_ag g_gag _jjq Cg}gg|_aa|gg.
@aao, o}gg|} aaoa|o, gqCqa_ @o| agggg|aCjag _Ca
aa }aaa j|}oaaaao ogg|gCg g}Cqeq|_gg|_aa|gg.

ajoagg| @aggq}aaj Cja}o Cqag } _Ca @o|
_g|aa}gaga aajjgg|Cjag Cg}ggg, gj gqagCga_ q|g|q|oag.
ajoagg|}a, _g}aa Cq|Cgg|, a|g|ogq}aa ggog}a
gqaaaa _g|q|gga}a. goo|a jaoogaa CqagCjag,
ajoagg|}a Cq|Cgg| _g}aag g|_j _aggg qago
Coaaaa}a. _g a|g|ogq}a_a @aegg qa_jq _q}a
CaQaCaajja}a. g agga _C}j| @aggag QC
g|agggaCq gq|} a|g|ogq}aaCa, _g}aaCa goo|agjq a_
Coaooq|oao. _q}a|a gq|_jjj jgg|a_ag @ooa|j
j|}oa}a}a Cjaaa aa}a.

_g}a aCgag|o Cgaa| ggg, gg gjj|aaa
@a_g|ag| ggg|aCaa, ao qae|ja|o =Qj @aaj|g
aa}a_ag cqq|ga aQjjaQ q|g|aajjq|oao.

@aao @CgooaC @aCaa_ @ggaeqa Cgagg qa}gaa. a|.j|.
ca @ggaeqa Cgaaagg|o (a|.j|. 717 - 720) @}eaqg }
ao.jaqaaCjag, jaooga|o goo| _ooaCgaa} ggg q|ggg|o
Coo Coo aggoa CaaeQq}jja. (jaooga|o Qoo.
@ooa| oa}agg| j}q||_gg _ggaa @a|@C. @a@
gg|jjaao Coao@qCgagao ja}oa qagaq|o|_gg @aag
Ca}aaCaa qa}.)

@gg @}ea }a aaogg|o goo| _ooaCgaa} "g||a"
(Dhi mmi s) cag _agaa @}j|gga}a. @ggo Coao@ag,
"jagaaaajj @agCga}" cag Cja_ q_. _gaqg, _g}a_
a|g|ogq}a_ @ooa|j Cj}}oao jagaaaajjQ @agago
Co}ggq}a. _q}ag jagaajj, @ooa|o oa}q}gg||a CjagjCj.
@aao qa}gaajj jagaajj _g. o|o g|jggaaa_ag
og|a_ag _q}a jaa CqeQ.

ga}eaa, @}ea } aaogg|o jaooga|o _g}a_ag
a|g|ogq}a_ag o|gjj q}a o|o q|g|aajjq_gga. @gg q}a
goo|a_aga a|aag. q} qgo|ag _g|aa}a q_Cjag,
_g}a_ a|g|ogq}a_ gao ga|gg qea|ggaa q}jjegago
Co@ggCqeQ cag g_ o @_gg|_aa|gg! @ggg gaoqeaa
cajg, Cj}}o|a og|a_aga aQjjq}a cajaga gg|jjao
Cg}q|jjggaaa!

@aCaa_ ga}eg ja}aaoa. _g}a_ a|g|ogq}a_ aaa
aqgg q|aja} Cooa. @aao _gga aaa goo|a_a
aaaaa aaq@ }gg|Coa, _aogg|Coa, j}jjq|Coa Cj}gaa
@_aaaag. cgg g_ _g}a qQ __a|@ goo|a|a
qaaaaq@ Cj}gaa @_ggq|aag. g||a|a g|oa_aga
Qgo q} _qo| qgo|aajjQ. q}agagjj caa|g CjoaaCa
@|oao. q} qgo|jjq} Coao@ Cgaaaaa Caq| Caaao
CaaQgg _@jj|q|CqeQ. q} CaaQaaaq|ao a} aao|
Cogq|Qqagg gq|} Cqg qg||oao.

@aao @}ea } aaogg|o _go|o @_gg @ggo oaao
aqaaaQ _g o}gg|} @o|}}a, gC}ajj| Cgoa|o _g}a
jQaCaaeq_gg o|}a_a gjj|Qaa|o @aqCooa gagC
@oao; ao.jaaa a_aeq}aC cag gg|jj|Qa|ga}a.

ao.jaaaaqg, _g}a qQ aq qo|aaoa, q}gaa Caago _g|a
cag aqgga}a. gC}ajjaq|o _g}a _jCjag g_ geQ g|o
qaa gqag. _g}a gg a|g|ogq}a|a aaa goo|
aaaaa aaq@ Cj}gaa @_aaaag caggaa jaooga|o
o @_ggg. jo gC}ajj| Cgoa|o _g}a q|aja} CoqagC
ga Cog|_gga}a. @o|a}a q_Cjag _g}a gaoga|gg
qeaCqeQ cajCg jaooga o. gC}ajj| Cgoa|o
_g|aa}a|a gaaao _g}a q}a _@g| a|aag.

@qgago aqaaaQ _g o}gg|} @o|}}a, "a|g|ogq Cgoa|o
_g}a j o|} _ag ao.jaaa|a }agg|gg|o g|oo @oao"
cag Coaoa|ga}a.

_g g g_a}aa gaaa }ag qogago Co}gg _ga
gQjaa |ggg }aaga gggCqeQ cag @}ea
} gg}q|q_gga}. _q}a ga|C _g gg| aga
_aggaCaa q} qgo|aa }aa @_gg|_aa|aga.
a|.j|. 762-o ao.jaaa|a gaoga} CojCa|aag (o}aao
CoaoqCgagao @aag =}aaa|o jaagag ga}) @
Cj}ggCjag _go oaja_ag @a@ j jo Coa}a
Cogg}jjq_aa|aga. j}aga @j_ Cag||o _g g
@oaa gooa _a| j|}g|aa c|aaa Cag|ag
agg|, _g oga g_qg jajQgg q|ggg|o g _qaaa
Coqggaaa _g g_a}a oaj o|o jeqg}aa g||gg|_ggg.
_q}a aogaeqj jo Cgoa_agj je CgCaaqggg
@a Coqggg Cqeq gjaQaa ao.jaCq gaa|ag
CogCaaQgg|_aa|ga}.

@ggq|}, _g}a @ag g|ao} j|}a}ggaaagj jajQgg "o|gg}"
(Si ddur ) caa|g ja|gj j|}g| _qaaaggag (Cga}a gg gaogg
j|}g|a|a _qgg| @gaa _qaaa|q} }q _} (Rav Amr am) caa|g
g_ }j|.) @ooa| @o|a}a gq| Cog|_aa|ga}a.

g_ o|o q}oaggao|}}a|a a_ggjjq, ao.jaaa_ag _g}aa
"g||"a|a jqo|o Co}ag cee @}jgg|o @oao. gg|jjaa
a|g|ogq}aa QC o|gjjo oa_ag jQgg _q}a
g|aagg|_gga}a cag, _g}a Cga}gg gag gj||a g
_qgj|aaa Cg}q|gg Cg}qaa aggaaa Cjo| qggga
q|aqaaggaa _q}a_ag CgCoaaa o|o og|a
g|e|aajjgaa c_ga|ga}a.

"Cga}gg Cgagg| gaQa|o _g}a gQaajjQaCaaeC @_gg
g|ao|o @ooa| ao.jaaa _q}aa Cj_ Ca}qgga
ggg|ag aqa|ggao, _g}a|ag _q}a_ag
Coaoo|aCaa_jqaa q|C}ag @_ggCg|oao cajg joaag"
caa|ga} co.j|. CaCo caa|g g_ _g o}gg|} @o|}}.

@aa@ _g}aao a jaooga goo|a_a aga g Cje
gqq|oao?

@gga Caq|gaa @oC}o jaooga j|}oaa|a ajj|. _g}aao
goo|a_a Qoo; a|g|ogq}a_@ go@g Caa
gqq|oao. gj gqag _agj Cj_a||_gg _q}ag }
ajjaaagaa @ga _qjjaa aa}e. a_ag agg @a
ga_aggaa caa|g j}aga gj|aaa|a qaoaaa @ag
gaaaqggaCaaeQ _agC aqao|ggaCaaeq_jjg @aCaa_ aa}e.
gag jgg|a}a, Cgag|o Cg}oo|, aoq|gCg}oo|, aoaoa} jo
Cjaagaq _|ag gaaj|aaa gCga_ aa}e. gaogag
gaogagaa, @ggaeQ @ggaeaa @qgaga aaq|Qq|ao
Cga}gg _q}a aajj|qggq_qg cooaqggag Co |a gaa|a
aa}e!

gajga @ggaeqa @gg| - jgga @ggaeqa Cgaaa aaogg|o
_g}a gag ga|gg _aa aaqaCaa_ q|ggg|o jg|gaa
g_ qgaagag CgCaag Cgaa|aa}a. go g|gg gaojjaaa
_e|qggaa _g! jaooga|o Qoo. _g}a cCaooa
j}q||_aa|ga}aCa, _Caooag _q}aaj ja}ggagg|}gg|o
aeQCaaoa. ga}|o j}_ _a|, a}j qa} ge gaq, go
gaojjaaa. _Cga, _q} g_ _g} cag cggaa @}gg|o|_gg
_aa aeQ Coaoo|q|gq. g g_aagaa cag|oao.
oaga}e aa_ @ggaojjaaaa _e| @}j|gga}a. (_g g
g_a}agaa @ggaojjaaag g|gag _g|gajjQgg|aa}a cag
g_ o|o o}gg|} @o|}}a_, a|.j|. 996o|_gg a|.j|. 1021 qa}|o
@o| Cog ao.ja _o @aa| cajq}ao g|e|aajj _aa
@gCqag @a@ o|o @qa}a_ Cqg Cqg q|gaa a_ggaaag
Cg}q|aa|ga}a. _gga aaoagg|o _g}aaj CjaoCq
a|g|ogq}a_ go g|gg gaojjaaa _e|ggago aqaaaq, @g
ao.jaq|a gg}qaa QC @_aagq cag o|o} gqag
q_a|ga}a.)

_gga qa} @ooag|_gg g_q|g ggaajj e} CCoaa|q}aaa
_qaaq ogaa aa ggg @}j|gga}a. jo oa|o
@ggaa a }ao|aa @} Cqaa|o gaCjgga. g|ooaa
_g}a_ag eQ g_ Cj}ajgg q}jCjaa|gg caa|g Cog| aaQgg
Cjao jaooga g_qg j}q||_ggg.

@ggga aa}e, _jCjag @eQCaaeq_gg ao.ja _o @aa,
jaooga|@ ca|jg|@ CgCaae o|o gqqaaaa. _q}g aaogg|o
jaooga|o @_gg _g, a|g|ogq Cgqaoa jo g|} g|C}ag
@qaajjQaCaaeq_gga. "g||"a_aaaa o|gjj q}a gaagqag
_ag }ggjja.

@gg q}q|g|jajg gaagqag c| aa jo} Cqg qg||ag| Coagg
g|oaa q|Qq|Qa a|jCqeq qggg. Cqg ga}a_ag @
Cj}gg, o|g q}ggaa Cog j|agaa Cqeqgaag. Cj_ja@
@Qa gg gaa|a Cgaoaaj jgjjQgg|, Cgao Cja_a
Cog q|gg qgga}a.

qagqgggj j|}oaa @oao. @aao Coagg g|o aqggaCaaqggaa
aq cag @ag. Caago Caagoaa gC}ajj| Cgoa|o jQ
_qoagaa jaooga|@ j Cqeqq_Ca cag _g}a
_oojja}a. @aao g|aoa _ggaa Caoaggq|q|oao.

@o|aq|a coaoaa agg gC}ajjaq|o gg|jjaa _jCjaggaa
oCj|a|o @ooa aa@ag||_ggg. oCj|a|a @o|jjgg|o
@ooa|} g|Cjag _g}a q|C}ag|aaa _ooao, gej}aaaCq
gggjja}a. g_ gg|jj| goo| }a@qa g_q|a gjg|aa,
ggg| _qjja|o g_ _gC} g||aajjQ _ag go@g
Cjejjg.

@agggaa Cjagaao cag Coaaaa}a. @aao Cjagqaa, Cjagaao
cajg Cqgaao gqaa|g qgaa cgC @_ggg|oao.

gag|. ggg }jCja}} 10 Cjj}q}, 2006



24 o|@aqjCja} Cgaaa

gag gj||a qg|gCgaagoaaa ggo gaogag ao.jaaa
cggaaag cggaa g Cagoa eaa|q|aag cajg|o
coo}aaaaa @_gga}aCa, _Cg _ gq|}gga Cago|o aago
Caae aogaaa_ j|aaa|o Cgaag @}j|gga}a. a|.j|. jgga
@ggaeqa Cgaaagg|o|_gCg _C}j|j jaaoqaa|o gQ
_g|a}ggaCaaeQgaa @_ggg.

g_ jg g||a cag q_e|aajj _g}a gg a|g|ogq}a
gaa aQjjaQa coao g|j CjaaCaaeq_aa, gjg
@o|a}a|a g|ga|aa aa}eaa oa}agg| g|}qaagg|o
}aaa ggjqa Cgaag @}j|gga. j|}agg|qa}aa
@qggCaag g||aajjq_gg aq}a}a|o jo}, gg
j|}agg|ggagg gaC aogaa cajgaa g|aaggaCaaeQ @qggag
@g Cgaa|aa}a. _q}aaa aeaae|aaCqa, gqqaaa
CgCaaCqa Coao aogaaa cjCjag Caa@ ejgg|o
gaq ja}ggaCaaeq_gg|_aa|ga}a Cjao|_aa|gg. g_ q}|o
CoaoqCgagao _}a @gg|} aggaaj j_gaa|a a|gg aao _g.

aa} gg@g @eQaaa cggaa gq|}g@ gaajj@ @ooa|
oa}agg|gaga aqC_jj| qgga}aCa, _Cg Cqagg|o j|}oaaa
_jCjag gaaag Cgaa||_gga.

q_ 1094. @o||o @_gg gagg|} caa|g ao.ja _jCjag
aaoaaa}. _q}g aa _o gogo} j|oa@ cajq} @o|j
Cjagjjag qgga}. gegg|o j} oagqaa @gg aoga@ag _jCjag
oa}agg| cg|}Cgaaa||_gg j|}oaaa caCaaa cajg jgg| g
Cg}ag. gQCagg _C}j|aq|@ gg|jjaa jaooga, o|}a,
Cga}a, =}aa Cjaag @a|o cgga aeg qaa Cag ggo
@_ggag _q} _g|aa}. _jjqC Cja} Ca ggqag _q}
g_qag _a|gg|_aaoa caga@ _ggaaa goaa}e j_q}a _g}a
_oo; a|g|ogq}aaa @_jja}a cajag g|aaggj ja}gg|_aaa
gqag.

_ggaa }ao|aaggaa @}j|ggg _g.

cjjq _C}j| g|ojj}jj g_qg goo|aao @jjQ
j|}agg|aa @a|jCjaaCga, _CgCjaoggaa _aagag gC}ajj|
g|ojj}jj|a Cj_jaaaaa jgg|aaa a|g|ogq}a @o|
CogCaaeq_gga}a. cgg @Cagag}a ggo gaogago o}aa
g g q|}q a_q|o gg| o|ag|o _agg qaq caaa
Coga}aCa, _Cg @Caq|a j} jag}aaa ag|jCja|_gga}a
gC}ajj|}a.

gag gj|ajCjaoCq @Ca g_ gj|. @agg@g}. g
qaggaCooa @agqa|a Cj_aa cQggo Coaoo|, ga j|ggg _g
goggqa} goqg|jjQggj ja}gga}.

@aao gC}ajj|}a @CaaqC aaag Cgagg
Cgaa||_gga}a. _q} a|a agg}gaa cajg|o _q}a_agg
g| ogCgag @oao. g gj|aaaa, o|g Cgq qg|jaQa,
aaa}C qeggo Cjaag qgaaa |ggg|_gg gC}ajjaq|o
a|g|ogq aa@ag| j|gggaa @agoo caa|g gag eaa|,
aa|aC g_aa oa}gg qagaaa gg|gg o|ggaaC Cgaag
@}j|gg|_ggg. C@ Cjajjaeq}a Cooqaagj Cjgg _ajj
}g||o a|g|ogq |aj joaaCga_ oag|aa _jCjgg|_gg aao
_g.

o}aaj jgga @ggaeqa gg|j jgg|a. gC}ajjaq|o a|g|ogqg
g|_ooaja |aggq|}aa g_ j|}oa}gagg Cgaa|a. "Cgqa|a
oa}agg| oa|o q}jCjaa|gg" cajggaa _g.

@ggj j|}oa}gag @_q|gaaj ja}aaoa. oaCg @age}
CCoaa|, jag| Cog|ag; a|g|ogq qa_ caa|g oagqaa _}gg
g_jaa. oCag j|g _}aa qgg, a|g|ogqj Cj}}Coaag
_qag caa|g _}o|o oa}gg _}gg @aCaa_ jaa.

@ggj j|}oa}gg|a aq q|a caaCqa|o, jooa|}aaeaaaa
gC}ajj|}a, gg Cgoa|o|_gg ja|g agg|a}aa Cg_oCogaga
a|j|aa}a. @Ca gag} qaggg }gg ja|g _|agg g qagga|o
g_gagaqg je Cogq| CqeQ caa|g @}q _q}aa
gg|gg, _aoaoaaa a|g|ogq}a Cg_oCogag Cgaaa|
q}gCgaa|aa}a.

_jjqg g|_ggo agg|a} g||gg _C}j| e qg|C je Cog
jaoog@ag qgg a|g|ogq}a, _C}j|a g_qg a|g|ggq}a
@}eagg}a gqaaaaCq gggjjQqaga aeQ |ggg
_g|}oo|aga|a}. "g||a" cag _q}a _agaajjQqg,
_q}a_aaaa o|gjjo og|a, Qgo q}oaaa Cjaagqgaga
aeQ Caag|ggj Cjaaa}a. _agg g|_j|g
Cg_oCoggagj ja|g agg|a} CgCaae gg _@jqaa
ggaa|aqggq|Q, a|g|ogq}a _C}j| ee|o |a
_qg|agaaajjQa|ga}a caa|g q|qgag |ag gq|}aag g
aa|aC Cg}jjQgg @}j|gga}a. gaqg Cog Cg_oCoa
C @aCqeQ; _C}j| ee|o a|g|ogq oa}agg|gg|a
a|aa g|gq|C g}CqeQ cag Cjog Cgaa|aa}a.

gag aqa|aa Cqeq q|q @g. @a|ao aggoa qgg
gC}ajj|}a Cagg o|o @g Cj}aCa, o|o @|} Cj}aCa
_oo}. aeag qgaCa Coaoogqag _ag _q}a qggCaaeC
@_gga}a _jCjag. g_ Cjoaagj jooa|}aaeaaaCaa} cag
o}gg|} @gaaa gg|jj|a@ cjjq aa} gjgaeQaao
@aCq||o jgg|o|_gg @_jg oo Cj} qgg|_aaa Q cag o|o
a|g|ogq o}gg|} @o|}}a g|jj|Qa|ga}a. cgg _}o|o ggg@
@ooao gaaaCq Cg_oCoggag qggq}a @q}a. @aagagj
Cjao Cjaagq}gg qog|a q}oo|aag _aaaogg|o jo aga
ga} a}aaaaj j|}ae CoCg @q}a jaoogaa _agg|_aa
gq. qg| g_aa ao.jaaa|a @o|agj @aga. ga
ae aao|aa a|g|ogq}a @}eag}a gqaaaa
gggjjQa|ga}a caa|g gaqao @gg gC}ajj| ag}a}a }
g|_j|j Cja ggg g|_ooaja|o Cg}jjQggg Cgaa|ga
q|aqaaggaa g_ ggggaaaa @gga _Ca @}ja|a.

cjjqaqg Cg_oCogag @ooa|}a||_gg C g}CqeQ.
@Caq|a aooag jgg| a|g|ogq}a|a g|oaa QC @_aa
CqeQ. ca|o, gggagg gq|} Cqg qg|C @oao.

ggo|o joCqg gC}ajj| gaQa|o @_gg g|_ooaja q @gg
q|qgag q|qag|gga. j|gg _gggg Cgogg aa}a|a aqaggag
@g CaaeQCooojjg. _gaj|a _}agg}jjj j|}g|g|g|a aogg
q|qag|gga}a. gg cag @}j|ggao cggaa aao j|qag,
cggaa Cja_Coo gjQ caja Cjaag q|qa
@}ajja. caa @aa@ @gaao CoCg g}CqeQ, gQCagg
a|g|ogq Cgoa_ @ggj ja|gjje||o jaagg|C @aCqeQ cag
gq Coga}a.

@o|a}a g_jg Cao|ggaCaaeq_ggCjaCg gjg _aag
Cjajjaeq}aa @_gg _}ja 2 cajq} (Pope Ur ban 2) cqq|g
Caoaaag _qo|C @oao cag g}aa|gg, @ooa|}a_ag
cg|}aa ggggagg g|}_jq gQCagg a|g|ogq ogagg|a_ag
_agjj q|Qgga}. @g gggg, a|.j|. 1096- @eQ.

Cjajjaeq}a @ggg gaa|oaoaa gqag @aCaa_ aa}eg
eQ. _q_ag g_ g|_je Cgaqaa @_ggg _jCjag.
@o|a}a _oo; Cjajjaeq}gaa a|g|ogq}a|a gC} Cj}
gaoq} cag CoaoojjQ qggg cggaa @} ea cajagg
gagg gaC g|_j|ggj ja}ggaCaa @gaa _q} g_
ogg}jjaaj jajQgg|aCaa cee|aa}.

_gg @eQ Cjaj @}eQ aCj_ agaQaa ggg|aa}. ggo
agaQ, j|aCoeqa (Pl acent i a) cag @gg|o gaCjggg.
@}eaqg agaQ, _Cg 1096- @eQ gqj}o aC}ae
(Cl er mont ) cag @gg|o qg.

@gg @}eQ agaQa_ag gQCagg gC}ajjaq|o|_gg
jooa|}aaeaaaa a|g|ogq}a q_aa ggga}a. gqCqa_ gC}ajj|
Cgo _}a gg j|}g|g|g|a _a| Cj} Cj} g_aaa
_@jj|aqgga.

@gg agaQa|o a|g|ogq}a Cg_oCogag aa Cqeq _qo|
gg|gg _C}j| oa}agg|gga Cja}Qqgaao gjaq
o|aaoa, @gjja, Cgaqa jgg| |a q|}qaa, joCqg _}a|o
q|qag|aajja.

@|} Cj} CqeQ, jgga|} Cj} CqeQ cag q}}a|a
Cgaqa _ggaa goo|aao Coaoo|q|gqag. cooa a|g|ogq
Cgoa_ Cja} q}}aa _@jj|aa CqeQ. @aao cggaa
Cja} q@aaaaa _@jjgq? aaC q|_j| qgg Cja}o
jgCjggaogaa eQ. _jjq ga q|_jjaaa a|g|ogq}a @ggj
Cja}o jg CjgqCgagao _q}a_ago o|o o@aaa _|ggaa
CqeQ. @gg gggag _}o|oaaj ja}aaao g_ gaaaaao
Coa|Cga caa|g Cj_|g _q}a_ag @_aaCqeQ. caa
Cooa?

Cjajjaeq} o|o o@aaaa _g|q|gga}. @ooa| oa}agg|ggag
cg|}aag Cgaajjq|_aa|g @gg gggg|o jgCjg a|g|ogq}a
_aaq_ g|_ooaj|a g|}gg}j jagaajjag aqa}a. _q}ag
gq|a}a, qo, qQ, g|o _aagag jagaaggj j}a}ag
Cjagjj g|_ooaj|@ag. gqCqa_ q}}a gQjggag Cgaqaa
je gq|a_agg g|_ooajC CjagjCjgg. _gqa} _q}a
a} cqq aa qaa||_gga@ j|}oaa|oao. _agg g|_jj|o
Co@ggg Cgaq|oao. qaa| aaao Co@ggao|_jjggaaa _q}a
g a_ qgagg Cga}a ag. _jjqC Cga}gga@ gg|
aga _qgagg g_jq Cogq|Q. _q}a _}aago
Co@ggCqeq q}a|o jaaa| aqgg|_jja}aCaaao _gg q}a_
aqaag g_jq CojjQ. gggaaaaj Cja}j jgjjQ
q}}a| _}oaa q} CaQ @o|aaa ag.

@jjqjj Coaa gg}qaga _|ggga Cjaj g|gggq|oao.
@a@ g_ jq CCo Coag, g_ q}oaggo o|gjj |aa CoagCjag|aq
g|aggg|aa}. e}oo|a Caagg|jja |aa _oCoagCjag|q|o, @agqa
Cj}ao _q} _|gg gg}qaga @aq.

1. Cg_oCogag jggaaa CgCaajjQ @gg gggg|o
jCaQag _ggaa a|g|ogq}a|a jaqa_ aqaa @agqaao
aa|aajjQq|Q.

2. @ggj Cja}o |} ggaa Cg}Q gqCqa_ a|g|ogq_
Coa}aaggago Coo@qg gg|.

8. oa|o a|g|ogq gaggCgag qa} _q}a|a Cj} agag
ja_a q|g.

@ggo CoagCjag|q|a @gg||ogaa Cjaj _}ja 2, "a|g|ogq}aC,
ggggagg g|}eQ qa_a" caa|g _g|q|jaj Cq||a}.
e}oo|qojj gQCagg gC}ajja @gg gggg|o jCaQaa
gaqggg.

g e}oo|, Cja_aga} oaja, _}o|o Cgaaaa caa|g gag
aa}e|aa _qggaaa CaaeQ jg|Caaaga @ggaeqa @gg||o
@}jaa @gg gggaa o}gg|}gg|o o|@aqjCja} cag
q_e|aajjQa|gg. o|@aqjCja} cajg g_ agCa, g} @eCa, o|o
@eQaCa ggg ggoo. a|gg gg@g @eQa gag
Cga}gg Cj}g| gg _g.Cg_oCogag aaa aqgg
a|g|ogq}a_ag @ooa|}a_ag @a|o @}jaa _gg gg
gg|a a|gaa|o _qaaa| _aja Caagoggooo.

gag|. ggg }jCja}} 18 Cjj}q}, 2006



26 ggaao @gggag }gga g!

g|oCooa }gg - ja. }aaqa 26

jo ooaaeaaaa q}}a, gaa a|g|ogqggaaaaj Cja}Qa|Cga
cajggg g} _aaaaa aa|o o|@aq gg|j Cja}o
jgCjgggao _ago o|@aqjCja} cag o}gg|} gg|jj|Qa|gg. o|@aq
gg|j|gg }gg o|ggao cjjq gq?

ea|o, ggoggo|o o|@aqjCja}o jgCaae a|g|ogq}a_ag
_}o|o aa}ea cg _ggaa ggaaaag Cgaagq|oao.
Cjajjaeq} _}ja 2ag joCqg a|g|ogq Cgogg|a
@o|a}a_ag @jCja}a q|aa gg|gg g} _@aa
@_ggg. cjjq aqaa gqggq|a q gg @oao _g
cag coCoa_agC Cg}gg|_ggg.

@aao q}}a_ag gC} @}q|o Cg_oCoaj j|qggq|Q Cqg|
Cqaa QC @_ggg. _ga oagg|a jgg|a _q}a
Cao|aa q|_jq|oao. goo|a @gg gggago ogg
cg|}ja}aaaa}a cag _q}a gj|aa}a. @aCq, cg|}ja}ag
gaaggo|o g|aogaogg, Cg_oCo qgggq|Q cag g|aagga}a.
g_Cqa gaa Cg_oCogaga aajjgg| j|gg _q}a
aga}ggaCaaeQ eQ Cja_ag qggao, _jCjag
ja}ggaCaaoa cajCg _q}a Caoaaaa @_ggg.

gq|}, gggag Cg|jjg gaggaa _q}ag _jCjaag
gg|aCaa. gggg|o jCaQjjga go a|aaaaq Cja_aga}
oaja, o}gg|}gg|o Cj} @CjgjCjaa|g j}qo Cjaag j}a
aa}ea @ggaaaaq.

j} caa|g a|g|ogqj jag|}a} @gg ggo o|@aqj Cja_agg
gaoa gaa|aa}. a|.j|. 1096-o gg| gC}ajjaq|o|_gg jo o|g
jaaaaj jgjj a|g|ogq}a, aCj_ jaaa Cg_oCogag
Cgaaa| gaCagg Cgaa|aa}a.

qg|Cg aee|o CgajQ _g}aa goo|aa
CqqaCaaeC gaCag|aa}a. goo|a|a qQa, q}ggag
goa, qg|jaqa gagajja. _}a _@qoaa_agg
gaqaajja. caa gaa|gg cajCg _C}j|}a_ag ggo|o
j}q|oao. |ajCj} gg _jagago oa|ag q|gaa
gaCagjaQa cag aogaa _jCjag Cogaqgg|_aaq|oao.

aee|aag Cg}gg|o aCj_ @gjj gjg. Caago
aga}ggaCaae ao.ja _o gogo} j|oa@, g_jjaa Ca
g|} gqaq|a@ jgg| jgg|aa q}}aa ggggag _@jjg
Cgaa|aa}. _q} Cog |ajCj} jgg|oao|ggaaa aa}, jaa
gC} @ Cgaaa| _@jjao, qaa|o|_gg Cggaaa, jaoogaa
Cgaaa|j Cjag _aagg qg|a_ag jaaaj j|}gg
_@jj|ggaa. @gago, o|@aqj Cja} q}}a cgg qg|C, cgg
@gag Cgaaa| qgga@ Cg_oCogag Cg_a gqao qg||CoC
gggg|o =QjCqeq|_ag.

goo| q}}a _jCjag g} aQaCaajja Cja}j j|go|
Cjgg|_gga}a. cg|}jjaa g|}goaagqaga aaq@ gg g}jj|o
@gjja gagqaa @_agjq aqaaao Cooj q|_a qggga}a.
_gaqg, a|g|ogq q}}aaa Caaag qgggqagq|, qqa}
_q}aa qaggj j|qgg g|}agjae|aaaa|, aag CoCq
_q}a_ag gg}q|jjq_ggg.

@gg gg| goo joa CaaQggg. a|g|ogq}a|a aCj_ gjg| cag
q_e|aajj q}} C}g|aao j g_ Cj_jaa goo|a
o}ea aqgga}a. @jjqo o}eaggq}a |}j|agaa,
@ooagagg g_qCqeq qggg. (_gaqg q@aaaaa gagg
Cojja}a.)

gaa|g gjg| | Cj_ja o}eaggq|gao o|@aqjCja}
q}}a g|aogaogg Cjaaa}a. cg|}ja}ggjq gC} ga|o
Cg_oCogag _agg, aajjgg aaaqg gggg Cj_jaoaCaa}
|}j|agaag g|_j gqaa}a.

ggo o|@aqjCja} @jjqaaa a|g|ogq}a_agg Cgaoq||o gqggg.
@gaao @gg|}g _qaag Caae gC}ajj| gaQa @}eaqg
gagaa g_ Cg}aa| g|_ooajg gaoq}a gaoa|o @aCaa_
Cj} jaa Cg_oCogag Cgaaa| _@jj|a.

@aao @ggj jaao gC}ajj| Cgoaa @Ca}aa g
gaegqq|oao. gq, Ca|aaaa|o @}q Caae @ggj ja|a
@oag aaaoaeqCgaj| gg Cg_oCo cag
g|}e|aajjq_ggg. @aao _q}a Cjoa|C}aa aag gaa},
@Ca} aaaCoC _qgga Caaoojja}. ja|gaa a|g|ogq
gggaaaa gg Coa a|j| @ggaa aggg}aa Ca|aaa
gqqaaaa|o =QjQa|ga}aC cag Cqgjjgg Cjoa|C} ga} aaC
_q}aag gaaa| _g|aag Cgaa|aa}a. (@gg o|@aqjCja}
q}}aa, jagCjgg gC}ajj| o}gg|} @o|}} a|jja, 'g}a ,
_gaa}aaaq}a' cag q_e|aa|ga}!)

g|_ooaja @gaao aqao Caaea. Cjajjaeq} q}}a_aga
aQaaa coo}aaaaa q|Qgga}. g_aaa gagqaa Cooa|o
=QjQ a|g|ogqggag _qaa Cgqgg_jq}a g|oo
geaaagaqa}a cag coo}aajja}.

@gaj|gCa g_ ga|jja cag|ooao Q }a@qaa q}}aa
_@jjoa cag Cjaj gq Coga}.

_gajq, j|}aao, @a|oagg, Cg}a|, @ggao| Cgoa|o|_gg q}}a
Cg}gCgQaajjQ, g_ oggg|} Cjao _e|qgjj|o g|gggjja}a.
@gg q}}a gaa gaCag qg||Coooa ggo|o _g}a aee|o
jQa|ga}aa cag CgqgCgqa Caaag gq|aag Cgaa|aa}a. a}a,
CaCoo gg|aaa}Ca}a|o qo|ggaCaaeq_gg jooa|}aaeaaaa
_g}aa _q}a =q|}aa|ag|a Caaag gq|ggag o}gg|} @oa jaa
jaaaa q_e|aa|aga.

@g|o j}gaj caaCqa|o, _g}a ga goo|a gaagqa}aCa
caggaa _jCjag jggCaaeq_gga}aC gq|} a|g|ogq}a||_gg
_jjq_ gaaggao _q}a cg|}ja}aaCq @oao cajggaa! gjjg
a|g|ogq}a_ag goo|a_agaa gg. @g|o ga_ag cggo
ojggg @oao cajggaa _jCjag _g}a|a g|aoaa @_ggg.
Caa|o, Cg_oCo _q}a_ag ja|g ga}C caga@ _jCjag
_g goo|a|a @_aaag jq_ggg. goo|aa cg|}gg,
a|g|ogq}a Cjao Cja}o @ga _g}a| Cj} jajoCooa
_jCjag @oao. _q}a ogCga|ooao o|gjaaa|a}. @aCq,
cgg}jjag oa}j|ag| gQg|aoa aaaaoa caCg _g}a gq
Cog|_gga}a. (@gg gQg|aoa aaaa|g q|qgag _g}a gg
o}gg|}Cg jo g_ea|o Cogqgg|_aa|ga}a!)

@aao gagaqg gagaaj jaCQgg gaCag| qgg a|g|ogq}a
ggo|o gaaa|g _g}aaggaa.

a|.j|. 1097-o gC}ajj| aa}a|a ajj gag _g|aa}_}qaa
eaag. _C}j|}a||_gg Cg_oCogag jg QC @gga
ajj|a Coog|. ggo gagaa Cjajjaeq}a
Caoaaaa _ooao, aa}a gagq @jjq_ gjaao
CogCjag ae|oaa (aa} ga} oo Cj}) q}}aa - Cgag|ogag
Cja}jj|go| Cjgg q}}aag g|}q g|ggg gqggg!

cgg @a_g @ooao @gag cjjqaqg Cg_oCogag _agCg
g_qg caa|g Cgaaaga jgjj @ggj ja ggo ggo|o
g_aa||o _eqCaaaa (Ant i och) gggaa|g. o}gg|}gg|o
jaa jaaaaj CjojjQ g} _a} gggaa @g! aa} gajg ag
aaoggag Coaag Cga}gg gggaa .

g_ gaa} _oog Caaaa gggaa @QqCgagao, C
@_jjq}a Cq|C Cooo gqagqag gQaajjQq|Qqgaa _}gg.
_gaqg, gggaa|jj jgg||o, aaqo ej Cja_a
g_qa} QC _q}a C aaaa @_aa gq. e
cag|oao. Cqg cgga aa}eggaaaaqaqg _q}a Cq|C
q}CqeQCagao, Cq|C aagg|_ag ja _qgg gqo
Cogq|Q C jggg aaq}ao aaqq|Q.

Cjagqaa jo gag| jgg|a QC gggaaag @oaaag. jo
Cja_gg|q}a a agaq gqaCaaeQ C @_aajCjaa|ga}a?
_q}a cg|}a qgggC gaC gaqgg Cjaa}g Cgaa|q|Qqa}a
_ooqa?

a|g|ogq o|@aqj Cja} q}}a _eqCaaaa gggaa|Cjag,
_Ca aa} g}aeQaaaa ejCja_ Coa} @_ggg. ga} aa
jo|ao qaCqeq _ja @oao caCg g|}qaa|a a_g|aa}a.
@aao a|g|ogq}aa cg|}ggj Cja}, q}}agaa _jCjag _Ca
j|}oaaaa @_ggg. @aCq, gggaaa aaogg|o Cja} q}}aa
@ggjjQgg|, jg| q}}aa _qaaa|, ga}ag aCj_ je|
_q}a_ag @_ggg. _agggaa _q}a CogCaaeq_gga}a.

@aao ogg cg|}ja}aq|gaa, Cja} qgg a|g|ogq _e||a}a
ejCja_a g}ggq|a. @aCq Cj_ o|aao gjg.
jagCjgg o}gg|} @o|}} |o John St uar t Mi l l ( ) @gaa
q_e|agCjag, 'a|g|ogq q}}a eq|ag|, gag gaC
g_qa}_q} Caaag j|egagj jo|ag g|aoagg gjja}a'
cag c_ga|ga}. (@ggg oaaj jagjjgaa jaqaa|o }ao|
@a_aga CaaeQCja _Ca jo| gaaao _gaag g|aga}a
cag Cqg o|o o}gg|} @o|}}a_ c_g||_aa|ga}a.)

@ggaaagj j|gg _eqCaa Caaa|a jaggaoqaaa @_gg
.j|}o (Fi r uz) cajqa a|g|ogq gjg|a| je CjggaCaaeQ
Caaaa agaa aaaao| g||gg|o g|gggq|Q q|jqao,
Caaa a|g|ogq}a|a qoaa|j Cjaag. '|ajCj} gC}aa' cag
@ooa| o}gg|} @o|}}a @ag q_e|ag @oojq
gaCjggagg Cga}gg Caaaag @_gg jooa|}aaeaaaa
goo|aaa a|g|ogq}a aee Cg}ao Cqq qggg|aa}a.
Cqgg|aa|jja caaa|jq Cg_oCogag _agg, cg|}jj
_ggaa Cja} Caaag qggg|jqC gaCag|o Coaga}a.

Cg_oCogg|a qg|a _aagg oaao g|aggga. j|e g|a@
jgaqa }aaa qaa|o q|jq @_gga. cg ja}gga@
__g}oa, _qo goa. @qgg aa|a @aCq|a|o
Cj_jaa c_gg qaaa g|}jj|g. gaqaajj qg|jaQg goa,
aoq|g goa|o|_gg c_gg jaa _g.

_ggo ojqgg|aCjag Q c_jga|} Cg_oCoqao|a
a|g|ogq}aao Caaoojjgaa |q (Naf ed Khal ed Mi shad ) caa|g
o}gg|} @o|}} c_ga|ga}. (@q}a_ Cg_oCo ga}gga
a|g|ogq}a_ _gqa}aa cag Cg}q|oao. aegqggaaa
gaaggo|aCjag, '@qa a|g|ogqa, @qa goo|' cag ja}ggj
ja}gga Caaao Cog|_aa gq cag Cgaagq|oao.) ojqgag
Cg}o ja}gg oao| g_q}a gag CgCaaaaa CaaeQ c_g
|q, 'Caaoojjq}a|a }gg } gg||a gag ejgg|o
ggaao @ggg|o gg|a}a aqqagag cq g|agg' cag
gg|jj|Qa|ga}.

ggaao @gggag }gga g! g|aaggj ja}aaa gqag
_jjqCa_ g_} gggg|a @gg||o Cg_oCo, o|@aqj Cja}
q}}a|a qoaag.

gag|. ggg }jCja}} 17 Cjj}q}, 2006



26 geQ Cjaa o|@aq gga

g|oCooa }gg - ja. }aaqa 26

Cg_oCo ga} a|g|ogq}a|a qoaa|q|g caa|g gaqo _g|ggg
ao.jaq|a aqo Coo caaqaa @_gg|_ag cag g_ ae
Cao|ggj ja_a.

_gaqg, goo| q}}a_ag _gg gggg|o |ajCj} Cgaoq|
a|q|_aa|gg. @ooagg|a @}eaqg ao.jaqaa } aaogg|o,
goo|a qoaag Cg_oCo ga}. gag gaao Co}gg aa_
_Ca oea ooo}q|ag| gggaaa qag qg|Cogq} _q}. o}gg|}
qa} _q}g aaog _gg Cqgg|, Cqgg|agj j|gg _q}
CgCaae g goo|eaa ggo|a_ gao
g|aa}jjQaCaaeq_gg o Cqg. j|aaao qgg
@o|a}a|a Coog|ga gaggaa @gg aCj_ Cgaoq|aga
aa}e cag j|a o}gg|} @o|}}a @a| Cjag|aa
@}j|ggq|Qqa}a. _g @}eajo. gg| @o|aCqg
ao.jaaa|a @o| cag Cj_aa @a| Coaoo|aCaa gqag.
@aagaga a|g|ogq}a aa CCoaa||_aa|gg. gaa _g}a|a
a}a CCoaaoa. Cqg a}aqg _gg|}a_ jaCQaaoa.
aqaa gaqg CogaCoag| @g|o|_gg o| a|aag.

_jjqjj Cg_aaqaa g|ao. caa Cog|_jja} _jCjaag
ao.ja?

gja}a! aa}gg gCqag __ga}a. gg aaaoaaaggagag
g|aagg _q} __gag _ggaa o}gg|} @}aoo|a}a_ gqgao
gg|jj|Qa|ga}a. Cjagaagagag ao.ja goga_ag _q}g
Caaajja}aa joa|a_a gagg cajq_a _jCjag g_ Cj_
j|eag Cqg gjq_ggg. Caaajja}aa _gg joa|a_agaa
_jCjag _q}g }a@q gg|} .

cg|}a|a _aao g_jg @_aa, aoga@ag _q}g
Caaajja}aCoC gaqg @jgg gja@ q|jjgga|oao
cajg Cjaag ggg|ao.

@aao ajgg| @ooag ao.ja, ga_aa|a|oaa Coaggo oeaa
ggaa|aqggq|Q (@ggo oea, o|o a|}aa|o q}aa qgo|aajj
jegagj jgj|}jjg|o gjg cag g_ a_gg @_aa|gg. @aao
gg|Cojj gaqo _oo.) Cjag cg|}a gg|aa gaqg Caoaa
Coao@ag joa|a_aa| Caa}.

gaaga Qgo _g|aa}a, o|o gg|jj| jgg|a|o ga|ao| Co
}a Cjaagaq a|aggao gaqg Caoaa g} @@ cag _gg
}a@q _aoo} Cg}q|gggaag Cg}a|gg.

|a }gg _g|aa}jgg|CoC @ggaaCga_ _qo g|ao
ca@Cjag _aag @ooa| oa}agg|gg|a gQCagg g|}qaa
cjjq @_gg|_ag cag Cao|ggj ja}aaoa. gqCqa_
ag|ojjgg||a @o|a_ gg @_aaag j @ggagg
gaaC oaa}q}gg|aa CqeQ caa|g aaaq
q}ggaCaaeq_gga}a. gqCqa_ a|}a _g|aa} gg a|}agg|o
qgo|aajjQ q}aag gg j} q_aaaaa
a_ggCgaa||_gga}a. go, cooa a|@ j}q|
Cq_ag||_ggg. @o|a}aC }a@q q}}aag ga|a} }a@q
Cjao qaaaagj jajQggCqeq ggg|ao @_ggg. Ca je
a|aaaaq|ao }a@q q}}a cg|}jjaag q|aqaoaa
gggCaaeQq|Qqa}a.

@jjq_ _qoaa aaogg|ogaa, goo|a|a @ggg Cooqaaaa
g Cqaaa g@g cajq} jg| aogaaaaj jgq|Cgga}.
@q} joa|a_aa|a oCaag}}. gg _eeaaj CjaoCqa, _q}g
aaogga ao.jaqaa gogaa}j CjaoCqa @ooao Caago q}g
q|Cqag Caaeq}aa @_ggq}.

Cg_oCogag jCgagao, ggo|o }a@qgag @o|gaga
g_gjQgg|aaCqeQ cajag _g|ggq}aa, _ggj je|a|o aqa
Co@ggg Cgaa|aa}. go _g|aa}aa gg|ggaaq, gqCqa_
j|}agg|gg|@ _jjqaa @o|a}aa g||gga}. }a@qgg|o
}aaaa aaCQgg, CgoCa|@|_gg, gaQjjgg |aa
@ag}aag CgqgCgq Co}aag Cgaa|aa}.

@q} @ggaa o}g|_gg gqqaaaaa g_jg CgCaaeq_ggCjag,
@aCaa_jg Cg_oCogaga aajjgg| o|@aqj Cja} q}}a,
Cqgg|aa|jj|o g|}Cjao|, a} (g|@), o|aa (q|qjqo) Cjaag
o|o gaa|aa @ooa|a Caaaaag gaaa| qggg||_gga}a.

a|g|ogq q}}a q}oa cag cg|}ja}aajj @a|o @_gg
goo|a coCoa_ jagaajjaa Cqg ga}a_ag, ag|oa_ag
@Cj}gg Cjaq|q_gg g|ao|o Caaaaa Cqgg| Caae
a|g|ogq}a_ag _Ca Caaag a|aa _g}aC a|agga}a.
jagaajjgg g|ao|o @_gg _g}a gqCqa_ @gg|@ @_gg ga
g|_ooaja|@ Cgqaoa|@ jggg agaq _ag
_qaCaaeQ |a}a aa|o j|qggjq gq|ggaCaaeq_gga}a.

_g}a _go| gQa|aCaaeq_aa|ga}a cajg Cg}gg agg|}gg|CoC
a|g|ogq}a|a }ggCqg| _aaaao CCog|g g||g|g. _g}a|a
_aagg Cgqaoaa aggaCaaeQ C jgggq}a,
_a|_gg @ea, Cjea, gggaga gqCqa_qa} geQ
geaa Cqqa gq|gga}a. _jjq Cqg| _aao j|eaa
_gggg Cgqaoa|a CC gq|gg, Cq|C qgg
@oa_agg gaqgga Caa_gg|aa}a.

@ggj Cjaggagj j|gg _ggggj jgg|a|o @o|g|aa}gg|o
_}gg o|@aqjCja} q}}a, a|g|ogq}a _ooag _ggaa aa_
g|}gg}aao oa|o|ao a}a j|aeaajj g|ao|ogaa qo
q}CqeQ caCga_ gg}aqj j|gjj|gga}a. _gaqg a|g|ogq}
_ooag _ggaa Cj_C aag|aga. o|agaa_ag jg|o _q}a
gaqo qqo qo|aa gq; @aao oa|o|ao a}a_ aa@
Co}ggj j|aeaajjq_ag! _jjqCgaa gg|Caaggag
Cjaagq. ojag|aaoa, Coo Cooa, } aggoa. oa|o|a
Q aggga ag!

gg|aga @_gg gjja. agaa }ggq aaj jgoagga
Cooqaagj Cjgoa|a.

g_q}|o Coao@qCgagao, _gqa} g||aaa @_gg a|g|ogq}a
_jCjag ggq}aa _|a|o aqgg _a}aag Cgaa||_gga}a.

g_ qg|aa 1108-ogaa aogaa g@g, o|@aqjCja} q}}aa @a|
gaaaoa caa|g gqag qgga}. }g|a,ogoa}, g|qa, Caoo
@a| gaag ag|oa|o|_gg }a@q q}}a q}qagaajjQ
_e|qgaao Cojja}.

gggg|a Cgaaa @_ aaaaj j|}aajjg. ja ggo|o Cg}aa
jaoogaa Cgaaa| gaCagCqeQ. _a} q qqq|o qaa|o|_gg
Cggaaa gaCagg CgaaCqeQ. jaooga g|ojj}jaja Caago
Caagoaa a|g|ogq}a|a a}a|o|_gg q|Qq|aa CqeQ. g}
@g|o Cqgg| a|aggg, @aCaa_ ja jgjjQ Cg}qaa
Cg_oCogag Cgaaa| q_. Cg_oCogag _ggj ja _aggg
qaa|o|_gg (_gaqg @o|aq|o|_gg) gaCag| q_ ja a
qgg @aeggCaaeQ g_ qaa Cg_oCogag agg| gggaa|
CqeQ. g_ g_ g gg ggg| Qq|CqeQ.

aogaa g@g|a @ggj Cja}gg| g| o|ggao _jjqC
aajjaggjjg!

@aC}aqga jaoogaa _agg ggo ja _a|_gg a|g|ogqj
ja|aa} ggo|o aj}ao caa|g @gg|o ggg gggg|o g g
q|}qg Cgagaqggg. @aao _Qggja Cg_oCogag qggaqggg
}aaa gaa _qa|a. o|g o|g ggaa _q}a qg|Cg
CogaaCqeq|_ggg. jo @a|o agaaeaa|o gggaa|C
gaCag Cqeq|_ggg.

@g q_a_agj j|gggaa g||jq Cg_oCogag goo|
jaa Cg_a gqgga. (a|.j|. 1109- @eQ) joag cag @gg|o
@jCjag gg gggg.

goo|a_ a|g|ogq}a_. Cag@ oag@. agg| }ggg. @aao,
Caagoggooo. gg Cgg|gaga _aagg aagg|o jgaaq|jjQ
g_ag|} aaQ|}aeq gggagggaa a|g|ogq q}}a
CgCaaea}a cag jo a|g|ogq o}gg|} @o|}}aC
c_g||_aa|ga}a. |aa Caa}aa gggg|a gqq|o a|g|ogq}a
Cgagaqaajja}a.

@aa@ g_qg|aa Cg_oCogag Qq|Ca cag goo|a
ogCgaqjj gqq|oao.

aa}e, gaCj ja}ggg Cjao, o|@aqjCja}a cajaq, g_
gg|jj| ja|a}ao Q CgCaajjaq _oo. agaa,
gQCagg gC}ajja _ag g_ geaaog g|aaa a_g|,
Cga}gg CgaqaCagj q}}aa _@jj|aCaaeC @_ggg. a|g|ogq
q}}a|a cee|aaa gagagag jg| q}}a qggCaaeC
@_jja}a. _q}a_aaaa je gq|a, ejCja_ gq|a
a gC}ajjaq|a joCqg Cgoa|o|_gg Cga}gg qggCaaeC
@_ag. g_ Cga} gqqaaaaa QC gC}ajj| Cgoa
o|@aqjCja}aa ggg|a.

@aCq, Cg_oCogag goo|a eQ Cg|ggq|a}a cajg
Cg}gggC gC}ajjaq|o|_gg _aoaoaa o|@aqjCja} q}}a
jgjjQ q} @}j|ggq|a}a. @gag _q}a Cg_oCo cag
Q ja}ao, q_ qg|Cg aaajjQgg ggo|a
CgCaaea}a. _gaqg a|g|ogqj ja gaCag qg|CooaC
a|g|ogq}a|a @_aaag jg cajg Cjao! a}aqg
gaagg@agg ga}aa g|agao, _gga ae cg|C} @_ag ja|a}
Cja}QaCaaeq_aa aa}a. agaa, j|aaao q_ _Qgg _e|
o|@aqjCja} q}}a_ag _ggj je|aa CaaQggq|Q @q}a Cqg
qg|C Cqaaa gaCagg Cgaa|q|Qqa}a.

a|g|ogq q}}a|aC _jCjag o}aa g_a|aejj @_ggg. gq|},
ga_agj j|aaao Cj} Cj} gaQa @g}qaa @_aa|aga caa|g
aaoa jo _q}a_ag @_ggg. @aCq, @ooa| oa}agg|gag
Cq_a _g|gg, aCj_ a|g|ogq oa}agg|gag - Cg_oCogag
gaoga}aaa CaaeQ gg| a|gaa|o g|gq| q|Qqg caa|g Cj_aaa
_q}a jaggCaaeq_gga}a.

g}g|_qqoaa _jCjaggaa aogaa g@g aaoaa|,
_Qggjqaaj jgq|Cgg goga} cajq_ gC} @eqo
}eagg|_gga}.

goo|a|aC ggga caa|g g@g|a g|g _q}a_a
Co}gg aaoaaggaa @g|o Cj_ Coaa.

gag|. ggg }jCja}} 20 Cjj}q}, 2006



27 aogaa ooa@gga

g|oCooa }gg - ja. }aaqa 27

jaooga ca@ Cj_g|ojj}jj|a |a gaa| _aaaa
Cg_oCo caa|g gaa}a aajjggqg ca@ Cgaaaga
Cgaajja, o|@aqjCja}a. ea|o g|ogaga aajjggqgoo
@jCja}a|a Cgaaa. _g QC cagao qgaaaa gaQ j|qag
gga_ gagaa @g a_gjjq_ag. agaa, @ooagg|a
j}qaog gQgg, gg| @o|aq|o a|g|ogq oa}agg| gaag
g|gqga go g|}gg}aa a|g|ogq}a_ag @ooa|}a_ag
@a|o g} @_jgg|a} c_jjqCg o|@aqjCja}a|a @ga}
Cgaaaaa @_gg|_aa|gg.

a|g|ogq cggaaCa qg|a|o j}q|aCaaeq_ggg. j|}oa} _qgg
gag. aa @ojaa e}oo|jCj_aaao a|g|ogqggag
ag|aCaaeq_ggg @aCaaag. gaQaa Cqgg| Caaqga go
ggagj j}qoaagqg Coog|gg|a gagaqg _ogaa.

@|@ Cg_oCo q|qgg|o gC}ajj| o|@aqjCja} q}}a
gggCaaeq|g jgg| o}gg|} _ggaa gooq|gaaa
gg|jj|Qqg|oao. gg Cgg|gagaa _q}a aagg|o jgaa q|a}a
cajg |a CCoaaa g_ gggooaQ. Cqgg| Caa_ jgg|a|o
@_gg agg gggq}aa _q}a aaQ|}aeqa Cjao Cqqo
oaggggaa @ag o|@aqjCja}a|a ggo _aaaao
CoaoojjQq_a|gg.

|oa caa|g o}gg|} @o|}}, q|ao oa|@ _ggaa goo|
gg _g gggq}aa Caaag jagggq|Q, _q}aaj jaggg
@a|Coooa Cgqaoaa c_jj| _aagag agggq|Q
Cqg||o _q}a @_gga}a cag ogg |aajjCq @gaao
o|gg|}aa|ga}. _ggaa Caoaa gg @o|}}a Coaooaq|a@
_Qg|aaj jgg|a aeag qgaa|ooag j|q|q}a a|aaaCq
Coa|aga.

_jCjag gg| @o|aq|o @o|jCjagjj|o @_gg ao.jaaa|a
g|gaa gag @ggg gC}oao qa} aa}e. @gaa gCaaCq
ja}gg|_aa|Cga.

ggag @ggaeQa|o cggaaaCaggaa goo|a|a @o| q@
g|aCaaeC @_ggCga, _ggaaaaggaa jgga @ggaeQagj j|gg
jo|gggCaaeq_gga}a. qa}a _}o|o @ga gaa|a aa}e.
aoga@agj j|gg _q} aa caa|g gjaQ C}qa aa}Qagj
Cja_ggoaC gq|}, aCj_ oa}agg| g|}qaaggag cjCjag
agggoo. aogaa g|gaoao|aa @_ggao _q}g a@ _jjqC
@_jja} cag gqgga|oao _ooqa? gq|} Cg_aaq |aa
Cg}a|o @ggaa gjaQ, |ggg _jgg q|aq|jjgaa
ag|q|Qqag gq|}aa gqag.

@aCaa_ aa}e, ago. Coagg Cgogg|o|_gCg cggaa Caaa
_qaa gq cag @o|a}a aeaa|Qj ja}ggaCaaeq_ggg.
qgo|aajjQ q}aao o|o ga| gj}aC Cj_ja@
jgCjaQaCaa_ qgaa _aag gg| @o|a g_qg
j}qoaa @_ggqggg. @gaao }a@q Cjaag gaa|g gaga_ag
} jo Co}jjggaaa je Cjao Co}aCoC Cjaq|g.

aogaaaao agg| @_gg aaaaaa gagaqg gaa|a aa}e.
@q}a Cj_ja@ _aoo}aaaCqa, j|}agg| aq}a}aaaCqa,
gaa|g gjg|aaaCqa @_gga}a. Cj_ja@ aogaaa
gaoga}o|_gg a|jj| caaqg Caaa qaoogoggaCaa,
g|}qaoogoa_aCaa _agggjCja g|}gg} Cjaag|o @ggg|
aqgg|_jja}a. aoCo}, g, Ca|aaa cag qagaaaa ooaoaa
_@jq|ggaCaaeq_gg aogaaa gg cag q_Cjag @ojaa
_oo gjQ, Cqg a}aqg o|gg|ag Cjagjaja
CaaQggq|Qqa}a.

Cjagag?

oa}agg| _g|g Cgaa|g @gaaogaa. Cg_oCogaga aajjgg|
o|@aqjCja} q}}aa _aa|, _ga @o|a eQ @ooa|
oa}agg|gg|aag CaaeQq}, g@g caa|g g_ aogaa a|agga}
cagao, _gg Cqgg|ag qg _q}g @aao qa} QCgaa.
g@g|a }eggagj j|gg eQ jag g_q agaqg
g|gggaqgg a|g|ogq}a_aCa Cg_oCogag qga|aa.

o|@aqjCja}a|a| g_ g| @_ggg. ga} ga qo @_ag
aaogg|o qqa} @ooa| gg _g _aao o|aaaa
_g|gg gg|ggq|Qqg. qg|jaQ gaa|gCga @oaoCa, Cg_oCo cg
a|g|ogq Cgqaoaa c_jj| g|ggg|q|Qqg. aaogg|a ggg|o
gggaqCooa gggCjaaa Q. oao|aaa g|gg Cgqaoa
aao agg g|gg. Cg_oCo, a|g|ogq}a|a _|gaa cajag
_aqC cQggo Coao@. Cgqaoa|a _q|o jaggg |}a_
j|g ga|a _aao o|aaa_ _ggCa Ca oao|aa
Cqeq _qo| eag.

@ggo Coog|gg|ajq _q}a @a|aa}a. gQCagg
gC}ajja g|}eC_gg _q}a_agj je gq| Cogg.
cooaqggag Coaa Cjajjaeq}a @o}qag. CqCgaa
CqeQ? cjjq g_ gjgaeQ aaoggag Cg_oCogag aaa
aqgg g_ Cj} a|g|ogq oa}agg|gaga aq c_jj|q|gq
caCg _q}a g|aagga}a. a|.j|. 1178 qa} @g Cga}ggg.

_gg q_ ao.jaqaa @_gg @_gg|a @gg cajq}
@gggCjaaa}. qgaajjq _q}g qa}oaa oa caa|g o|gqa
@ooa| oa}agg|gg|a oaa}q}gg|aa @aajjaa. o|gqa cag
Coaoqg Caago _g|ajjq. o|gq@ag @ag@ag
@ajjCga_ Cjaqa cag aqggaCaaoa. qCga,
_@jqCa gggqa. ggqg|a (Gumusht agei n) caCga_ ggg|o
aaa, @q@ag qg|aaqaa a|_ggaa. ggg|oggag _qa
aaCa gg|, oa}agg|ggag gjg| ag|}.

@agaaa ao.jaaq cjCjag gg|ggaaq, gaa oaa}q}gg|aqg
caa|g aaa _ggaaa Coog|aag gqaCaaeq_ggqa
_qa.

_ggo o ao.jaq|a j|}g|g|g|aa ca|jag @eQCaaeq_ggq}
Cj} ooaga. o}gg|}gg|o cjCjagaqg g|ag o|o goo
@gaaa_ g_q}. gCa oa}agg| @jjq gaoaa|gCg caa|g
aqao Caaeq}. gg| _}aag q|aqaoaaq}. g_ ggo| Cog
ja}aaoa, gaoga_agj Cja ao.jaaqo ogg|gg g|oq}gag cQggo
Coaoo| a|g|ogq}a_ag cg|}aa gggag gQaa|q|oa cag
g|aagga}.

ooaga aogaaao ogg|ggq|ao ga@a _}o|, j_jja
Cqaao Cjaq|QC cag _go| ggqg|a, _q} jgjjQ q_
Cog| a|aggg aogaaaa a|jj|aCaaeQ CqCga_ @ggagj
Cjaq|aa. ooaga q|ao aogaa cCaooa _agggj
CjaajjQa|gaC}a, _Caooa je CgCaaea}.

g_ agg|o ggqg|a@ag cg|}aa gg Co ga}aa|,
Cqgjj|o ga|Ca_ aaaaaCq ga gqgqaCaaeQq|oaa cag
Cao|aa|g _aCa Cjaaa} ooaga.

@ggCaa_ aa}e @_ggg. @gg ooaga g_ Cj} q}}.
ao.jaq|a j|}g|g|g|aa ca|jag @eQCaaeq_ggq} cagCjag,
gg ajoggao o|j|aq|a g_ jgg|, a, @|@ao Cjaag
@aa a|g|ogq}a||_gg Cqag @ooa| oa}agg|gg|o
@aegg|_ggq} _q}. joqaaa gaaaagg jgg|aa Cqgg| Caa
gqgg gaaao, aqa gq|ggao jo Cja_gg| Cg_oCogag
Cqoogq cag g|aagga}. Cg_oCo a|g|ogq}a j|q|o @_ggg
_q_ago oa|aa gqaggaa @_ggg.

g_ }aag a_g|C _q} @ggaaa oaa}q}gg||a gg} CaQj
Cja|_gga}.

@aao oaa}q}gg|, @aCaa_q}a aajjaaqaa @_gggao Cqg
qg||ag| ggggagg ga}aaCqeq|_ag cag _g|q|gga}.

gooCqaaa _jjq_ gg gjq|oao. jggCjaa ao.ja,
aqaa ooagaag ga|Ca_ aogaaaa _aa}gg (_gaqg,
ggg|o aa}) _q} _jCjag @eQCaaeq_gg jgg|aa _qC}
@oa, oaa}q}gg||a ggaaQa @_aaag cag Coaoo|q|a}.
(@jjq @ooa| oa}agg| o|ggeg Cqg q|q!)

a|.j|. 1182- @eQ gg jgCgaajgaqg qg|o ao.ja oaa
}eagga}. _gqa} ooaga Cjaga aagg|_gga}. oa
}eaggq| Cog| a|agggC gg jaaag g|}qaCaaeQ
jgjjQq|a}. a|gg gg| @o|a g_qag aja} Cog
Cgaa|g _q}g }a@q. @a@ g}}eQ @aaj
j|qggq|ao _q}gaa ao.ja caa|g g|ao. }aaa o|gg}o}a_
j|}agg| aq}a}a_ ooag@a Cja} Co q|_jao, gaC
gaqgg _q_ag _qje|qgaa c_g|aCaaQggq|Qj Cjaaa}a.

ooaga q}}gaa. _g|o ogCga|oao. gQCagg gg|
@o|aaq aajjggqCgajg oaga}e q|q|oao. @aao gagg
Cg}gg _Coaoae} CjaoCqa, g}aoj CjaoCqa aq}aaa @qa}
o}gg|} g}gg|@ Coao@qg|oao. @aao, _aag gg|
@o|aCqg @eQCaaeq_gg aa}a|aC 'ooaga _oo'
cajg g_ gq|}aagqag Cgaaaj j}q||_ggg @ga _qjjaa
aa}eaa|gg.

@gaqjja|ogaa _q} Cjaa|g @aCooa _q_ag
_qje|gga.

o|}a _jCjag a|g|ogq}a|a @_aaag jq_ggg. |a
aqaaa ooaga|a qg||o ggaa|ao ja}ggaCaaeq_gga}a.
@aa@ g} _ogg}jjaa ggo|o _ggaQ qg|C Cjaa g_ goo|
q}ggaa g_aq o|} }a@q gaaa|a Caaagq|, ooaga o|}a g
jaCQaa gq Coga}.

1187- @eQ _gg gg @}jaag. aj|}o (Ti ber i ous) caa|g
@gg|o ggg gg. o|@aqjCja}a|a q}ao|o |aa CaaQ}aa
ggg gga cag o|o CoaoojjQqgeQ. _qgg gag @g.
a|gg jgga|} a|g|ogq q}}a @ggjCja}o @gggCjaaa}a.
ooaga|a ja _gqa} _aa|aqgg|_gg @gg|} g_qag @gg
gggg|o Cq|jjQgg|g. _q}a_ag |a gagaag Cg}. o|}aa
Cgag @gg gg aeqjjaa Cg_oCogg|o Cjaggaa gq.

_jjqggaa @ag.

aoCo, gjoo, }ooa, oo}oa, Cj_g, ga.ja | _aag
o|}aq|a jo ga}aaa aajjgg| gaCag| goo|a|a ja,
o}aa Cg_oCogg|a qaoo|o qgg g|agg.

_aagag Cg_oCogg|o Cagg _gjga|} a|g|ogq }a@q q}}a
@_gga}a. joCqg Cgoa|o|_gg Cg_oCo qgg qo|aag
Cgaa||_gg a|g|ogq}a|a cee|aaaCa a|gg gaga}
oo. gq|}, o|o jgga|} _}qao|a. g_ gg cag
@}jaaao cjjq ooaaeaa|ogaa |}gjj @_ag cag
g|qaag Cg}ggg.

gQCagg goo| }a@qg gg gg}aaaag g|aCqQgga
aaggaa|gg _gga aao|aaegg|o aogaa ooaga, a_C
cg|}ja}aq|gaa g_ aa} Coga}. Cg_oCo aa_ag _q} g}
_g|q|jj Cq||a}.

_ajag} Cg_oCo ga}a Cj_aaC! Cg_oCo g_ ja|g_|
cajag aaj CjaoCq ga@ _g|Cqa. g_ gggg|a go _gg
ee|o }gg o|ggjjQqag gaa q|_jq|oao. gaaa q|_j|
Caaaa gjjaggq|Qjq CaQaCaaa|Cga. _jjqo
Coq}aaaao, ca Cagg Coagg|o g_ jgg|a ga oagjq
Coqgggg Cgaqaa g|ogag gaa a_ag _|ggq|Q qgg
qg|C Cjaq|QCqa. gggaa g} cag ga gq
Coq}aaaao, q|aa_aaaa Cjagjj ca@agoo cajag
@jCjaCg Cg}q|ggq|Qa|Cga .

|}o _oo. g||_ _oo. ea|CoC ooaga Cg_oCogg|o
}gg o|ggaag cag q|_j||_aa|ga}! _Cg o, Cg_oCogaga
aajjgg|C g_qg cajg|@ gg|aa @_gg|_aa|ga}. _gaaogaa
_jjq_ _g|q|jajo Coga}.

Cg_oCo aa Cao|aag Cgaa|aa}a. _q}ag
Caoaajjaagag CgC}g|}aa jaag|o o|@aqjCja} q}}a_
Cao|aa @}j|gga}a.

gag|. ggg }jCja}} 24 Cjj}q}, 2006




28 a|_ogq}a| a}oa

g|oCooa }gg - ja. }aaqa 28

gjgqag _ag @}aa ajaq, _aj, aa|, Cjaga, Cja}o
ga|aa Cjaag geaaa Caae aa}a |a __}q.
@ggaaq}aao o}gg|}ggag gaggg Cgqaao @_ aa
q|}oa_ag _a|q|Q cee|aaa. gg|jjaa, gg| @o|
aogaaa_ @ggaa ge jaggq}a |a |a Coagj. _ggo
Coagj cee|aaaag _gjq}a|o aogaa ooaga
ggaaaaq} Qoo; ogg q|gg|aoaaq_ .

Cg_oCo gaa} ooaga|a jaa gggg g|agg Cjagaa_ag
_q} q|Qgg CqeQCaa cggaa o}gg|} gaa|ggq qaggCga,
_Cg _ gaa|ggq Caaeg, _gg _g|q|jjagj j|aaao ggg
ojqa_.

ea|o Cg_oCo aa Cj_ja@ _jCjag a|g|ogq}a; g_
g_g ggggag aggq|o ga}aa @oao. ooaga|a Cga}
Cqgg|a gjQgg||_gg j _ggg g_ aa}eaa @_gg|_aaoa.
@ggaa @} @ga|qgg _ajaaj Cjaa|g aogaaaj Cja_jQggao
q|ao j|aq|a Cqg q|gaa @_agCa caa|g Caoaa
aa}ea|_aaoa. Cjoaqa}gag go g_ oagaag g} oagg|a
cag aeg|Cq _q}a q|_j|aa}a.

@aao Cg_oCogag _jCjag @eQCaaeq_gg a|g|ogq
@o|a}a Cqg ag|} o|gg|gga}a. goo|ja ga_ag Cq|C
gggaa|q_aa|gg. o}. cggaa aao _q}aao gaagjj|qaa
gq? ga_ag Cjagaa e, _ggq qog|a _jCjag
@_gga. jo aga qa}|@ o oa|ggq| gq. Caaaa
agaag g|gaaaCoC @aqa} goo| q}}aao Coa} Caao
Coqg. _ag g| gg Cgagaaao _jCjag
ja}ggaCaaoa. gq|}, _ggg gC}ajjaq|o|_gg C@ o|o ja
gq|a qgg Co}oa.

@o|a}a|a @ggg g| o|@aqjCja} q}}a_aCa j|qaaq|oao
cajggaa @g|o gaa|aag. _q}a Cga} ggaao _jCjag
|a Coa}gg|_gga}a. gq|}, Caaaag o|agjjq_jjg Cjao
_agg a|jjg|@ _q}a_ag q|_jj @oao. g|ooaag gaaC
agaag g|ggg gggagg Cgaa|aao, Cgaoq|a QC ogg|aa
Cg}Q cajag _q}a _g|gg|_gga}a.

@aCq, ga g|aoa _q}a @o|a}a| Cq|jjaaao
Coaoo|q|a}a. gg Cgaa|aao Cqgg| a|ajjg @gag
aq. qjaaaa gggaaa _@g|ggaCaaeq_gg _jCjaag
Cg_oCo @o|agggag caa CoqCgag j}q|oao. aga
agg gggaa gggjCjgagag cee|a Caago aqaojjg
Cgaa|aa}a. @jjqC gaagjj|qjjg o|} cag cjCjag
j}ggCga, _jCjag aogaa ooag@ag _ag|g @g _@jj|aa}a.

aogaa jaaaa Coga}. gg Cqea. _qqgaCa? _q}
ggo|o gaaqgg Caa}aaa _ggaa. @aCq g oggagg
Cg}q|ggCgaQ _ooao @a@ o|o jqa @ga|qgg
Cg_oCoqao|a_ago o|o o@aaaa _g|q|gga}.

_gg q|gaq|o|_gg jaooga g_aaa @ooa|j Cj}}o|a
aQjjaqaag qggq|Q. _gaj|a Cg_oCogg|o aa
_aaq_ Cj}}o|a gqaaaa _aa}aajjQqa}a. _}
a|g|ogq}a, jo gC}ajj| Cgoa|o|_gg qgg g|}gg}aag
ga||_ag a|g|ogq}a _aaq_agC @g Cja_gg. g
q|gg|ao ja}aajj aag. _g}a gg goo|a_a _q}a
oaa _Ca qagoa. @aao, @ggo o@aa }a@q q}}a_agj
Cja_ggag. (_gaqg o|@aqjCja} q}}a_agj Cja_ggag.)

_q}a Q g gQjgg|a_a gagjg g|aa_ag Cg_oCogag
q|Q Cq|Cg|q| CqeQ. |_ag gg}qag eQ. gaa} q|Q
Cq|Cg o|@aqjCja} q}}a g gaaggo CgaQaajj aag.
@aao _jjq Cq|Cgqgggj j|aeg Cgaaaaa _q}a
gaoagj jgg g|aa}a (@gg g|aa} cajg _ggaa o|}
gaegaga gg|ag.) a CqeQ. q}}a|a gQjj Cjea
gaoag ggg o|} g|aa} Co@gg|aao Cjag. gggaga cagao g_
g|aa}.

@ggj j|aeg Cgaaaao Co@ggagq}a aogaa|a _qaaaag
Cga}gg @_aa Cqeq|_ag cag gg}q|jjg.

@gaj|gggaa q|j_Q g|agoo|a @}ja|a. aogaa ooaga,
_}oaa }g||o cQaaCqeq gqqaaaaa CgCoaaa gg}aqj
j|gjj|ggq|a}. @aao Ca _q_ag o|@aqjCja} q}}a|a g
ogCg @}aa eaag. |_agj jgg|_ag q}}a| ajj
qgo|jjg jaqooqa cag _q_agg Cgaag|q|g.

@aCq, j|aea aag|agaa caga@ gg oa}agg| coaoag
qo|jjq}a _ooqa? @aCq _q}a_ g gqaagaa. _q}ag
aqgagj Cjaagqg ga@a aaC cag g|aaggq},
Caaaag @_gg _gjga|} o|@aqjCja} q}}a_ jgga|}
Cj_aaaa j|aeg Cgaaaag gaCa ga Coaggj jegg|o|_gg
aqq|Qqgaa _g|q|gga}! _gga @a@ ga|} q}}a_aaaa
Cgaaaag ga oCaag}} aojgga cajq} _|jja} cag
Coaoo|q|a}.

aogaCa @jjq_ gqqaaa CgCaaqagj ja}ggq|Q _q}g
_aoo} Cj_aa, gjg|a aa @_aa gqa? gqCqa_q_
@_aga Caago je CjaQ gqggqa} o|@aqjCja}
q}}a_aaaa j|aeg Cgaaaaa a @}j|ggq|a}a.

|ajCj} gggqa|a cag ga|gga|C _aa aaejj
o|@aqjCja} q}}a o|oa}g gq|}, Cj_jaaaaa a|g|ogq q}}a
aogaa ooaga|a @ggaa gqqaaaao g_ ajoa Cooq|ooao
aggg|}aa g|}Cjao|ag a} ga_ag Cooo gqggg. @ggaaeaaaa
a|g|ogq q}}a gag qg gg|}gg CjgCga}aag gao|o
@aa|aCaaeQ ggg Cooqagj ja}gg ooaga, _q}a_ag
_}oaao Cooq|o a_aga qaa|aCaaQaa gg}q|a}!

Cg_oCogg|a _}o|aa _jCjag @_ggq} Cj} o|j|ooa. _q}g
aeq_ Cg_oCogg|a aa_aa @_ggq}a Cj} aa.j|}q
Cja|oaa. _aag Cgg||o gQCagg gg| @o| goo|a_ag
@gg Cja|oaagaa o}aa q|ooa. Cog _Qg|a_
jQCaaaoa_ Caago ggooo. qaggaCooa _aaj
@}aagag a_aea QC Cjag|gg @Cagag}a Cja}o
Coaoo|aCaaeQ, }ggggao g_ oa}agg|gaga aqC_jjj
jaQjQaCaaeq_ggq} _q}.

_ggaa aaa|a jgg }ae|aa o|j|ooa, gaa} q|Q
Cq|Cg|Cjag g_ goo| q}} _q}aagaa
gggCaaeQq|a ag cag gg}q|q_gga} ooaga. }ae|ag
} }aaga Cog, _q_a qgg jooa|}aaeaaaa
Cjea_ag Cqeq je gq|a, @aa, ejCja_a
Cjaagqgag _|gg, Ca}qaaCq qg|@jj|aqgga}!

caa j|}oaaaa|q|Cgagao, @jjq jaooga|o|_gg jgjjQ
Cq|CCjaa a|g|ogq o|@aqjCja} q}}a_ag _q}g
gQjgg|a_ag _ea gaQa|o _aaao a|aaaq|oao.
_q}a ca|jgagj CjaaCjag cgg ga}g _q}aao
Co}ggaCaaq|oao. g_ ao @}gg|o q_a|ga}a cajg
Cg}gggC ga} aa Caaaaagaao oagg|aCaaeQq|Qqa}a.
@oo}, _jCjag _a|_ggq}a_ a|g|ogq}aC!

@aCq, gqaaaa qag qg|gg _q}a _ag|aaa o|}aag qgg
Co}gga}a.

_ag o|}aq|o _ag|a_aaaa g|qa}eg g|a cag g
a|aag. }o agg|gg|}oa. _gggg ga|oao. @aao gq|a
a|aag cajggg gg}qag|oao. _ag|a goqag, gqag
gg|gCgooa _aag o|} _}a o|gg|gg|_aaq|oao.

@aCq jooa|}aaeaaaa Cg_oCo _ag|a _aagago o|}aq|o
jqa||@ g|}@ qggCjaaa}a. }a_ag ggagjjgaa,
Cj_ja@ @ggaa}a|o, eoCq| g}a|o a} _qggg
ga||_gg @gg o|@aqjCja} q}}a|a gq|_jjj jgg|aa
CaaQaaa Cgaa gaaa|a. o}aa aaaga} qog|a @ooagga@
jo} @ggga}a.

g|}Cjao||o Caaaaaga _aaajjQ @ea_ Cjea_
ga aeaa|o aqa|jja}ag| Cq|C a|ggCjag, jo|ao gqgg ga
gggagCaagag eq| gqq|oao g_ gaao. Cqg qg|C
@ooao agg|jq _agggagaa ao|o qo|a Caaaga. j|gg
g|}Cjao| ga}a Caaaa Cgaaa|g g|_j| g|ag _ggg ga oj|ggag
o|o|}jja _ggaa o}gg|} @o|}}a_ jg| Cog|_aa|ga}a.

Caaaag C @_ggq}a_ a|g|ogq}a. Cq|C
_ooaqaCaaeQ, _ag|aaa g|agq}a_ a|g|ogq}a. Coagg ogagg
aa_aCa gq ggg Caaaa a|g|ogq}a gaoaaj CjaaQ.
_q}ag Cj_aaqaa gg| @o|aq|o a|g|ogq oa}agg| caa|g
cee go|gg CjaaQ. gQCagg _}j ee|o|_gg
a|g|ogq}a CqC}aQ Cj}gg qojjQ.

g_ ga|a oaj!

@gaaogaa cag Coaoo|q| gqaCgaga@ _jjqggaa j|aaao
@a|jCjaag. cggaaaCaggaa gC}ajjaq|o a|g|ogq q@qaa
Cq_ag|aCaaeCga, _ggaaag _ggaa _C}j|aq|o _ga
Cooqaag ga_ag ga Cggg agg Cgaa|q|g.

@aqCooa g_ jg|_aa, Cg_oCogag gggaa|Q, Cqgg|
Cjggq|q_gg aogaa ooaga @a@ Caaaag Cq|Cgaa
@_aa|ga}. Cqgg| q}}aa, ga_ag _q} aaCoQgg aqaaq|oao. a
_jjq?

q|oa}gg _q}g gg|} j|}gaa|a_ag _q} _|gg jg|o @a@
q|Caagaag. Cagg o|@aqjCja} q}}a_ gaa} q|Q
Cq|Cg|q|a}aa cag Cg}q|oao. @a@ g_ o|o} ga}o
@_aaoa. _q}a @_agCjaCg ga Cqgg| q|ga }qoaa C
Cjaaao _q}a a |a q_ggjjQ. caagaa @_gga@
_q}a_ gg|jj| aao @ggaa} @o|j}ggq}a _ooqa?
_q}aa ga _qaajjQggaag !

@jjq g_ aa} @_gg|_aa|ga} cagao gjqg Caago
o|}gaa. @aao ooaga @jjqggaa @_gg|_aa|ga}! _ggg caa
Coqg?

ooaga Cg_oCo gaa} gagjjq aaajjQgg|, gg _g|aa}gag
_Ca g|aogaqq|Q, oaqaaoaa _}ajje|a|o =Qjg
Cgaa|Cjag, ga}o|_gg Cq|Cg| a|g|ogq}a _ea gaQa|o
jo aqa _@jq|aa|g Cog| qgg Co}ggg. _aCqag Ca
eQ j}gajjjq}, _q}a _ggaa Cj_ gg @_aaag
j a} (Tyr e) ga}o gqCg| qo|aaoa cag _@g||gga}.

o|@aqjCja} q}}a ca|jg|o|_gg o|}aq|o|_gg @a@ jo
@a|o|_gg a_ag qgg Co}gga}a. aogaa ooaga @ggaa
a_aeq}aa @_jja} cag _q}a cg|}ja}aaq|oao. @aCq
gaqg Cog _gga a_aeag 'gag| CoaooCqeaa?

a_ag qgg o|@aqjCja} q}}a Ca _a|_gg a|g|ogq
ogagg|a} _ggaa Cja} gag g|}qaa}a. Cg_oCogg|o|_gg
ooagaa goo| ja|aa} caa Cog g g q|}oa
cag aa}gg @Coao|aa @}j|gga}a!

gag|. ggg }jCja}} 27 Cjj}q}, 2006



29 aa} }oo}Q ooa@gg@

g|oCooa }gg - ja. }aaqa 29

gga|o Cqgg| Cgaoq| CqeQaaao oaga}e q|qaa @_aaoa.
@aao @gjja _jjqjjgoo. @aagago oaqaaoaa, jgga|}
Cj} @ggga}a, gjga|} Cj} @ggga}a cag jag
Cja}aaagaa g|aa}ggq| gqa|gg. _aq ggg aaogg|o _ggj
Cj}gjja gqCqa_ Cgoggag _|gg qo|a Caagoggooo.
eQ c_qggg cggaaCa jo aao @g cag
ae|jjaaCooa @ @aaa|, eQ eQ Cja} g}a
Caaqaa}a cagao, Cgaaagg|o cggaa gq|} @_gg|_ag cag
Cao|ggj ja}aaoa.

goo|a_ag cg|}aa a|g|ogq}a|a o|@aqjCja}a|o gj Cagg
@gjj cggaa cajgggg g|qaa j|q|q}a @oao.
gagggg jgg|_jg ooa @_aaoa cag Cg}a|gg. gqa
@ga cg gjgg| Cojjag aaoagg|o qaa_ q|q
_ja_C gaa| @gaaaj jajQggjjq_aa|aga. Cja}o
@gggq}a|a oa Cj_ja@ ao|ogaa
qo|Cg|jjq_aa|aga. o|o ogg}jja|o g_ a|}agagC Cgaeq
aCj_ gg|aaa|, Caggaaj j|eaag g| gq|_aa|ga}a
_oog c}gg|_aa|ga}a. |aoo|o ogg}jja|o Q gaga|a
o|a}a_agj j|eaaa CaaeQCja qo|q|Q qgg|_aa|ga}a. Cja}
j} ja g_jgCagao @jjqj j|eaa _jjgjjQgg
jaaC ga|aa @a||_aa|aga.

@|}aaeaaaa j|eaag Cga}gg ja}gg agg Cooo
Cg}a|gq}a|a ag|ao cjjq @_gg|_ag cag _a|jjg o|}.
ggag gaa|Q CgCaajjQa|g gg. |ao o|o_aaaqg _gg
@gjja gaagagg ggg|_aaoa cag cg|}ja}aag Cgaagoa.
ea|o C@ gg, C@ C@ aa|}aa gg
cajgaaggaa @_gg|_aa|gg. @g aqaaaQqg caaCqagao,
_}o|aoa aaq@ q}gCga_ oag|aaCq g @_gg|_aa|gg
cajagggaa. @gg gga|a ggg|}ga}aa @_ggq} Cjajjaeq}
cajag @g@a @aegg Cao|aaoa. _aagag gC}ajjaaq
@eQCaaeq_gg a|g|ogq aa}aaa aaq@ @ggj
Cjajjaeq}a_ag @gg gggg|o @}q |gg|aa @_gg|_aa|gg.
a|g|ogq}a_ag gggg|o Cgaoq| gjQCjaCgooa c_oo|_Q
oag|aa gaa|ag Coojq}a _q}aC. gqCqa_ Cjajjaeq}
ag Cjag @gg gg Cgaaagagggaa g ogaaa _Qgg
q_jq_ag _|ggq|Qj Cja|_aa|ga} cag Cg}a|gg. o}gg|}gg|a
|ao gaa jaaa @aq.

@ooaq|ao aogaa ooaga Cg_oCogag Cqag, _g|aa}gaga
aajjgg| Caaeaa gqqgggaaCq @aCaa_ gg cjjqo
oagg|aa gq?

a} (Tyr e) ga_ag _ag|aaa qgg Co}gg o|@aqj Cja} q}}a,
_a|_gg aa a|g|ogq}aa gag g|}q aqaa @aCaa_
Cj} ggggaaaa _qgggag |a gg|aaa ag
Cgaa||_gga}a. @gg aq c_oo||a j|aaao @_ggq_
_aag Cjajjaeq}gaa. _q}g gg}q|a Cj}o Cg}a||a
_}o}aa @_gg j|}}a ja}jC}aoa (Fr eder i ck Bar bar ossa) cajq_
@a|oagg aa}aa ggoa }oo}Q Ki ng Ri char d ( 1) j|}aao Cj}}o}
j|o|j _aoo (Phi l i p August us) cajq_ aaj ja
g|}qaCaaeQ o|@aqjCja} q}}a_ag gqggaaa jaoogaa
Cgaaa| q}g Cgaa|aa}a.

gagaqg o|@aqjCja} cag o}gg|} q_e|ag @gga CaaQgg,
o|}aq|a 'a} ca@ Caaa gggaa|o @}jaag.

ae g|aqj Cjagag o|@aqjCja} q}}a _aCaaa|a
Cq|C _aoaoaa _e|qggg g|aga}a. _q}aa q|}qqgg
cjjqa Caaaa jg cag aogaa ooaga Cao|gga}.
gggaaag ga oa|ggaCaaeq_agCjag cjjq CqCga_
Cj} ja jaoog@ag gagjja}ag cajg _q_agg
Cg}gg|_ggg. ggg}a go _ggj ja|a jo gg|ggg gaqo
Coa}gg _g| q|_j|q_ag g} _g|}oo| aagg|_ggg.

jaoogaa Cgaaa| gaCag|aCaaeq_gg jaa qg|ggg| qggq},
Cg}aa| oaa}q}gg| j|}}a ja}jC}aoaCqgaa! @aCq, g|aoa
aag|j Cjaq|aaCg cag aqaojj ooaga gq|ag
q}gqa cag CaQ Ca}aaCaaagg @g _@jj|aa}. _Ca
_jCjag @eQCaaeq_ggq} g_ goo| ggg|o aa}.

jaagg|ogaa @_aa|gg jaagag. (=}aaa|a gaoga}.) ao.ja cag
g_q} _g @_aaCq @_aa|ga}. Cj_jaaa @ooa| aa
qa_ gaQaCooa _q}g aQjjaqaaggaa @_aa|gg. @aa@
Caa gago ojgg|ooao aC}a a_Caa Cag gg cajg
Cjaoggaa _jCjag _q} @_gga}. ooag@ag @g|o q_gg eQ
caga@ Coaggo oeaaaj Cjo|aCaaeq_aa o|oao cajgao
gqaqq} cag gj|C Ca}aaCaa aoga@agg @g _@jj|aa}.

g}g|_qqoaa _q} cg|}ja}gg gq| cg _a|_gg q}q|oao.
@aCq, ga|Ca_ gj}aag gaC gqCqQggo CoCqeq gg @g
cag gq Coga}.

o|@aqjCja} o}gg|}gg|CoC @g g_ q|Caaggaa. @ooa|
oa}agg|gg|a ao.jaag cggo ojggg @ooao g_ ggg|o
aa_a gC}ajj| Cgoa Cag| gg.

ooag@ag _jjqag _g|}q ggg|@aaa aaao
qa}q|q|oao. a_C cg|}ja}aq|gaa jaoogaa Cg_g
Cqa|o Cg}aa| aa} j|}}a g} @gg|o gqg| q|_gg
|}gggq|a}. @gaao g|aogaogg Cg}aa|jja Caago
o|gg|jCjaag. _q}aa Q g_a|aegg eQ gggg|o
=QjQggqggaaa C@ag| caa|g aq}} g_q} gaoa|o @aCaa_
Cj} jaa Cjaj _@jj|aqgga}.

a|.j|. 1190- @eQ g9ao ag gg @}jaag. aa} g_ q_
aaoggag cggg g}jjag Cqgg| Cgaoq| @ooao gqggaCaaeC
Cjaa gg _g. oo|jjggaqg Cjaa} g|gggqa}aa cag oa
ja}ggaCaaeq_ggCjag ooag@ag ogo o}|ooao
Cjaq|g. @aCq, Cqgg| Cgaoq| g|}e|aajjao g} @aaaao
gjaQ Cjao Cja} g|ggg CgCaajjg.

@ggj Cja} g|ggga aaogag o|@aqjCja} q}}a |ao o}aaj
jajQgg|aCaaea}a. gC}ajjaq|o|_gg ajjoa|o qgg @jo
gg Cja_jogago o}aaj ja|Q gggaa gggCaaeq_gg
Caaaa_ag _@jj|aqgga}a. ajjo|o qgg q}}a_agg gaoa
gaa| qggq}a j|}aao gg @a|oagg|a aa}a. @gg @_q_C
qgg Co}gg aegg|o|_gCg aaoooao jqaajjq_gga}a. Cog|
Caq|jj ooaga, gCa jaq, aa}a_aga aaooo qggao
q}}a Coa}qaggq|Qqa}aC cag j|}o|gg| Cjgg Cojaaa gaQ
_ggaa a}Cqagagg ge|aaa q go|aa Cq}a|o|_gg
j|g|jj oagaa _aj|jjaa _@jj|aqgga}a!

_gg @_ aa}a_ ogo Cgg|j|gg eQ gggaa gg
@}jaag. @aao goo| q}}a @gag |a
Coa}ggq|q_gga}a. ooaga Cao|gga}. gg q}}a cq_
qeaa |}gjjg|o _q_ag ajaqoao. @aCq, g_qa}
CaaooaCa cag gg}qag gggao a} Caaaa
q|Qggggq|Qqgaao Coaaaa}.

o|@aqjCja} q}}a og|gga}a. Caaa a|g|ogq}a|a qoaag.
_gaj|gg gggggaa g}g|_qqoaag. aa} ooaga cggaa
a|gaj|aaga a|g|ogq}aa ggg|aa} cajago ogg
g|aa}gg ja}ao, CaaQgg qaaggg|aa aagg|o jgaaq|Qq|Q,
Caaa aaqoaagC _ggaa goo| q}}aa a|g|ogq}a
g|gaaqggg gaoao oq|aa}a! (Cqee|gaaCga_ Cj} agaa
g_qg }gg jqgg Coe g|o Cjaoaag cag @gaa c_ga|ga}
o}gg|} @o|}} |qa.)

gg Cga}gg gaCjggg caga@ gjgqagCga_ g|_jjaaa
gg|jj|Cqeq q|q, @a|oagg aa} ggoa }oo}qa
aagg. ooaga @ggaa _ajaaq}aa, a|gaj|aa q}aa
@_jja} cag _q} cg|}ja}aaq|oao. _q_a Cja}Qqggg
aa_ago oaaa @_ggg. gaqg Cog gggagg gq|}aa
gqggao cggaaCa o|gjjaa @_agC cag g_ agg|o
Cao|gg|_aa|ga}.

_gga aaoagg|o @a|oagg _}o|o|o gjq_gg o|o ggjja_
@ggga aa}e cag Cg}a|gg. }oo}, gaQ g|_j cee|aa}.
Cjaqggg gaaao Cjaa} g|ggg g_ ogg}jj qaaga cag _q}
ja}gga}.

@aCq, ooaga|a gj|aa aojgaao ogg|ggg g _ag|
gagagg Cg}jjQgg|aa}. _g cgg ag|}aa _ag| gjjgg,
_g|o @Cjgg|_gg q}gga caCaaa cajg jgg| g_
q|q}a @ag a|ajjg|oao. @aao gjjgggg|a g_ jgg| |a
aqa}o|aag.

}oo}Qag g_ oCaag} @_gga}. _q} g_ q|gaq. _gg q|gaqo
oCaag}a aojga g|_e CogCaa CqeQ. @a|oagg
aa}a oCaag}a aogaa ooaga|a oCaag}} g|_e
CogCaaeQq|ao goo| a|g|ogq}a|aC Cja} g|ggg
gjQqg g} aojag. (_gaqg o|@aqjCja}o|_gg @a|oagg
Qaqg Cq|Cg.) g|_e @ag Cg_oCoa aojg@
aa}a oCaag} @aegg @o| Cooa.

@gg gjjgg Q gagagag qgg|_agaaao o|@aqjCja}a
_aag g|aggCaC gggjCjgg|_ag cag
_aoaaa|ga}a _aagg o}gg|} @o|}}a_. @g j}o|a}aa
g| Qoo. CgaaoCgaagj ja}aq Caae Caoaa . @_
Cj_ ogagg|a}aC geq_gg jaaaa g|oo ge|gg|_aaa
Q.

@aao, a|g|ogq g g_a}a gQCaggaa @gaa _ag
cg|}ggq|a}a. aa} }oo}Qagj ajgg| j|qggq|g caCg
Cjog Cgaa|q|a}a. gCaaCq gaqo gjq_gg _}o|o
ggjjaao a Coa}gg|_gg }oo}, Cqg jg| j|}oaaa
Cqea cag aao| g||gg|o a ag||_aaoa. g_a}aa
ogCgaqjjQggqag QC gg _jCjaag Cgaaaaa
aqggaCaaeQ CqeaCqgjjaa Cg_oCo g jaCQjajg
Cgaa|aa}.

aogaa ooag@ag @a|oagg aa}a ag|ao j}ggg. _q}g
ggg|ao j}ggg. @aCq, |a 'j}a ggggag gggaggga}!
'ga Cqg qg||ooao Cg_oCo g ja cQaa|g}a. ga@
Cqg qg||ooao aa cg|}aa|Cga cag Coaaaa}a ooaga!

_ggj Cja}o }oo}ao Cg_oCogag Cqoo gqq|oao. aogaa|a
q}}a @_jo aq}a Cjao gaa}o agg| _e|qggg g_ a|g|ogqj
Cja}a| gaCag gqao gQgg gg j}gga}a. Cgaoq|gaa
cag }oo}Qagj j}ggCjaag. qeaa gaaaa aggCqea cag
gq Cogq}aa, _q} ooag@ag g_ aqg c_g|aa}.

a _aaj gaj |a g|aa|Cga. a_a @gg
g|ogg|o @o|j} gaa q|_jq|oao. @gqa} gaa Cqag jgg|aa
ca oCaag} aaaa C@ag|ag _|gg q|Qa|Cga. _qa a_aga
aQjjC @o| j}qaa. _jjqggaa CoCqeQ cag
qo|ggg|q|C Cooa|Cga. @aao Cg_oCogag Q ga caag
_|ggq|CqeQCag CqeQa|Cga .

ooaga jaaaaa _gg CqeQCaaa gggq|a}. gj
Cga_. @aao Cg_oCo a|aag!

gagaqg o|@aqjCja} @jjqaa g_ gqag qggg. g_ Cg}aa|
oaa}q}gg||a g}}e, jooa|}aaeaaaa q}}a|a |}gg|aa,
ajj Cgaaa|_|a j}q|g, @a|oagg aa}a aagg,
g|agCqgag g} _ag| gjjgg @a|aq @ggj Cja}a cooa.

o|}aq|a a} ca@ g_ o|g ga}a Caaaa Cqgg| Caaeg
QC @ggj Cja}o a|g|ogq}a _agg oaj.

gag|. ggg }jCja}} 8 a}o, 2006



80 ooa@gga|a }eg a|_ogq}a_

g|oCooa }gg - ja. }aaqa 80

gagaqg o|@aqjCja}o Cqgg| Cjggj|gg aogaa ooaga CgQga
|}qagq|oao. gggg|aCjag gCaaCq _q_ag q|qaaaooo
aeq_ggg. g_ag|} Caajogg|o gaagjj|qgg gggagg Cga}gg
ggg| Cqgg| Cjgg|_gga}. ga _g|aga |}qag aCa cag
_q_agg Cg}gg|_ggg Cjao|_aa|gg. Cg_oCo o|aoagg|o _gg
gag _}gg gaaa }o }aaa ao@}aa
_ggqaaaa a @}j|gga}.

qg|jaqa _qo|gaa. @aao ao@}a_
_ggqaaa_gaa g_ ogagag |}jja aqgg|_aa qooaq
cag Coaoo||_aa|ga} ooaga. gggg|o g_ Cqgg| cagao, _ga
_aaaa g_ gg|aqg, Cgqaoaqg c_jjqg _ggaa
aa}a|a qgaa. ooaga _gg Cqgg|agj j|a g_ gg|
c_jj|gaag Cg}q|oao. agaa @qaajjq_gg _}aa aa
joqgago o}agg ao@}aaaggaa c_jj|aa}. @gg qaa|@ _q}
gg ao.jaaa, aogaaa|o|_gg Cj}g agjq}aaCq
@_gg|_aa|ga}!

Caagoga gCqQaaoa cag Cg_oCogg|o|_gg jgjjQ o|}aq|o
Coaoagj (_gga|o g|qa.) Cjaaq}, _CaC a|.j|.
1198- @eQ |}ggga}. qCgaag _g|a|oao. gjggaggaa.

ooaga|a }e gQCagg gg| @o|aaq g|aogaoo
Cogg cag Cj_jaoaa o}gg|} @o|}}a c_ga|ga}a. @g|o
|aa g|oao. Caa|o, _aag Cgg||o o|@aqjCja} q}}a_ag
oqao q|aq qooa Cja_gg|q}aa _q} g_q}gaa @_gga}.
_oogQqggaaaCq ooaaeaaaa q}}aa gC}ajjaq|o|_gg
_@jj|aCaaeq_gga}a _jCjag. _ggj Cj_jaaaa aeQ
|}ao cg|}gg g|agq} ooaga.

Cja}aa q} Qoo aa}e. ga|qagq|@ _jj_aagg aogaaaa
_q} @_gg|_aa|ga}. aogaa @gggj|gg _q}g Coagg q|q}aa
@}aqggaaa g} _}aag_aq g||gg|_gga}a. aa}a ga|jj
q} Cooa aeaga, _q} g Cj}@ gg gq|a}a Cj}@
caCaaa _aoao Coagga aqgg|_aa|ga} Cjaag gaqoaao
Coa}aao Coag _gga g_ q|jj|o g}oaoaa|j Cjaag.

aa}e, cggaa Cgq aa}a Coaggaa _q}aao aeQj|qaa
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j}jq Coao@qCgagao g_ _ja _gjg aaa. @g|o |aaC
@oao. gaCaag g_ ajoa aao|qa} Co}gg aqaaaCoC
qaggg|_aa|ga} ooaga! _q}g aaq| | j|g gq|a}a_ag
@g q|qaa q_gg @_gg|_agCa caaCqa, @o| _g|aa}gag
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o|ooag Co}jjgCjao gag Co}gg, g_ ga|aag CaaeQqgg,
gg|a a|gaa|a |a gaa|aa goo| oa}agg|a_ gaCga
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qa} _gg }agg|gg|a coaoaa q|}gg, q@qaa jagaajj
_}eaag gaC gaa|ag aaggq} _q}. gq|}, jaagag ao.jaq|a
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_ a|goo|a g|g|a gC}ajj|}a_agg gggag @Ca
gg|jj|Qq| CqeQ.

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o|@aqjCja_aaaa @gga|o @ga|q|g gC}ajja. _jCjag
Cjajjaeq}aa @_ggq}a Cj} Coooqa 8. 'g_ o}aa gaoqa
@ooag j|}Cgoaa @jCjag jaooga @_aa|gg. ooag@agj j|gg
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gaagqggg @gCq o}aa g_e cag gC}ajj| aa}a_ag _q}
aqg c_g|aa}.

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@a|oagg, j|}aao, Cg}aa| aa}a ggag o|@aqjCja}a
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jaa|}ea @ggaeQa|Coooa _}o}a _|ag g}jjaa
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@_gg|_aa|ga}a!

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jaoogaa _a Cgaaaga g_ CgQje. qg||o _Cg
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gqag _ag @gjj Cg}gao a|g|ogq}a aqaaj Cja}
g|ggg Caa}aa}a.

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_gg gagaqg o|@aqjCja}gaa aao|j Cj}g|j Cja}. _jjg
ggg o|@aqjCja}aCooa q|aaCCjao gggjj
ggaga. @ag q|aaQago Coaooq|oao! ea|CoC
_jjqggaa ggg|_aa|gg.

ga}eaa, gggaqg o|@aqjCjaa} cQggaCaaoa. @aaoe
8 (Pope I nnocent 8) ca@ Cjajj|a aaogg|o @}j|aajj @ggj
Cja_ag _qjjaa aa}e Cg_oCogaga aajjggqgoo. je
g|}Qqggaa! ggag gga|aao gjq_gg @gjjaao
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Coaoo| gC}ajja g_qg qgo ggg|a gq|ggq|a}a.

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Cg}q|ggq|a}. @a@ o|o o|g aa}a_ @gg ggga
o|@aqjCjaa}j jgaae|aa (j|aCa? gao gg cagao a}ao
gq?), oagg|g aa}a|a gq|a gggag @}j|aa
gjaQ Coga} Cjaj.

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o|@aqjCja} q}}a jaoogaa Cgaaa| gaCagao, CgC}
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aa_ag cg|}aao oeaCja @}j|ggq|a}a.

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a|gagj j|qgg g_ a|g|ogq ga}aCg CgaQaajj @gg gggagj
ja}ggg gao|o _qggaCaaea} Cjaj @aaoe 8. @aao
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o|@aqj Cja} q}}a, Cja}o CqagCgaQ q|q|oao. g_ gaa}
gaqgga Caa_gg|aa}a. gjj|Caqq}aa Cqq qggg|,
_ajj Cjea _ggaaCj} g jao|o qaCaaQa g|aggg|
Cqg|a Cjaa}a.

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aaaoaeqCgaj|qao|a o|@aqj Cja} q}}aa g_ agga
@g}aaq|oao cag gaa ogCgajjCa. _gaaogaa
gaaa|Caa .

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ooaga|a jaa Cg_oCogaga aajjgg|Cjag g_ a|g|ogqj
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Cqgjjgg c_ga|ga}.

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@jjqaa _jgg gqaq _aggj|gg, a|.j|. 1217-o Cjaj
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q}}a _e|g|}ea}a. aa} gag oo Cj} cag g_ aeago
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aeag. @aao @_ g}jjC gqgao gjjaCaaa|g gC} q|q
@ggj ja|o a|gq}a, Cjea, g_}a, aao gaaq}aCooa
@_gga}a cajagggaa!

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@aaCooa g|}qj ja|o CaaeQqgg g|ggg||_gga}a!
a|gg aaQ|}aeq gg Cjaogaa @jCja} ggg|_aa|gg. cggj
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g}gg|_aa|ga}a. ooaga|a qoaqg||a} jo gag||_gg Cg}
_g. _q}g Cj}aa @}eQCj} oa}agg|gag @}eaaj
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q}}aag gQgg g|ggg @oq|oao. g} _ag| gjjgg
CogCaaoa cag g|aagga}a. a|g|ogq}a @ggg gaaggo|o
aajjgg| jg| @aa q|QaCaaQggq|ao, gaaa|o ooaga
aajjgg| a|g|ogqa Caaaaa eQ _q}a_aCa gggq|Qqgaao
Coaoo|j ja}gga}a.

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gag||_ag Cg}gg|o _ag Cg}qaag gaaa| Cqgg| Cjgqg aoj
cag _q}a g|aagga}a. @aao, _q}a ogg cg|}ja}aq|gaa
ago gg||o _jCjag Cq Cj_aCaQgg, aa}gaga CaQggg.
jaa Cga}gg gaCag gqao @a|jCjaag. Cqg qg||ag|,
a|g|ogq}a } g|_j g|aagga}a.

Cg_oCogaga aajjggqg caa|g @ga} Cgaaaga
Cgaajjaq o|@aqjCja}a. gQq|o @gg Cgaaa o|ogag
g|aoag||_aa|gg. aeag qgaCa @ooao jo aaoaag Cga}gg
@gg ggaao cggg g}jjag oaj @oao cajggaa
aqa|aajjCqeq q|q. jo gC}ajj| gaQa|a gCqg|,
@jo, jejo caa cajag ogag CqCq|ooaaa|ggaa
o|@aqjCja}aao @a ja. gg| @o| aogaaa_aa|aC
ggga @oao cajag j|gaao ao.jaaa Coog|ga
_ggq}aaa @_gg|_aa|ga}a cajag @gg gga
Cg}jjQgg||_aa|aga.

g_qagaa, Cja}Cqg| ogg QjjQ gC}ajj| Cgoa, Coagga
aqaoa|o ggag Cgaa| jg|agaga @ggaeqa gQ q_a|o
gg| @o|a jgq|Cqg| j|qgg aogaaa|a aoaj gqqaaaa|a
go C@ qo|a gag|, go|qag Cgaa||_ggg.

Cgagaa Caao|}a g jaCQjaj _jCjag
g}gjjQgg||_gga}a. cgga aeg jaagagag Cgaaa|
Caao|jjaa qggq|oa caa|g ggg|ao. jaagaggag qggao,
jaagg qQgaa jaooga. _g}a, a|g|ogq}a, goo|a cag
_jCjag gag g}jj|a_C @aegg ggaajj gqqaaaa|o
=Qjao Coa|oaaa|a qoaqg||a}a _a}j jaoo@ag
=QCaaQaa gqag caa|g g|aoa.

jgg|o a_eQa|ggg jaooga. _gg|j jaCQjj Caa |a
a_aaa _ga g j}gg|_gga. _gqa} gjq_gg @gjja|a
qo| _agaaaq@ CaaQaaaj jag|gg|_ggg Cqg q|q.

gag|. ggg }jCja}} 6 a}o, 2006



81 oCj|a|o Cq|Cggjj _g}a

g|oCooa }gg - ja. }aaqa

_qqjCjag gQq|o Caago @aCq| @_ggg cagCjag aa}
@gagjg @eQaao gg cajg oaga}eoo. jg|Caa}a
@ggaeqa @gg||o Cgaa| (a|.j|. 1096) o|@aqjCja}a, a|.j|.
jg|agaga @ggaeqa gg||ogaa (a|.j|. 1260) g_ gqag
qgga. Cg_oCogag a @oaaaa aqgg gggjj @gg
ggaao gQCagg gg| @o|a Cja_aga} }g||o |a
joqaaggg. g|gagg aogaaa|a Caoaa @o| g_
aa}egaa caga@ Cga} gga, Cgoa|a Cja_aga}gag
cggaa gaoaag cajag q|q}aaCq gqag. @ggj
jQqgoo||o|_gg _}j Cgoa cjjq ea cajg o|gg|aa
Cqeq q|q.

_g gqaaao _oo. ceCeCooa aeg|jjq_aaq|oao.

aa}ao| gggCaaeq_gg aaogaa. agaaaaq g|}jjqCgagao
q}jje gaggaa gC} qg|. @gg ag|} Cja}aaaoa|o aa|a
gaog ajj q}oaa q|_. aqggaa g}Cqeq|_ag. Cqg
qg|C @oao. jg| Cqao qajja caCgooa aa o|gg|ggaj
ja}aaag aao. q|qoaj Cja_aga}gaa _qjja. jqggq}a
cagao @o|}}aaa @_jja}a. jqaaagq}a q|qoa ja}jja}a.
Cqg cggg gag|@ _aag gg| @o|a Cj} q}oo|
aeq_gggaao Coaoogqag.

gq|}, o|@aqjCja}a gqggq|Cg cag goaq|QaCaaeq_aa
_jCjag _qaao @oao. Ca Caao|j jaCQjj
@}jaa|q|g. agaaeaa|o gggaa, _qqjCjag Cago cag
_g g_ jaa ao.jaq|a aee|o q|}o q|Q @qaCaaeq_ggg.

jaooga goo|a ga o}gg|}gg|CoC |aa aQaaa agaa
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o|@aqjCja} q}}a Cjaq|a}a cajggaa. eQCa_ gg
cag g q_aaao, _ggg gajaaa Caago qa Co}gg
aqggq| |a q|_j|aa}a. Caago ggo aaoa? a|.j|. 1099
Cgaa| 1187 qa} o|@aqjCja} q}}aao @jjQaCaaeq_ggg
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cg|}aa gaq}aq|ao @ggo aggg|} oagg||oao. @gaeQaao
_qa qagq|o|_gg eCga a|agg|_ag g_ ogg}jj.

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jaaa|@ q|ajj|qaa _q}a_a o@aaqaCaaeq_gg _g}a
_jCjag cCa Cjaq|a}a? C}aj o}. Cg_oCogag
a|g|ogq}a aajjgg| gaaaCq agg gggq}a_ag _Ca
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goo|a_ggaCa? aa Cqqo oagga}a.
gjaja _|j CjaQqgCjaoj j|eaaa gq|gg Caggaa
c}gga}a. CaaQagaa. g}agaa. gaagqag _qogaa. @aao
g_gg} cagao g_gg} qa |oo|oao? cCagaa Cjaq|a}a
@gg _g}a?

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o}gg|} aqaaaQ |ajCj} ea @g. o|@aqjCja} q}}a|a
gaaggo|o|_gg gjj|jjggaaa jaooga|o|_gg _ggaa _g}a_ @
Cj}gg Cjaq|a}a!

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joCqg gaQa|o CqqaCaaagg eaC caga@, |oog
_g}a g|gg qaggg |} j|agggq|g ea. aaaao|aa
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Caaag qggg|ggaaa @ga}a @_aa|aga. Cqg o|o @g _g}aa
_qaaaa _q}a gC}ajjaag _agggo Coag q|gaa o|o
o}gg|} @o|}}a c_ga|ga}a.

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c_gjq}a g_ q|qgag Q CgaQqg|oao. Cg_aaq |aa _gg
@gagjg @eQ aaogg|o a _q}a jaooga|a q|Qgaoaaaa
_C}j|}a_a @aegg Cja}q|oao cajggaa _g! q|}o q|Q
cee|q|a q o|g aaaojjo ojqa|aCjag, ggaajjaaaa
_g}a, goo|a_a @aegg a|g|ogq}aag gaaa||_aa|ga}a.
C@.ja (j|eqe) cag @gg|o ggg g_ oea|o o|o @g
_g}a, goo|a_a Co}ggCaaeQ a|g|ogq}aa cg|}ggggaaa
@ga}a @_aa|aga. @aao, aCj_ gga ggg
aaoa|Coooa _q}a aaeao Cjaq|a}a cajg gaa
gqag ea.

jaooga goo|a_ag _g}a|a g ggo ggoaa Cqgjjg
Cgaag|ga @}ja aa}e @ggaa. } Cgaa|, ooaga
qa}|oaa @ooa| @o|a}a|o Cj_jaoaCaa} gggCqq
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g}jj|a_C @j|}@a|a qg|gCgaagoa caa|g j}ae gj|aaa|a
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qegjq}a caa|g @a|aa aa}egg|a _qjja|@ gggaaa
qagCqeqga _qo|gagg Cga}gg qo|ggg| qgg|_aa|ga}a.

@aao g_ Cj_ Cg_aaq cag q_Cjag cg|}gg g|ag oa|aag
Cga CaaQaaao, Coagg ogagaga aajjagg|a Caa_Cja_Qa
aaeao Cjaq| _g}aa, _Cagaa _C}j|}a_agj j|qaaao
Cjaag.

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goo|a_a @aegg g_ jaagg|o g|ag|_jja}aCaaao j|aaao
ge Cj_jaa|a q} ae|oaaa gaggg|_aaaQ. g_ Cqa
_gg Cg_aaq Cg} ggga g|}gg} gggaaaa o}gg|_aa
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aa}a @o| j}gg aaogaa cag _ggaa _g o}gg|}
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@aao @g cggg qajj|ooao Cjaq|g. a_aaaao
CoaoqCgagao Cg_aaq Cg}gg|o _g}a 'aaeao Cjaq|a}a .
Caago q|}ggo Coao@qCgagao, gagqaa aaCgaaa Caae
oga C@ o|gggq|ag|_ag Cja_Q CgCaajj g_
ggaajj gqqaaa _g.

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_a| g_ @a g_qaaCq _q}a jaoog@ag qgga}a.
_g}a _Ca q|QoCoag g|oaag g|_jj Cjgg, eQ
_g}aa _Ca gq}gg gqa, _ggg CgCaa Cqeq
gqqaaaa caa cajag @}aqggaaa _q}a qgga}a.

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aCg _g}a qagqg oaga}eaa aa}aa @oao. aa}eC @ooao
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gggq|oao cajggaa o}. cggaa @ggaeQa ag|gg|_gga@
@g|aaogg qag q|C}agg _aagag _qaaq g|aa}jja.
g_ @Cagaga} _g}a Caaagggaaa gQCagg _g @agC
_g|qggaa o} cajgCjaag a_ggaaa |a @gaa Cq_ag||_ggg.

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qajjaaa _g}a _ag |ag g|gaaaj
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aa aqggj j|agaa qajja a|aggq|Cgagao g|oo _q_agg
Cg}gg @aCaa_ jgg|_jg Cj_aaaqg Cqao qajj gg|aa|q|Q.
aqaggag caCoC _Qgg o|o aaoggag _ggj j|}agg|gg|o
@_jg _gaaaa cjjqCa Cgaag|q|Q. gC} g_ _g_ag gaqg
Cj} gg|Caa a|aggq|ao Cjag. gg g|gaao, Cqaoag
gaaaqggaCaaqCgaQ , Caago Caagoaa _gg
_@qoagg|CoC cjjqaqg @a@ o|o _g}aa _q} gaqCga_
je||o _}gg|q|Qqa}.

g_q}, jggjCj}, @gCj} cag|oao. gQCagg _g gogg|a @oj
@g. g|ga|@ jgg|a }a|@ _q}a g|a}ggq}aaa
@_gga}a. _agaCaaeQ gg Coagg ogagg|aa} gaCaggqg|o
ae@ a_ggaa @_jja}a. Cja_aga} }g||o Caago Cj
g}gg|o @_gg _ggaa _g}a_ _gggg Cgogg @o|a}a
gg|o Cooqaaaa q}ggaCaaeQ gg ogagg|a}a go@aaaa
}ao|aa g|ag aa}aao oag|ggaCaaeq_aa|ga}a. @ggaaaa
aeag qgaa|ooao aa_Qg g} _q}a ga|g|oao.
CqeqCgooa _g}a_agg ga|aa g_ gq|_jjj jgg|. agggj
j|agggaCaa _@g|. Cgaoaoa g|_aaag caa|g gg}qag.
_qqgaa. ga|a gq|_jj cajg gq|}, ggaq cooaC
g|aaa Caa}aaaaga. @aa@ _ggCa _q}a aa_Qg
g}Cqeq g|aoa _aagag @_ggg. qagqggg @a
@_gga}a cajag aqa|aa CqeQ.

@g Cj_jaaa a|g|ogq}a_ag cjCjag j|}oaaaa @_ggg.
@gaaCoC g_ _ga} j|agaaq|a ag cag gQCagg
gC}ajja a_gg Cgaa|g. ga}gg aa}ea_agj j}aga
aa}eaag gaeago Co}ggaCaaeQ, _g}a_ag cg|}aa
qagaga _q}a aq|gggq|g Cgaa|aa}a.

jg|aagga @ggaeqa gg||o _g}a gC}ajjaq|o qagqg |a
o|} caa|g g|aoa ggo ggo|o _qaag. cgg }o, cgg
ga|o, cgga aegg|o ggo Caaao q|_ caa|g Caq| g|ag
_Ca @_ggg.

a|.j|. 1492-o ggo ggo|o |ajCj} _q|o _g}aa Cq|Cggg
Cgaa|g oCj|a. Cagg g_ oogg _gjga|} _g}a
_jCjag _Ca qo|ggaCaaeq_gga}a. _q}a _ggaa Cja}
g|gaaqggj jqo ga}gg, g_q} |oo|ooao Cgogag q|Q
Cq|Cg|q|CqeQ cag _jCjag oCj|aa @eQCaaeq_gg
aa} .Cj}qaae (}qo} g|jqoeoj) gg}q|a}. _g|aa
aao _qaao @oao. |}j|agaa CqeQCagao a}a aao|
Coqg gq|} Cqg qg||oao.

aao aaoaa agggo Co}gg Coagg aaa _ggaaa
_jjqC q|Qq|Q _g}a oCj|aa q|Qj jgjja}a. aa}
Cgae@ga|} Cj} _jCjag g_aa| gaaa Cj}}o|a coaoag
j jgg|a_ag @Cj}gga}a. aa} @_jgaggga|} Cj}
@aoggagj Cjaaa}a. @_jga|} Cj} Ca}aaCaaag. jgga|}
Cj} j|}aaoag @aCaa_ jgga|} Cj} @ggao|ag. g_ ga|}
Cj} Q @aCaa_ gC}ajj| Cgoggagj Cjaqg cjjqaaa@,
@jgggaa cag CgaaoCgaagj ja}aqa Cao|gg _oaeqa
ao gaeq q _C}aaaag Cga _C}aaaag Cjao
Co}gga}a.

@q}a_ gg| @o|aag goo| Cgoa_ag qggq}agaa
_g|a. _Cagaa jagaajj _g|a cajg _q}ag gj|aaa!

gag|. ggg }jCja}} 10 a}o, 2006


82 _g}a_ gCaaa _}a

g|oCooa }gg - ja. }aaqa

oCj|a|o|_gg _g}a Cq|Cggjjgggo o}aa ggg @eQa
ag|gg, Cja}oaa@ _g}aa q|}qqaa gq Cogg. _gaqg, a|.j|.
1497- @eQ. @Cgooa j|aaao gg _aagg gC}ajj| gaQa_
CojCjaa|g aCj_ q|}oa, |ajCj} @ajjQCaaaoa_ag
g_ o|g gaCaa ag|} gaCjgg ojqa. _g Cqgjj cajg,
CgaQgCgaQ aaQgg ag|} Cgo coaoaaa agg gC}ajja
g_qg j}q|aCaaeq_gg o. cjCjag jagaajjgg
e}CaC _g}a _Ca @_gga}a. @aao, _ggo ogg|@
_q}a Caggaa, g_aa g_aaaaggaa @_gga}a. _gaqg,
cgg g_ @gg|@ g_ ga| _gagQjgagj ja}ggq|gqag! agaa,
g_ _gagQj a aee|o CgajQ @gg|o gagggg gjg
gQja qo|aa|aga cajCg _}gg.

aqaa _q}a Co}gCggaa _@jq|gga}a. g|a
gjjQCjag g_|gg gqqaaggaa cagC Coga}a. g_
gqgaa gqaq cQaa Cg}ggao ga|aa cQaa q|_jag @a _g.

oCj|a gg Cja}oaao|o|_gg jgjj _g}a|o Cj_jaoaCaaa}
_}j Cgoa_aCa _@jjqg cag _g g_a}a|a oajgaa ggo|o
g}aa|ggg. _ggg Cgoa|o qaggg qgg Cagg _g}aa
aeaa|Qj j|}gg, Cqg Cqg Cgoa_ag _@jj|aa@, '|a
gaa|aa gj}a cag _aa aaejj _ggaa Cja}
_}j Cgoa_aCa _@jj|aa}a!

|a gaa|aa gj}a cagao, _g goggag, _gga aaoagg|o |a
gaa|g Cgaq cag a_gjj gj}a. joCqg gagaao Co}gg
_g|g}a, c_gga}a, o g|je}a, }agggg|}a, aaog}a,
Cgag|ogj qo@a}a @jjq. g_ Cg_aaq Cg}gg|_jjgao Cqg Cqg
Cgoa_agj Cjaa Cg}Qa|gg. Cjaa|g @a|o cooa
j|}oaa|ooao qag gqa cajggg cgg gg}qagg a|aag.
gagggjo, @aa aaqo}a cag a_gjjQa|gq}aaqg g}
jagaajja qagCqeQ cajggaaaCq _q}aa _}j Cgoa_ag
_@jj|aa}a cag Cj_jaoaa _g o}gg|} @o|}}a
gg|jj|Qa|ga}a.

|a ag|a aqa|aa Cqeq q|q @g. _C}j|}a_a gaa
_g}a_agj j|}oaa. _g Cg_oCoa gaaqgg j|}oaa. gQq|o
a|g|ogq}a Caagoaao _gg gaa} }a Caaeaqq|Qg g|_j|j
Cja|_aa|ga}a. eQ Cg_oCo _g}a|a ga}gaa caa|g
Caa}aaa _oog Caaq cgggaa Cjaa|gg. @g _g}a_ag
Qooao, _C}j| goo|a_ag |a gagaag Cg}gg q|q.

@aCjag|@ _q}a gg||o Cja|_jjg, a|g|ogq Cgoa_agj
Cjaqaga aaq@ goog cag _g g_a}a a_g|aa}a!

aaaoaeqCgaj| cag _aagag _agaajj, @aag
g_aa||a gaoga}aa @ogaajogaa _aagag gCaaa Cj}}o|a
gaoga}aa @_ggg. _gga aaoagg|o oa|a |a gaa|
ga}a_ gagaaa a_gjj ga} _g. @aag ja}o ga}
Cjaoa aaoa|a gaa. oaa aq|g}a, gq|}a, aCj_
o|ggaaa}a cooa_ gaqg agaQ QqCgagao
aaaoaeqCgaj||o gggoa caggaa ggo|o Coao@qa}aa.
_ggag gCaaa aogaaa, aaoa q}jjq}aaa
@_gg|_aa|ga}a.

aaoa q_ @gg|o oa|jjggaaag oCaag}ggqggag }
@ ggaaQ @_gCg g_. _gg qaa|o, gC}ajja g}gg|aCaaeq_gg
_g}a_ag aaaoaeqCgaj| @_a} gq q}Cqgj _aaaog
gggCaaeq_ggg _jCjag.

aaaoaeqCgaj||o Qoo; _og|}o, _Coaoae}a, g|qa
cag _agaajj Coao, o|}aa, oCoaa|aa cag gCaaa
Cj}}o|a @_aaag j joCqg ga}a|o _g}a_aaaa ga|a
gq|_jjj jgg|a _qa|a.

Caago @_jg|aa @_gg jaooga, 1612- q_ g_qgaa
g_aa|j Cj}}o}a @_aa|a ag qggq|g. @g|o _g|a
ogCgaqjjg, goo|aaa aaq@ _g}aC @qa}a.
jaooga|@ _gagq|_jjaa eQ _qaaa|gg} _q}a
aogaa| Caa}aaa aqgga}a. gaagaa, gCaaCq aa} gg@g
Cj} _a| @ag_ gag o|@aqjCja}a gqgg gqCoC
jaoog@ag qgg @ggg @aa eQ Cjgqg Cga}jaa
gjaQaa g} Cog gqggq|Qg gaqo ggg|_gggao, _q}a
gj|aaaa aogaa| @gg CqeQCaaa gaaqgga}a.

_jCjag g_aa||a aogaaaa @_ggq} Cj}, jo|g. (Bayazi d 2).
agqgg gqaaaa ggaCaajjq}a _g}aCaaa@,
_q}a|a q|_jjgag g|agCqggqg g aa cag g|aagga}
_q}. @aCq, _g}a jaoog@ago Cooqg|o gaCaaag
@Cojae @oao cag Coaoo|q|a}.

cggaa @ggaeQa! j}qogg|o g|agg|gga}a _g}a. eQ
jaooga. eQ Cg_oCo! (@aao Cj_jaoaa _g}a,
jaooga|o ao|o (Gal i l ee) caa|g @gg|ogaa - @ag @g o|}a-
gq|_jjj jgg|aa _aggaCaa gqggg cag Cg}a|gg.)

o|@aqjCja}a @}j|gg gqo gjj|jj|agaaj jgjjQj Cjaa
_g}a, eQ g j|ggg eae g}o|ag @qo|o
aaaoaeqCgaj||o @_gg g_aaaa ga aqaCaaeQ
jgjja}a.

@g _oog @_@g @eQa cajg, CjagqaaCq |ajCj}
aaoa. _ggaa @aCq|agj j|gg g_ gaogag gag _}qa
@gag Cgaaa| q_Cjag g|aaa, g_ jg| @, ja|g @, gg
gaCaa}a @_gg @ caa|g e}oo| CqeQaaao @_aaoaC
gq|}, gaC qaggg e@agg g|_j| qggg Cjao e} gqa!

oa|o CqCggg ogag cggo ogg}jjgg|@ _jjq e}gggaag
Cg}q|oao. _g oagg|g @oao. @aao _g}a _jjqggaa
@_gga}a! _g}a|a ogagg|o jaggg|_ag }aaa }ao|
@oo}a_ gag _g!

cggaa gaogaga aggga@, cgg @o|a ag|aa@, caagaa
gaa gqag ggo ga|jja_ag j Cg}gga@ Cg_oCo cag
Coaoo|q|ao Cjag. cgg gaQ _g_ _gg g|ao Cgaaa|
qegqa}. _q}ag }gggg|o o|qjj@, Cqa@ Qoo;
Cg_oCo _@ j|gagCjaCg Co}gg g|ggq|Q Cjao|_aa|gg.
CjgCga} ggo g g_ qa} cggaaCa Cj} Coaoo|oCoaoo|
q}ggaCaae }jjao g} cagao, Cg_oCogag aaa
aqgg gggjj gga|a ogg caaaogg|@ _q}a|a
aaaaga|o go|ggaCaaeCgaa @_ag. _g ga e, ga
e cag g|ao} g_ g|aa Cjaoo Coaoo|aCaaeCgaa
@_jja}a.

o}gg|}gg|o, cggaaCa ogg}jja|o _q}a Cg_oCogg|o|_gg
q|}jjq_aa|ga}a. cggaaCa ogg}jja|o _q}aaaCq
q|Q gq|_aa|ga}a. @aao g_Cjag _q}a _gg gaa} q|Q
g|}gg}aaj j|}qg cag o|gg|ggj ja}ggCg a|aag. _q}a,
@agqa|a q|_jjggag} ogagago Co}ggq}a. Cg_oCo ga},
@agq@ @agg@g}a_ gqCaae _|. @gg ceegaa. @g
gaggaa. @agggq|} Cqg cgC a|aag!

1612- @eQ g9a _oog g9ao ag Cgaa|, _g}a
jaoog@ag q}g Cgaa|aa}a. gqCqa_ _gagQjg o|g|
_q|o Cgaa _agg aaag|a j|}a. _oog o|g
jeaeaa g|gq| @Q, aQa q}aag Cgaa|aa}a. Caago
qog| |aaq}a ceCe q|ggaaaj j|}a}a. @gg a
Cgag|oa j}qoaa jaooga|o qagqgg _ggaa _g}aa@
CgCaajjaq. ggo o|o @eQa|o Cga Cog j|agaa|ga}a
cajggg Co a_ag _agjjgg|j Cj}gaa o|gg|aag Cgaagq|oao.
@aao gaaaagg q_a ag|ggg gQCagg jaooga|@
aaag|, ceCe q|ggaa, jao, jaoaaa aq, CqeCe Cjaag
Cja_a|a g_ q|gjaaa}a _g}aaaCq @_gga}a!
_C}j|}aCa, a|g|ogq}aCa @gg q|aja}a|o _ggaga
@oao!

_g}aa @jjqggaa ga j}ggCaa gq. qagq|a g
_q}a_ag gq|}a, gg @_jaj g|ajjQggggaa @jjqa
aQaaa agaa|ga}aa, _oog gg @_jaj
gg|jjQgg|aCaaqggaaaggaa @jjq cQag _ggaa je|a|@
aCjaa _g|jg|aaqgggj jaQjQa|ga}aa? cg _q}aa @ggaa
gq|}aao Cooj aqaa|gg cajggg @agqa} q|a @oao.

@aao gag gg|. g_ _g} g_ q|qgg|o =QjQa|ga} cagao,
_g|o ggq}aaa aaq@ _q_agggaa Cqgg||a oagg|a
_g|a CgajQ. gaqg Cog gaqojjQgg|aCaaqg caa|g qgaa,
_g}a|a ga| _aaaaa aaejjQ, aaojCjaaa|o, _g ggg|a
@ojaaCq _g o|gg|}aajjg Cgaa|q|g!

ea|o gggag @ggg cggo ojggg @oao. _g, _gg
@aggq}a|a @oj. _jjqC aao aaoaaj jga|jCjaq|a}a.

Cj_jaoaa _gagQja o|}aq|ogaa gqCj} gqggg caga@
g} _g}a @a@ aCg @ga| Cg_oCo qa}|@ qgg qagCq
Coga}a. @gga aaoagg|o Cg_oCoggaga gqqgg _g}a, gaag
_g Cgqaoaa (Synagogues) jg|gaa _Ca aqaa}a. (|ao
ojaao qa} @ggj jg|aaga @ggaeQ _g @oa @_gga.
1948- @eQ @oC}o caa|g Cgo jaooga ee|o _qaaag
_Qgg CgCaajj gggg|aCjag @gg _g Cgqaoa goo|
Cja}a|aao @qaajja. @gg q|q}a j|aaao q_.)

@ggg Cooq, Cooqaag, g|oa Cjaagqgagg ga Coagg
ee|o eQ Cjgqggg _q}a CgCaae ggo|ag gCaaa
_}a cggg ga Coq|oao. _g o}gg|}gg|o, _q}a
aqao|ag|g @a| aaoa|o @g gag!

@gga aaoagg|ogaa _g}a gg j}aga j}aea aagaa,
Cgaaaaa @j_ Cag||o c_gjj Cj}oaa|aa, g
@oaa CQag ggo|a @}j|gga}a.

_g g_ |ajCj} aag. _g}a|a ja|g gjj|}g|aaa Cga}a (Tor a),
gaogg (Tal mud) | o|o _g|gaa|aa q|qa _aagg
j}aga @j_ Cag||o c_gjjaq. _gaqg aa} gaoa|} q_j
j}aga Cag|. o}gg|} g_qg |} qagqggaaa, j|agjj
gggqggaaa oa|a joCqg Cgoa_ag @Cj}gg gaogag
gaogagaaa qaggg @ggg _g}a, gg @j_ Cag|aa
a|gg gggCja|_gga}a. cgCggg gaQa|o qaga|ga}aCa,
_gggg Cgogg|a Cag|C _g}a|a Cag|aa @_ggg.

@aao @j_ g_qgaa _g|ggCjaq|g cag Coaoqgga|oao.
|aoo|o @oa} _g}a q|ao _Cag|aj Cjo| c_g|
qgg|_aa|ga}agaa. @aa@ cee|aaa|o _ggaaq}a |a
gag. C@ @|} @|} @eQaaa aggqgg @j_ Cag|,
ga jag gagag @ggg, _ggggj j|}agg| Cag|a|a gaaaggag
aa|, Cqg qqqCQgg|_ggg _jCjag.

@gaao, _ggg gaogag _g}a_agg g j}aga g @oaa, j}ae
@g|aaoaaj jqgg _g|qg @oag aa}aa @_ggg. @aao,
_q}a g Cgaaaag Cg}ggCaaeC g}CqeQ cag _g
gg_aa |aggq|}aa cee|aa}a.

_ggaaa ggo|aa ggo|o q|aaaaggaa @}j|gg|_aa|ga}a.
j|aaao g|agq|_ag _ggogg|a aCj_ c_oo|ag _gg
Cag|jj}o|gaa ggo q|ggaa _ajCjaa|gg cajCgooa
_q}a_ag _jCjag Cg} g|a|oao.

gag|. ggg }jCja}} 18 a}o, 2006




88 @j_agj jgg|} _|gg _g}a

g|oCooa }gg - ja. }aaqa

j}aga @j_agj jgg|} _|aa jaooga _g}a ggo|
CgCaaeq_gg jg|aaga @ggaeqa ggjgg||o, gC}ajjaq|o |a
gaa|aaCga_ ojq @}jaag. |a gaa|aaCgagao, |a, |a
gaa|aag. a|g|ogq gggag ggg g_ j}o| cag _gaao
Coaoooa. j}aga agCgao|aaa a|g|ogq}a|o|_gg a_ggq|@
gggq }g||@ Cj}g Cqgj j}aoe a|g|ogq}a|a
c_oo|C _g. gQCagg a|g|ogq gC}ajjaq|@ _aagag @ggaa
Cjoa. j}aoeQa|a c_oo|. a|g|ogq gggag _ggaa
@gaa q|}oo _qag cag jo} cg|}ja}gg|}ag o _g.
_}ooj}ooaa q|}ooa @_gga caga@, cg|}jja}a cag
q_e|aajj j}aoeQa (Pr ot est Coggao _q}a
Pr ot est ant s! _qqgaa. agCgao|aaa a|g|ogq}a_ag @gg
cg|}gg}jja a|g|ogq}a_ag @a|o caa j|}oaa, cgaao
j|}gga}a cajCgooa |a q|}qaaj CjojjCqeq q|qa.
@ggaaeaaaa g@aaaa aa}ea @ggg eQ. @aao, @ggg
Cga}o _ggCaooa @|oao.) @ggaa gq|}aaj jgjjQqa}a
caCga, @ggaa cg|}jja}a @_jja}a caCga ogaga
a|g|ogq}a cg|}ja}aaq|oao. _g}aa q|}qqjjg caa|g
a|g|ogq}a|a gaoa CgaaagagC g|ao g|_jj _ag
j}aoe a|g|ogq}a|a c_oo| gC}ajjaaq g_ @Q
@Qq|ggaCaaeq_ggg.

@ga aa}ea}gga, a}qa @g}. j}aoeQa|a Cj_ggaoq}aa
_aa aaejjq}. (@q} Cg}a jag|}a}. a}qa @g} a|
_oo.)

@aao, agCgao|aaa a|g|ogq}agaa, _g} q|C}ag gqqaaaaa
_jCjag gagaao|aaa ggg|aqggq|Q, j}aoeQaa
aqa|ggaCaaeq_gga}aC gq|}, j}aoeQa _g}aa q|Qqgaa
@oao. gaa|aa, a}qa @g}.

a|.j|. jg|aaga @ggaeQ Cgaa|, @|o}a aao qa} gC}ajj|
Cgoa|o|_gg _g}a |aa CaaQ}aag g}ggjjggg g|aggg
jQCaaaoa_ag @g|goa aa}eaa _g o}gg|} @o|}}a
aqaaaQqg a}qa @g}a _g q|C}agj j|}oa}aag gaa. @g|o
e}oo|qojj q}aa, |aaaa gaqoaa
q|oaa|q|Qj ja}ggao , g_q}, @_q} cag|ooao _ggaa
Cj_C @gg q|qgg|o _q} g aQ Caaj CaaeQ
gaaa||_jjagj j}ggCaa gq!

j}aoeQa_ag _g}a g _jjqCaa Cqgjj? @gggj
j|}gg|Caa aa}ea cag cg @_jjgaag Cg}q|oao.
j}aoeQa caga@ _q}a_ a|g|ogq}a. _q}a_
gC}ajj|}a. @ggaa gC} aa}e. ggq}a_ag @g Qgaa
aa}e. _g}aa, g}gg|q. @ggCaooa g_ aa}e Cqg CqeQa
caa? _aag gC}ajja CaggC _jjqggaa @_ggg.

@aao a|g|ogq}a|aC jg|gaaj j|}gg, ga|aa ae
j}aoeQa, @gg _g|gq|} _g cg|}jj|a go @a@ oaa|}aaj
j|}joagga}a cajag gaagqag! j|aaa|o agCgao|aaa
a|g|ogq}aaa aaq@ j}aoeQa cagao _g}a_aga
Qgoaaj jgg|aCaaeQ qggga aa}eg @ggaa.

j|}oaa|a @}j, a}qa @g}a g_ aqggaa cag
_qggoCoaoa|ga}a, _g q}oagg @o|}}a. (a}qa a|oj}
Cjaag ojaao @}aoo|a}a @aaqggaga gg|jj|g
gqgqg|oao!) ogg q|qaa}aa _gg q|qgaga Caago
_ooCqeqg aa.

1648- @eQ @g}, gaj j|ajgg a|g|ogq}a_ag g_ ja|}aa
aqg c_g|aa}. _gga aqga aQa}ag | t o |qs eoj
g|oq o|qs cag gaojj aqgga}. |a q|}qaa, _ jgg|aaa
c_gjjq_gg _gga aqggg|a oa}gagj j|aq_ag q}aojjQggoa.

1. _g}a|a Cgqaoa cg Coojaag. gag, c}ggq|
CqeQ. _oog, a_ C Cjaa gqagjq jagjQgg|,
gjajaao g|}jj|q| CqeQ.

2. @gaa qagagaaa a_gao, a_aaaa CgCaajjQ g_
gqqaaaaa g|aaaaCqeQ. Cga}gg _g}a gaa gg|gg
gg oga gg|gg }gg| Cj_a Cjo| Cogq_
Cjajj|}oa}aa gg|qaa @gCq @}jag.

8. Cgqaoa CoojQqagg ga CoCjag _q}a g
gqqaaaaa qqo|_gg Cga}a Q. _gaao _g}a|a
qQaa @qggq|Qa. gaj jgg| |aaaa g|jjQa
Caae _g}a, g|jo|a Cjao g|}gCgaa|j|gaaqg Cao|aa
@}j|aaoa.

4. _g}a|a Cjaa _aagg _q}ag g @oaaa Cga}a,
gaogg @a|qgg|o|_gggaa gjgg|aa|aga. _gg @o j|}g| gag
_q}a aa|o @_aaa ag; a|aaa ag. _ggaaqa
CoCqeQ.

6. _g gCjaga}aa, g_a}aa (Rabbi ) _oaggg| aqaa.
Cga}gg _q}a Cjagaaaag Cga_qa}aCaaao |_ag
gg}qag _|aa gqag cajag _q}a e}CqeQ.

6. _g}a|a jaoCja}aaj jg|ggo CoCqeQ. q|aja}
| cgga aa}eggaaaa _q}a cCa ga} gqagjq
Cogq|Qqg _qo|.

7. _g}a g|ag Coagg Co}gg|_aa|ga}a. _q}ag je,
gaaaaj jg|ggo CoCqeQ. _aq _aagg g||_gg
Caaaqaajjaq; qg|jjg| Cojjaq cajag ggo|o
e}CqeQ.

8. @ggaaagj j|gg _q}aao gaCaa, gg aaq| aa_aCaa,
gg g|}a_aCaa, oaaaa_aCaa Cg@ @jgg q_ cag
g|aajj}aaaao _q}aa Cq|Cggg gaCqea. Cj_jaoaa
gC}ajj| Cgoa _agggaa @jCjag CogCaaeq_aa|aga.
ga_ Cooa; gqg|oao.

j}aoe a|g|ogq}a_ag a}qa @g} c_g|gaa _g q}oagg
@o|}}a cQggaaaQ @aaqggg|o @a@ j jo g|Qaa|Q
gg}a, Caoaaa @_aa|aga. gC}ajjaq|o _aagag _g}a
cggaa _oagggoa_ag @aC qag Cg}gg|_aa|gg cajago
aqaaaQqggaaa QC Cgae o|o gg}a gg|jja.

ea|o, cgg g_ gC}ajj| Cgogg|@ _g}a jagaajjaa
qaggqag cag |agCg|qaag Cg}gg aaoa _g. _oagggoa
joCqg @a|o|_gg |aa aQaaa q}g Cgaa||_gga. j|}aao,
@ggao|, Cjaogg, @a|oagg Cjaag Cgoa|o _g}a ga|aao
oaao|o ggg CoooCq jgga}a. cjCjag gaqg g} @ggag
}ao|aag ga @aa_ag g|gg aqgg|_gga}a.
a|g|ogq}a|a g|_q|gaa aaoa, a|g|ogq Cgqao q|gaaa
gaCjg aga|o cooa Qaaqa} a}q|Q Cq|C
Cjaq|j ja}jja}a. cggaa oaa|} gqCa, _ggaa oaa|} Cgo
coaoaa agg Cjaq| |a q|_j|aa}a.

@ggag|}aa aaoagg|o jaooga|o eQ _g}a @ajjag g_
ogg}jj gjq_aa|gg ca@Cjag CqCgaa Coqa}a?

_e| _e|aaj jaoogaa Cgaaa| q}g Cgaa|aa}a. g_aa|j
Cj}}o|a _aaa @_gg jaooga|o @ag|}aa cggj j|}oaa
@oao cajg aqa aa}e. Coagg _ag @gg oaaa|oaqg
Cjao Co}ggq| gqa|gCg cajg @aCaa_ aa}e. @jjqggaa
jg|aag, jg|Caga @ggaeQa|o }aaa _g}a jaoog@ag qgg
Co}gga}a.

@gg qaa|o jg|aaga @ggaeaa aaq@, jg|Caga @ggaeqo
qggq}a |a _g|a. gg|jjaa, a|.j|. 1648- @eQ _ggo
@|o}a gagga g_qa} cg|}Caa Cqeq|_ggg. _q} Cj}
Cjaaaa Cq|og|a|. (Bogdan Chmi el ni cki ). Caaoaaga (Cossack)
cag _agaajj _aag a|gag gC}ajj| j}o|a}a|a
gaoq} @q}. o|ggCqa|a, Cjaogg, aa}a Cjaag gaQa|o @q}g
g_ Coaooao ggjj a|g|ogq}a, aa,
CaaggaCaaggaa _g}aaa Caaag g @}j|gga}a. Cjea,
gggaga, qgaaq}a caCgooa _q}a ogg ja}aaq|oao. g_
_ga}a Caaagq| gqaaao g_ a|g|ogq_ag Coa}aa g|oo
cag _jCjag Coaoojjg.

ggo|o ae @gg|o Cqqgg|aCaaeq_ggq}a, Caaao
jga|q|g o|gg|}qag Cog Caaoooa cag gq Cog
q|gq|gaa o|gg|}qag gg|aa Cao|aag Cgaa|aa}a. (j|aaa|o
@gga Caaoaaga|a j}ae q}oo|aaggaa Cg}a||o @|o} aao
@o| @_ggg.)

a_gg|o agg|a aqgg _ggg, _jjqC oaga @Qjj qa}
}gCgQjjg, q|}oaag ga|gga|C Cqq cQgg g_ aaoaaa
Caagg, CqQjjq}a a_gg|o _e|q|gg, a_gag }jggao
_gjjg, gqCqa_ gqaaj j|Qa| g_ggaoa
}ggaaaaaa|q|Q _ga Co Caag|aaa Caag|aa Cqgga} ggqg
cag g_}gg|a joCqg coaoaa _q}a g|ggg aaqaa}a.

@gga CaaQCaaaa|o|_gg gjj|gg o|o _g}a, ge@}j j|}ae
CgCaa _qaao @ooao aq oagg|a Cg}gg jaoaa
gjagjggag Cg}a|ag @aoggag _ag|aaag gjj|jCjaj
j|aggga}a.

@q}a _ooao @a@ o|o _g}a cgC Cjaa qg||ag|
q@aaaaa a|g|ogqggag g ag|, _gggg gaQa|CoC
ga|q|g ggg|_aa|gg.

(Cjaogg|o Q Cjaaaa Cq|og|a||a aaoggagj j|gg jgq|ag
qgg aa}, g|}jjgggg|aCj}o a|g|ogqggag ag| _g}a eQ
_g}aaa|, g g qgaaaaa aajj|qaaoa cag
_@g||gggaa, _gajq o|o @|} Cj} gaa _g ggagC
eQ aajj|qaa|Cga cag _g|q|gggaa o|o @oa
Cg}q|aa|aga. @g jgg| q|}qaa gaqoa g a|aaaq|oao.
@aao g_ q|q. _g ggg|o|_gg a|g|ogqggagj Cjaaq}a
eC gq|}, CqCggg ggg|o|_gg _g gggag 'ag gqag.
_ggg _@g| @oao cajag g|aaq|o Caa CqeQ.)

@ggaa aCj}a_ag @a|o |}j|aggg, jaooga
qa}|@C q} gqgg _g}a, ggg aagaa q|oaqa}aa cQggo
Coaaa aaCaQ, _jCjag _Ca j}qoaa|aCaaeq_gg @j_ Cag|
go}oo|j je|a|o aqaa =Qj @}j|ggq|a}a!

Cjaogg|o|_gg _jjqg gjj|qgg g_ _g}, gg gaCaa}a|a
Cag|aa @j_aq ggo ggoaag gg gagjg qgag Co
aggaCaaeQ, gg Cgogg|o ggg _g @aj jQCaaaoaa q|q}gg
_gg Cag||o g_ @Co c_g||_aa|ga}a.

g}g|_qqoaa @ag _ggj jgga @oC}o|o a a|ajjg|oao.
a|agg|_agaaao, cggaa Cg_aaq aao qgga@ _g}a gg
@agag Cag|a aajjggaaa je| cag cg gag
aqaaajja@ cjjq Ca _g|o gga|q|Qqa}a cajag
|aggoo|aa Cq|jjQggaq g} @qeaag g|aggg|_ag!

gag|. ggg }jCja}} 17 a}o, 2006



84 @gq|

g|oCooa }gg - ja. }aaqa

cggaaCa g|g o|a|aaa|o ja}gg|_aaoa. |a aa|}aa,
gq|}aa ojqa gjjggg gaagaaCqa _oog ggg
gqggCaCa ojgg|ooao g_ gaaoaaqa aao| _qo|
Co_ajjq_ag. @aqaojjQgg|aCaaqggg g_Cqa _gg
gaaoaaqa aao| gqaqgaa @_ag. gaagagCa, CaajgagCa
_g|ajjQggqgaa ogg|o _aggq|Q. cjjqaaa@
Cg_aaqago ogg gaagaaCqa j|ajaaCqa g_ gaaoaaqaaao|
_aqCgajg @gaa|a g|g| Cjao|_aa|gg.

jaooga _g}a|a qagq|@ _jjq_ gaaoaaqaaao| a|.j|.
jg|Caga @ggaeqo _}Cag|g.

g_ jaa Cjaogg|o|_gg o|ggCqa|aq|o|_gg aa}a|o|_gg
ooooaa _g}a _ag|aaa @ Cj}gg qggCaaeq_gga}a.
gga Cja_g q|qqagj ja}jCjaa cajCg _jCjag _q}a|a
gaoa aqaoaa @_ggg. Caaoaaga|a Caa}gaeqgg|o g|a o|o
@|} _g}aaqg CaaoojjQaCaaeq_gg o. gQCagg
_ggoC gQgQa|aCaaeq_gg Cg}. gaaa g_aa|j Cj}}o|a
coaoag gagggq|ao aq |}jj @oao caa|g gC} g_
gj|aaagaa _q}a| @_ggg. j|agggaa|ggao jaooga qa}
Cjaaoa. ggaag}a|a _|aa Cg_oCogg|o qaggqggao q|Coq.
Cg_oCogaga aajjggqagCooa _jjg ja}ggaCaaoa.

@jjq qagaaaj Cja}agg|o _q}a o|aa|aCaaeq_gg
g_egg|ogaa qjagg| @gq| (q|oeggt eq goq) cag g_
_ga}j jgg| g_aa|j Cj}}a g_qg|@ @_gg aa Cjo
@}j|gga}a. Cjaogg|o Cjaaaa Cq|og|a||a Cqg|j|qgg
}a@q _g}aaa CaaoogCgaa| aaoagg|o, @gq|ag qg
@_jgg|}eQ. |a @ag}. @aao, _gg qg|CoC _q_ag g_
ogaa a|agg|_ggg. g_ '}j| aa _g|jjq_gga}.

@aao @gq|ag Cqg }j|aa @_jjg|o q|_jj|oao. _ggg CCo
g_ a|} gqaCaa @aojja}. caa Cooa? g_a}a|a
g_qaaoa. _ggg gaqg _}o|o CoCqeq|_ag. _oog
aa gaoq}aaoa. agg|o @ga|j Cja}aCqooa _q_ag
q|_jj|oao. aa| QC @}q @_ggg. gq|}aa Cao|gg
_q} g_ gqag qgga}.

g, _g}aC! caa| qa_a. gaa Coaoqaga Ca_a. g_
Cgq@g}a g}ao gaa CaCa. _g @agagj jagaaaa, a
caaag @gq}aag Cg}gCgQgg _@jj||_aa|ga} cag g}
_agqo q|Qgga}.

Caago gQag|jCjaaa}a _g}a. cjjq _C}j|}a|aC Cja
g_ Cgq@g} j|gaagq? cag gag gj|a _aa}aa ggg
_g}a; @agg@g} cag g_q} Cgaag gqaaao _g _g gogg|o
QC g|aggq cag a} gj| _g}a; a}aqg qgg
gaaa aajjagg aa}aa, |}j|agggg ga ja|g eeaa
Cg_oCogag eQ _aaCaa cag
gq|aggq|ggaCaaeq_gg _g}a...

_q}a_ag @gq||a @gg _g|q|jj j}qogag gCqagag
g}gCgaa|g. |a ag|a aqa|aa Cqeq q|q @g. g_q}
ga @agg@g}aa _g|q|ggaCaaqggg cggaa Cgga}g
ge|oo@ @_gg|_aa CqeQ! Caoo caa|g goa @agg@g}aa
_g|q|aajjCjag @Caq|a @agggaa Cg}qggCjag gag
gj| @agqa|a @gq}aao Coojg Cgaa|Cjag j jaQa
Caago ggooo. ga jga| ogagg|a}aCoC _q}a
_qaajjQggjja}a. gaagg@ag aaa}a. @Caag
gag gj|ag ceegg cg|}ag_aa @_gga. _q}aaa
Caaoqggg cggaaCa jaa CgCaajjq_aa|aga.
_ggaaa g| _q}a Cqgg| aeggg gC} g_ aa}egaa
@_aa gq.

_q}ag Cgaaagg|o Cjaggog Cjoo|o ea QC
@_ggggaa _g.

@aao. aao| gj|aa gagq|a aaoggago aa} Cgaa|}
@eQa ag|gg @gq| gaaa g} @agg@g}aa _g|q|ggaCaaa|ga}.
oa cggaaCa gaCag|q|q_gg aao. aa|a aoq| q}oo|,
o|ggaa q}oo| Cjq_gg aao. a_ _jCjag @g|qao|aaa
@oao. gaa}aaggq|q_gg ogagaa. _g aoq||@
aaoa|@ o|gjj| Cjgg|_gg g_aa|j Cj}}o|o|_gg _jjq_ g}o
Caa|gg.

g|aaa _g}a _jCjag o|gg|gg|_aa CqeQ. @gq|a
_g|gggg|o j}ao Cog ja}gg|_aaoa. @aao e}oo||a
qojjq_gg _g}a_ag _Cgooa Caa Cgaagao Cjaq|g.
o|}aa ga}o (@aagag @g @g|}) @_gg _g Cgqaogg|o
@_ggjq @gq|, gaag c_ggaaao @a @agqa|a Cja}
oo}gga}. (@a|ogg|o oo}jjgaaao YHWH cag q_. oo}ggj
ja}jjg o|}. @aao @g @j_ Cag| oo}jj. Cga}aaag g|g|o
'Cq caoa. ) @ggo Coao @j_ ajj||o (Cga}a) aa} ga|}
gag oo}aajjQa|gg. @aao gqa @j_q|o @oCoao a|aag.
@jCja} oo}aaCq |ajCj} ggg| CqeQCag CoaoojjQ.
ggg g g_aa, ggq|a QC @agqaa @ggo Coaooao
aaagqC gq|}, oaga}e aa @gaaj jajQggaa}a,
jajQgg ag.

_jjqjj Coaoao, g|} @agg@g} @gq| oo}gga}. _agjja}gg
aa q|jj|@ _g|}oo||@ qggg, _qa} _qje|ggq|a}a.

@gq|, _gga g|gggq|oao. _g}a|a o gj|aaaa oa}gg o|o
aggaa _g|gajjQggg Cgaa|aa}. ga}eaa, Cg_oCo|o
aa} oaoa|a Cgqao @qaajj g|agag _g}a g|aa}gg
q_qgg|o g_ga _ag _@qqjja}a. _ag agg|, 'ga @a|
a Cgq@g}a j|ggggaaa CaaeaQa. _g @g gC}
Cgg|gaa cag _g|q|gga}. _gaqg ga@a j|gggga!

a|gg _ggaa _g}a_C _aagag @gq| g} j|qgg
_aoggCaaeq_gga}a. Cga gaaq|_aa|gg, _g}a|a q|Qgao
ga Cg_a|q|g cag a} gjgCgaa|q|a}a. ga
@agg|o @aCaa_ Cgq@g} g|ggq|a} cag C}ooa,
oCaooa CjogCgaa|aa}a.

Cgagaa @gq| g_ aa} Coga}. oCoaa|aa caa|g @ggagj Cja,
'Cga}a aq eggCaaea}!

Cga}aaq ejjCgajg, gg qagaq CgCaaqaga gg|jjao
e}gg g_ _g go og. _g}a|a g @oaa Cga}aaqg
g|_e Cog Caaqg Cjao g_ og ggg|, _gago,
ojggjj }j|, Coaa qagaaa|o|_gg q|oa|q|gaa
_g|q|aajjQqa}. @gq|, gaao @ggo oaa CgCaaea}.

@gggj j|a _g|aa}_}qaaCq gaaa_ Cgq@g}aao Coaoo|aCaaeQ
a}o, @ggao|, g_aa| cag jea CgCaa @}j|gga}. Cjaa|g
@a|Coooa _g}a _q}g gaje|gga}a. aee} oa
aajj|g Cga_ga}a.

gag jegg|gg|a @gg||o @gq| jaoog@ag qgga}. _Ca,
Cg_oCo|o @_gg g_ _g Cgqaogg|o _q_ag '@g}a|a _}o}
caa|g jgag _} }j|a gqaa}a. (aaoa jgg||o _jCjag
qo|ggaCaaeq_gg gga _ g|et oeo caa|g g_ ggg g_
@jjgago gqgaao o|o q}oagg @oa Cg}q|aa|aga.)

Ca, @Caag g_ Caqaa Cjao @gq|ag gga cag _qa}
Caaeao Coaoo|q|a} @gq|! @g|o a g|}ggq| gga,
'@a|Co @gq|gaa Cg_oCo _g}a_agj jagaaqo}. q|a}q|o _q}
g_aa| aogaaa qggg|, o|gg|aa|ag _ggogag Cg_oCoggag
eQ _aggg q_qa} cag _g|q|gga}.

@g Cg_oCogg|o @_gg _gg_a}a|a oaj|a gaoq}a_aga
Caago g}oagag q|aq|ggg. @_gg|_gg, _jCjaggaa _q}a
Caago g|g|aa eQ, gag Cgaa||_gga}a. g_aa||a
aogaa cqq|gj j|}oaa @ooao _g}a qagqggg qg|a
Cog|_gga}. cCa @gg @ _aga CaQggq|jCjaa|gaC} caa|g
aqao _q}a_ag. _Cgo @gq|ag aa Cooqaag
Cj_a|aCaaeq_ggag _q}a aqa|aag gqgq|oao.

o}, @q} g|gaaCq Cgq@g}gaaa cag Caagoaqg j}ao Cog
ja}jCja ca gq Cog, @gq|a _aggga}a. @aao _q}
j}ao cggg j gggq|a}. 'caaa gja. caaaj
j}Coag|aa ga a_ oaaa|oao cag Coaoo|q|a}. _ggg
Co Cg_oCogg|o @_aa q|_jag @gq|, _ag jgjjQq|a}.
g_ jg|aagg q_aao Cqg Cqg Cgoa_ag aggjje
CgCaaeQq|Q } g|_j|q}, a|.j|. 1666- q_ gaa g_
o|agg|a Cgg| Cg_oCoggago CooCqa. _jCjag Cg_oCo
gga eeaa @_ag cag _g|q|gga}.

_CgaQ g|ggg|aCaaeq_aaoa. _g gggag ajj jg|
og|aaa CaaeQqgg, g_ @_jgaggg @aag
Cg}gCgQgg _aqaagg ga|gga| oogaaa cag gqCqa_
oogaaggag gqCqa_ aaa} g||gg, 'aa}a|a aa} cag
gg oCaag}} g_qa} _g|q|gg @ooag gCgooa Cog q|a}.

@ggaaa g_aa| aogaa Cjagaa ja}ggaCaaeq_gga}.
g_ag|} Cj} @g}qa} jaa _q} @ogaajoao Cgaaa|
qggCaaeq_aa|ga} cag Caq|jjg '@ggaa coao cag gq
Coga}, aogaa. CgC} Cja a_gg|o agg| aqgg aag Cogq|g
g_aa| }a@q.

_g}aao, gag @agg@g} aag CojjQq| ojqgag gjCq
gqq|oao. @_jj|@ _jCjag, 'Cga _g|o g|agjCjaa|gg,
aC Cg}o Cgaag|, aoga@ag } geaa g}jCjaa|ga} cag
cg|}ja}gg ga aqggaCaaeq_gga}a.

@aao a _jCjag g_ gqq|ogaa @_gga} Cjao|_aa|gg.
@gq|, @ogaajo o|agooaao|o a|gaa oajj|QaCaaeq_gga}.
_q_ag @}eQ oagg|aa QC aogaa ggga}.

1. }aagaa goo|aa ag|q|Qa.

2. _oog |a} q|g ga}aga.

_g}a|a @agg@g}aa, @agg@g}a_aCaooa _}o}aag gaaa
_g|q|ggaCaaeQ aa} jg|aagg @eQaao aoaa
CogCaaeq_gg @gq|, _jCjag cQgg gq, |}j|agaa
goo|aa ag|q|oa cajggaa!

g_ gaojjaaaa q|}gg eq|Q, aa} gg gqaqo
Coaaaa}. |}jj|oao Caa}. _gga aeC goo|aa ag|aa}.
_q_ag Cg c.Cjeq (q|oat e|ojq) caa|g jg|
goo| Cj} gjjg. aogaa _qa} aa|ggq|a}. Cq
o|q@eg g|qqg (}ag qa|oaajCjaa!) caCga_
jgag CaaQgg qagga g_qggg Cjaqa g_qgaa
Coaaaa}.

@gq||a Cgag}a_ag Cgae}a_ag @g |a aojjaa
_@jqaaj Cjaq|g. g_ Cjao| @agg@ga} gj| @ggaa
gaaa qeaaa|q|CaC cag _q}a aggag joaao
__gg}gga}a. Cj_jaoaa _ggoggq_aCa @g g_ _g|aagqag
aag cag Cgaag|q|g. aqjjQ, gggag gggq| _q}a
q|_j|aa}a!

@g|o _g|ajo gaaoaaq gag eQ. @ggaa gggj|gg @gq|a
@agg@g}gaa cag _g}a|o o|o} gj|aa}a. _q} goo|
@aCjag, _ggaa qggg qg|Cjao|_aa|gg cag gj|, gaa_
goo|aa ag|q|a}a!

gag|. ggg }jCja}} 20 a}o, 2006



86 jaooga _}j|a_ _g}a_

g|oCooa }gg - ja. }aaqa

a|.j|. 1617- @eQ Cgaa| 1917, 18- @eQa qa} jaooga
gCaaa g_aa|j Cj}}o|a @g|aagg|aaggaa @_ggg. _gaqg,
ga@g q_a. gQq|o 1881- @eQ Cgaa| 1840 qa} ca|jag
@e gag _o| caa|g o}qqooa Cja_gg| oa}q}gg||a
aaogg|o Q gC}Ca_gag gCaaa _}o||_gg j|}gg
ca|jg|a @o|ag jq_aa|gg. gg Cj}}a q|og}jjg g|gg|a
ag g_ o|g jaCQjj g|aggg|, jaoogaa ca|jga @aegga}
gag _o|.

gggag q_agaa caga@, _q}g @o|aaaogg|o jaooga|o
q|qoa ae|oaa _ gaCagg aegaa _Cgaaa cooa
o}gg|} @o|}}a_ gg|jj|Qa|ga}a. jaooga g_qg|@ @_gg
g}a g|oaa _gg aeaa|Q, _gggg g|ojj}jj|a gaaaCagg
j|}a q|agaajja. Cj_jaoaa @a|o q|qoa g_
_}aggag gqqaaaaaCq CgCaajjQ, agjjq}a_ag
g_aaa oj qgajjq_aa|gg. (o|o @a|o
g|ooaqaaga}a|a _aaog @_gg|_aa|gg.) Coaggaa g|o
aqgg|_ggq}a g_aaa q} Co@gg|q|ao Cjag. _g}a,
goo|a, a|g|ogq}a cag ja}jo|ooao, j|}oaa|ag|
qagqggg gag _o| gg}qag _|gg|_gga}.

@gg q|qgg|o jo ggga}a_ag |a q_gg! Cj} Cj}
a|}aa|a _ag g|o aqgg|_ggq}a _q}a. _q}a_aga
a|agg _Cg }aag, g_ a}oo|j _ g|o aqgg|_ag ag
q|qoa|a_ag _jCjag a|aggg. oggq!

@gg oggq, g||Qj Cjejjq|oao. jaoog@ag Q
@ojaa qaggg. _qjja|o gag _o| g_ g|o
aaqag|aaggaa @_gg|_aa|ga}. @|@ q|qoa gq|},
aoq|ggag|@ _q}g aaogg|o ae|oaa q}oo|
oagg|aa||_aa|gg. Cg_oCo, aaoa gg @aag Cqo Cja
jgg|a|o _aagag _qjjaj j|aa Cgaa|,
o}qaoaoaaoa qa} }aaa g|gqjjQ, joCqg Cgoa|o|_gg
qo@g}aa q}qagggj ja Coaoo|aCaaQaa gjaQ Cog|_aa|ga}
aa}.

@aao, 1840-o g_aa| aogaa eQ jaoogaaa aajjgg|q|a}.
jaoogaa @gjjCgajg _gga aaogg|o g_ aCj_ _qaaaaCq
aogaaaao a_gjjQ qgg|_aa|gg. cggaaCa gga|o
cggaaCggaaCa @aa Cqag|_aa|ga}a, Cgagg
@_aa|ga}a. _agCooa CQaa a_ @ggaa ggo|
CgCaaeg|oao. @aao gqCqa_ gag jaooga aaa q|Qj
CjagCjag ojggjj aa}aao Caa
gaagqaoaa|q|Qa|gg. @ggaaag gg| @o|aq|CoC |a
q gag| jgg| _ggaa. (@aagag!) jaaoqaa_ a}Qg}aa
jaagaaoaa o|g gaga_ _Ca _g|a. Cj_jaoaa
a|}aa_ag Cq||o|_gg a_ Cjaaa gqag. jaagaC
@_aaag.

jg|Caga @ggaeqa gg||o jaoog@ag @Cj}gg qgg _g}a,
_Ca @g 'jggjg| a|}aaaa 'aeQj|qgg|_aa|ga}a cagao
gj gqa|gga? g_ jaaog|ojjgg||o ggCooaaj je
CgCaaeq}a, gaagg|o _aogg g|}ggCjag, jg|gaao o|o
a|}aaa _g qa_ aaa aeQj|qgga}a! ee|a
agg}aaa _q}a, _gga qa} jaooga|o gaCjgg
cggaaCa _}o|o ggjja_ag ga_ag cggo ojggg
@oao cajg Cjao, ga|aaaqo Qqagaaa
CgCaaeq_gg|_aa|ga}a! @jCjag gaa a} @a|ga}a cajg
g Cg}ao _q}a @_gg|_aa|ga}a!

_jjqjj @ jaooga. @aa@ cgg aa}a@ jaoogaa
aggq|@ q|QaCaaQggq| gqag. aa}e, Cg_oCo.

gCaaa Cj}}o|a ag jaooga @_gg aaogg|o }aaa
gC}ajj| _g}a _Ca @Cj}gg qggag gCaaCq ja}gCga.
@aao jaooga|o eQ gg, eQ @o| agg cag ca|jg
aa} gag _o||a jaCQjaj gq gj jggggg|o
Cj_jaoaa _g}a jaoogaa q|Q Cq|Cg|q|q_gga}a.
g_aa|j Cj}}o|a coaoag j}qoaa qo|aag gaojj _g}a_ag
@gag qagqg Caago j|}oaaaaggaa @_ggg.

_q}a ggaggo|o @Cj}gg qggCjag @_gg _ag _}a
_jCjag a_ae |aagaa @oao. _}a cagao aa}, aogaa,
g||a cag _q|o _q}a_aaaa }aa @_aaCq Coga
cagCjag, _aggag ogg _g|aaaCq @_gggaa c_ga|ga}a _g
o}gg|} @o|}}a. (@gaa a|g|ogq o}gg|} @qa}a_
@Cag|aa|ga}a.)

jg|Caa @ggaeqa Cgaaagg|o|_gCg _C}j|}a_ag _g}aa
aggaaj j|qaaao Cjaq|g. _gqa} _g}a q|qgg|o qqa}
oa|jjggaa@ oCaag}ggqgg@ qagggqggq}a, a|.j|. 1790-
@eQ aaoagg|o|_gg Caa _g}a||_gg Cj}g q|oa|C
@_aag Cgaa|aa}a.

@ggg jaooga goo|a g}jj|o Coaoojj aa}ea
j|aq_ag.

1._q}a agoo|aa _g|aa}aa qaggjCjaQ ca g|oaa
_ja}ggaCaaa|ga}a.

2. qqagj je CaaQaa|ga}a. Cj_ja@ j}ag q|ggg|o
jgg|}aa c_g| qaa|aCaaa|ga}a. je a gqao Cjag
ogg}jja|o _ggj jgg|}aa _g|aa}a| o}jj|gg, ca
qQaa g|oaa aaajjQgg|q|Qa|ga}a. Qgoaa _qaao
g_qg cajCg a|aag.

8._C}j|o o|gq}aa o|g|aa qQ Cqaoa_ag
aqggaCaaa|ga}a. _q}a agg|o _gggaa }qaag,
_g}agaa Coaa gqa cajg Cjaag ceegag q|agaa|ga}a.
_C}j|}a _qa qag qagCq j|gggq}a cag g|_jgg|_jo
Coaoa|ga}a.

4.@o|a}a_ag g|agj je CaaQgg, Cj} gjjggaaj
Cjggq|Qa|ga}a. Cq|gaQ q}gga Cjaag oaj g}ggaa je|a|o
_C}j|}a gagqag gqggqa} gQaa|ga}a.

6. ga Cgag|@agj Cjaqaa goo|a Cj}gaa q}gg
q_Cjag ggoo| Cog _g|aa|ga}a.

6. _ga gggagaa goo| gggaga_a jgaq|Qqg|oao.

7. _g g_a}a @eqgga gggCaaa|ga}a. _q}a
goo|aa _gCq g|jjg|oao.

8. goo|a|a jeqaaa aaoa|@ Caaeaa aaoa|@
_q}a g qQaag g|gjjCg @oao. gaa g|aCjao
_@qqaa|ga}a.

9. ogg}jj a|aagCjaCgooa @agg@g}aa gag gj|a
_q}aagaaj Cjaa|ga}a.

CgCoaaa @gg gajg aa}eaa @aoa gaj|g caa|g jg|Caa
@ggaeQ o}gg|} @o|}}a gg|jja|o|_gg Cjggqa|gg.
@ogaajoo|o g_ joaaoaagagg|o Cj}ao|}}aa @_ggq} @q}.

@gg gajg aa}eaao ogg aa|jjaa aqa|ggao _aag
jaooga _C}j|}a|a oga g|aoa ogg j}.

ggo aa}e gagg Cg}q|jjg, _gga aaogg|o _C}j|
goo|a_ag a|}a, ga} _g|aa}a_a Cg_aaCa CooqaaCaa
@oao. _g|aa}a_ goo|aC cagCjag oaaa| aa_ag
_q}a_ag @aCq| @_gg|_aa|gg.

@}eaqg aa}e Coao@ Cog|, _g}a Cq|gaQa|o|_gg
_ag|aaa qgga}a cagCjag _q}a_agj jejj|}oaa @oao.
qqagj je g_ _ag qog|aa @_gg|_aa|ga}a. _C}j|}a
_}aaa}}aC caga@ aga |gg|aa @_gg|_aa|gg. qqagj
je CjgCg qagaaaa gq|_aa|ga}a cajg ggo Cog|.
@g|CoC @}eaqg Cog|, qqj jgg|}aaj jqggj
j}ggCaa_ _ag goo|a_agj jqjjg| @oao cajg.

gagaqg aa}eg _C}j|}a|a aga qagaaaaggaa
aqaaaQa|gg.

gaaaaqg aa}e, _gga aaogg|@ ogo qag @o|a}a
@_gg|_aa|ga}a. q}gga gjjgga, aoCoaoa Cjaagaq
ogo|ooao oagg|aaq|oao.

gggaqg aa}e, goo|a|o o|o} aoq| agCga}aa, q|aja}gg|o
o|gggq}aaa @_gg|_aa|ga}a. @aa@ _g}a_a _q}aao
Cjaq| gqao Cja|_aa|gg.

@gaqg aa}e _g}a, gggaga||_gCg j|}q|aaa
@}j|gg|_aa|ga}a caa|g gaqaoo Coao@a|gg. @aao @g
q|qaa cg|}gg}jaj ga @}a } @qea g @ag
a|aaaaggao @ag _jjqC ggaCaaeQq| gqag.

@g CjaoCq _, caqg aa}eaa @ga}_}qaa @ag
gg|jjQgg|aCaa qg||oao.

gajgaqg aa}e gg|gg cggo ogCgag @oao. gag gj| qaggg
aaogg|o|_gCg _g}a q|ao Cogq_ aa}gaa _g!

@a, cjjqCa _g}a_ goo|a_ geqaaCjaog
ga|gga|C je CgCaa Cqeqq}a gaa cag aggq|o
@_ g}jj|@C gqqaa||_aa|gg. gggjCjaaag cajggg cgga
aa}egC gaa||oao caa|g _ag @_ g}jj|a_agaa @gaa
_g|aaa|aCaaeC qggg.

@ggo ggo|o, gag _o| aajjgg| jaoogaa, g_aa| aogaa
eQ Cqgg|Caaej|gg, jaooga _g}a_ag _Ca @_jj oa}gg
oaa g|ag Cgaag @}j|gga. _aag Cgg||o jaooga|o
Q aa} jaa|}ea|} _g}a @_gga}a. (jg|aaga|} Cj}
cag o|o gg|jja Cg}q|aa|aga.) @ggj jaa|}ea|} Cj}o
jag|jCj_ag Co aaag Cgag|o Cojq}a. jaoCja}, q|oa
j|}oaaCooa @aagagj Cjao _ggaa Cj}gaa @ooag
aaoaagoao q_gg|o jag| gaa_ag Co _q}a oa
agg|aCaaeq_gga}a.

q}ggaa aa}e g_ jaa. gqCqa_ Cgogg|@ _g}aaa
aeaCaQgg, _gggg Cgogg|a _}o|o g|oq}aa _oo| @}agg,
aqj j|}oaa cagao g_ g}, ge ga j|}oaa cagao g_
g}, cg|}ja}aajjQ j|}oaa cagao _ggaaa gg|}aCoaoaa cag
joCqg ogagg|a @ooao cgg g_ _g_ Cq|gaQagj
Cjaaaa}. g_ _g} Cq|gaQ a|ja|ga} cagao ggo|o
jaoCja} _@qoa Cjaaaa}. @aagag gg gooaj gaoa
g_aqggaa ggo|o ogg|aao Cooqa}.

gag gaj|a Cg}ggq}a, Cg}agq}a cajg _q}a_ag
gaa||oao. _g}a? _qqgaa.

@jjq q}ggaa aa}ea_a Cq|gaQa_agj jgjj jaooga
_g}agaa, joCqg @a|o|_gg _g}a jaoog@ag qgg Co}
qaggCgaa aa}eaa @_gga}a.

@|}gg ce@ga|a Cgaaagg|o jaooga|o CaggC
jg|aagga|} _g}agaa @_gga}a. g_ @g q_qgg|o @gg
cee|aaa g_ oogagg Cgag. _gg @g q_ aaogg|o
jggjjgg Cj}aa, @g @g Cj}aa, @|} @|} Cj}aa _g}a
cCaa|_gCga jaoog@ag qgg Co}ggg gq|}, Cqg gg|jj|ggaa
g|aga g _ee|o gaCjgq|oao cajagj ja}aaCqeQ.

jaooga ee|o ae@aggCg}ao _g}a|a cee|aaa
_g|a}ggaCaaeq_aa|gg cajag _C}j| goo|a
aqa|aaCq|oao cajag ja}aaCqeQ.

gag|. ggg }jCja}} 24 a}o, 2006



86 CgjCjao|@ _g}a_

g|oCooa }gg - ja. }aaqa

@gg|aq|o e|j_} _oog Caaoa _Cqaa g|ogaa
jaooga. o}gg|} aaogg g|ojj}jaja aeaa|o
cQggaCaaqCgagao g|ggaQ _aq |ga oagg| @oao.
@aao @ggo o|g|Cga_ g|ogag gaaqgg cggaa _}o|oa!
o}gg|} aaoggag gqa aaoggag @aqg|aa a|.j|. jg|Caga
@ggaeqa gg|j jgg|a, jg|CaQ, jgCgaajga @ggaeqa
Cgaaaa|o cooa @gg _}o|o gjgqag Cqa cQggaga
gg|jj| CqeQ. gg| @o|a gg gC}ajjaCqg aa goaag
gg@g gag _g}aaj jgg|C Cjo|aCaaeq_gga}a. _jjqj
Cjojj @a|Coooa aagagjCjao _g}a_ j}q||_gga}a.
g|aoaa @_jj| cag g_ j|}Cgo _q}a_ag @oao caga@
@_aa|g @a|Coooa, a|aaa|g Cgag|oa|o cooa _q}a
gqaCaaeQ g_ aCj_ j}o|ag Cja}aggag gaa
@gg CogCaaeq_gga}a. cooaC |a Caaa gggg.
|a|a }ao|aa gggg.

qagaaaj j|}oaaa _q}aa a}q|Q go Coga@ q|_jj
g_qg jaooga|o QC @_ggg. gg|jjaa, Cg_oCo. _jCjag
gaaa g_aa|j Cj}}o|a g} _aaa @_gg Cg_oCo.
Cg_oCo | jaoog@agg g|_j| q}CqeQ, _g gag
Coagg g|ojj}jj cajag _g|aa}_}qaa ogaj|aa CqeQ, _CaC
qagCqeQ caa|g q|_jj g_ g Cjao _q}a aCg j}q|
ga|ggaCaaeq_ggg.

ggaaoa|o _CjaCqag a}q|Qj jgjjQ gqjCjaa ggg
e}oo|Cooa _q}a| @oao. _C}j|}agaa cg|}a|
@ggaeQ aaoaaj Cja}aqa Caaeq_gga}a caa|g g|a
e}oo| @oao. aogaa ooaga aao CgaQ jaooga|a
q|Qgaoaaaa _C}j| goo|a cggaa jaQjq_aa|ga}a, qQ
qaooaa @ggg _CaC g|ag Cja}aq|_aa|ga}a
cajagCooa g|aaggjja}ag g|ao|o _q}a @oao.

a|a j|}Cgoaa jaooga, a|a q|_jja gggagaaa
_g}a_ag. _qqgaa. _g Qgaa _q}a|a ceeaa
@_ggg.

@gg cee |a q@jjg Cgaa|ggg _g}ooag g} gC}ajj|o
oa}q}gg| g_ aggaa aa}eaa @_gg|_aa|ga}. CgjCjao|a.
Cg}ooqa? CgjCjao|a Cjaaja}.

(g|egqgqo |qoeget ).

_gga aaogg|o aa gC}ajj| gaQa|a aa}a _g}aa ggg|
q|gggag, j|}aao|a g|a}gg Cj}}o}aa q|a| CgjCjao|a
_q}aa ggg|ggg gjgqag q|gg|aoa @_aa|aga.
j|C}gaj j}o|agj j|gg j|}aao|o _g}a_aga Caago g|g|
a|aggg. CgjCjao|a @o|ag qggj|gg _q}a_aga Caago
ge|ooo qggg.

@ggaaag g_ag|} qa}gaajj }aaa g|jggaaa_ag
j aggg|}gaggaa CgjCjao|a _q}a_ag qga||_gga}.
@eaeQ aaoaa gC}ajjaq|o qo|gga@ _g}a, _gg Cgoa|a
qaa|Coa, _}o|o oaoa }aa|Coa Cj} _q|o Coagg
Caaea gqag. @aao _q}ag gqCgg }aa
aajjaggjjQ. jaooga|o|_gg qggq}a caa|g _q|o _q}ag
@_jj _aa}aajjQ. _ggg _jjao Cqg cggg Coagg
Caaeaqq| gqag.

jaooga|o|_gg qggq}a. @g Cjagag _g}a_ag? _g Q
Cga}gg qo|ggg|o CoaoojjQaCaaeq_ggao Cjag caggaa
_q}a g|aagga}a. _q}aC @gaao Coaoo|aCaaeq_jjggg
CgjCjao|a Cjaaja} Cjaag g_ oa}q}gg| Coaoqggg
q|gg|aoa @_aa|aga _ooqa? caagag @_gga@ jaoogagaa
_g}a|a Coagg_|, cggaa @ggaeQa _q}a _a|_gg
Cq|Cg| qaggga@ cjCjag g|_j|aa@ _Ca }a eQ
cajag g|_jgg|_j __gggg|_ggaa g|aajQgg|aCaaeC
@_aa, CgjCjao|a|a _gg qa}gaajj aggg|}j j|}aa
_g}a_ag gg| Cogg.

CgjCjao|a|a @o|ag j jgg|a _aagg|@ _g}a_ag
g_ o|q|o }aa qgajja. @aa@ _g gqCg|a_aaaa
}aaaa QC Coaoojjg. qg|jaQo aggg|}, q}ggao
aggg|}, qagaaao aggg|} cooa @_gga. gqCqaag _q}a
jaoogaaa}}a cag Coaoo|o Coaoo| qgajjg.

Caago }gg aqa|aa CqeQ. CgjCjao|a, g_ jagaajja
a_g|C _g}aag Cga}gg jaoogaaa}}a, qgCgg|a cag
gqCqa_ agg|@ Coaoo|qgg|_aa|ga}. _gaqg j|C}gaaaa}}a|a
jagaajj. _g}a _Ca Cga}qaaa @a|, Cj} _q|o
j|}oaaag q|gg|Qq|a aCg caa|g jagaajje}. @aao
_g}aaj Cjaggg _q|o @ag Cqg q|gaa cQggaCaaeQ
q|a}a.

gC}ajjaq|o Cqg cggj jgg||@ qaga gqag ggg|ao
_q}a_ag. cCa Cjaaa@ aggga}a. cgg g_ a|g|ogq
Cgogg|@ _q}a_ag g|g| @ooag ggg|ao. _jjqjj
aaoagg|o, qgCgg|a cag Coaoo|aqg @gg CgjCjao|a qag
qg|CaaQaa|gaC} caa|g @ggo g_ jaa; _g|}qjj}a ag|}
'jaooga|o|_gg qggq}a cag g|_jgg|_jo Coaoa|gaC}, _gg
@ ggaggaa cajag @gCq oa aa agg|o jg|o
Coa|gCg caa|g }ao| ogCgaq @aCaa_ jg.

a|.j|. 1799-o CgjCjao|a ca|jg|o|_gg o|}a Cgaaa| ja ga}gg|o
CoagCaaeq_gga}. CgjCjao|a|a Cja}gg|a, gaQ j|qag
Cqaa Cjaag q|qaCooa |ajCj} aag. jaooga
o}gg|}gga ojggjjagg. @aao @gga gg|jj| jaCQjj
Q ojgg Caaeg cajgao @gaaj ja}aaCqeq|_aa|gg.

CgjCjao|a|a _jCjaag Cgaaa, @aagag o|}aq|@ _aagag
jaooga|@ @_gg a} ga}a Caaaaj j|qjjg. o}gg|}aao
CgaQ |a gaa|aa ga}aaa a_gjjQ qggg a}. (a|g.)

aCj_ q}}; |ajCj} ja aqgg|_jjq} caga@ _gg gggaa
CgjCjao|@ag Cqgg| g}q|oao. aa}e, g_aa|j jaa, _jCjag
j|}qq jaa|a gggagjja CgjCjao|aa cg|}gg g|agg.

@g |a gaa|aaCga_ g|ag. ggo gagaa jaooga
j|}oaa|o _jCjaggaa j|}a gao|Qa|gg. _gqa} j|}a
aqaggag j j|}Cgoaa jaooga @oao. j|}a|a }ae|
co|oCjg, 'a|g|ogq}ooag a_ j|}a|o qag oaaaggq}a cag
_g}aaa gg|aqgg _g|q|gg|_gg og _g.

a} Caaaaj j|qag ceegga ca|jg|o|_gg @aag @oC}o
qg|C jgjjQ qgg CgjCjao|a, _jCjag }ooaq|o ga||_gga}.
ao} _}.jag gg @gg|aaao qa} qaggg|_gg ga}. }ooaq|o
aa @_ag gaaa qeaaa Cqea cag _q} _a|_gg
_g}aa g_a|aegg g_ o|g| _e|qgjja q 'gg| Cag
CgQjegag CgCaaea}. _ggj Cj}e||aCjag _q}
_g|q|gga}. _g}aC, caag ga. g_aa|j jaa gaa
Cqgg| Caa gqaaao ga g|g|aa a Cg_oCoggagg
g|_jqggg gaa gq| Coa|Cga

@g g_ }agggg|} _g|q|jjggaa caga@ _g}a_agj j}qogj
Cjagaa _g|q|jjaa @_ggg. }aaa _g}a _jCjag
CgjCjao|a|a ja|o @aegggaaj jo q}oagg @oa
Cg}q|aa|aga. CjC}a CgaoCoq|o (| |qsgqqg)
caa|g jagCjgg _g q}}, _jCjag CgjCjao|a|a g_ ja|o
oaga}e q}}aao Co}ggq}. j|aaa|o _q}g ja|o a}ao _ag
}gg, @og|}j Cja}o |} ggggq}.

@aao a} Caaaaaaa gggg|o CgjCjao|a Cgaoq|a
Cg}j|gg, _g}a q|qgg|o _q} _ggaa @}q Co@ggq|oao.

o}aa aa}ea g|oao cagCjag _q_ag _g}a g
Caago Cqgjj gjg ea. _q}a_ag qga||_gg
qa}gaajj aggg|}gg|CoC g|ag jg| qa}agaao Co}gga}.
gg|jjaa, CgjCjao|a|a @gg|aaao @o| ogg|o _g q}gga}a
}aaa q}oaaag @aa Cg}ggg. Cja_aga}o o}g|_gg cag
Cj}o, jo aa|a g_jq Cojja. Caago qaao ggaa|
aqaaoa cag CgjCjao|@ag a Cgaag|g cag Cg}q|oao.
@aa@ _jjqggaa _q} gggCaaea}!

@aao _q}g aaogg|o Cjaogg, o|ggCqa|a, j|}aao,
(Cg}a||@) @aj}a ga}, Cjaag @a|o o}o}Cqag
_g}a|a cee|aaa g|aCaaeC Cjaag. ca|_gggaa @q}a
q_a|ga}aCa cag q|gg gqjjgggaaCq jo ooaaeaaaa
_g}a _ggj jgg|a|o gqCg|q|a}a.

_jCjag }qa g|ojj}jj q|og}jj|o gq|} aqa
Co@gg|aCaaeq_ggg. @gg q|qgg|o _jCjag CgjCjao|@ag
g|a}aa @}q, }qaaq @eQCaaeq_gg ga} (ge)
aa}a_ag @_ggg. (ga} cajg g_ gg|jj| aa}a Cj}
_oo. _g g_ qogg|a _aajCj}. ga} cag jgga jo
aa}a }qaaq @eq_aa|ga}a.) a|.j|. 1772 Cgaa|, 1816-
@eQ aaoaggag Cjaogg, o|ggCqa|a | jo gC}ajj|
gaQa }qaq|a aQjjaqaag qggq|a.

_g}a_ag _gga gg|jj| aaoa Caago oagaaa @_ggg.
_aag }q _}agg}jj|a |a gaa| gj}aa q|a| @q}o}
Cjaa|a (g|qt aqo), o|ojo _}o|o aa}eaa gCgo|gg,
_g @g} g|ao cQgga}. gC}ajjaq|o qaggqag _g}aCooa
}qaag qgg, _ga Cgajgg| aaaea|o (_aq a gq
gaQa!) qaggCgaaoa cag ja|}aaa _g|q|gga}. (@Cg
}qaq|o|_gg @a@ Caagoaaogg|o _ggaa _g}a_ _qggg
g}ggjjq|_aa|ga}a cajg Cqg q|q.)

_jCjaag ga} aa}a Cj} Cag}a 2. aa Cag}a cag _q}
gao Coaoo|aCaaea}. aa Coaaaa}aa cag Cg}q|oao.
_q}g q|_jjgg|ajq, @q}o} Cjaa|a, }qj ja|o g_
_gjj|}aq _qaaa|aa}. @ggj ja _qaaajjga @ga}
CgaaaC, g_aa|a g_ gggag gCgo|ggggaa. g|_jgg|_j
g_aa|. g|_jgg|_j jaooga @aoaaa. gaj CgjCjao|a
cagao @jCjag ga}. _qqgaa q|gg|ao.

_gg _gj jajj|}ag Cjaa|a, @oC}oqoa|
(|egqos@) cag Cj}a}. @g g_ _}o|o
aa}egag gCgo|ggggaa. @oC}o caCga_ Cgo gg|gCgooa
_g}a _jCjag o|gg|aaa @oao. @aa@ @agg|a Cj}ao
_q}aa g_a|aegg, @gg|a Cj}ao qg| ggg @g g_
jaaaj jajQ cag a_g| }q @q}o}, j}aga @j_
ajj||o q_ @o}Cqo}a|a jgg|}}aa g|aa }gg @jjqCa_
Cj} gq _g}aaj jaaa|gao Coga}.

1768-o|_gg 1774 qa} g_ gg. j|gg 1787-o|_gg 1792 qa}
g_ gg. @a Cagg g_aa|a @}eQ gga. @}eQC
Cqgg| Cjgq|oao. agaa gQCagg _C}j| goo|a_ag _g}a
g|}gg}j jaaq}aaqggg Cj} _q|o g_ j|aa} ag|aj
CjaQaqgga.

@ggaaag gaaa g_aa| aa}a _g}a_ag cggaaCa
qog|a Cogggg, jaooga j g_aa|j Cj}}o|a _ggaa
@a|@ o}q aggg|}ga qag _@g|gg|_gga}a.

@aao g}g|_qqoaa, jaoogaa _q}a g_qgaag
ga_aaaa ga|gaaa _a q|_ja|ga}a cag o|gg|aaCq|oao.

gag|. ggg }jCja}} 27 a}o, 2006




87 }qaq|o Caaoojj _g}a

g|oCooa }gg - ja. }aaqa

}qaaq @eQCaaeq_gg ga} aa} Cag}a aaogg|o _g}a
_Ca @ Cj}gg CgoCg j}q| qag gqggCgaga@ _g
gqgg Coa}aa _q}a_ag _aq|oao. aa} cg|}ja}ggjq
_g}a|a jaaa CaaeQ g_aa| aogaaa Cqoo gqagg
Qoo @ga aa}e. _}o|o aa}eaaa a_gg|o cQaaag
oaga}ej Cjagaa_ag _g}aaj j|qaaao Cjaq|g.

_g}a cagao a|g|ogqgg|a ggo cg|}a caa|g _qjjaa
aa}egaa @g j|}gaa caga@, _ggg C@ o|o aa}ea
@_gga.

}qaq|a ee|a agg}aaa a|g|ogq}aa, _g gqCg|
_g}a g agg ggo| Coa|ga}a cag gggooaQ _jCjag |a
joaaa a|j|g. ea|o gjgqag gggooaQ @g. _g
ggg|o, g agg cajg _gCq a|aag. o}gg|}gg|a cggj
jaagg|@ _q}a aa} g agg ggo| Coggaag gaqo
@oao. @aao, }qa a|g|ogq}a @jjqCa_ gggooaaggaa
j|}gaaaa gaaqgga}a.

@g ggg|@ Cjaaa gggooaQ cag _g}a g}jj|o Cga}gg
Cja}aqj ja}gga}a. aa} Caa@ aa q|Qqgaa @oao. Cqg
Cqg qaaa|o _g}a _Ca qagqggg Cg_aaq g} @}j|gga}a.

}qaq|o|_gg Cjaogg j|}ggCjag (a|.j|. 1796-o @g gggg.
}qaag cg|}aa Cjaogg gaQ aa Cga}gg j}o| Cog
geQgeaaj j|}ggCaaeq_gga}a. @gga gg|jj| q_ ggg
j|}q|aa|aCjag Caggaa Cjaogg geaag. geagCjaCg
o|ggCqa|aaq Co}ggaCaaeQ j|}ggg. @gga Caajgg|o }qa
gag qa}ja|o|_gg Cjaogag gC}qaag @aa|q|g!)
_Caooa j}q| qo|ggaCaaeq_gg _g}a, j|}q|aaao oagaaaj
jajQgg|aCaaeQ g|ag g|oaa qaggj Cjaa}a. gg|jjaa
Cjaogg }q coaoa o}aaj j|}aajjag @a|Coooa
_q}a ao aeaa|o g|oaa qagg|_gga}a. @g }q
q|qoa|a_ag |a Caajgqg. _q}a _g|aa}a| jaa}
CogCjag, cggq|gaa gqqaaa CgCaajjq|oao. aa}e,
_ggaa }q _g|aa}a_C _g}a| ogo qaa||_ggggaa!

Cgo a Coaagaga aaq@, @gg go gaggg _ggg
q|gg| _g}a|a gag| }q}aa |a jag|ggg. gQCagg
a|g|ogq }qa g|}eQ c_gg _g}a_ag cg|}aa aoaaag
Cgaa| aqggg.

@a@ ogg g@aaaa @}aggao, oa|jjggaaagj Cj} Cjaa
}q}a, j|aaa|o a _ggaa aa|}aa _g}aa g g
q|}qaa}a cajggg CqCga_ aa}eg a|aaa|gg.

ga} aa}a @eCjag o}, j|aaao }qj j}o| gjQ
a_a|o qggCjag o}, _gggj j|aaao Coaq|g _a|a caa|g
@_jaCaaaC agg o|gg|, jo geQ CgoaaaCjag o},
}q}a|a Cgojjgg Caq|ag _jjagjg. @a _aaaao
j|}gg|_gga@ gaa }q}a cag Coaoo|aCaaqg|o _q}a_ag
_oag|aa @agg eQ. gqCqa_ }q_ gg Cgoggagg
ga|jj gag|o aajjq_jjgaa cjCjag e}qa}.

@aao, _g}aao _q}a }qaq|CoC jo gaogagaaa
qaggga@ _jjqCa_ Cgo| _aagag q|_j| ga
gqq|oao. 'ga a}? cag cgg }q} Caa@ 'gaa g_
}qa caggaa Coao@qa}. _Cg }qaq|o qo|ag _g} 'ga
a} cag Caao 'gaa g_ _ga caggaa Coao@qa}!

}qaq|a ga|jCj_ _aaaag g|aggg gC} Cag|, gC} g
caa|g q|qgga _g}aao cgga aaogg|@ gggjCjaa
gqq|oao. qagaaaj j|}oaaaaaa _q}a }q Cag| Cjo|aa}aC
gq|}, _agg ga Cag|aa g_Cjag Coaooaa}a. qagjCjaa
a|g|ogq }qaq|o 'aa q| gaagaa gggao }ggq}a
caa|g gjgag g|ggg|aCaaq|oao.

@g Cj_jaaa a|g|ogq}a_ag |ggg c}ooao gjQgg|g. Cgo|
e}Cq @ooag g_ gag cggaaag gaa qagaqaa CqeQ
caa|g Caq| _q}a| @_ggg.

@aCaa_ aa}eg @ggg eQ. _jCjag }qa, gq|} g|o aa
Cgo. ggga}a _Ca _g|a. cooa ggga}a_ a|}aa|o
qo|ggaCaaeQ aCjaa q|qoa Cog }aaao ojag|gg,
gagjjq q} ogog Co@gg| qgga}a. Cjaoggj j|}q|aaa
gq }aaa g|oaa qaggj Cja _g}a, _jCjag
Cj_ja@ ga}jjga|CoC @_gga}a. ga}a|o gaa
qo|ggaCaaeQ, a|}ajjga|o q|qoaj je|aaj ja}ggaCaa
g aggggaa} gej}aa gg|jjaa, cooa_C _g}a _Ca
_@jj|aCaaeq_gga}a.

@g, g|aao|ag Cqao ja}ggaCaaeq_gg c| }q q|qoa|aa
|a _g|aaa jag|ggg. ga a|}aa|o ga_ag Cqaoqajj
_gCq a|aag cagao _q}a cCa Cjaqa}a?

_g|aa}a| Cjaa gqag. a_ aag CaaQgga Caaa
qq}aaa @oao. _g ggoa|aaa ggga}a|C g|a
Caaoa cagao _q}a_ a|}ajjga|a jaaC q}aa}a.
g|} g|C}ag Cj} Cj} qaaaa|o Caggaa _g Cqaoaa
a|}aa_ag qgg @ggqa}a. Coaoo|aqggag|} Cqaoa
@}j|ggq|Qqa}a. _} q|qoa|a q}jCja} g|ag Cqqaaa
ja}aa Cqeqggaa.

@g|o @aCaa_ gg ggg|_aa|gg. jo @a|o
ga}jjga|o|_gg @a a|}aa_ag g|ao} aaao qgg Cqao
ja}ggq|Q aao @ag qeqCg| eQ @agj
Cjaq|Qqa}a. @jo gg|Caa ag|}!

@g jg|Caa @ggaeQ g_qgC gagag|o @_gg|_aa|gg!

_Coaoae}-1 ca@ ga} aa} jgq| gg j|gggaa (a|.j|. 1802 -
1826) g|aoa Caago agg Cgaa|g. aa|a ag|gg
gggCaaqg gaa| cag a_g| @gg aa}, jgq|Cggg ggo
Cqaoaa a|}ajjgg|a|o Cqaoagj Cjaa _g}aaCooa q|}
@}j|gga}. _jjqC Caago Caagoaa coaoCa} _g g|oaaa
aaajjQgg je|a_ @}ja|a.

_g}a g}jj|o, _g|aaag ga g|oa _ja}aajjQqgaao
CoaoojjCg gq|}, _ga j|aae|a aa}ea cgC ogag
cQggaaajjq|oao. cooa Cgoa|@ _g}aag g}gga|ga}a,
}qa g}gg @}j|gg|_aa|gg cag QC oa g|aaggg.

ea|o, ggag aa} Cag}a aaogg|o a|agg o@aaaaj
jajQgg|aCaaeQ }qaq|o _g}a |a q@qaaa aa@ag||_gg
_ag CqCggg gaq@ gaCjgq|oao cag CoaooCqeQ.
Cj_jaoaa }q q|qoa|a_ag _jCjag aaC_ggj Cjaag
Cg}ag cajg _q}a_agj Cj} oagaaa @_gg|_aa|gg.

@aao _Coaoae}-1a aaogg|o @}j|gg _g q|}o
gqqaaaa |a q|a}qaa gQj|qaa @}j|ggq|a. ggo|o
a|}aa|o|_gg _g}aa q|}qaa}a. j|gg o|g ga}a|o|_gg
q|} @}j|gga}a.cCaooa _g}a qo|aa|ga}aCa (_q}a
cjCjag Caggaaggaa qo|jja}a cajag gCaaCq
ja}gg|_aa|Cga!) _Caooa Cja _qgg q|} @}j|gga}a.

@agCooa _}oaa gaa|ag CoCqeQ cag aa
cg|}ja}aaq|oao. agaa, gqCqa_ }o|_gg _g}aa
q|}qqjjg ga Cgo|a aa caCg }q}a _jCjag
g|aagga}a! ggo|o _}oaa @gaa @g}jjgaaa
aaqaCaaq|oao caga@ Cj} _q|o cg|}jj Cg}q|aaq|oao.

agaa, _g}aaj jag|ag q|ggg|o o|ojo ogg|_gga, g|o
qa}aga CaaeQq}jja. q}a_ _g|a}aajja. _g}a
ga_aCaag ga|C j|aa ggg|aCaaqggaaa _@g|
gaajjg.

}q _}aggag _g|aa}a_ag @gg qaa|o Caago q_gggaa.
Caa|o ge CgQaaoaa _q}a _g}a||_gg aa_Qj Cjgg
qgg|_aa|ga}a. g|C}ag _g cg|}jj _ao _qaa @}j|ggq|g|o
_q}a @_gaoaCaa| cgj @aa}a. _Cgo aa|a
c_oo|a gaa gggjCjaaag jogg|o jgq|aCa @jgg q}aQ
cajg _q}a_agg Cg}gg|_ggg.

Cqg qg||ooaogaa @gg g|}jjggaa _q}a _g}a|ag
g|e|gga}a cajag Coaoo|q| CqeQ.

aa} gjg q_a. _ggga Caago CCo @_aaoa.
@ag|}aa o|g o|g j|}oaaa_ jg }q _g}aaa
aqq|aCaaeq_gga. cooaqggag g_ gq q}Cqeaa?

qggg.

1881- @eQ _Coaoae}-2 cag ga} aa} jQCaaao
Cojja}. (_Coaoae}-1-agj j|gg g|aCaaoo-1 cajq}
aa}aaa}. g|aCaaooagj j|gg @gg _Coaoae}-2, 1866-o
aa}aa||_gga}.) caaCqa jjjCjgag _}o|o aa}ea_aaaa
gaCjgg jQCaaao _g.

@aao q|g|, _gga Caaaooog||o _g}a =Qjq_gggaao
aqaaaqq|g.

_g eaa, @oaoa cag q|oa}aaa a_ _jCjag ga}aa
@oao. g_ }qo oaa}q}gg||a jQCaaaoag, qgCgg|aaa _g}a
aa}eaa @_aaaQ caa|g qggg|C Cjagaagaa @_ggg. (@ag
qa}|@ @g g}ag ogCgagaa. _g}agaa @aCaaaooog||o
=Qja}aa, Cqg a}aqga cajg g}ag q|qagjCja_aaCq
@_aa|gg.)

gQCagg }qa Caag|gCg_ggq|g.

co|oCjg aC} caa|g @gg|ogaa ggo aoq}g ggo Caaao
q|_ggg. q_ 1881. g Cjao }qaq|a Cga aaaea
_aagg|@ g_ qa}gg|o j}q|q|g. ja}gg @gg|Coooa _g}aa
Cqqaa}a. gjj|Caqq}aaCooa g|gaaqgga Caa_gg|aa}a.
g_aaa Caaoogqq|oao cagao aa, aaoaaaqg qaa|aa}a.
_g qQa, Cgqaoa, j|aa, oga g|gqaa cgC
|oo|oao. }ggCqg| gaoaCag|q|q_ggg }q}a_ag.

gjj|gg ga gqao o|aa|aCaae jooa|}aaeaaaa _g}a
_jCjag gQooaaoa|o CqQjjQ @gggCjaaa}a. _q}ag
j|eaa cQggjCjaa a_ gaq}q|oao!

@ggg gaagg@ag }q aaC} (jg|gaaj CjagjCjgg|_gg
_Coaoae}-8) }ao| gg}q|gaa j|gg Coaaaa}a.

gag|. ggg }jCja}} 81 a}o, 2006


88 gC}ajj|}a|a _g Cqgjj

g|oCooa }gg - ja. }aaqa

_g @agag g_qgaa _g|aa gqag; _q}ag q}oo|ag
gQaa gqag cajag oa j}ggCaa @}j|ggCjag
jgCgaajga @ggaeQ j|ggg|_ggg. a|gg gC}ajja g_qg|@C
_ga aaCQjj g_ Coog|aaCq qgaajjQ, CoojQggjjQa
Caaeq_gg jg|Caa @ggaeQ g_qg|@ gqCqa_ Cgogg|@
Cq Cq, _q}a Cgaag|aCaaeC @_gga}a. @|} _g}a
g}gg|o CaaoojjCjag jaagg }o jg|gaa @aCaa_
@}ea|} _g}a qgg qag @}j|jja}a. oo _g}a
CaaoojjCjag @aCaa_ oo Cj} ca|_ggaqg qgg Co}qa}a.

Cao|ggj ja}ggao gC}ajj|}a|a _g Cqgjj cajg
__q_j_aq q|ggg|o q}gg j}q||_gg|_aa|gg. aa} 1800
@eQa_ag gaaao g_ _g}, @Ca ca@ @aCaa_ _ga}a
Caaaga} cajggaaa _g gogagC CqC}aQ _g|aa g|aagg cggaa
jQCaaaoaao Cog|_aa|ga}a!

_g g_ aa}e. cggaa Cg_aaq Cg}gga@ _g}a a g}ao
eQ _g|q|o|_gg CCog| qgg qaggCgaa|q|Qa|ga}aC caa|g
c}ooo @aCaa_ aa}e.

@aao g} @agagC _g|agag @aqCooa g_ aa}eaa
gqa?

ea|o, gC}ajjaq|o _g}a ogg|aa Cg}gg CaaQaagaa
_q}aa C@ joqaaaaa, C@ jgg|oao|aaa, qagq|a g
C@ C@ aago Caaeq}aaa agg|g cag CoaooCqeQ.
j|a gaCojjCjag, _q}a qqo|_gCg jqgga}a. _g
Cgqaoa aaajjCjag, _q}a agq|a_agj Cja
j|}a}ggaaag Cga}gga}a. q}gga g|aoa gagajjCjag
qqo @_ggjqC q|aja}aaa aqa|gga}a. qQa_
aaajjCjag gaCaqaaao Coag caaqg CqCq|a|o
a} _qggg ga| Cqaoag Cgaa|q|Qqa}a. cooaC coao
gCjaggaa _q}a _g|aa}aa qaggjCjaQ, gaaaa
qog|aa qajjaa _qaaa|aCaag Cgaa|aa}a.

oa o}gg|}gg|o _g}aaa aaq@ _g|aaa ogo CaaQggq}a
a|aag. cggg, cgaao cajCgooa gaa|C @oao.
cooaqggag CaaQgga}a. qagqggg @a @_gg
@a|Coooa _q}a CaaQggaCaaeC @_gg|_aa|ga}a. jgg,
@_jg|o Cgaa|, jo ooa, Caaqa qa} CaaQgga}a.
_}oaag aa_ _q}a_agg g}ag jagaajaj _gg
ogojjegaa CaaQgg qgg|_aa|gg, o}gg|}Cg.

__q_jjaaggaa. q_gg g}aq q|qgaa. @aa@
_q}a_ag CqCggg qg| @ooao Cjaaggg gC}ajj|
a|g|ogq}aC aa}ea|_gga}a.

qog|a_aaaa ogo g_qg oCag @_ag gagag caga@,
qagqggCa ogo g}aq ggg|ao|ogaa _g}a @_gga}a.
@ggaaaCq _q}a g|ago ojag|aa g|aagga}a. j|oaaa Cjao
aggga}a. jg|g jg|gaa @aagag oa aajj|qag
cggaaCa jo @ga q|aja} gg|aCooa _g}a
Cgaa|aqggaqgaa. @aagag c.co.c. cag CoaoojjQ oq
Coqo a}aCaq @gg|aq|o j|}joaa @_aa|gg. @Cgooa
jg|Caga @ggaeqCoC _g}a aeQj|qggq| q|q. @jjq_
Cja} _q}a g}q|oaoC gq|}, gqCqa_ Cgoggag_ _q}a
c.co.c q}ggagg|o Caaqaqj jggg|_aa|ga}a.

Cq|gaQa_agj jeagg Coqg, @qaoa Cjaag Cqaoa|@
=QjQ g|ago ojag|gg|_aa|ga}a. gqCqa_ ajoaaq |a
gaa|aaa a_g| @a _g. q}ggagg|o Cg}a cajg _q}a
}gggg|o j|ggg q|q. q}gga gajjao gjjgggggaa ogo
CaaQjja}aC gq|}, aaa g_ Cjag agg aa}a. Cjao|o
o}agaa q|gjg, o}agj jgaao, g|} q|aoCgg gqqaaaa
@aqCooa gC}ajjaq|o j}qoaa|a Caaeq_ggCjag, cgg g_
_ga aa|@ gj|j Cja caa CqeQaaa@ qaaoa. g_ o|g
agg @_aaag!

@aq g_jg @_aa, jgCgaajga @ggaeqo _g gogg|o o|o
aggaa oagaaa}a g|aa @}j|gga}a. cggg gag|o
@_aa|ga}aCa, _ggg gag|a |a }gg @gag
_aaqq}aaa _q}a @_gg|_aa|ga}a. Cjagqaa _g}a_ag
@agaajj cgg g_ CaaQa _q}a|a q}oo|ag
gQaaq|oao.

@ggo oagaaa}aa qagg, _}qaegg _q}a|a Cqgg|aaaa
agaaaqgaa @_ggg _ggo. o}aaj j}ggCaaCqeQ. ga
g_ oagaa Coaqq}aaa @_aa|Cga cagao gg gQj
ga aajjQggoa, goaajjQggoa. g_Cqa ag|o _}a
aqa|gg gaqg gqoa. oagaa Cojj j|gg Cgo
Caaeaoa, Cj_ajjoa. @aao, g_ oagaaa}
_qaa|aCaaeq_aa|ga} cag aqa|gg, _gg @agg|@ _ggaa
Cj_C CgaCaaQaa gaq_qa}aa?

_g}a| Qgaa _g oagg|. g_ _g} _}o|oqag|aa q_a|ga}
cagao gQCagg _g}a_ _qa} QC @g}jja}a, aggaaj
j|qaaag cagao . a}aqg g_ _g} ao@}j Cj}ao|}} @a|ga}
cagao _g _ggaa _g}a_ _q_agj j|aaao g|}eQ
g|gja}a. g_q} _g|q|o|o gaCaga|ga} cagao, _q}g
@}aoo|aaaa gqCqa_ _ga gQjg ag gqgao je _@jj.
g_ _g c_gga}a jgga Cq|aa|gCgagao, ogCga|ooao _gga
aaoagg|o cggaa jqgg _g}a @_aa|ga}aCa, _ggaa j|}g|a
q|gCg g_.

CCoaaa ja}aqag @qgg|a q} oCag j}ag. _g}a
gaaaaCqa, gg gQjgg|a_aaaaCqa aqaojjg|oao. agaa,
gg @aggaaaa QC o}gg|} g_qg aqaojjQ, aggg
qgg|_aa|ga}a. oa|o CqCggg g_ @ag @jjq @_ggg
a|aag.

jgCgaajga @ggaeQ j|gggCaC gC}ajjaq|a Cgg Cgoa|o
_g}a|a Cooqaag qagaaa g|ao gjgqag _ag }g
Cgaa||_ggg. @aaCa @ajjQCaaaoa, a}q|Qg g}ggo
Cjaag aa}a gggCaaeq_gga cagCjag _g}a|a _ggog
_gggo oaa q}gCgaa||_ggg. aa}e, gC}ajj| go}oo|.
joCgoa|o gagaa q}g Cgaa||_ggg _jCjag. Cja_aga}a
CaQj|qa g}ggjjg Cgaa|a. q}gga aojaag
Cgaa||_ggg.

gagaa cCaooa gaq|Cga, _Caooa _g}a _}o|o|o
=Qj @}j|gga}a. o|g o|g _}g Cg}goa ggo aaae
ooaj, Cgo|g Cg}goa qa} _q}a Cjaq| @}j|gga}a.
Cg}goa|o Cjaq|Q _g}a_aaaa oCaa|@|_gg _g}a gq|
Co @}j|gga}a. _g q}gga}a aeag qgaa|ooao je
CaaQgga}a. je CaaQaa gqag g|ao|o @_ggq}a, geCgg|
qgo Cqa ggg| @agjajg ggga}a.

Cg}go Cgaoq|aao _q}a gqq|oao. agaa, qagjCjaa
Cgoa|o gg @_jaj gg|jjQgg|aCaa _ag g_ oaga
_oaaj jajQgg|aCaaea}a.

1848- @eQ _g}a gg o}gg|}gg|CoC ggo gagaa gg
j|}g|g|g| g_qa} gaa_agggag _@jj|aa}a. @g gggg
j|}aao|o. @gaag Cga}gg 1860- @eQ @aogg|o g_ _g}
_aoo}aaa}. 1870-o @ggao||o. cooaqggag o|a}aa 1868-
@eQ Cjgo|a q oC}o| (|ogeaqo g| |segq) cag
_g} j|}a|a j|}g}aaCq @gag _Ca _g}a|a Cooqaag
CCoaa||_ggg!

@a|Co}aao g}e|aaCq gqao Cjaag. gaoaaqa} _q}a
_g}aa _qaajjQgg| aa}Qaa_ Ca}Caoo}a_
CjaQjja}gga}a. gagaagg|a |ajCj} j|}oaa @ggaa caCg
Coaaaa}a. @aa@ _g}a cag aeQCaaCq @oao.
Cjgo|a qoC}o|C gaa gg|gg Cao|oo|gg|}aa }o|ggj
ja}aaqq}aa @_gga}!

j|aaao 1878-o j|oa}a, Cjgo|aa g_ _g}aaj ja}aaag}a,
a|g}aaj ja_a cag CaQaCaaeg j|}a _a}agga
_gggo og|ggCgooa o}gg|}. _g}a|a q|aggo|ag Cjgo|a
qoC}o||a @gg Cqgg| g_ aggaa ga}e.

Cjgo|a qoC}o||a gaCaa}, @ggao|ao Co}ggq}a. (ea|o
cgg _g_ @jjqo Coaoqag gjjaCaaCq aa}! 'ca
gaCaa} jaoogaao Co}ggq}a caCg _q}a Coao@qa}a.)
_a|_gg @ Cj}gg oCj|a|o qagggCaaeq_ggq}a,
jg|aagga @ggaeqo _ag|aaa j|}@ag gqqggq}a.
Cjgo|a|a gQjgg|a} _ggaaCj}a Cj_@ '@oC}o| caa|g
gaejCj} gqaCaaeq_ag. _aagag @ggao||o qaggg
_ggaa _g}a_agC @ggg gaejCj} eQ. Cjgo|a Q
Caago oaoaa g| |segq cag Cja} agg|aCaaea}.
_g j|aaao qoC}o| caCg @a|q|g!

Cjgo|a|a ggag goa @oC}o|, oea|o @_gg g_ _g
Cgqaogg|o g| CogCaaeq_gga}. _qa} a|g|ogq}aa
aggqggg g|agjCj} ggo| Cog ja}gg|_aa|ga}a. @aao _q}
agq|oao. gC} g_ ogg}jjgg|o gg gggaga_ag Q 'g_
jagaajja a_g| gaaogaa Coq|aa _q} gjjaCaaegaag
Cg}a|gg. Cjgo|a j _q}g oCaag}}a_ag _jjqaa
gaaogaa Coq|aajjq_aa|gg. @aa@ Cjgo|a g_ _g}aaCq
qagggq}. _}o|o|o gagqggg gaaao o|gaaga, gaqoaCooa
c_g|jja}gg|_aa|ga}. a|g|ogq} _ooag a_ j|}a|a
ja}a_agggag gag gqag caa|g ggo @_gg aaogg|o _q}
_gg gaaogaaggago og|aaag|_ggao, ja}a_ag
gjj|a}aaCqa, j|}g gg|}aaCqa @a||_aaCq gqag
cajag ja}aa CqeQ.

j|}a cag|oao. @aaj|g gC}ajj| Cgoa|@ @jjqaa
g|aoagaa _ag @_gg|_aa|gg. _qaa Cjao gaCaqa
gjoa CjaoC a_gjj _g}a, g_ qQaq aa}ggCgaQ
Qooao, gg oga _ggoag }gg|aCaaeQ _}o|o|o =QjQ
Cqgg| Cjgggaa qaa|o }qggg _gg q|aoaa CaaQgCg
g}Cqeq|_ggg.

@aao a_ _}o|o aa}ea_aaaa QC g ag|g|oao.
cooaC qagaaaa aa}ea_aaaaggaa. _gaqg |_a qagqg
caa|g _qjjaa aa}e. j|gg, Caago qog|aa qagoaCaa|g
@_jj|o aa}e. @ggg Cgj q}gga, Cja_aga}a aa}ea
@_aaCq Coga caga@, gC}ajj| Cgoa|o a|g|ogqggag ag|
_g}a|a cee|aaa cjjq jo ooaag gaeCq Coa|gg.

Cg}a||o _jjqggaa g_ _gagQj jgCgaajga @ggaeqa
Cgaaagg|o a|g|ogqggag ag|g. _jjq ag|gago _gga
gQjgg|a qagaaag g} Caago }oa cag Coaoojjg.
@aao _jjqag j|}agaa }gggaag Cg}q|oao.

@aao, _gg _ga gQjgg|o j|ggg a|g|ogqggag ag|
gggaga_ gag j|gaaogg|o a@ goggaCa gaa
Coaqq}aa o}gga}. gg _g, a|g|og _aaa
_aagag gggg, g_ a|gaaa QC _aa aaejj
_q} Cj} aa}o a}ao.

gag|. ggg }jCja}} 8 j}o, 2006



89 g|Caa|o g|

g|oCooa }gg - ja. }aaqa

j|}a|a j|}g}aa Cjgo|a q oC}o| @aagg Cga}gg j|}a|o
Qooao, gQCagg Cgg gC}ajjaq|@ _g}a_ag @_gg
j|}oaaa jqjjqaaa gaggg, _q}ag @g @_jj gg|aag
Cgaa|g. jgCgaajga @ggaeqa @gg| gjjg, gjjgaggg
@eQa|o (a|.j|. 1860o|_gg cag aqggaCaaoa. goo|aa
aaoaaeag Cg}q|oao.) _Cgaaa _aagg gC}ajj|a ao@},
joaaoa agaa|@ _g aeq}a Co}gg jqaa gqggg. gC}ajj|
_ggqaaa|o _g _ggq}a_ag Cqao a|aggg. _gqa} _g
qgaag|g}a_ _gj jgg|}aaa}a_ gC}ajjaq|o
gagggjjq}a Cjao gggjjQaCaaeq_gg g|aoa ag|,
_q}a_ ggq}a_ag @aeaa ojg }aag Cjgg
Cgaa|aa}a. gjgqag q|jj o|o Cgoa|a Cj_aag} Cgo|
q|_ga _qqjCjag _g}a_aga a|agga!

@Cg aaoagg|o, @ggg Cg}agaa g|aoa g_ jaa @_ggg.
gg|jjaa Cg}a|, Cjaogg Cjaag Cgoa|o. CgjCjao|a|a
agaqg Cga}gg j|}aao|@ Cg}a||@, _gqa} Coa}aa
qo|ggqgg _g}a_agj j|}oaaa @}ja|a. aa gaggggag
_q}a jCqeq|_ggg. g ag|aaCoag| qaggqag caa|g
ggg|ao.

@aCq, cCaooa _g}a j|}oaa|ooao qaga|ga}aCa,
_Caooa @Cj} @}j|gga}a. g_ agg|o j|}a
| jo Cgagg| gC}ajj| Cgoa|o, _g}a|a cee|aaa,
_gggg gaQ aa Cgaaaago o _Cq @a|q|Qjq }g
Cgaa|g. _g}a_aCaag ga|a gq|_jja, Cqao qajja
Cjaagqgag @aaCa Cog g_qggg, _gggg Cgoa|o
_jCjag|_gg _g _}o|oqag|a g_ goo|o jaQja}a. gqCqa}
@eQ jCg CjaQCjag, _g}a_aCaaCg ga|_ Cgaaaa
ggaaCqeq ggg|ao joCqg Cgoa_ag gja.

gg|jjaa 1870- @eQagj j|gg @ggaa g|aoa _g|a}ggg.
aa}e }q _g}a. gCaaCq ja}ggjq, ga} _Coaoae} 2-a
jQCaaaoagj j|gg }qaq|o _g gg|jjg g| |ag gq|}agg,
g|ao} jooa|}aaeaaaa _g}a }q coaoaa
aggCaaeq_gga}a.

1870- @eQ Q }qaq|a Cggg gg Cgg coaoa|o
Cagg cQ |oo|a _g}a qo|ggaCaaeq_gga}a. aa}
caeQ @aCq||o @gg cee|aaa _gg|aa|q|g! _gaqg
_ggaa Cj_ @Cj}ggq|a}a, _oog jo} @Cj}, o|o}
CaaaoeQ Cjaaa}a.

@g|o @aCaa_ q|qg |a gaa|aag. ga} aa}a aaogg|o
_g}a_ag Cg}gg CaaQa|o |a q|}ag|agg o|o @|} _g
@ag}a, cjjqaqg }qaq|o ga}a|a @o|a gg|ggq|
CqeQ cag gq CogCaaea}a. }qaaq q|Q
Cq|Cg|jCjaaao gag g| gaCjgao Cjaq|Q cag
a_g| _q}a, coaojjga|o|_gg }ao|aa @Cj}gg Cgogg|a
C jggg, gg _aaaa agg|aCaaeQ
agggaCaaeQ qaggCgaa|aa}a.

gg|jjaa, aoCaaago aa} @_jg ao j}jjq|o _q}a
@aaCa j}q| qo|ggjq o|o j}o|a}a g_aaag Cgaggq|gga}a.

ga _g}aaaa aaqaCaaao, geaao }qj j|}agaaaCq
Cq|C Cg}jq gggCaaeQ, ga} aa_ag cg|}aa a_ggaag
geQj j|}a}a|a gog qg| gaaa|a gog o|g jgg|}aaa
gog Cq||g Cgaa|aa}a. gCaaCq aa}o a}ao|a
o|ggagga j}q @}j|gg }qaq|o a_a|o Cq}Caag
Cgaa||_aa, j}o|a}aCaQ j}o|a}aaa, _g}a_ agg|o
@ga| Cqao ja}aag Cgaa|q|a}a.

@aqCooa g_ jg|_aa, cgg @aagg|@ Co}ag, @aao cooa
@aaa_@ ga _aajjQgg|aCaae _g}a, _jCjag
g|agjCj} @_gga}a. gg|jjaa }qaq|o |a _g|aaa @_gga}a.
(_Qggjqaa Cg}a| gg j|}aaaoo Coaoooa.) @gg _g}a,
gg Cj_jaoaa Cg}gag, _ggo go@aaaao o|gg|jjggg QC
jajQgg|aa}a. ag|} g_ @gagg Cg}gCgQgg aa}gg
Cao|gga}aa cag Cg}q|oao. @aao gg|jj|ggaa _q|o
@ggaa aogga}aoa, q|qaga _jCjag |aggq|}aa gaag
Cgaa||_gga.

_g}a|a j|}oaa caa? cgg Cgogg|@ qag gqq|oao. Caago
j|}oaa g}ggg cag goaq|a _qaao a|aaaao CqCgaaqg,
gaqg j|}oaa gaggq|Qa|gg. g_ q}|o Coao@qCgagao,
a|g|ogq}a_ag _g}aaj j|qaaq|oao. _q}a qagq|Qqg|oao.

o}. CqCgaa qg|? goo|a?

_q}a_ag _g}aaa aeao @aag. a @aag cajagCooa
Cao|ggaCaaeq_aa _qaao @oao. o}gg|} cagao goog Cag
aogggaa @_ag. _C}j|aq|o @jCjag gaaa g_aa|j
Cj}}o|a @o|gaa gggCaaeq_aa|gg. _gaqg goo|a|a @o|.
gC}ajjaq|o a|g|ogq. _C}j|aq|o @ooa. @gg @_ @a|o
cg Cjaaa@ j|}oaa.

ga Co Cqeqg caa? Coaqg caa?

@gaaa aeQj|qjjggaa _ggo o|ggaaa}a|a Cqao.

_g}a|a _}qa jaooga. Cg_oCo _q}a|a ja|gggo. @aao
@jCjag jaooga, g_aa|}a|a qogg|o @_aa|gg. cjjqaqg
_gaa Q, _g}a|a Cgoaaa|aCaa gqggao @_jj|o j|}oaa
g}ggq|Q. |ao aojaag Cgaag|q|Qa|gg. @aao @g cjjq
oagg|ag? jaoogaa cjjqa aajjggqg?

_g Q oagg|aaao, oa g_qg gq gq
_qg|jjQaCaaeq_aa Cqea. _ggaa _g}aa jaooga
q}qaggg g_ jg| Cgoaaa|q|oa. _g}a|a Cgo. @agqa|a
q|_jjggag} j|}aga|a Cgo. @aao _Cgjjq oagg|ag?
jaoog@aaaa g_ gg Cooaa? a_a? g_aa|o
oaa}q}gg|aa? ajgg|gaa _jjq_ aa}gago Co.
oagg|aaag ggo|o Cao|aaoa.

cg oagg|?

ggo|o _g}a|a g_a|aejj. q@qaaCga_ Cg g}a. cgg Cgogg|o
qo|gga@ gqCqa_ _g_ag @aCaa_ _g_a aggq|oaa g_
Cg_aa CqeQ. _}o caa j|}oaaaaa@ _q}a|a
o|ggaa, Coo _aagg gC} q|q jgg|gaa @_aaCqeQ.
jaooga. _gaa _ago. _ggaaa caa CqeQaaa@ Cog
ga}aa @_aa Cqeqg gaa|. j|gg, _ajj }g||o gag Co}go.
@g |a gaa|.

_ajj? caa _ajj?

@jjq Cao|agCjaggaa g|Caa|o (gqqoqsa) caa|g
o|ggaggg a_ggaaag @aaggaaaa g|g _qaa @}j|ggg.
1876-agj j|gCa |aggq|}aag Cgaag @}j|gg @gg cee,
jgCgaajga @ggaeqa @gg| q_a|o g|aa g_ gagag
Cgaaagag Coog|gag Cjggq|q_ggg.

oa _g}a|a go@aaaa g} @aa. g|Caa|o cajg _ga Cj}.
_g Cgo| @aa caa|g _}gg g_ Coao _g. CgoC @ooag
_g}a, g_ Cgogagg gaaaa _qaaa|aCaaqgaCja_Q
_qaaa| @aa.

ggo|o @g g_ o|gjaaa @aaaaggaa Cgaag|g. _g|a
j|}jo|ooag o|o _gg gaoq}a_ }j|aa_ @aegg @gjgg|
Cao|gg g_ ggo g| qa}aqg ga}ggaCaaea}a. j|gg
@agjjgg| aa| Cjo @}j|gga}a. gaCaag g_ Cgaaag
Cgaaagag qg|ggg|o Coo@ g} @aag a Cgaq cag q|aag
Cgaa|aa}a.

Cj_jaoaa _g}a_ag @g j}ggg. j}qg|o j|}oaa caa
@_aa|gg? gQCagg _ggoggag aao aaoaa _qagg|o
@_ag q|_jj gaCa @g? @aao |}qaggo g||gg joCqg
Cgoa_ag @Cj}gg Cja, _gggg Cgoa|a j|}oaaa|o
aa}ggCja|_gg _g}a, gg _qjja Cgaaagag oo|gag
g|aajQgg|aCaaeQ, _ggaaa g_ goaa CoojCqeq
_qo|gag @gg @aa g|aa_qg.

}qaq|o j|}oaa cagao aqaa CqCgCa goa caggaa
_g}a Cao|gga}a. Cg}a||o j|}oaa cagao j|}aaoagj
Cjaaoaa, j|}@ag gqq|oaa, _C}aaaq|o j|}oaa g
@oaoC, _Ca Cjaaoaa caggaa Cao|ggaCaaeq_gga}a.

@aao g|Caa|ogg|a _qjja Cgaaa, @jjq _}
j|}oaaaa aqg g}aa Cao|jjag q|Qgg, _g}a
g|}gg}aa _ag|aae g_ qg|ag Cgo Coao@qg. _gaqg,
jaoogaa _aqg cjjq cajag QC cjCjag Cao|aa
CqeQ cag qo|gggqg.

Caago Cao|ggj ja_a. cggaaCa @ggaeQa_ag gaaao
_g}a _a|_gg @Cj}gg Cjaq|a}a. oa g_qg
j}q|q|a}a. cgCggg Cgogg|o @_gga}aCa, _gggg Cgogg|a
gqaaaaaa gagggg jgg|_jg gaogaga qaggg
gqggq|a}a.

@aa@ gaCaag g_ Cgo cag Cao|aag CgagCjaCg
_q}a_agj jaooga Qgaa g|aaag q_a|gg! a, }qaq|o
Cjaogg j|}gg ga|gaaag ag|} _g}a _Ca g_ ga|gaQ CqeQ
cag o|gg|aaq|oao? CgjCjao|a|a agagj j|aaao j|}aao|o
cggaaCa j|}oaaaao ogg|gg _Ca gaCaag g_ Cgogag
_qaaa|aCaa a ggo| Coq|oao? j|}a|ogaa g_ j|}g
gg|}C _g}aa @_aa|gaC}? _q}g gq|a g_ gq _g Cgogag
caaqg j|}a|a aaoa|a|o _aggaCaaeq_aaoaC? a
Coq|oao? a, _C}aaa _ggaa _aaagaa, @g}qaa
@_aa|gCg? _ggaa Cj} Cgogg|o ga| gaaa @ooagCjaaa@
ga|_ ag|ogag _g}a_aaaa a _qaaa|aCaa ggo|
cQgg|_aaaag?

_q}a og|aa|ga}aa, gqa cajCgooa _Qgg q|q.
_g}a_ag a _jjq_ cee g Cgaagq|oao?
a|g|ogq}a_a cjjq _q}a_ag @aaCga, _CgCjaoggaCa
goo|a_! aq cag Cg}gg a _q}a jaoogaa Q
ga_aaaa Cgoaaa a_gCqeQ?

_ggaa _g}a. _q}a _jjqggaa @_jja}a. _jjq QC
_q}aao @_aagq. Cqg cggqaa|@ o|gg|ggj ja}aa
_q}aao gqag! ga|gaQ cagao jaooga QC. _g
gaagggaa _q}a ga Coagg eeaa g|aaggj ja}jja}a.
gaaaa ga|gaQ q|qaa g_ gg Co Cg_aaao
_C}j|}a_a gg Cog ga}aa @_jja}aC gq|},
gC}ajjaq|Coa, _C}aaaq|Coa aa}a.

@ggg @}eQ aa}ea @_aa|aga. gag, Cjagqaa aa}e.
jaooga _g}a_ag Coagg _| cajg. @}eaqg, goo|a g
_q}a_ag @_gg Cqgjj q|C}agg. @ooagg|a q}oo| cajg
_g}a_ag cggaa Caajgag Cqgjaj q|aq|ggg cajag
Cqg qa}gagaao Coaoo|q|gqag. caa Cog aQjjQgg
gqagCga_ oag|aa gQCagg gg| @o|aaq @ooa
@gCgaa|ag _g}aao g}e|aaCq gqq|oao. _gaaogaa
cggaa gag goo|a Cgoaa} gq _q}aao cg|}aa}
CaaQaa gqaCoC @_ggg.

gaa @agCgaQ Caao@ a|g|ogq}aa aa|gga@
aa|jja}aC gq|}, goo|aCaQ o}o CogCaaCq gqag
caa|g _g}a|a g|aojjaQ, g_ja}aq|o o|}jaj q}qagag.
@aCaa_ ja}aq|o Cqgjajggaa q}qagag.

gag|. ggg }jCja}} 7 j}o, 2006



40 g|Caa|o q}oo||a @}j

g|oCooa }gg - ja. }aaqa

g|Caa|o jgg| |aoa_aaaa _g|gagago Coag _gg|agg|o
ja}gCga. q|}qaaj ja}aa Cqeq g_e @g. Caa|o, @gg
@aagg|a c_oo|gaa @aag @oC}o caa|g Cgogagj j|gg
Cgaggq|ggg. @gg @aagg|a gjj|a}a o|gg| q|}aq
}ggggaa aaoaaoaa CoaggCgo cag g|ooao gaCaqa
Cjao _aogg g|}ggCaaeq_gg _g}a_ag _jjq_ aaaq
gaqaaa|g g} _qgg|g.

ggo|o g|Caa|o @jjqCooa q}gg, }gg Cj_g cag
a_ g|aaggaj ja}aaq|oao. _agg Cgaggq|ggq}aa g|Ca}
C@o|o (Theodor Her zl ) Cg}a|ao Co}gg g_ _g}. gaqg
Cogqa ja}aaoaC caggaa ggo|o g|aagga}. g|qaa
Caoaaa cg ggo|o aaqo @oao. @aao, |aagga|
aaogg|CoC C@o|@ag, gajCjaoCq o|gg|ag Cqg jo _g}a_
joCqg Cgoa|o @_aa|ga}a caa|g q|q} Cg}ggq|g. _gaj|a
_q}aa g_a|aejjCga, Coog|aa qgjjCga Cj}
aa}aa @oao.

C@o|@ag caa j|}oaa cagao, _aag Cg}a||o @_gg _g}a
a_ ga _g} cag Coaoo|aCaa gqao @_ggg. _gaqg,
_aagag aggg QC qaggq. @Cg g|aoagaa
}qaq|@ @_ggg.

_g}a|a Cj_a caaCqagao, gaa g_ _g} cag Cgga
g||}gg|o Coaoo|aCaaqg. _ggaa. _gg gaggaa _q}aa
|}qagCq aqggaCaaeq_ggg. _go oagg||ooao @Cgaa
gajj|agjj cag Cg}aa| _g}a q_ggjjQaCaaeq_gga}a.
@ggg gaqg Co gqaga caggaa C@o|o @}j|gga}.

'gaqg Cogqaga caa|g cee Cgaag| CaC _q}
@ga| qg| |a gaa|aag. Cg}aa _aag @g jeaaa}
Cg}aa| _g}aag Cg}gCgQgg, _q}a| Cjaaa}. jeaaa}}a
cagao |ajCj} jeaaa}}a. qqgCgag|o|o Caag|ggq}a.
_q}a| Coag '_g}a_aCaag ga|_ Cgo CqeQ. @jjqC
aaoCooa ga o|}jjQaCaaeq_aa gqag. a}aqg @ggaaa
ggo aoao cQggaqgCg @aCqeQ. gaa _ggaaa
@ga||_aa|Cga. ga caag gq| Cogqa? cag Caa}.

_gg @g jeaaa} _g}a_ag ggo|o gag j}q|oao. ggjjaa
_qa}j ja}gga}a. C@o|o Cjagaaa _q}a| q|aa|aa}.
_g}a_ag g_ ga|gaQ CqeQ. cCa, cgg @gg|o cajCgooa
j|gg g|gaaaa Cao|gg gq Cojj Cqeq q|q. @aao,
ggo|o @gg cee _ggogga}aC j}q CqeQ. @ggaaa
agaa CqeQ. gaaaa Cgogag a_ gagg @aa|a CaaQaa
aa}a. gaCgaa _qaaa CqeQ. Cgo cagao caa?
g|ojj}jj. Cj} g|ojj}jj. _qqgaCa? g_ qQ
aCqeQCagao g|o qaa gqa|ggooqa? _agjCjao ga g_
Cgo aQqggg g|ogag qagCqa. _ggaa _g}a_ je
CjaQ, g|o qagCqa. g_ gg|jj| @gagg
Cg}gCgQggaCaaeQ @_aga Caagoaa g|o qagCqa.
Caggaaj Cja qo|aa @}j|jCja. Caago Caagoaa _ggj
jgg| gga Cgoaa|q|Q..

g_ j}o|a}g g|g o|a|a Cjao @_aa|gga?

@g|o o|}jjggg gag|oao. @ggaa ea. j|aaao @ggaa
gggg ! gjgqag @gg _g|ogag q|}qaaj ja}aaoa.

C@o|o Cjo|jCjo| ggo|o _gg @g jeaaa}}aag g g|ggago
og|aa aqgga}. _g Cgo| e}aq ggo|o _q}a_ag qaa}.
_q}a _aaq_ ggo|o C@o|o|a qqo _qaaq }ao|aaa qj
Cjo @}j|gga}a. Cjo|jCjo| Coog|aa qgaag
Cgaa|aa}a. _jjqC oCag qo|ag _g}a_agg ga
g|gagg Cg}jjQgg|aa}a. g} gj|aaa q}g Cgaa|g
'oa _g} aaa|}o ca@ _ajajg Cgaggq|gg, _gg _ajj|a
ggo agaa oq|o}oagg|o ggg|aa}a. @g gggg 1896-
q_. _gaqg, 'gaqg CoCqeQ cag C@o|o ggo ggo|o
g|aaggggg g q_.

agaQ cagao jggo CjaQ, Cjagaaaa q gggjj
agaoo _g. |a }ao|aa g_ gga q|Qg||a _agag|o
ggg o|g gaa _g. @gg agaqo aoggCaaeq}a
CaggC @_jg @_jgaggg Cj}gaa. (Cqg @gCj}gaa
aoggCaaea}a cag g_ a_gg @_aa|gg.) @aao, @Cagaa
C@o|o aa} @g jaa _q|o g_ g|gagg ga}gg qao|gga}.

g|o g|eoj g|geo cag o}gg|} @o|}}a @ag ja_
_ggg g| g_aa g_aa, _g}a gaCaa g_ Cgogag
_aggaCaa Cqeq _qo|gag qo|ggg|o Coaaag. C@o|o|a
g|gag @qqag a_aa|o Coaoooa.

1. _g}a gaCaa g_ Cgogag _aggaCaa Cqeqg |a
_qo|. cjjaQjaqg @gaa ga CoCg @aCqeQ.

2. @Caaqa Caaagq}a cag gggooaQ Cga}gg
gjjQq_qag g|gggCqeQ. @gaa oa}gg|aao Coqgag|
Cqg qg|a|o oag|aa gqag.

8. a|g|ogq}a gg jaaq}a. @aa@ gC}ajjaq|o _q}aC
|gg| cajgao, _q}a_a gje} CaaeQ gggCaa CqeQ.
_q}a gaaaj jaaa gagag ga gggCaaCqeqg
gaa|.

4. gaaaa a_ g_ Cgogag c_g|gg} aa}a. ga qagq|_j
@gag ga q|ao CaaQgg qaaCqeQ. @g g_ geaaogg|.

6. gg Cgogaga aQqggaaa ga qaajCjaa|g g|oa_aaaa
jegago Co|aa, gaCaa g_ qa| CqeQ. _gg qa||o Co_
jeggag '_gCgo| g|g| cag Cj}.

6. gaCaa_ Caaq CqeQ. Caaq cajg g} _aa. c_oo||a
o|aa. Cqea gog aogg Caaqaag gaa o|ja}a Coa|Cga.
(_g}a, Cgqaoa_ago Coo@Cjag @jjq Cqea gog
aogg ge|aagg Cga|o _e|gg Cooqg qgaa.)

@qgga 'j|et qoeo (cagao gj|aaa cag Cja_) caa|g
g_ Cgo| aggag @aeggg gg _g|aaaao o}jj|gga}
C@o|o.

C@o|o|a g| |agCg|qaag. CgaaoCgaagj ja}aq Caaeg.
_g}a_aaaa Cgo cajg g|aagg agg|}gg|o a|aggq|ag cajag
_q} _g|gCg @_gga}. @aao, ga ggo||a jaag @jjqggaa
@_aaCqeQ caa|g Cg| _q} @_ggg. C@o|o gg ggo
_g|aaaa Cq||g|o|_gg o}aa gjg @eQa|o @oC}o
_qaa|q|g cajag g|aaq|o CaaCqeQ. _q}g g|gag
_g}a ga_a @aCaa_ CqgaaCq a_g| agggggaa aa}e.

_gg oq|o}oagg agaQ ggg o}aa gC} q_gg|o gQCagg
_ggoggag C@o|o|a g| gg|gg g_ q|q}a_, _g}a g}
_ajj|ago gagCo}Cqeq _qo|g Cg}ggq|g. _ggogg|a
gaaaaaa gaqg CoCqeQ cajg gqCqa_ _g_ ga|gga|C
cjCjag Cao|aa|g q|q. @jjq g} _ajj|a go Cao|jjg
CoojQqggaa _q}a_agj jg|g. @aa@ goaaaa =Qjg
Cgaa|aa}a.

ggo|o g|o qa| (Land Bank) caa|g qa|ag gjQggjjg. @g
_g}a|a qa|. _q}a g|o qagqggaaaj je Co}aaCqaCg
Cgaajjg. @gg qa| Cgaajj |ao o|o
aga_agaaCq jo ooaaeaaaa Cgaaa qgg gq|ggago
Coaoo CqeQ. Cj_jaoaa _g}a qqagj je g_a|gq}aaa,
Cj_q}gga}aaa, ao qae|jgg|o Cg}ggq}aaa @_ggg @ggg |a
gaa|a aa}e. Caggaa gaCaaa Cjao g_ Cj_ Cgaaaag
ga g|o qa|ag _|ggq}a_ eQ; agaag gaa
ojag|ag jegg|o g_ jgg|a @gg qa|ag _|ggq}a_ eQ.
@aao, cgg g_ _g_ g_ ajoaqaqg @g|o ggoQ Coao
@oao. oa g_qg|@ cCaooa _g}a j}q||_gga}aCa,
_a|_gCgooa je qgg gq|g Cgaa|g.

C@o|o, @gg qa|a caa CoCqeQ cag g_ g|
qa}gg|_gga}. _gajq _g g|o qa| (_ga _aagga a|aa_),
g|o qagqgggj je aaaag g}CqeQ. _gaqg, a} g|o
qaa qa|aaa Cgq _aogga@ jj|Qa CaaQaa CqeQ.
gg|jjaa, gC}ajj|}a_ag _C}j|}a_ag. cggaa oo
Caa@ aa g}oa. _jjqa aa Cjgg g|o qagCqa}a
g|ojjgg|}a, qa||o _aaaa @_ag. } aaogg|o aa
Cgaaa g|_jj|o Co@ggjjaq|ao, g|ogag qa|
cQggaCaaeQq|Q. _jjq qa| aaajjQgg g|oa|o aqaa
_ga gq|_jja gjQggjjQq| CqeQ. gqCg _g}a|a
jagaajjag qa|C gg}qag|ag.

_Qggjqaa, Cg}q g|oa Caaggo. @gajq, _g g|o qa|, gaCa
Cg}qaa g|oaa qag. @gg @gg|o g_ _gagq|_jj
_aaaoa cag qa| g}aa|agaaao, _Ca g|ogag qa|
cggaa je CaaQgg CqeQaaa@ qaaoa. _jjq qag
g|ogg|@ aqaaa gq|_jja gjQggjj CqeQ.

_g g|o qa| go _aaajjQ gq|_jja|o aeqjjaa _g}a
QC qo|aa CqeQ.

_go}, g|oaa cCa qagqg? cggj jgg| aa_aga aa
CaaQjjg?

@Cagaa @_aa|gg q|q. g|Ca} C@o|o|a oa _g} aaa|}o
_ajj _qaag Cgaa|, g|o qa|a gagg g|a qa}
_q}a| 'cgg @ g @? caa|g q|aaaaaa Cg|qaa jg|o
@oao. jaooga gaa _g}a|a q|_jj. C@o|@ag _ggaa
cee. @aa@ g_ Cgogag gaaaa _qaaaCqeQ cag Cjo
@}j|ggCjag, jaooga gq|} o|o jgg|aa _q}a Cao|ggj
ja}gg|_aa|ga}a.

gg|jjaa Caaa, _}geaaa, o|o| Cjaag Cgoa|o g|o
qaaoaa cag joCj} o|gg|gg|_aa|ga}a. gC}ajja Cqea
cajg|o a_ag @}eaqg _j|jj|}aC @oao. @aao o|o_ag
_C}aaaq|o Cooaa caa|g Caoaa @_gg|_aa|gg. Cgj}aoaa
jgg||o (g} _C}aa aaae.) g|oaa qaa|jCjaQ
_gagq|_jjaa g|gqoa cag joCj} Cjo||_aa|ga}a.

caagaa a|g|ogq}a_a oagaaaaj CjaaCqeQ cag C@o|o
Cga}gg qo|ggg|aa@, ga_aCaag g_ Cgo _qaaao _g
a|g|ogq gC}ajjaq|o _aaaao, qaggaCooa j|}oaaag
aa Cg}Q cag gQCagg _ggog gjjg.

_aaggg g}jja a_gag CaQq|Q @gg||o 1897- @eQ
q oa _g} aaa|}o gg|ogaa C@o|o _gaa
_g|aa}_}qaa _g|q|gga}.

Cqg qg||oao. ga jaooga|o g|o qagCqa. _CaC Cjaa
gqCgCqa.

gaaa g_aa|j Cj}}o}gaa _jCjag jaoogaa
@eQCaaeq_gga}. cggj j|}oaa @ooao _Ca _g}a
qagggCaaeq_gg aaog _g. C@o|o|a gq jaooga
_g}a_ag }ao|aag Cg}q|aajjg.

googaCooa ja}gga}aa cag Cg}q|oao. jaooga|o g|C}ag
@aaCa jg| g|o qa|a Cgaag @}j|gga. Cajq}a_ag
Qooao, Caaagq}a_ag g|o qagqggaaaj jegag _|
_|aCaaQaa @}j|gga}a.

gag|. ggg }jCja}} 10 j}o, 2006



41 _g}a|a g|o qa| ggg|}

g|oCooa }gg - ja. }aaqa

_g Cgo| aaa|}o caa|Cga. _g g|o qa|a caa|Cga. _g
aaa|}o agaQ caa|Cga. @Cgooa ja|}aaa ggg|_ggaCoa,
_oog a} goaqg g|Ca} C@o|o|a g|a Cq|C
Cg}gg|_ggaCoa caa @a||_ag cag Cao|ggj ja_a.
@aagagj Cjo gqa|gg. q|oaqa}aa _oo|jja}aa gqa|gg. @aao
@ggo ojqa ggg jgCgaajga @ggaeqa @gg| @eQa|o
aaggaga g Cg}ag }ao|aaggaa @agCooa aqgg|_gga}a.
_g}a|Co , Cjagjj|o @_ag gj}a gq|}, Cjagaa
@agCooa ja|}aaaj CjoCq aa}a. cjCjag _g}a|a
gagg|o g_ jg aag j}gg|_ag. _gg j e}oo|a
aa e}oo|a _q}a g_Cjag agg|a aaej|ggCg @oao.
@ggaa Cj} g|aa _q}a Cgaa||_aa|ga}a, g|o qa||a
a|aaag g|gaa jaoog@agj Cja|_aa|ga}a, g|oqa||a
CgaaaC jaooga|a g|oaa _ja}jjggaa cajagCooa g_
_g} Cq|C Cjo|g|oao.

@ggaaag jgg|}aaa Cj_ag Cgaa||_gg aao _g. @aao,
cggj jgg|}aa|a g|_j_ag _jCjag gaa|o q|}aaq|oao. cgg
gaqa _}aag _g}a|a g| @ggaa cajg q|aq|oao.
cooa Cgoa|@ @o||o @_jCja_ag _g}a jo} Cg_aaaa
@_gga}a. @aa@ qa}gaajj Cg_aa _g.
@o|a}a||_gg _q}a Cog|aa }ao|aa Cjgj
ja}jja}aC gq|}, gg }ao|aa _q}a| gggj
Cjoaa}a.

cooaC @_jjg Cjaoggaa @_ggg. cgg aggg @oao. a_ag
cg aee|o jCq|oao. @aa@ _g gaaggaa Cogg.

gaaa g_aa|j Cj}}o|a @_aaag j jaooga|o
qo|ggaCaaeq_gg o|o jeaaa} _g}a g|C}ag aa goa|o
_aaag Caaeq}aaa @aaCa g|o qa|aag Cgaa|aa}a.
a} CqeQaaa@ qgg g|o qagqggaaa _Ca aa Cjgoa.
gaggg qq q|a|ga. g|oaa q|ga q|_ja|g}aa? ga}aaa
qgg qa| goaaCq g|oaa q|gaoa. _g|aj je CaaQgg
g|oa qaajjQ.

qa|aC Cg}qaa g|oaa qag. _oog @agg}a} Cjaoo
CoojQ _g}a_ag g|oaa qaa|aCaaQag.

jaoogaaj j|}agaa q|qoa _| cag Coaoogqag. _g
q|qoa @_ggg. @aao q|qoa g|oaaa aaq@ qge,
j|}Caga|ooag _|C _g|a.

_g}a g|o qa|aag Cgaa|, g|oa qaag Cgaa|Cjag,
jqjjg|q|ooag a|}ajjggg _C}j| g|ooaqaaga}a, g||_gg
jaao g|oaa _q}a_ag q|ga q|_j|aa}a. geggag Cqg
_|a aqggaCaaeQ _qg|jjQqaCaa cag _q}a
a_g||_aaoa. C@ g|o qa|a, _q}a cee|j ja}aa gqag
_ag _gg qge g|oa_agj je CaaQaa gaqgga. @aCq,
@gaa g_ qajjaaCq _q}a a_g|aa}a.

_g qa|a cggaaa @ggaa je CaaQgg _jjag g|oaa
qaga|aga caCgooa _q}a_ag Cao|aag Cg}q|oao. @aCq,
jaooga g_qg|@ cCaooa q|qoaggagj jajag g}a
g|oa @_ggaCqa, _qgg|a }aa}a coCoa_ _gg
g|oaa g|o qa|a_ag q|ggaCaaeq_gga}a.

cggaa g|o a|agga@ qa| qaa|aCaaa|gg cajagj ja}gg,
_g|aj jeggag @aojjQ, g}a g|oa_ag gjgqag
q|aoaao Coaoo|j ja}gga}a _C}j|}a. _jCjag g|o qa|a
gaCq @oao. jggjajoa Cjgag g|oa_aga jo oo
CaaQaa _aq gaqgga.

ea|o _g|}qCgqaggaa g|o qa| _jgg|o qgg|_jjgaa
_C}j|}a ggaaa g|aagga}a. g|ao} @ggaaeaaaa aa}a,
@gg qaa|o _g g|o qa|a|a qoaa|aCaaeq_gga.

qa| @jjq aeag qgaa|ooao je CaaQgg g|o qagqgggj
je ca|_gg q_?

_agjjgg| _q}a aqaojjCq @oao. oCaa|@|_gg _g}a
g|ao} ooaaeaa|o je g|}q jaoog@ag
_@jj|aCaaeq_gga}a. oaCg qo|ggaCaaeq_gg jo oo
_g q}gga}a gg q_aagg|o ae|oaa jgg|a @gg g|o
qa|a_ag gaCaaaaa _|gga}a. oaga}e _g aaCa,
geCgg|o Coag je qgo|gg _@jj|aa}a.

aao g|agoo|a ggg|j je Co}jjg, jgga q|gg je, gaa
Cja je cag cgg g_ o|g qajaj _q}a gqgq|q|oao.
cCaa, ae@agg Cg}ag Cgaaoq|o, jaooga caa|g gg
ggaag} Cgogg|o ga_aCaag ga gaoq}a g|o
qaa|aCaaeq_aa|ga}a, q|a}q|o gaa _Ca @ Cj}gg
g|g|aa qo|aajCjaa|Cga caa|g g} e}oo| QC _q}a|
@_ggg. _ag }ao|aaCq aqgg|_aa Cqeq aa
_q}a_ag @_ggg.

gjg, _g}a|a @gg aCj_ g|gg|a g_ q} g Cg}ag
jaoogagg _C}j|}a, qggqa} oaj cag ga_a
g|oaaCooa g|o qa|ag _||a CaaQgga
Caaeq_gga}a. _ggaa g}a g|o gaCa caa|g _oo|.

@aao, g|oqa|a g}a g|oa CaaggCoaQ Q
g|ggg|aCaaq|oao. agaa, ga g|gg|a @aCaa_ jgg|aa,
_} aa g|o qagqggga aa CaaQaa _q}a
gqgq|oao. aa qaa|, g|o qag _C}j|}a, } aaogg|o
qa|aaaag g|_jj|o Co@ggaq|ao, Cgao cooa
_@jj|aCaaeq}ao Cg}qaa _gg g|oaaa aaajjQggg
Cgaa|q|Qqa}a.

@aCaa_ gg|a _q}a aajj|qgga}a. aa qaa q_
_C}j|}a| ggo|o c| qq q|a|ga QC CoaoojjQ.
Cj} aq g q}ag cag gj _C}j| goo|a g|ag aa
Cjgg, g|oaa qagqa}a. jgg|}aa qa||o _g aqjja}a.

@aao, aaag g|_jj|o Co@gg aao gqagaaao qq q|a|ga
ae@agg Cg}ao g @}j|ggq|Q. Cj} jqjjg| @ooag
jaoogagg _C}j|}a_ag, qa| ggo|CoC qgg aa
q|g|gaga _a| gaa g_qgaaj jqggj j}ggCaaa
g_ga_ gqggg|oao.

@ga q|a caaqaag cagao, }aaa _C}j| g|ooaqaaga}a
g|o qa||o aa CjgCg gaeqaa|j Cjaaa}a. g|_jj|o
Co@gg aao _g|a}ggaCaaeC Cjaa, qq q|a|g ao
}gg a_gag Cg}ggg. qg||ooao _q}a gg @ggaaeaaaa
aa} g|oaa qa||C q|ggq| Cg}ggg. _jjq q|gajjQCjag
Qgoaaj je Caaao, qaa| aa CgaaaaCa oaa q|aoa
g|}e|gg _g}a ag|ggq|Qqa}a! g}!

g_ q|q Coaoo CqeQ. _g}a|a g|o qa|ag, g|o qagqg
gaggaa gg|aCaaaa @_ggCg gq|}, je ojag|jjg _oo. qa|a
q|_j||_ggao qq goC cggaaCa Caaqa oaj
ja}gg|_aaoa. @aao, _q}a _ago Coq|oao. agaa, g_
geQ g|o a|agga@ q|aag cajg|o QC aqaaa
@_gga}a. gg Cgaaagg|o|_gg @| j|oaao @_ggggaa
_g}a|a |ajCj} oagaa. _g o}aa Cgaaagaaa cajCgooa
_jjg Cao|aa Cqeq q|q.

oa|o CqCggg g_ @ag @ggaa g||Q g_ aa} Coggaao
o}gg|}C @oao. _g }ao|aa. g_ =, aaaaaagag ga
Cgaaa Cg}ggq|ao!

_C}j|}a @jCjagaqg ogg q|g|ggaCaaeQ Cao|gg|_aaoa.

a @gg qa|a ogag q|aoaq| @}ea} g _g|a q|ao
CaaQgg g|oaa qaga|aga?

_jjq qaajjQ g|oa|Coooa a _gagq|_jja QC
g|gqjjQa|aga?

ggo| Coga@ qa| qaa| g|ogag g_ goo| a g|_j qaa
gqqg|oao?

jaooga|o gCaaCq _g}a|a cee|aaa cooa_ag
Cg}. @jjqj jg|gaa qa| qag g|oa|o qgg gq_
_g}a_ jg|q}aaa @_aa|ga}aC, @q}aCooa ca|_gg
q_a|ga}a? qa| g|o qaa|g Cg}ggg Coaoo| aqggag|} qgg
gq}a|ga}aC, @q}a_aaaaggaa qa| g|oaa qaga|gga?
_oog ggCooaa gaa|gga?

@gg qa|a|a CoojaQa g_qgaa _}aagg Cg}a? @gjgg|
_}o|a a_gg caa?

}aaaj je CaaQgg g}a g|oaa qag qa|a_agj je
ca|_gg q_a|gg? a} g_a|ga}a?

@qgg|o cgg g_ Caq| jaoogagg _C}j|}a_agg
CgaagCq|oao cajg |a q|jjaa q|q.

o|oaao @jjqaa _q}a jaooga|o g|oaa qaa|o
Co}ggaCaaeq_gga}a. _ggg ag|o g_qg g|o qa|a_ag
|ajCj} g|jj Cooqaag gjq_ggg. jaa}a cag
Coaoojj qa| _g|aa}a |ajCj} a|g}aaa g|aajj
@}j|gga}a. goo| jeaea}a @_gg @a|Coooa
_gjjeaea}a Cgaag|q|a}a. je _g|a @_jCjaC}
g|aagggggq}a ca@ Cjagqaa a_ggaaa |a q@qaa _Ca
aajj|qaajj @}j|ggg. _ga _qjja|o jaooga|o
_g}a_ag eQ Cooqaag gj @}j|ggg.

@ggo ogg}jjgg|o _g}a @aCaa_ gagaga
_g|gajjQgg|aa}a. |}oa go g|oaaj Cjgqg cajCg
_g.

_gqa} gaaa g|oaa q|ga gaq_ goo|a_ag _g|aj je
CaaQgg g|oaa qaa|aCaaeq_ggg g|o qa|. Caago @_jaj
ogaj|gga Caae j|gg, Cqg qaa|o @ggo|ag Cga}
@}j|gga}a.

qa||a o}Cq}a, qeqCQggaCaaeQ ga}jjgaa
a|}ajjgaa agg| q_qa}a. @g aa} qa| g|o @_ag
@gg|a gQCq jgg aa} _C}j|} g|o @_agaaao _gg
@aa qa|ag q|ggq|Qjq ojggjj g|o aaa}
CaQaCaajjQqa}. }aa} gggao, ggo|o |}o
@}j|ag. j|gg _gCq j}ae _agg o|o ogg}jja|o aggo
qa} j Cja|_aa|gg!

@aao, @ggaa aa}aa qa|C Cg}qaao Cogqag
_ooqa? caa Cooa?

_g}a Cao|gga}a. q|aqaa, jaooga|a joCqg jgg|a|o
qa|ago ojgg|ooag o|o ga|ajjaag Cgaggq|gga}a. Cjag
go _ajjaaa _aa aajj _gg _ajja|a
g_Cg}jje|, g|o @aa|}|jjgaa. ge}a_ }qa_ g|aggg
_ggaa _ajja|a gjj|a}a |}q gaaa| g|oaaa
aaajjQgg| g|oqa|ag _|ggq|Qqa}a! _ggaaa _q}a_ag ag
g|C g}jjq_aa|gg.

aa} @}eaeQ aaoaggag jaooga| _C}j|}a|a Cagg
g|ojj}jj|o aa} gaoa} ogq|a|g g|o _g g|o qa|a|a go
_g}a|a qoaa||_ggg. _gqa}gaa _g}a
'aqjj Cqeq|_ggg. _gggjj|aaao g|oa Caaggo g|
j|qgg Cqa, q|q}jjag _jjagjg!

gag|. ggg }jCja}} 14 j}o, 2006



48 _g}aa g_a|aegg C@o|o

g|oCooa }gg - ja. }aaqa

1897-o oq|o}oagg|o g_ gga q|Qg| _ag|o }ao|aa ggg
ggo o}qCgo g|Caa|o agaQ gg|gg gCaaCq ja}gg|_aa|Cga.
g|Ca} C@o|o|a ggo||o _g}a g ga| gaQ g| Cga}jaa
cQggaqgg ggo _q. _g|o|_gg Cgaa| 1902- @eQag
_gaqg o}aa ggg @eQa_ag Cagg @g agaQaa
_q}a ggg|q|a}a.

g_ jaa jaooga|o _g g|oqa|, g|oaa qaa| _ga
gq|_jjaa gjQgg|aCaaeq_aa, @aCaa_ jaa gC}ajj|}a_
_C}j|}a_ gg _g cg|}jj gqqaaaaa
gQaa|q|QaCaaeq_aa, cg gg|gg ogCgaqCa, aoq}Ca
Caaao jqjjqaag gag g|gago CoojQggqg jgg|
C@o|o|a gaoa|o _g}a aogg @Coao|ggaCaaeq_gga}a.
o}aao Coao@qCgagao @_jj| _gg _g}aa g_a|aegg,
aQjjQgg g_ ggaa oag|aa C@o|o @_gga}.

@ggaaag g|Caa|ogagg Cgaggq|gg |ao o|o q_a|CoC
aaoaa|q|q} _q}. _q_agjj|a cggaaCa Cj} qggaa
@aagag gaCaQggo Coaga}a. @aao _q} @_ggqa} _q}g
g_ g}o Cjagaagaa @_gg|_aa|gg!

g|Ca} C@o|o, _qjja|o g_ jgg|}aaa}. jaCjoqo 1860-
@eQ j|ggg C@o|o, _aag Cg}aa| @g|aaggag j
j|}agg|a|CoC q} Cqeq|_gggao Cg}a Cag||o |ajCj}
joa Caaeq}. 1884-o q|aaa joaaoa agagg|o ojjqjaj
gqgg gqo g_ g_Cg} c_gga}aa jgg|}aaa}aa gaa
@o|}}aa @aq}. q|aaaq|o _gga|o Cq|aa jagCjgg
g|u g|q g|ss caa|g g|ao}|a ja}o g|_j}aa _q}
_jCjag je|agg|aCaaeq_gga}. gC}ajjaCqg @_gg ga@a
jgg|}aa gej}a|a gq|CaC _g}a g_a|aejj ggo|aa
_q}ao CgCaa gqggg.

_q} g_ gaqo c_g|aa}. 'a|gt ougeoj (cagao jg|gaaa
aeQj|qaajj jag g|o cag _}gg. 1902-o @g |gj g|q
o|eoj cag @a|ogg|@ Cq|qgg|_aa|gg.) caa|g _ggaqo|o
g_aa g_aa _g}a|a _aaj j|}oaaa gg|gCg Cjaa|ga}.

_g}aa g|ooaa oa|o a_ag j|qaaq|oao. jo @|}
q_aaa agg|o ja}CaqjCja|_ag a_ggaaa gC}ajj|}a
agg|aCaaqa}a cag Cgaagq|oao. ca|o _g}a
a}aaga qagqggaa cjjq?

@ggaa C@o|o|a o|ggaaj Cjaaa|a Cgaaa. @a|_gg jgjjQjq},
_g}a_aaaa g_ agjaa Cgogag (Caj| Cgo) _qaaa|, gg
aaa _Ca ga}gg|o Cooqg Cjao aagaa CaaeQCjaa|ga}.

_g}a_aCaag g_ Cgo _qaa|, _Ca _q}a gC} @aaa, gC}
g_qaa qaggCgaa|aaCoag| Cgagg| oa|a gaaao|o|_gg
gjj|aa gqag cajggaa _q} _ggaqo|o Coaoo qgg q|q.
@agC gCaaCq 1896-o ga c_g| g| |ujost eet (_g
Cgo|) caa|g aQa} @o|@ gg|jj|q_aa|ga}.

C@o|o|a Cgaaa gaggaa. c_gg _q_aga aaqgg aao. _ga
_ggaa oagg|a|@ _g Cgo gaag _qaagqg gg|gg g
ceeaa Cq|jjQgg _q} gqCqQgga}. _ggaaag g||Qo
Cooj Cgaa|aa}.

@ggaaag Cgaaa aaogg|o _ggaa _g}a_ g|Ca} C@o|o|a
g|Caa|o @aagag @g}gg, _g|o @aeggq|a}a cag
Coaoogqag. _ag _qgj|aaaa ja}ggq}a
@_gg|_aa|ga}a.

@aao _g g|oqa|a jaooga|o g||jq g|oaa qaa|o
Co}aag Cgaa| j|gg @ggj Cjaag _gCq ag|jCjaag. oa|o
_ggaa _g}a_ ga g|Caa|o @aagga
@aeggaCaaea}a.

gjg C@o|o, gg @aaggag |ajCj} @a|o @g}
CjgCqeQ cag g|aagga}. _gaqg a_ g|aaggaj
ja}aagqag }a|a @g}.

@aCq, _q} @}eQ |a gaa|j jeaa CgCaaea}. @g
gggg 1898- @eQ. ggo|o Cg}aa| oaa}q}gg| Cao} q|oo|
2g (}eqs aqgoga 2) ogg|ggj Cjo|aa}. gC}ajjaCqg
_g}a gaaajjQqg jgg|, _g}a_ a|g}aC cajg jgg|, _q}a
aggg|}aa, g|g|aa qag g_ g|o CqeQ cajg jgg|! Cg}a
Cao}, |ggg _aaaga C@o|o|a a_ggaa_aga aag
CaaQgga}. @aao jg|o Coaooq|oao.

_Qggjqaa C@o|o @ogaajo@agj Cja gaaa g_aa|j
Cj}}o|a aogaa C@gg qag|gaao (q|ugt eo q|oaj
oeojjjqo) ogg|gga}. e|aaeaaaaj Cjo| aogaa CqgCa
gaqa _q|aCaaeQ o|gg|ggaC} gq|} _q_ C@o|o q|_j
q|ggg|o cggj jg|@ Coaoog ga}aa @oao.

@aCq C@o|o Cao|gga}. cgg gC}ajj| Cgog gaoq_ g_aa|
aoga@ gaago ogg gqjCjaqg|oao caa|g _q}g gq @gg
@_ ogg|jjaao C@ q@jjg. @gg| ggo|aa j|}aa Q
_@aoa cag g|aagga}. g_ _ga} j|}g gg|}aaCq @aa|
Cgoooqa?

@aCq _q} j|}@agj jgjja}. _jCjag j|}a|a
aaoa|aaa @_gg Cgoaa g|}qa|ggaCaaeq_gg j|}qq _}o|a
ggg _aoo} Cgaoj oaj}Co|a (|qsgo o|oeaggeqo)
C@o|aoo ogg|gga}. oaj}Co|a gq|} Cqg o|o gaa|
_g|aa}aa C@o|oao _jCjag ogg|ggj Cjo gqggg.

Cg}a oa}q}gg| gaaa aoga@ _|gg _ag j|}a
_}agg}jj C@o|@ag agg _|aaq|oao caga@, _q}g
gaoa Caoaaa _gaqg jaooga|o g_ _g Cgo cajag
_q}a ggo|o gag ga}aa @oao.

oaj}Co|a |agCg|qaao Coaaaa}. _g}a_ag g_ ga|gaQ
CqeQCajg gaa|gaa. _q}a @a| aqjjQaCaaeq_aaa
ag cajag j|}a ggaCaaa|gg. @aao, _jjqg ga|ao|
}aa _q}a_aaaa Cgo gaag g|gqg cagao _ag a|gag
@jj|}aaaq|ogaa Co gq. gg|jjaa, aaeaq|o.

C@o|@aga Caago agggaa. cjjqaqg jaooga|o g_ _g
Cgogag _qaaa j|}aao og|aa aqjjga _q}ag g_
@g}a _ggaaa ggo|aa Ca Cgaa|q| CqeQ cag
_q} cee||_gga}. @_jga @ggaeQ Cgaaq|_gg ggo|o
gC}ajj| _}o|o qaa|o _jCjag gjQaCaaeq_gg jo
o|aaoaa a_gg|o CaaeQ, gga @gga Caa}aaaag j|}a
aeqjjaa og Cg}q|ag cag _q} g|aagga}. j|}@ag
_g}a|a j}_}e @g}aqg g|}qg g_qgaao _q}a go
ga_ag @aCqeq aa}aao oag|ggaCaa gq cag
a_g|aa}. @aao _Cgooa gqao @a|q|g. @aCq, ga
q_gggaga aaqaCaaao gagaaaaj Cjo|q|Qa a|j|q|a}.

j|aaao _Cg j|}agaa oajCja_agj j|a jaooga|a @o|
_g|aa}gag Cqag, _Ca @oC}o _qaqggg gaae||o g|ag
gq| Cogg. @ggg, aagg aa}e cag _g}a Coaaaa@
g|ag jejj}agg ggg j|gCa j|}aa qojjQgg gqggg cag
o}gg|}gg|a qggg|j jaaa Cg}q|aa|aga.

@_jga @ggaeQ j|gggCjaCg |ggg j}j}jjagaa j|gggg. jg|
@ggaeQa Caaeaa gqqgggaaCq oajCja}
qggq|jCjaa|gg. _ggg gajaa, }q _g}a aa _qoaa
Cja}aaao ogg|aa Cg}g. gaqg aqg g} _qo|
caa|g g|ao|o, 1908-o q @gaqg g|Caa|o aaa|}o agaqo
j|}a gaaqgg aaea Caoaaaa Cja_jQgg| q|qag|aa
Cqeq Cg}ggg.

C@o|o, ga _j|jj|}a cajgaa _ooao, j|}a gaa|
Cg}q|gg g_ oagg|aa _gaa gaaqgga}. _gaqg, aaeaq|o
g_ _g Cgo. @aao, @g g_ gagaao|ag g}qaa QC
@_aagq cajag _q} _jCjag Cg}q|gga}.

}qaq|o _g}a gaagqag CaaQaa_ag @aa|a
Caaeq_aa|ga}a. _a|_gg @|}a|} _g}a g|ao} _ag|aaa
Cq|Cg|aCaaeq_aa|ga}a. _q}aCooa cCa Cjaqa}a?
_ag|aaa, gaCaqaaa agg|oagg|C _g @a qggCjaq|Q
_ja eaa||_aa|gg. @aCq, j|}a gaaqgg aaea
Caoaaa g} aq gjaaa, @aao gagaao|a gjaaa Q
ga o|gg|ggj ja}aaoa cag _gg agaqo Cjo|aa}.

g}g|_qqoaa _gga gg|o aoggCaae jo}ao _agj
j}ggCaa gqq|oao. C@o|o ga Caaaa|o|_gg ogaa|q|a}
cag g|aaggq|a}a. gq|} _qa} gj|aaag gC}aa| cag _g}
goggaCa caaa qgg Co}ggq} cag Cjog Cgaa|aa}a.

|a a gqggCjaaa} C@o|o. cgg _ggoggaaaa, _q}a|a
go@aaaa gaCooa o|gg|ggo CoojQaCaaeq_ggaC}a, _Cg
_g}agaa _qa} gC}aa| cag Coaaaa}a.

@gg q_gggg|CoC C@o|o jQaaa|o q|_gga}. aQ g|Caa|aa
aaooo qggg. 1904- @eQ aaoaa|jCjaaa}.

j|aaao g|Ca} C@o|o|a gaaogg Coaq @oC}o
_qaqggaaa _q} cQggaCaae aQ ggo|a_ CgCaae
Cja}aa_ g_aaag Cg}qggCjag gQCagg _ggog ga
gqag cee| q_gg|g.

@aCaa_gag @ggag|} gqCgg Coaag cag aggag
g}aa CogCaaea}a. C@o|ao g_ aeae CgqaaCq
a_g| cooa _g}a_ g qqo _q} jaajjgag aqaqgga}a.

_jjgCaa? eQ Cja}aa a|j|q|a}a.

gag|. ggg }jCja}} 21 j}o, 2006



44 gC}ajj| Cgoa_aa|aC gga

g|oCooa }gg - ja. }aaqa

oa gaQa gqCqaag gg jaagg gaQa g _oog
jaaa cjjq q}ggaCaaea cag @}ajCjaaao gag _oog
gaag aa}ea_ag @ggaaa q|a _a|q|Q. coaojjgg|
g|ojj}jj, coaoCa} aa|a Cag|, aoaoa}, o @a|aq,
_Qgg Cgogg|a _}o|o og|}ggaa _oog og|}|aa.
_qqgaa.

@ggoo|o aa}eaaogaa oa|o gqCqa_ Cgog ga _Qgg
Cgogga cjCjag o@ag g|gaCqeqgaa|gg.

@_jga @ggaeqa Cgaaagg|o jo gC}ajj| Cgoa Cgae
aa}eaa gaa|Q cggaaeg ga _ea Cgogga g_
g_g gg Cog ga}aa @_gga. gqCqa_ Cgog, _Qgg
Cgoggagg Cg}ao ga@a @gjogag _g|a}ggaCaaeq_ggg.
}a@q q}}a|a cee|aaaa gjgqag _ag
}gg|aCaaeq_ggg. }a@qggag ggag q_agg} g|g||a _,
@g} @aa_ag ggaajjQ Cgaaaaa aaq@ gagggg jgg
g _g|aaa @_ggg.

@aqCooa g_ Cgo _oog @}eQ gag Cgoa|o ggg
aa}a _oo. a|gg gQCagg gC}ajja @jjqggaa
@_ggg. @aao, gqCqa_ Cgog ga@a @ggj Cja}gga}jj
gqqaaa ggq}a_agg Cg}ag caCg gj|aCaaeq_gga.

oajCja} cag a_ Coaoo|q|Q @}j|aaq|oao. g_ o|g|
coaoCa}g ga}agaaggaa _g Cgaa| gqCjgg|_aa CqeQ.
g}g|_qqoaa _ggo o|g coaogga}ag @og|} @q}o}
.j}aao|o Cj}qaaeqa jQCaaaoaga aa}eaa _aggq|,
@og|}aag Co}j|aag gg geg.

@ga aa}egago ogg a_aaaaj ja}ggq|Q CCo Cjaq|oa.

@aagag @og|}a, @Ca} cag @}eQ Cgoa qa}jgg|o
@_aa|aga _ooqa? @aao, @_jga @ggaeqa Cgaaagg|o
_aq gC} Cgoaa @_gga. }q coaoa gq _agg|_gg g_
gC}ajj| Cgo _g. _gg coaoCa} Cgogg|a coaojjgg|,
@aagag Cjaoa|a cag _agaajjQa|gg. _jCjag _g
@og|}aq|a g_ jgg|gaa.

gC} Cgo caga@ Cjaoa| aa|a @a Cqg. _q}a ooaq
(q|geo) cag _agaajja}a. Cjaoa|aagj jaagg|o @_gg
Co}j|aq|@ Cj_jaaa aa ooaq @agago Co}ggq}aga.

@og|} aa|a Cag|, aoaoa} @a|qgCgaQ cgg ojggg
@ooag Cjaoa|j jgg| ooaq @a aa gg aj|gjja cag,
Cjaoa|aaq cjjqaqg @og|}aq|a j|q|o|_gg q|Qq|ggg
ga@a @aeggaCaaeQq|CqeQCag Co}j|a q|_j|g.
Cga}gg Cjaoa| ooaqaag @eqq|Q gaQa aoq}aa
_qqjCjag ggg|aCaaeq_ggg.

@gga aoq} _oog a|}oo|a _agqggaaaggaa @og|}
@q}o} (_q} }a@qggjg| .) .j}aao|o Cj}qaae
Cjaoa|j jgg|ag qgg ga||_gga}. Co}g|Cqa caa|g ga}o a}
_qggg ga||_gg @q}oa}, o}gCqa aaq}Coa j}ao|
(q|eegoq g|eoqgq g|qogqg) caa|g g_ ooaq
@a @aga aQaCaaagaa.

@aCq, @og|}a @ggj jQCaaaoag Co}j|agaa aa}e cag
Coaoo|, Co}j|aq|a g Cja} CgaQggg. Cja}o @og|}a Q
=Qjq_aaoa. @aao, gag _jCjaag gj gaaa Cg}a|a
gq|ag _agggg. @og|}aag g_ Cg}a| cagao, Co}j|aag
gq }qa gaqggg.

cjjq @og|}a, Cg}a| caa|g @_ Cgoa_agC Co}j|aaqa
aajjgg }ao| Cqaa @_ggCga, _CgCjaoggaa }qaag
@ao @_ggg. cg|}ag gej@ag gaaa q|_aggaa @ao
cajg Cg}ag Co}j|a, _gg gggg|a o}aa jaaaaa @ag.
}qaag Cg}a|a gg|ggaaCqeQ caa|g @aCaa_ @ao
@_ggg. _g Cjaoa|aagg Cg}ag.

_g 1914- q_. g9ao ag, 28- Cgg|. gaag gC}ajj|
Cgoa jgCaae _gg j|}o|gg| Cjgg gg @}jaag.

gg Cgaa|CjaCg gQCagg gC}ajja, j|}aao @jCjag
caa CojCjaa|gg caggaa ja}ggg. Caagao j|}aaoag
Cg}a|ag Cj_jaa @_gg aao _g. Cg}a|ag cg|}aa gaqg
gqqaaa cQaa j|}aao o ja}ggaCaaeq_ggg. @ag _g|gg
Cg}a|, cCa j|}aao gaaa gagggao gggg|a Cgaaa
g|aoag|q|QCa, Co}j|aaqa aajjgg gqao Cjaq|QCa cag
_go|, j|}aao gQg|aoa qa|aa CqeQ cag CaQaCaaeg.

j|}aaoag _jCjag gQg|aoa qa|ag gCgoCooa @oao.
aCj_ gg gagaaaa @ggaao Cogaqggq|Q,
ogg}jjggaaaaa aagg|_gg Cgo _g. gqgq|Qa? @aCq cjjq
gggg|o jgCjgCg g}qg cag gq Cogg.

Cg}a|aga Caaj qggg. Co}j|a g_ Caaa. _ag cjCjag
CqeQaaa@ _qggaCaaoooa; ggo|o j|}aaao gg|ggq|oa
cag gq Cog, a_ cg|}ja}ag aegg|o Cjog| qg|aa
j|}aaao Cgaaa| g_ Cj_ jaa _@jj|q|g.

@g j|ag. g_ Cgogg|a qg|C @aCaa_ Cgoggagj ja
_@jjqCgagao, qg||o Cgogg| ggo|o _@g|
CaaCqeQ. Cg}a| _ago Coq|oao. _g gggg|o
gQg|aoa qa|jjgaa Cjog| _g|q|gg|_gg o _g. gQg|aoa
qa|ag Cgogg|a qg|aa Cg}a| jaaa _@jjqg qe qj
QC cag a_ggg Cg}q|gg j|}a, Cg}a|ag cg|}aaj Cja}o
gg|ggg. j|}a Cja}o @ga|g Cg}ggg, _ga gj gaaa
gjja@ agg|o @ga|g. gjja@ag Cg}a|aj j|qaaag.

coCoa_C gaqg g_ ogg}jjggagg gaa aagg|_gga}a. @aCq
@gg g_ ogg}jj a|aggg gqgq|ao
jajQgg|aCaaeQq|a}a. @ggj jaa _Ca|a, j|}@a
Co}ggCaaeg. _ggjjaa joCa}a, Cg}a|a
@aeggCaaeg. @Ca oaa j|}aa @g}ggg.

g_aa|, Cg}aa| _e||o @aeggg. gaaaa|a g_aa|.
gC}ajjaaq gg| @o|aa @aeag jaoCjao _agg|_gg
g_aa|. aCj_ @ooa| oa}agg|gag gg|aa|gaa|o Cq_ag
qg|Cog g_aa|. jaoogagag _jCjag @eQCaaeq_gg g_aa|.

gC}ajja cjjq Cjajjaeq_ag _qje|gg gggCga, _gag|}
_jCjag gQCagg gg| @o|a @ogaajo _g|aa} aggaga
aQjjC gggg. Cj} _q|o @a Cagoa_aCaa, @
@aa|}|jj gqqaaaa_aCaa qg||ooao g_ aQaCaajja
@a|aCaaeq_ggg gaaa g_aa|j Cj}}a. aogaa, _g}aa
_}qaeggggaa Cjaaa}. a|g|ogq}a_ _Ca j|}oaa|ag|
qaggqggg. g_q_aCaa_q} jaaq}gaa cag agg|o cee
Cq_ag||_gga@ Cq||o Cg}agqee _o| C_ag Cg}gg|_ggg
_q}a_ag. jaaaCa, j|aqCa gq|}aagqag caga@
g|jCja gq cajg Cg}gg|_ggg.

@aao @CgooaC gaQ q|qaa}a. gQCagg gC}ajja
jgCjg g_ gg cag q_Cjag, g_aa| g_ g|aoa cQgg
ja|}aaa _g|q|aaggaa Cqeq|_ggg. g_aa| aogaa, Cg}aa|
@g} g|ao cQgga}. @aCq, j|}a, g_aa||a cg|}
Cgoaa|jCjaag.

gqa aaogg|o, gg|jjaa @_jga @ggaeqa Cgaaagg|o jaooga
j|}oaa jg| j}ae cQjjgggg Cgaaaa aee|aa @_gg ojq
@ggaa.

ggo oajCja}o jgCjgg gqCqa_ Cgoggag @_gg _}o|o
aa}ea, g|aa Cjaagaq @gg q}oaggago ojgg|ooagaq.
@aao aqa|aaCqeq g_ q|q eQ. @gg gggg|o jgCjgg
_g}a jgg| gg|jj _g.

gaCaa g_ ga|gaQ CqeQCag Cja}aqaCaaeq_gg _g}a,
_ggg ga|gaQ jaooga|ogaa _aCqeQ cag q|_j| _g}a,
Coagg @ cag gag @ooao gC}ajjaCqg j}q|
qo|ggaCaaeq_gg _g}a, gg @}j|ggCjag gqCqa_ gC}ajj|
Cgogg|@ @_gg _g}a Cja}o ga @aeggaCaaea}a.
_gaqg, gqCqa_ Cgog gg Cgagga _|gg qaaggg|a|o
_g}a_ag Cga Caago gj|aaa|ag q|ggg|o Cjo||_gga.
@aCq, gggg|o jCaQjjg|ago, gg gqggj|gg o|o oagaaa
joaaaj Cjggq cag _g}a a_g|aa}a.

o}gg|}gg|o _gggga cgg ogg}jjgg|@ 'gC} @a caa|g
_aagag caaa}eggaaaa q|QaCaaQaaao Cja}aq _g}a,
ggo gagaa ga qa_ Cgoa|a oa}j|o gggg|o jCaQgga}a.
_gaqg g_ ja|o _g}a @_aa|ga}a cagao, cg|}jja|@
_ggaQ _g}a @_jja}a. Cgoggaaaa, Coagg @agago
Co}ggqC}aQ gg j}ggaaCqeq Cg_aaq! _g}aa _g}aC
_qgga Caaoo Cqeq aa.

ggggagj j|gg gC}ajj| Cgoa|a _}o|o ggg|ao |a g|ooaa
ag; gqCqa_ Cgog _gqa} cQaaag jo jg| gqaa cQgCg
g_ cag _g}a g|aagga}a. _jjq_ ggo q_Cjag, cgg
Cgo Cqgg| Cjgg _e||o @_ag, cg Cgaoq|gg _e||o
@_ag cag @jCjag Coaoo gqag. a} Cqaga@ _g}a|a
ga|gaQ Caa}aaa gajjaa CqeQ. jaooga|o _q}a_aaaa
jaa gg| CogaaCqeQ. a} Cg|jja}a cag Cgao|
ja}ggaCaaeq_aa gqag. @aCq, cooa Cgoa|a jaa|@
_g}a @_ggaa Cqeqg _qo|. ajjo| Cjao Coaggo
oCaag}}a o|oa} @ggCg g}Cqeq|_ag. @aao gega
Cgaaa|o, _g}a_aaaa ga|gaQ caa|g @oaaa _aCqeQaaao
@g gq|}aaCq gqagg cag _q}a g|aagga}a.

@aCq, gC}ajj| _g}a _ggaa Cj_ gggg Cgogg|a
}a@qgga ga @aeggaCaa @}j|gga}a. jo Cgoa|a
}a@qgg|o _gj jajj|}Cq ga|aa _aaajjg. _q}a cg|}
Cgogg|a _gj jaCaC CagCqeq @_ggg.

cggaa e}oo|aa a! @aa@ g e}oo|aa
aaqaCaaao _g}a oa gggg|o jCaQgga}a.
@ggaaeaa|o. @|}aaeaa|o. ooaaeaa|o!

gC} Cgaaagaa. gC} cg|}ja}jjgaa. gggg|a @gg||o gaCaa_
ga|gaQ!

gag|. ggg }jCja}} 24 j}o, 2006



46 ggo oajCja}o _g}a|a ja|jj

g|oCooa }gg - ja. }aaqa

ggo oajCja}o _g}a|a ja|jj oaga}eaagoo. Cja_agj
j|a gC}ajj| _}o|o ggo|o @_gg Cqjj ge|gg, a}aqg a}
CaaQggg gaag @aa|q|aa}aa? ga_aCaag g_ ga|Cgo
_aaga? caa|g aCj_ cg|}ja}jj _q}a| @_ggg.
Caaaa}g||o _q}a gaaaa _e|ag Cg}gCgQag g|ao|o
cooa @oao. cooa _e|a|@ @_jjg. Cja}o Cg|gga@ o},
Cgagga@ o}. Cg|aa|g _e| cgqaaa@ _g|o _g}a_
@_jja}a. Coaoo|aCaa Coa}aa, gaa qa_ Cgogg|a
ja|o @_aa|Cga cag aaqaCaaqg.

@jjq_ o|ggaa oa|o Cqg cgg @aggag cgga aaogg|@
Cgaag|g|oao. ea|o gC}ajjaCqg _g}a qo|gg qgga}a
caga@ cgg Cgogg|a gqaaaa aggq|o _q}a Cja}o
jCaQaaq|oao. agaa, _g gogg|a go@ag Cja}a gqq|o a}aqg
gqa}a caa|g gC} g_ cg|}ja}jjgaa.

g_jg, oaaa| _g}a jaa|o Co}gg ggaggagj Cjaq|,
gjg _gg gaoq}a_ }agggg|}a_ _}o|o Coa|o
Cjoaqa}gaga ggg @}j|gga}a. Cja}oCooa_aaaa }aaa
jegag _g}a qgo|gg qga|aa}a. @g cooa Cgoa_ag.
cjjq g Cgogg|o, Cg}go oa|o |ajCj} q}gga g|gqaa
cooaa ao|a_ag g|g| gq| CoCa _Cg ag|}. cgga ao|
Cqaga@ gg Cgag|o ga|ag| _q}a_ag gggaa CqeQ.
_g}a_ag a} Cja}o Cqaga@ ga_ag @oC}ao _qaaa|g
g}CqeQ. _qqgaa.

gg|jjaa Cg}a|ag cg|}aa j|}a Cja}o gg|gga @a|oagg|o
qo|ggqgg _g}a _gqa} @ooag Cqagg|o gg _}ao @g}aa
@}j|gga}a. ooaaeaa|o je qgo|gg Cja}g|g|aa _|gga}a.
@jjq qgo ggg|j je gggg gq|}, _aagag @a|oagg|o
qo|ggqgg Cj_ jeaaa} _g q}gga}a _}o|a jo Cooq|aaag
gaC Cg}qaa ggaCaaea}a.

ga}eaa, }a@qgg|a_ag @aa agjjg, _ggjCja_a
qagqg, @ga qaa|o Coa}jjg Cjaag jo Cooq|aa_ag
_g q}gga ggaoaC Cg}qaaj je gggq|Qqa}a. Cja_a
Cg}qaa _}aagj Cjaq|Q. jegag Q @q}a|
qaa|aCaaCqeQ.

@agq| _g}a j|}@ago Cog aggaa gq| gag eQ.
Cg}a||o _g}a|a gq|a Cg}aa|j jaa|a @oag,
Coo@ jaag, gQ g|a | joCqg |a gaa|
q|q}aao Coa}gg }ao|aa j|}qq _}aagg Cg}q|gg qgga}a.

Cg}a| _g}a, Cg}a }a@qgg|o @Cjgg _Cg j|}aa
cg|}ggaCaaeq_gga}a cagCjag @ggj je| cqq|g
agga@ @ooao gaaggaa Cogg! (@Cg Cqaoa Cg}a
}a@qggaaaa j|}a _g}a_ Cog|_aa CqeQ. @aao
_ggaaa } @ga} g a|aaaq|oao.)

j}ggCaaqggg |a o|aaoaa q|qaa @g Cgaagoa. ea
@ggaa. _g}a cgg Cgogg|a }a@qgg|o @_gga@ _q}a_ag
_gggg Cgogg|ag jag|Ca, Cj} =QjaCa a|aag. agaa, gg
@aggaaaao Co aaaaCq _aga a_g|aa}a. ggggagj
j|gg @oC}o _qaa CqeQ. _ggaa. _g gagQgaa
_q}ag Cgaaa.

ggo oajCja}o aoggCaae _gj j|}joa a} a} cag
Cg}ggao @oo}aa @_ag. jagCjgg gggqgaa| @q|a
q|Cgaoaa (o|ujqq} aqt t }ost qo) @ggj Cja}o }qj
ja|a g_ j|}agg gaoa gaa| @og|}aq|o oea
CjaQaCaaeq_gga}.

g.gaq|a a|g }a a|qa|a ggo gaoq}aag Cg}gCgQaajj
(_C}aa _g|j} _oCqoQa @aegg @jCjagjaj qa|ggq}) C}Ca
Cao|a (o|o o|essqo) ggo oajCja}o =Qj j|C}gaj
ja|o je|agg|q}. Cja}o |ajjoaa aaagg j|aaao
_gaaCoC j|}aao _}o|a |a }gg q|_agj Cjggq}.

aja, ja}aa.ja aaoo@aga aa}eaa jaa}aaq
_ggaaa agg _gag aeQj|qgg oa _q|o @ag
CaaeajjQ aCj_ _ggq}aa @q|a @|}o.Cj (o|ujqq
j|qsgj) gg ogg|o Cg}aa|j jaa_aaaa _ggq}aa
Co}j|aq|o je|agg|aCaaeq_ggq}.

'aaa q|g g| q|e caa|g jagCjgg g|a}jjgagj jgg|a
Caq|jjq_jj}a. _ggj jgg|o gqgg oajjag Cjgg _g}aa
Cooo| C@aq} (o|sgq j|qqej) oajCja}o gqjj|aa
j|}qq }a@q q}}! (@q} @}ea oajCja}@ j|gg
jgCjgga})

ggo oajCja} ogg|ogaa gggg|o C@o|aaj}a|a ja|jj
@Cjgg Cgaa|g. gg oagg|a_aCagg qaa|o C@o|aaja}
qqqagg Cqgg|a}aa @aa|a aaqq_ g_ _g}gaa. _q} Cj}
g|Ca} Cqaa a}a. (g|oqjq oqo }eaeo)
jaCjo gaa}o Co}gg Cjag||o qo@g} _q}. @og|} @Ca}
}a@qgg|o geaao je|agg|q}.

ggo oajCja}o jgCjgg _ggaa Cgoa_C q|gg ja}aq
g_ _o, @ggao|g ga}jjaa Cja}q|aaa. g_ o|g|
gagjaQo Coaoo gqag qaa|o o|gjjaa _ag qqqagg,
ga}ggg g_qggg go gggaa}eaa @_ggq}, @ggao||a jagCjgg
ae|g _g|g} q|Ca CqaoC}a (|qt q |qgt e). _gga
qa} Cja} q|aaa|a j|}gaa c}Cja_aaj jajQggjjQ qgg
a@}g@ag jg|oaa @o|gagj jajQggoa cag _gago
q|jgg oagg|aaa ae|oaaa gagaa gq cajag
aeQj|qggo Coaaaq}aa @q_ g_ _g}gaa.

@agCooa q| gaa|, Cja}o Cg}a| jajQgg| q|qqa
(q|ust j }es). }oaa Cqg|jCja_a o|oqgaga aogg q|q
qaaq _qaaa|, _ag g_ Cja} @gaa jajQgggq
cag g|_j|ggaaaqg Cg}a| cagao, Cg}a||a @ggg g|gg|a
ggg|}ga}aa @_gg Cooqqqg CaaQggq} .j}o C@j}
(g|qt j|eg) caa|g Cqg||o gag q|gjaa}. j|aaa|o
Cqg||o gag|o @q} CgCaae Cqgjo gaa| @a_aaaa
oagaaa_aaaa Cgajo j}aa a|aggg. C@j_ g_ _g}gaa!

CgCoaaa ga}eaag Cgagggj ja}ggao g} ea j}oa.
oajCja}o agg|o @ga|j ja|ggaga aaq@ _g}a,
gggg|a j|aae||o g|ag Co@ggaq oag|aaaCq Cj_ja@
@_gg|_aa|ga}a cajCg _g. g_ o|o Cgoa|o Qgaa @qqag
cag|oao. gC}ajja g_qg|@C, cCaooa gg ogg
CaQaCaaeq_ggCga, _Caooa _g}a gg g_gg|gaao
Co@gg|j je|agg|aCaaeq_gga}a. @|}aaeaaaa oaga}e }a@q
q}}aa _ggo g}ao @oao. @aa@ @ggaa
_g|jgg|oao|agaa Cja}a gqaag g}aa|jjq}aaa
@_gg|_aa|ga}a.

@aagag qa} Cg}a||a q|qqaggaaggo CjojjQ g_ Cja_aa
@_aa|gg. @aagag qa} aja _gg gag Cqeqggaa
@_aa|gg. @aagag qa} Cja} q|aaa|o @o|gaa Cj_ja@
jajQggjjQa|gg. @aqCooaC ggo oajCja}a q|aa.
_ggo ggg|ao|o, _jCjaag CgaqaCagja aeQj|qaajjaq
_oog _g|gajjQggjjaq. _ggaaa Cogq}a _g}agaa!

a Coga}a? gC}ajj|j jaa|o oea|o _g}a_ag caa
_aaag cag Caao _ggaaa jg|o gaa} Coaaaggaa!
_q}a_ag gggg|o _oo; gggg|a gqq|o gaCaa_ ga|gaQ
a|aaaaga caa|g cg|}ja}jj @_ggggaa @ggCaooa gC} aa}e.
(ggo oa gggg|o Cagg g_oo }q _g}a
Caaoojja}a. gagjga|} @og|} _g}a, jaa|}ea|}
Cg}aa| _g}a, ca|}gg _g@g j|}qq _g}a, gajga|}gg
gg@g j|}aao _g}a Caaoojjgaa @aagag @oC}o j|q|q}
g_a|gg.)

gggg|o _C}aaa ogg gagaaj jgCjgggao |}ggg _C}aa
_g}a|a cee|aaa gg gaQ _g}aCaQ gjj|Qaa|o Caago
gaggaa. (gqa|}gg gg@g.)

gC}ajjaago ojggC @ooao jaooga|o qo|ggaCaaeq_gg
_g}a_ gggg|o jgCjgqggaaa j|}@agj Cja|_aa|ga}a.
@q}a _aaq_ gaaa _}oao gaQaggjjq}a cag
@oC}o _}agg}jj Cq||q_ag Cja}aaao _g|aaaa
Cg}q|aa|aga. @aao, gaaa g_aa|j Cj}}a _g}aa @jjq
Caggaa jooa|}aaeaa|o Cq|Cgg|gaa Cqg cgg o}gg|} @o|@
gg|jja @oao. ogaq|C}ago Cooa|o =Qjq}a, aoq}aag
@eqq}a _oog jgCjggq}a cao o|o @gCj} _qqjCjag
gaQaggjjq_aa|ga}a. @aao ga|}, jgga|} cag
jaooga|o|_gg _g}a gaQaggjjgaa gg|jjaa gaaaa|a
aaogg|o @ga}a g a|aaaq|oao. agaa, g_aa|j Cj}}o|a
joCqg jgg|a|o qo|ggaCaaeq_gg _g}a jaoog@ag @Cj}
_}Co gq| Cog|_aa|gg. oajCja} Cgaa| j|gg jagaajja
aa}ea_aaaa aa} c_@g jaooga _g}a
gaQaggjjq_aa|ga}a; _qqgaa.

oa gg Cgaa| g}aeQ aaoggagaa gggg|o j|}a|a
aa ggqg Cg|qaag Cg}ggg. cjjq j|}a|a
e|jjaagaa Cja}o Cqgg|Cjg cajag qo@g}aao
a|ggq|gqggg. @qq|q} Cq|C q}g Cgaa| |ao o|o
aaoggagaa (aa} gaag _oog ggg aga_ag cag
aqggaCaaoa.) _g}a|a j|}a @g} gqqaaaa
_g|a}aag Cgaa|a. j|}a|o qo|ggqgg jeaaa} _g}a_
_g|aa}aaao CoojQaCaaeq_gg _g}a_ j|}a _}o|a
} _g|aa}a_a _qaaq aogg Cjo @}j|gga}a.
j|}@ag _ggo cgCggg qaa|o, cgCggg @aa|o _@oaa
@_aagq cag Cg|qaa q|aa|o Coaoojjg. @oC}o caCga_
Cgo _qaa j|}a gq| Coaaao, jg|@ag oagg|aa
q|qa caCaaa cajg jgg| jo aa|o Cjoaqa}gaga
ggga.

Caaaa _q|o _jCjag @oC}o _qaqggaaa q}oagg g|aa
gaaCq j|}a a_g|ag ga aqa|aa CqeQ. caa
@_gga@ _q}a_ jaoogagg|a _}qgqa cajag j|}a
g|aa }ggg. gq|} _g}a j|}a _}aag _|ag
aegqggaaa @g} _q}aao o|gg|aa aqggg. g_Cqa
@oC}o _qaqggg gaa g_ gaa|a aa}eaa @_aa gqaaao,
j|aaa|o gg|a a|gaa|o gaaCaa_ q@qaa gaa _gCgogag
_aggaCaa gqC cag j|}a g|aaggg. _C}aaa g_
aCj_ oag|aa _qaa|aCaaeq_gg Cg} _g. g_ qoo}oaa
_C}aaa _qaa|q|QCa caa|g aqao _aagg gC}ajj|
Cgoa_agC @_ggg caga@ j|}@ag _aaqao |a
_g|aaaCq @_ggg. Caa|o j|}aao, Cg}a|, j|}a caa|g gag
Cgoagaa _jCjag oa|a aCj_ qoo}aa cag
Coaoojja. @gg gaag ggaa|q|Q cCa _C}aaa gaaao
qggq|QCa caa|g j|}a|a g|aaa aqaoaa a_gg|o
CaaCqeQ.

oCag gag aaoa|a go gag qoo}aggaaaj
jagoagg|aCaaeq_gg j|}a, @oC}ao _qaaa|g g_qga go
o}qCgo _}o|o _}a|o @aCaa_ jgjj}ae Cjgg, C@
gaa|ggq Cgoaa _qaqggg @_gg oagg|aa
Cao|ggj ja}ggg.

_}a cajg caa? o|o a|g}aao @a g} _ajj.
_qqgaCa? _g}a_ag @g |a gagaaj j}gg|_gggao, j|}qq
_}o|a |a }gg jgq|a|o @_ggq}aa |a aqaaa,
'aqa|gg aCaa @}j|gga}a. cooaaao Co}gg Cqao Co
@}j|gga.

1917- @eQ g_aa||a @_aaag jq_gg jaoogaa
j|}a gaaa|g.

gag|. ggg }jCja}} 28 j}o, 2006








46 jao.j} j|}aagg|a gaa|j jgg|

g|oCooa }gg - ja. }aaqa

_C}aaa g_ qoo}oaa _jCjgqggg gaa}, oa ja}gg jgg
Cgo, @a|oagg. _aag @a|oagg|a jajo, Cja_aga} jo
@}eQ @ggaaa aa}ea. @qgagq| gaa|a aa}e, _aagag
@a|oaggag @_gg aaoa|a jo. oCag j}qoaa joCqg
Cgoaag ga @_aa|a ag CaaeQqgg @o|j}ggCaaeq_ggg
@a|oagg. @ga aggaj Cja_ caaCqagao, cgCggg
CgoCooa @a|oagg|a aaoa|aa Cga, _gggg Cgogg|a
}a@qCooa @a|oagg }a@qgg|a g_ jgg|. _gggg Cgogg|a
@gaa qaCooa @a|oagg|a qa. @aCq, g|aagg
agg|}gg|o g_ aCj_ }a@qgag cgg @ggag _@jj qooa
Cjgg|_ggg @a|oagg.

@aao @a|oaggao _jCjag gqag g_ aa} eCagao,
_g gg|aa|gaa|o ga Cq}aa agqg. @g ogq|a|g @ooa|
@o| gggCaaeq_gg _| _g. g_ jaa gaaa g_aa|
oa}agg|. @aCaa_ jaa, jag ao.jaaa|a |ooaaa,
jaagagag aaaa CaaeQ CoojQaCaaeq_gg aogaaa.
@aaCa @q}a_aga ajj aQ ggg|o aa}a.
cjjqjja}gga@ @ooa|}agaa. _q}aag gq|} @aCaa_q}
a|aag.

gg|aa|gaa|o aa@agqggg gaqg ogg}jj a|aaaaga cag cooa
Cgagg| Cgoa_C aa aeQCaaeq_gg aao _g. oajCja}
_ggg o}aa ogg}jjaa _aggg.

j|}@ j|}aao CjaqCjaQaCaaeQ e| _aggg g
gaaggo q|_aaa qggga.

ggg|aCaaeCgaaCqa j|}agaa. gaaa oa}agg| cag
Cj_aaao Coaaaa@ j|}a|a }aooj jajoggag gaaao
_q}aao gaagjj|qaa gqao Cjaag. aa|}aaj Cja}Qg
CgaggjCjaaa}a goo|a.

@ggg @a@ o|o g@aaaa aa}ea_ @_aa|aga. g_aa||o
_jCjag gggCaaeq_ggg goo|a|a @o|gaa cagCjag,
jq||o }g||o g_aa| g_ gC}ajj| Cgo. @aao j|g gC}ajj|
Cgoa_a ggqao gg|aa|gaa|a @ooa| Cgoa_a
QC g Caae Cgo.

@gga aQjj _aagg gC}ajj| Cgoa_ag eQ. @aCq,
_q}a g||Q g_aa|a gg|aa|gaa|a j|g jgg|a|o|_gg
o|ggagg }g||o j|}gga aaQqggaaa g_ ggg|}gag CgCaaea}a.
_gajq, goo|a cag Cjagqaaa gg|jj|ao, g_aa|}a,
_C}j|}a cag @_ g}jj|aa} cjCjag j|}gCg gg|jj|Q
qgga}a. @gaa g_ g|| j|}oa} gg|aa agg|,
|aggq|}aaj Cjo| c_g| qgga}a.

@ga q|a, ja} _C}j|}a_ag, gaa Cqg; g_aa|}a Cqg
ca@ cee Coo Coo gjQ, aaojCjaaa|o _g |aggq|}aa
agg|o Cq_agg Cgaa|q|g.

oajCja} ogg|o j|}a @gaag gaago oagaaa g} _oaaj
jajQgg|aCaaeQ, a|}ajjg _C}j|}aaj jaaaaaaaj
jajQgg|, g_aa| aoga@ag cg|}aag gaqoa Coa}aa, gggg|gg
q}j jajQgg|aCaaeQq|a}a.

gaaa oa}agg| cajg cggaa Cj} _}a! g_ Cj}}a cag
Coaoqggg ggg|@ Cja_ggaa _}oaa @_ggg _g. _g
cggaa @ggaeQaaa!

@aao _ggj Cj}}a, oajCja}o q|_ggCjag, _ggaaa aee}
o|gga a_ag _qaao @ooao Cjaq|g.

gaaa g_aa| oa}agg| gggg|o q|_ggg caa|g gaqo
qgggC @a|oagg j|}aao |ag gq|}aa aa}gg Cao|aag
Cgaa|q|a. |aa aqaaag g||Q, Cj}}o|a jgg|aa cjjqj
j|}jjg cag @Coao|gga}a. @gg||o g} gjjggg _}Cag|g.

@agqa} @a|oagg j|}aao '_jjq_ gjjgg
gaCjgCq|oao cag _qggag| qgga@, _gg gjjggggag g_
Cj} @_aa|gg. 'oaao j|aa gjjgg Skyes P ( i cot Agr eement ).

gaaCq|oao cag @_ Cgoa_ _qggag g_ gjjgg,
Cj_a cjjq Cq|C qggg?

_g g_ aqa}o|aa aag. ggo oajCja} ogg|ogaa }qaq|o
gaQj j}o| ooagagg Cgaq_ggg. ga} aa}a_ag
cg|}aag g|}eC_gg aa, a_a|oQaag gaa aaaaqgg
a}gg}aaCq a_g| o _g. j}o||a ooaa aao|a_
gagaa, a_a|o q}}a, _aoo}a, _g|aa}a|a _@qoaa,
qQa @a|qgag g_ o gagaqaCaaeq_gga}a. _jjq
gagaqCjag _ajj @qea_ gag @gg 'oaao j|aa
gjjgg !

jqggj ja}gga}a. _a, @a|oagg j|}aao gg|aa|gaaaa
g Cja g| qgaa|ga}aC cag aqaojjQ, aqaa _gg
gjjgg gaao gjaaa @gq} g_q} go g_aa|aga
CaaQgg@jj|aa}a.

@jjqggaa goo|a_ag _gg gjjgg q|q}C Cg}qggg,
a_a|oQa|a go! Ca _q}a, @a|oagg|a |ag gq|}
@g}qa}aa _jCjag @_gg Caaa ga}a Cq}j, @Coa
cajq} CaaQgg, q|oa}aao Coaaaa}a.

_gga qa} @a|oagg ga cg Coag cag g|aa
gj|aCaaeq_ggq} _q}. @aCq, gj|aaaa _gg gaao
@a|oagg _}aag _@jj|, '@g caa q|qaa}? cag Caa}.

Nonsense , I t i s a f i gment of Bol svi k s i magi nat i on ! cag jg|o
c_g|q|g @a|oagg. _gaqg, @g|o ea @oao; @g }qj
j}o|a}a|a agjaa. ga agjaaagggaa _q}a @jjq_
Cjaaa qqq ggg|_aa|ga}a cag _}gg.

Coaaaa}aC gq|}, gggg Cqg. oaao j|aa gjjgggg|o caa
c_g||_ggCga, _gajqgaa @a|oagg j|}aao g_aa|j Cj}}ao
g Cjag Cgaa|a. jaoogaa @a|oagg cQggaCaaeg. 1917
qoj} 9- Cgg| _oaCj (Al l enby) caa|g gjg||a gaoa|o g_
jaa Cg_oCoggag _@jj|q|a}a. gjg, aq }a caa|g
j|C}gag gjg| gaoa|oaa ja o|}aag gaggg @aa|}|ggg.

ja gaga|gg cagao _g|aa} ag|q|g cag _}gg.
aegqgg|gag Cg}gg|o jaooga @a|oagg|a @o|ag j
jgg|aa o|}a, j|C}ga aaoa|a_ gagaa @a|jCja|a.

@ggj jaa @gg aqjqa gggCaaeq_ggCjaCg, _Ca
@a|oagg|o (j|aaa|o |aj j|}o|gg| Cjgg) jao.j} j|}aagag
Cq||a}a. @aagag qa} @oC}o, jaooga q|qaa}a
_aaggag @g|go aa}eaa q|a| aCj_ j|}aa _g.

@}g} jao.j} caa|g _aag @a|oagg Cq|q|qaa}ggago
Cooa} go Cq||jj @ggj j|}aagg|a oa}gag g_ q}|o
Coao@qCgagao, jaooga|o _g}a_aaaa ga| g|ojjgg| gaag
_qaaa|aaCqeQ cajggaa. _ag ao|a gaa| @a|oagg
aa}a Cj}ao _jj|}aa _g|q|gg|_ggg Hi s Maj est y s . (
Gover nment vi ews wi t h f avour of est abl i shment i n Pal est i ne of a Nat i on
Home f or t he Jewi sh Peopl e )

@gg _g|aaa|a @aCaa_ jgg|, '@jCjag jaooga|o qo|ag _g}
_ooaCga}a Cjag }aa_aCaa, g }aa_aCaa ja q}ag
cag Coaoa|gg Not hi ng shal l be done whi ch may pr ej udi ce t he ci vi l . (
and r el i gi ous r i ght s of exi si t i ng non Jewi sh communi t i es i n Pal est i ne .)

oa|o cggaaCa Cgoa Cga}jaa cqqCqa j|}aaa @ggg
ga@ j|aj Cq|aa||_aa|aga. @aao cgg g_ j|}aag
jao.j} j|}aa _ag gqgoag ggoo| |aagoo. j|}a
a _ggaa gq|}aa _g @g} g|ao cQggg, _C}j|}a_ag
gC}aa Cogaqg _g}aaa CaaeQ jaooga|o gq}ggoa cag
cgaao gq Cogg? caa|g Caq|aCaooa @ga}_}q jg|o cg
a|aag!

gaCj ja}ggg Cjao, _g}a|a }agggg|} gqqaaaagaa
@ggCaooa aa}e cag ggag q}|o Coaoo|q|Qj Cjaqg gq|}
Cqg qg| a|aag. Caago je Coo Cog g_ a|}e g|o
qaa| qQ a gq cajg gagg Cg}. }aaaj je Coo
Cog g_ gaaC a agq cag g|_j|gga aaqq}a
_g}a.

jao.j} j|}aagg|a |a gaa|j jgg| @ggaa.

'@jCjag jaooga|o qo|ag _g} _ooaCga}a o|q|o }aa_aCaa,
g }aa_aCaa ja q}ag .

aao aaoaa jaooga cajg _C}j| goo|a|a gaaaa
q|g Cgo. cjjq _g _g}a|a _}qa _|Ca, _Cg Cjaoggaa
_C}j|}a|a _}qa _| . _g}aaqg j|agjj g||gg
@Cj}gg jo @ggaeQa_ag gaaC} joCqg Cgoa_agj
Cjaq|q}a. @aao, jaooga _C}j|}a ggaao Cgaa|,
Coggaao qa} _CaC @_gg qggq}a.

_jjqjj _C}j| goo|aaj jgg|a gg|jj|QCjag '_g}
_ooaCga} ca@ jggag jCaa|jjgago, jaooga ee|a
agg}a cajq}a _g}agaa caa|g a_ggaaagag aggaaa
gaaqggg jao.j} j|}aa. @gaaogaa o}gg|} @o|}}a,
@jj|}aagag qqaq _Caaa|gga cag q_e|aa|ga}a.

@aCaa_ q|qgag @g|o aqa|aaoa. _C}j|}a|a o|q|o
}aa_ag g }aa_ag ja q}ag cag jao.j}
j|}aa Coaoa|gg. @g|o agCja_aa @_ag q|q caa?

_C}j|}a_ag @a| _}o|o }aa cag cg a|aag
cajggaa! o|q|o }aaaj jajQgg|, CqeQaaao gQj
CjaoaC gq|}, Cg}go|o g|ga gqag! @o||o jg Caa gqag.

a_aaaao Coao@qCgagao, jao.j} j|}aagg|ajq, jaooga
ee|o g|gqjjQ @oC}o caa|g Cgogg|a _}o|o }aa|o
_C}j|}a jg Caa} gqag. @}eagg}a gqaaaaa _q}a_
_Ca qagoaC gq|}, _g}a|a Cgoaaggaa _g @_ag. _}j|
_oo; @j_Cq Cgo| Cag|aa @_ag. @ooa _oo; _g gC
Cgo| gaa @_ag.

aa} _o| _jgooa _o ga.ja caa|g q}oaggao|}}, Ar ab I sr ael
conf l i ct caCga_ @o c_g||_aa|ga}. @oC}o jaooga
j|}oaaaaj Cjagggqo _ggj jgga g_ Cjaaa|q. gg @o|o
aa} _jgooa, j|}a|a Cq|go Cooa} jao.j}a
gagg|jja|o|_gg o|o jgg|aa ja|}aaa Cq||q_aa|ga}. _gg
gagg|jjaa _q} cjjqj Cjgga} caa|g q|q} Cg}aq|a@,
_gga gg|jj| q}a |a gaa|aaaq.

g|Caa|o o}aa jaaggaaa cajg jgg|a aqao|oao. @aao,
_ga _qjja|o _g}a_aaaa Cgo gaag jaooga|o
_qaaa|ggaa @aCqeQ. _jjq_ _gCgo _qagaaao,
jaooga|o qagggCaaeq_ag _ oo _C}j|}a|a g|ao caa
@g cag Caa|ga}a. _gjgg| ca_ag cgga aqao
@oao .

@agq|a Caqoaa, __q_j_aq, ogg Cjagjj|ooag g_
a_gag _gga aaoagg|o Cqg a_ Caaeq_gggaag Cg}q|oao.

gag|. ggg }jCja}} 1 C, 2006



47 @ggaa _g|aa|oa g_ ?

g|oCooa }gg - ja. }aaqa

oajCjaa} g_ oaaaaa aqgg g_aa| gaaaa|a g gaaggo
ggg|, jaoogaaa aajjgg| j|}a, _Ca gga ggo|o
CgCaae je| caaCqa|o, Cg_oCogag @}aqg.

_g, a|g|ogq, @ooa|}a|a Cg_oCo. ja|g ga}, jee| ga}
caa|g j|ja_ag _jja@ ja}agCjaCg j}qo gjQggaq
Cg_oCo. @gg g_ ga_aaaaggaCa @ggaa aoaaaa cag ogCg
q|jjgga} j|}qq jaa|a gjg| Cga}o @oaCj. @|@
Ca aga}ggaCaaeQ, Cg_oCo ga}@ _ago agg|
j|}agg|a|@ qo|ag aaa g_qgaa j|}qq Cj}}o|a
q|aqaoa gqaaaa agg ggo||o @ga|aa}.

_q} CgCaae ggo gqqaaa, ejj|}oaaag g}jjg.
ggaaogg|o gj jgo, gg gqqggg gaagaaCq ag
q|ggg|o ca|jg|o|_gg Cgaqaa ejCja_aa Cg_oCoggag
q}qagaa gjaQ Coga}. a_q|o g|gaao, gq Cagao, _qgqag
@jao, Caa|g _aaq_ag Caa|g _ ejCja_
g}jjCqeQ cajg|o |aa aqaaa @_ggg j|}qq ja.

_Cg ag|}, a.ja, aao}a Cjaag Cgaaa|_|a _jCjag
jaooga g_qg gaagj j}q||_gga. }aaa aa @gg
Cgaaao jqaajjQ _qg|jjQaCaaeq_gga}a. _q}a_agg
Cgaqaa _ggjCja_a, ga|ag|a a|aaa jaoog@ag
oe@ag o|gjj q|aa o}qoa @aajja.

gagaqg aa}, go gg|jj. _aag jaooga|o aao}aaqa
aaq@ Caoaa a|_|aaj j}q||_ggg go. Cj_ja@
gg|aga|ogaa @g @}j|ggg. |aa gaggg ojgg|o Cqao
ja}ggaCaaeq_gg gg|jg|a, g}jj qggqggg gaaao Cq|C
Cj} CjaqCgajg o}qoaga}eaa @_ggg. @gaaa aqa|gg
j|}a, _g|aa}gaga aa|o cQgg CaC jaooga g_qg|@
@a| gg|aga|o je|agg gg|jg|a_ag @g} g|}a_ag
_q}aC gj gqag _ag ojgag }gg|g. ojgag
}ggqga go ogogagg gQaaoa cajg j|}a|a aeag.
_g g}ag jCaaaa @_ggg cajago Coaoo|q|CqeQ.
Cj_ja@ g|oj j|}oaaa aa}eaaCq c_gg qgaga|o
_gaj|gg g} g|aaa g}jja Cq|q}g Cgaa|a.

@Cgooa gaa @}j|agCjaCg ggo oajCja} g_ag|} gqag
qggq|q_ggg. _qggaCaaeg Cjag cag Cq}Co|oo
gjjgggg|o aaC_gg|Q cooag Cgoa_ _q}q_aaaa
oaja_a a}j ja}aaj Cjaq|a. @g|o j|}@aga a|agg
|ajCj} oaj, jaooga.

jaooga|a @o| _g|aa} j|}aao Co}ggg cag Cq}Co|oo
gjjgggg|a _qjja|o _g|aa}_}qaa _g|q|aajjg. 1919-
@eQ 'Cgoa|a ajj (o|e}u q g|et qqos gga
_qaqggg ggag ajj.) C@}j} oagCqo (j|gt
seaug) caa|g g} gCjgg j|}qq Cjao ao} Cga}ao
jaoog@aaaa gag a@a|qa}aa g||gg _@jj|aqggg. @gg
C@}j} oagCqo oaga}eaa a|g} _oo}. jao.j} j|}aagag
qqqaggq}a_ g_q}. Cq|go Cooa} jao.j}a Cj}ao
_g _agaajja@ _gg gaag q}j j|}aaggagC caCaaa
@_aaCqeQ, gqCqa_ q|qgag cjjq Cq|jjQgg CqeQ
cajagg g}aa|gg gaa_ gag.

cooa g|aaggjqC gaa|g ogCgaqgg|o j|}a g_ aggj
Cj_gg|_ggg. jaoogagg _C}j|}agaa gQ C}aQag
qggq|q_gga}a. g_jaa j|}a, jao.j} j|}aagag
gagagjjQgg je||o gg}aa @_ggg. @aCaa_ jaa
oCaa|@|_gg _g}a jaoogaa Cgaaa| g|ao} @|}aaeaa|o
qgg gq|ggCaaeq_gga}a. gCaaCq _g g|oqa|
qaa|jCjaq_gg @a|o _q}a gaaaa gq|_jjaa
gjQggg Cgaa||_gga}a. _ggq|}, jg|gaa Cg}qaa
g|oa qaa|, qQ aqaCaa @}j|ggq|a}a.

q|oa j|}oaaa a|aag, q|oa}aea a|aag, cg a|aag.
_g}a? qa_a jaoog@ag cag agaq _aoaag
g|gggaqggq|g j|}a. q|oaCq @ooag _g}a _jCjag
@|}aaeaa|o jaoog@ag qgg Co}gqggg.

@Cgjjq cag q|jjaa @_aaoa. g_ ga}e aaqaao j}.
joCqg gC}ajj| Cgoa|o|_gg cjjqaqg aaqeq j|qggaqg
jaooga coaoag qggq|Qqa}a. _jjq qgg Co_jq}a
_g}agaaa cag Q ja}jja}a. cooa o}aa @_aa|gg cag
Cg}ggg gC} g_ CgeQ a q_qa}. _q} g_ q|oa Q
@_ag. coao|o CoaCjaoqo _gg g_ q|oaaqa aaqq|Q
jgg 'qaCa aa C _agggaCaaeQ Cjaq|Qqa}.

coaoaa agg _q}a Cjaag Cge g|_j coaoag
qgg eQ _Cg g_ q|oaaqa aaq @a@ jggj Cja} _agggj
Cjaq|Qqa}. @jjq @|}aaeaaaa CgeQa. jooa|}aaeaaaa
_g}a!

qajjggg Coa}aa q|g|aaC aqgg|_gga}a. _g}aa
qagaqjjg gaCg Cgaaa. @gaj|aaao jooa|}aaeaaaa
_C}j|}a|a qagaaa Caq|agg|aa|gCg cajg jgg| j|}@ag
cgg _aaag @oao. 'a|g}a qQa|o qo|aaQ; gaa
qg|a|o aggQ cag g_ j|}a }a@q _g|aa} Coaaaa}a!

_C}j| goo|a g j|}a _ag aaq Cqgjjaga aa}e
cgC @oao cajggaa q|o|gg|}. _g}aa ogCgaqjjQggCqeQ
caa|g gC} aa}eggaaaa @jjqCa_ aa}gg|o _q}a
=Qjq_gga}a.

@ggao||o oaa C}Ca (q|eo o|aq) caa|g @gg|o
gaCjgg oa @.j Cgqao agaqo cQgg gqq|ajq @aag
@oC}o|a _ggaa jgg|a gq|}, aaoa, Cgga aa}, Caaoa gagj
jgg|a|a g_ jaa, g_ Cga}a g|ojj}jj @a|aq _aagag
j|}@ag qgajjq_gga. Cga}aaa _aagag @ggj jgg||o
qo|ggqgg aa Cgaaa aa} _ oogg gjga|} Cj}. @g|o
jg|Caa_ ogq|a|g Cj} _g}a. gg _ggaaCj_ _C}j|
goo|a.

Cgogg|o cg g|_j|aa@ goo|agaa. aag|o q|_ _ggaa
g}@C _}j|gaa. g_qaa qa_ qgaag _gagq|_jjj
jgg|a|oaqg @j_ ogg Caa|gga cagao a|aag. _q}a
_ggaaCj_ jo gaogagaaa gC}ajj| Cgoa|o qagggq}a.
@j_q|a o|aggg qqqaa @qq caa|g Cag|gaa gC}ajj|
_g}a_agg Cg}. |aa gaggg aaao QC CjojjQ,
_g|ggCjaq| g_ Cag| @g. goa jaqq|o o|a} caa|g g}
c_gga} Q @gg @qq Cag||o QC c_g|j jagCjggq}.
(_q}g @qq Cag|j jajja @a|oggag Cag|agg Cog
j}qoaaj|a _q_ag Cgajo j}aa a|aggg.) _q}a _agggaa
Cjo|aa}a.

g9a 1922- @eQ Cgoa|a ajj (o|e}u q
g|et qqos) jaooga @o|g|aa} Cga}jaa gag @gg|
g|qa}aq Cq||g. j|}a|a gega Caa}aaaaa
jaoog@ag g_ _g Cgogag g|gqg gg cgo| aa|a o|q|o,
g }aaaj jagaajjg caa|g g|ggag gjjgo qga|g.

@ggg g|qa}q|a jo j|aa|aejja, jaoog@ag oa}oa}aa
qggCaaeq_gg joCqg gaQaao Co}gg _g}a|a gq}aag |a
gaaa|}agaa gg}qag qgg je|a aqaaao Coga. q|oa
j|}oaa Cgaa| q|oa}aej j|}oaaa qa}, @_jj|j j|}oaaa
Cgaa|, gg|Caaj j|}oaaa qa} gagq|ao jqo|Q,
gqCqaagag g_ agg qg|a aggaaa o|ja}a Coga.

cooaC aeaQ q|aaQa. j|}a g_ gq Cogq|g
cagao ggq}a _jCjag caa Cogq| gq? o_}qaa,
a_ag j}ag Cag||o gag oggagg Cg}q|jjg gq|}, a_ag
Cqg cgg qg| @oao cajCg ea. _q}ag Cgaaa |ag
Cg|qaa @_ggg. caaa}e CaaeQ, jaoog@ag q_ _g}a
gQgg g|gggjja ag; _q}a jaooga gq}a Cjgqg|Coa,
_g qagqg|Coa cgga ggaaQ gqg|a qggq|aag.
_qqgaa.

Cj} Cj} Cgag|goaaoa|a qaooa|o aaao Cg}a|o g|ag
CaagoCg} Cqqaaa ja_a. g|ao} o| Cqaoa_aaaa qaoo|o
@ggaaeaaaaq}a aagg|_jja}a. g|C}ag g_ e|qag.
agaqg g|gjja}a. aagg|_jjq}a, aqaCqaoa
Coaqq}agaaa, _q}aao _ggj je|aao Cogqa,
gqaga caCgooa ja}aaaa}a. aagg|_ag _ggaa Cja}
C q|Qa agaq gqq|Qqa}a. g_qaao Co}ggaqg
Coggqggq|Qqa}a caa|g aeag.

a|gg _jjqggaa _aagag jaoog@ag _g}aa
_@g|ggaCaaeq_gga}a.

oa @.j Cgqao|a g|qa}q|o gC} g_ q|qgag Q
gg}qaa _ooao g_ Caa}aaaaa j|}a| Caq_gga}a.
_g, j|}a|a @o|g|aa}ggag j jaooga| g|ojj}jj|o
Cga}a gg||a a|gagj jgg|a|o Q _ga gq|_jjaa
g|gqaga Caago g|ggg|aqaa CqeQCajg.

Cga}a gg||a Cgga aa} gagg Cg}. Cqo Cja caCg
gg|jj|jjQ jaooga|j jgg|. a|gagaaa} cajg gg|ag _ggj
jaa. @aag Cga}a. _aagag _ggg q}aaoCga}a cag
Cj}. aa}ao| gggCaaeq_gg gaQ _g. oajCja}o
aa}aCooa aaeao Cjaq|, }a@q gaCg }agaqaa|q|,
Cga}@ j|}a|a _g|aa} coaoag qggq|q_ggg.

@aao gQq|o o|o _}o|o aa}eaa gaa|Q Cga}aag ga|gg
@ao Cooa cag gq Co, j|}@ _ggg Caaao
og|gg|_ggg. _jgooa caa|g Cga}aa| aa} eQ ga
gaoagg gaCa gqgqaCaaeQ _Ca @o||o aa}gga}.
Cga}a|a a|gagaaa}j jgg||o gaa cgg gqqaaaa
CgCaaq|oao cag j|}a gg}qag _|gg, Cgga aa}
ga@aggaa cajag __gggg|_ggaa cQggo Coaoo|, _Cg
@eQ Cojj} 11- Cgg| g_ aggg|aaa _@jj|g.

a|gag Cga}a, Cgg Cga}a cag g_ Coa}ggag _jCjag
Coaoo|aCaaea}a. @}eQ jaaa|@ @_ggq}a caaCqa
_C}j| goo|agaa. @aao _ggj jaa aa}ao|. @ggj jaa
j|}qq aaoa| @o|.

ea|o gaao agg| caa gaa|gg caCg _C}j|}a_ag
ggo|o j}q|oao. _q}a| o}aa gaoq}a _jCjag @oao.
g_ _ajjaag g|}eQ CjoCqa, gg g}ao Cq||Cqa
_q}a_agg Cg}q|oao.

Cao|ggj ja}ggao @ggaa _g|aa|oa g_ aa
@_gg|_ag cag q|aaao @_aagqag. _ggag o}gg|}
g_qg aggjjQ qgg|_aa|ga}a, jaooga| _C}j|}a.

g|o _q}a_ag. jagg|ag _q}a_ag. ee|a agg}a
caa|g Cj_ _q}a_ag. aa}a aaogg|o|_gg jaoogaaa
aajjggaaa CgCaajj _ggaa gga|@ _q}agaa
jCagg|_aa|ga}a. @aao ga aeCeg|C}C, gaaa
CaaaCoC Cgogg|a @}eagg}j j|}agaag ga aC}a
_g|q|jjag Cqqaaa ja}ggaCaaeq_gga}a!

cgg _g}a _Ca aaa}qaaa @_aa|ga}aCa, _Cg _g}a|a
Cgoaa jaooga ag|, Cga}qaaa _C}j|}a _q}a|a
aQjjaQag jQ gggaa Cqeq ggo!

oa|o CqCggg Cgog @jjqCa_ q|Caag Cg_aaqag
aag|oao. @jjqCa_ Cg_aaq _qaaCjag Coqggg caa
@_aa|gg cajg g Cg}ao a_ g|eaqg Cg_q|o
g|agg|oao!

gag|. ggg }jCja}} 6 C, 2006



48 o|aao|a Cj} @|o}

g|oCooa }gg - ja. }aaqa

@_jga @ggaeqa Cgaaa, _g}a_ag |a oagaaa
@_ggCjag|@ g_ gaa _oog g|a}jj Cjao, _QggQgg Cqgg|
Co Cqgg|aa _q}a_ag qgg gq|ggq|q|oao. oae g| gg
ogag q|gaaggaa q|g| @ aaqaCaaeq_ggg.


jaooga|o cjjq g_ _g Cgo _qaa|q|Q caa|g gj|aaaa
ggo oajCja}a @gg||o gaCjgg ojqa e}gg|aa@,
_jjq _qag Cgogg|o cggaa _g}a @_jja}a cag a}a@
ae|aa gqq|oao. Caa|o gC}ajj| _g}a|o aa} c_jgCgQ
ogqg Cj} jaoog@ag qggCo} caa qg| cag _jCjag
Cao|gga Caaeq_gga}a. _gggg Cgoa|a og|a, _q}q}
Cja_aga} g|aoa, ogg}jj ggg|aoa aa}e. gq|}, Cagg
@ggaa ooCj} cag g_ aeago Coaoo|q|gqagjq
gC}ajjaCqg gaag g|aggg j}q||_gga}a _q}a. jaooga|o
_aq|_ag _g Cgogg|a 'Caa cqq cajg _jCjag
goo|aag Cg}agooqa?

_gg qaa|o, caa @aa@ ja}ggaCaaoa cag jao.j}
j|}aa _g|q|aajjCaC jaoog@aga a|j| qgg _g}a
g_qaa|o _g|}qoao|a caggaa CoaooCqeQ. Cqg gj|aaa
gaag Q jggaCaaoaaj j|qggaCaaeQ qggq}a _q}a. jg|
Cgo, jg| ggg|ao, jg| @o| caga@ jag gj|aaa gag
_q}a_agj Cjagaagaa @_ggg.

cooa goojqaa gaaQ; _jjg a|j|jCjaaoa cag
aagg|_gg _g}a_agggaa o|aao gjQq|g.

o|aao|a Cj} @|o}. g_ q|qgag ggo|o Cg|jQgg|a
CaaeQq|CqeQ. @|o}ao Cg}aa| _g}a_ag QgaCa
j|}oaa gjg cag CCoaaaj ja}agCjag Cgaagoa.
@aao @|o}a gaQj|qag Cqaa|a q|aqaa, _q} jgq|ag
qgg gqo _aajaagg gC}ajj| gaQa _ggaaa aja}
Cogq} cajag gggq|aag.

ggo|o Cooaa @og|}a, CoaaoCoaqaaa|a, Cjaogg cag
@}j|ggq} Caa}a, ga}Cq, Cjog|, @aogg, j|}aao|o Caago,
_Ca|aq|o Caago cag a|gg jag|ag Cgj gC}ajjaaq
gaqojjQgg|q|q_gga}.

@|o_ag @}eQ oo|a @_gga. ggoaqg gC}ajja
g_qag @CqeQ cajg. @}eaqg, ga @o|ag j
@a|o Qaqg g_ _g_ @_aaa ag cajg.

@|o}a _g Cqgjjagj j|}gg|Caa aa}ea g a|aag. _q}
g_ o}aa @} Caajaq Caaeq}. @} Caajaq cagao,
@}}a QC @jj|gggq}a caa|g Caajaq. _go}, a}
@}}a?

@|o_ag @g|o ogCgaC @oao. _q}gaa @}}. Cg}aa|}a
_ggaa Cj_ @}}a. ca|o ggq}a cooa?

@}}a_ag cg|}a. _qqgaa. g}ggg q|q.

|ao o}aao CoaoqCgagao, 1988- @eQ Cg}a||a @o|
_g|aa}gag @|o} aajjgg|g|o|_gCg gC}ajj| _g}a_ago
oa|j|qggg. _gg q_ gaq} 80- Cgg| @|o}, Cg}a||a
gaoC_ggaa @aa}. _gg g|aC Cg}a||o _g}a_ag cg|}aa
gqqaaaa gQaa|q|jja.

@Cgooa @o|ag qggj|a g||Qo Cojj aa}a cag
Cj_jaoaCaa} g|aaggaCaaeq_jja}a. ea|o, @|o},
Cg}a||a @o| jgg|o _}qgggo aa} jgg _oog jaa|}eQ
@eQa_ag gaaC}, @agCooa CoCqeQ,
@jjqCooagaa CoCqeQ cag g||Q qa}jC ga}gg
aqggq|q_gga} aggag. gag g|a|a g_ jgg|ag ga
qagaaa q}oagaa 'C|a aa.j j|@ _q} c_g||_aa|ga}.

@aCq, jgq|Cgg gaeC _g}aa gg|a cag gg}q|Qqg|o
_q_ag cggq|gaa aooag gjq|oao.

@|o}a ao|ag Nat i onal soci al i st Ger man wor ker s par t y ' cag
Cj}. a_aaaa @gaa gag| caja}a. Cj}o Coaqo|o eC
gq|}, ga}gggg|o @|o_ag _Cgooa _qqqaaj j|qaaag. g_
oj|}ga a_g| Coaqo|o cag Cj}o Co}ggaCaaea}
Cjao|_aa|gg.

ao| caa|Cga. @o| caa|Cga. ea|o @|o}a gag|aao||o
@_gg _ggaa Cj_ @g gagCqa}aaggaa @_gga}a. ao|aa
_CqQgg, @o|aj j|qjjggg gajaaCq @|o_ag q|aqaoaaj
j|aaao qgg _qa ja|a j|_ae q|og}jj _g.

g|a _g|aa, g}, o Cjaagqgag _q}a cjCjag g_
Cja_aaa a_g|q}a _oo}. agaa, @|o} g} gg}q|ao
aqaa _ago CoojQggqg gaggaa _q}ag je|.

_ggaa gag|a, @|o} '_g}aa _g|a cag CoaaagC
_gg ggo gaC Cqaoa @}j|ggq|a}a.

@ggaaag Cg}aa| _g}a, qgCgg|aaaCq @_gga@ aa}
1600 q_j ja}j} Caaeq}a. _g}a gC}ajjaag ggo
ggo|o @Cj}gg Cjaa @a_ Cg}a| gag. caagaa
aggag jaooga ga Coagge caa|g cee @_gga@
gaogag gaogagaa Cg}a||CoC qagggq}a _q}a. Cg}a
Cao} aao qa}|@C j|}agaa j|}oaaa g|ag| _Ca
_q}aao qaggqgg|_aa|gg.

_g cg|}jj cajg cooa gC}ajj| Cgoa|@ cooaa aaoa|@
@_ggqggggaa. Cg}a||@ _g @_aaCq Cogg caga@ @|o}
aaogg|o _g Cjgg 'j}ea q}oo| _ggg ga CqCgg
cjCjag g|aggg|}agg.

ggo oajCja} o, Cg}aa| }a@qgg|o _g}a_aaaa
jajj|}Cq gag ga|aa @_ggg. jooa|}aaeaaaa Cg}aa|
_g}a g Cgoggaaaaj Cja}o jgCjgga}a. _q}a_ aa}
jaa|}ea|} _g}a gggg|o @gggCjaaq}a.

@jjqaa ja}j} Caae Cg}a _g}a, @|o}a _g|}q
_g|q|jaja CaQ |a jggCjaaa}a. caa Co _}a? o|o
@|} Cja}a Caao@. jo @|} Cja} gaQ agg. @g gag
jg|goo. cggaaCa gag ogg|gg j|}oaagaa cag @gag
_q}aao aa @_aa gqq|oao.

aa}e, @|o} gg _g cg|}jjj j|}oa}gaga gggaga||_gg
Cgaa||_gga}.

j| aeq}a|aC _ga gggagaa __Ca Co}aaag}a ca@
j|}oa} ggaggo|o @eqq|jjg. Cg}aa|a gggaga|a
j|o gQqg ja|gaa }gg. _g @} }gg. @aao _ga
gggaga|a o|o gQqg a|gg oaaaaago oaaaa }gg
cag ga @oajaaag Cgaa|aa} @|o}.

g_ _ga gggag|a __Ca __ Cg}aa|a gggagag q|ag|a
jqag cag @o|}}aao Coaoo|gg}jjg. g_ _gagggag
CaaeQ q_ eaq Cg}aa|a gggag e@aaao _ga Cgo
q|aqao aagjqggq|Q cag Cjag|aajjg.

j|a|o _gagggaga_ag ga| @_aaaa Cjajja.
_q}a_aCaag ga|C g_ gee} q} aqaajjg. _gg
q}aCa, oa|o| CjaQj j|aeaajj _ggg ga}Ca, gqg|
g_ Cg}aa|a gggag CgaQq|aag. Cgaao gQ
gqaCaaeQq|Q cag Coaoojjg.

@Cgooa @|o} @o|ag qgg g_ qa} aaoggag _@ag qgg
oa. Cga}gg, Cg}aa|a gggaga qgjaj gqggq|Qo
Coagj|gggaa _gagggaga_agj jaa Cgag cag
ogg|_gg Cojjg. _ga gggaga jqag j|a|o j|@
Cg}aa|a gggaga g|ao} qQagj Cjaag qaoo|CoC ga
@aaaa aaggq|Q C Cjaag Cqg @a _e|CqeQ
cag CjgCga} Coao@ _agj j|ga a|o j|}q|aa |a
@gaa agjjg.

oa|o gag @a|ogaa @ag|}aa @g|aa gag||a}a
_aaoa o}gg|}gg|o gaoq|}gg @q|_aa|aga. ggoaqg,
jgCgaajga @ggaeqa gg| aao qa} a_jj}a_ag cg|}aa
_C}aa}a g|aggg| CaaQaa. @}eaqg, @_jga @ggaeq@
go|gga_ag cg|}aa }gag| @|ggaa @gg|aq|o g|aggg|
aa}a. gagaqg Cg}a||o _g}a_ag cg|}aa gag|aa Cogaq.

@qgg ggo @}eQ @a|@ jQCaaaoa a|aag. _oog
q|}o q|Q ceeaq _ag |ao Coagj. Cg}a||o _g |a
_g|a. _g gaggaa q|gg|ao.

@|o} @o||o _g}aa 'aqa|aa CqaCg @}eQ o|gjjjjaa
gjQggjja. gag, Gest apo ' cag _agaajj }ao| aaqoja.
@}eaqg, SS ' cag _agaajj, a_jj _a|.ja} _e|gg
jagaajjjja|a}.

@gg @}eQ jaa_ag @|o} o|o aggg|}a qga||_gga}.
_q}a aa} CqeQaaa@ qa}e @ooao aag Cooa.
gggjjgg|}aa gaaao Coao cggaa aao CqeQaaa@
o|ag|o _agg aqgg|_aaoa. q|oa}ae|o 'ea
q}qagjjgaCja_Q cggq|gaa gaaggo gqqaaaa
CgCaaoa. @gg|aa a_ag jg|o CoaooCqeq
_qo||ooao, cgg q|oa}aea aag|a Caaao Cooa.

@gg @_ ja|a_ag @_gg gC} g_ g|jggaa, _q}a
Cg}aa|} aa} aag Coaag cajggaa!

@|o} jgq|ag qgg o}aa gjgCggaqg ga @gg @_ jaa_
g je|ag Cgaa|a. aee|o Cgaj _g}a _ggaa Cja}
@q}a aag Co @}j|gga}a. aagaga aa}e Coaoo Cqeq
_qo| @oao. aa}e Caao, _gg @gg|CoC g|gaaqggo
aQq|Qqa}a. q|oa}aeagj Cjaaao |} @a@ o|o g|aa
j|agaaoa, _qqgaa.

_aagag Cg}a||o qo|gg qgg _g}a|a Cagg cee|aaa aa}
jgg oo Cj}. (@|o} j|aaao jaCQggo Co}ag Cgoa|o
qo|gg qgg _g}a|a cee|aaaa Co}ggao Caaqa Cg_g.)
_q}a_ aa} ggg oo Cj} cjjqCa gjj|jj|aggg q|a}a.
@|o} jgq|ag qgg |ao o|o g|aa|CoC jgg|oao|ggaaa,
_ajjqgag Q cQggaCaaeQ Cgogag q|Q _ag|aaa
Cq|Cg| gg jo gaQa_agj Cjaq|a}a.

|oo|_gg gggoo Cj}gaa aqaCaaea}a.

gag|. ggg }jCja}} 8 C, 2006






49 @|o}a _g Cqgjj

g|oCooa }gg - ja. }aaqa

@}ea oa gg Cgagqgggo o}aa @g q_a gaj
Cg}a||a @o| _g|aa}gag @|o} j|qgga}. (@|o}a Cjaogg
jaCQjjgaa @}ea oa gggg|a Cgaaa. @g gggg
Cojj} 1, 1989. @|o} jgq|ag qggg 1988- q_ @gg||o.)

_ag ggo ogago oa| j|qggg g_ jaa cagao, Cg}aa|
_g}a_ag _ga gq|} |a _g|aaa @_ggg. jgq|ag qgg ggo
o|o g|aa|CoC @|o}a Cgaaag g}aag caa cajg g}
Cg|qaaCq Cg}qggq|g cagCjag, _q}g g|a|a
g_jj}ae _g}a_agj j} @g aga j|qgga.

_gg @gaqg ag _g gggg. _gqa} j|a|o _gagggaga
gaa Cqgjj q}jjag g_ Coog|aao CogCaaeq_gg
gag|a, _jCjag|o|_gg _gagggaga a_ j|a_ago Coag
jqaaaag cag gg}q|a}a. @gg _g|q|jj Cq|aa g}_
g|aa|CoC @g ao@}a_ag joaaoaagaa_ag j
Cja_gg cag @|o} _g|q|gga}.

_g}a_ag caa CoqCgag j}q|oao. q|g|a CgaggCaaeQ,
qqCoC ga gggaga_agj ja Coaoo|aCaaQaag
Cgaa|aa}a.

_q}a goa q|Qqggga @|o} _qaao CaaQaaq|oao. _Qgg
_g|q|jj Ca qggg. Cg}a||a cgg _}a _@qoagg|@
_g}a_ag @a| Cqao @oao. gq|}, _g _ggq}a, _g
qgaag|g}a, _g Cjag||o qo@g}a aa} a_ Cqaoag
aqggaCaaaag.

@g Qoo. Cjag go _ajja, oaa, a|qa cgqaaa@
_g gjj|a}a Cq ag. _a|a cag _q}a o|gg|aaaa
ag. ga@ _g}a q g_ aaa|o Cjo|aao a aag
Cogq|Qqa}a. @agCooa q|a CaaQa, Cg}a||o @a|qgg
o aggCga_aaaa _ajjaa _ag Cj_ja@ _g}agaa
ggg| qgga}a. aeja}aqgCga_aaaa j|aa,
qaCjogqag aag CaaaCga_aaaa j|a, Cjao|Caqao
jag|aajj o|gq}a_aaaa gqag aa cag }aaa
_ajjaa g|gq| Coaqagg| qgga}a.

aa}e g Coaooao @gg _ajja _aagg|o|_gg _g}a
aqaa q|oaCqeQ cag _g|q|ggg @|o}a _}a.

1986- q_ _g}a_ag cg|}aa @ggaa gqqaaaaa
o_}qaaCq _g|q|ggq|a} @|o}. g|_C}Cj}a oa
(Nur ember g Laws) cag _agaajj _ggo ojj|}g|a
Coao@qagCooa g_ q}|o a_aa|o CoaoqCgagao, Cg}a||o
_g}aa @_jCja} _ggaaCj_ @}eagg}a gqaaC. _q}a
cggaa gaogagaaa _Ca qagggq_jq}aaa @_gga@ o},
cggq|gaa }aa_ _q}a_aga a|aag. geggaagq}aaa
QC _q}a gggjjQqa}a.

@agq| gaa|aa q|q caaCqagao, a} _g} cajggg
@|o} g_ q|aa CaaQgg|_gga}. g|C}ag a|g|ogqggag g
ag|q|q}aaCooa _q} aa|aag ga}aa @oao. qogg|o
a}aqg g_ Caa_ggagga, c_ggagga _g}aa @_ggao ,
_q}g qg|gCgaagoa _g}aaggaa a_gjjQqa}a cag @|o}
Coaaaa}.

o qa}a|o @|o} gaCa aaC_gg|a}. aaqo gag|a_ag
g_ _g|aa} qgajjg. cgg _ga} aaqo}a caa
CqeQaaa@ Cooa. cjjq CqeQaaa@ gggoa. caa
geaa CqeQaaa@ g}oa. q|oa}aeagj Cjaga|oaoa?
aqaoC Cqea. Caaagq|oa. Caaaoa_aga aeaga
aaCqeQCaa|g _qo| @oao. @gggq}aa Q jgg|}aa
jaggg _oog c}ggq| CqeQ. gaqo _gaqo|aa
Cgaaa|_|a j}q|q|aag ja_a!

@jjqCa_ aaao| @}jaag Cg}aa|a aaqo}a
Cao|gga}a. @|o_ag ogCgaq g_jq gggCaaqCgagao,
_q} aqaggagj Cjagq|ggg|o _qqjCjag a}aqg g_ gaa|aa
_ga}a Caaagq|Qqggaa gC} qg| cag gq Coga}a. jgg _ja
_oqaoaaaa g_ ga q|Qjjaaaa @}eQ e| Cg}
j}|q@aaaa _q}a _g}aaa Caaag|_aa|ga}a. _jjqa
Caao@Cjag, Cajg a|aaa|gg cajggaa @ggaaa gC} aa}e.

@}jgg|o gag @}eaa, jgg @_jgaa @}j|gg @ggj
jQCaaaoa, ga CjaajCjaa @ggaaeaa|o Cj_ag Cgaa|g
_g}aao o|ag aqjjggaaa _q}aaa CaaQaj
jQggqggaaaCaCg Cao|gg o|o j|}gg|Cao o|agaaa @|o}
aaqgga}. @qgag concent r at i on camps caja}a.

oa o}gg|}gg|o Cqg cgg Cgogg|@ cgga aaogg|@ ggg|}ag
CaaQaa a @ggo o|agaa|o @|o} aaogg|o ggCgg|a.
Caq|jjQCjaCg }ggaaee} q}qagag CaaQaa _aq.

ggo|o a_a|oQaa q|oa}jjggaaaa ajj o|agaa
caggaa @aq ogagg Cg}qgga. @|o}a a_a|o Cqgjj
_q}g _g Cqgjajj CjaaCg j|}o|gg| Cjggg. (a_a|o }qaaq
gg|ggaaCqeQCajggaa _q}g qagga Cgaaaaa @_ggg.
_g|}qqoaa oajCja} o _q} }qaq|o|_gg j|aqaaCqeq
q}Cq, Coaq|g _a|a gjj|g.) @aCq Cg}a||o
a_a|oQa _ggaaCja} gg|ggaaQqggaaaggaa @gg o|gjjo
o|agaa ajjq_aa|aga cag oa g|aaggg.

@aao @|o} aa}Cooa CqgggaC}a, _q}a _ggaa Cj_
_ggo o|agaa_ag q}Cqeq|_ggg. a_a|oQa, _g}a,
Cgag|goaqag|a, Coaqo|oQa, jag|}a}a cag ja}ggjja}gg
_Ca qaCaaeQ Cjaaa}a.

_ggo o|gjjo o|agaaaj jgg|o CoaooCqeQ. @_aggq|}
CqCgaag|ooag aaaa} aaQa _aq. aagg a|aag. gee}
a|aag. e a|aag. q|qj _oo|a_ _}aaa_ Cga_
jaja_ aggg|}aa }gg Coo@. q|oa}aea aag|aaj
Cj_ja@ g|}qaeaaggaa aqgg|_jja}a. Caag|ag g}o
@aa|jCjaQqg Cgaa|, g|gaaqggo aQqg, o gjjaa
gqCqaagaa Cqqj CjaQqg, o| CaaeQ Cjg ggg|a ggg|
}gg CoaoCoa g|o @Q qaQqg, q|q o|a CjaQqg, }
gjja|o gaagqg, qaje}oo| Caaqg cag g_}gg|a ooa
Cq|jjaQa _}Cag| j|}agg| _g.

q|oa}aea aag|aa Cq||o|_gg a_ qgg ja}aa gqag.
_q}aa cjCjag gg|agggag _agggo Cooqa}a cajag
Coaooaa}a. g|C}ag g_ gj} g_ ga_ag Co qQ
g|_jag|_ggao, agagg Cggg|aCaaeQ _q_aga aa}
Cogq|Cqeqggaa cag Cg}aa| _g}a gqag q_
_ag g|aoa |a Caoaa|aCaaeq_ggg.

@|o} @o||a ggo gggaeQa|o @ggo o|gg|}qagaa|o
aa} ce@g _g}a_ @|}gg| ga@g a_a|oQa_
Caaoojja}a cag g_ aeag @_aa|gg.

@aao 1988 a}o ag _q} @og|}aaq _ja}ggaCaae j|gg,
@|o}a _g|aa} coaoag j j|}agg|gg|o qo|ag _g}a|a
cee|aaa gjCjag g_ oogg cejgaggga|}aa }ggq|Cq,
@a@ }aaa o|gg|}qagaaa c_jj|, @a@
@|}aaeaa|o _g}aaa aag CoCqeq '_qo| gag|aa_ag
_qaa|q|g.

@|o}a @og|}j jaCQjj ggg gqgg @_jgaqg ga|o
Q @og|}aq|o aa} gg@g _g}a Caaoojja}a. gC}
ga|o ggg @oojq gQCagg _ggogag gaogQao
Cogq|g. _g gogag Qoo. joCqg oagaQa_ @|oa}j
ja}gg jjjg Cgaa|ga @ga}a aa}e @ggaa.

_q}g gaQ j|qag Cqaaaa aaq@ @gg _g Cqgjj |ag
gq|}aa @_jjaga aeQ Cqgjjgg ggo Cgo j|}a.

j}gajgg|a Cj}o j|}a aa} gagjga|} Cg}aa| _g}aa
_ag|aaa ggaCaaqgaa _g|q|ggg. C@ aa} @_jga|}
@og|} _g}a_ @ga go j|}@ag |}gjj|j Cjaagqggg.
@gg _gjga|} _g}a gq|}, jgga|} _ga gggagaa
j|}gg|Caaa j|}a ggCgQgg, _q}a|a cg|}aaoggagj
CjagjCjggaCaaqgaa _g|q|ggg. (@jjq _gaagaaa Cg}a| -
@og|}aq|o|_gg j|}@agj CjaoCo}gg jooa|}aaeaaaa
_g}a_ a}aaC} gao}a CjgCga_ _aa. j|aaa|o
j|}a|a j|}g}aaCq @a gao}!)

@gg @jCj}oo||o jooa|}aaeaaaa CjgCga}, g gggagaaj
j|}gg ga|gg qagCqeq|_ggg. gggaga Qaqg j|agaaQC
cag _q}aa j|}@ag _@jj| Cg}aa|j CjgCga}aaj j|gg
ga|C gag|a 'aqa|gg _q}a_ag }egeaa _|ggq|a}a!

@}jgg|o @ggaaeaa|o @_gg @gg @ajjQCaaaoa, @|o}a
aeaa|o gqCqa_ gaaao Co}oCo}, @|}aa ooaa
CgagCgaa|g. @|o} g_ Cgogg|a g jaCQgga} cagao,
_g _}ooo; _g}agaa ggo|o _og|aa}a. cjjaQjaqg
@|o} cqjja}aa gqag gaqg g}ggagj Cjaq|aCaa
cag a|a agg|aa}a.

g|ao} @ggaaeaaaa _g}a g|_Qggaaag g Cgogagq|Q
coao gaeq Cq|C Cjaqg qgaaaa|q|g. @g ggj|g
Cgoa_ag |ajCj} j|}oaaaa|j Cjaag. _q}aao, _g}aa
q}ag}a cag Coaoogqq|oao; q_jq}aa aqggaCaaeQ
j}a}aa gqq|oao. Caa|o _ggaa gC}ajj| Cgoa_C
_aagag gggg|a g} _aaa q|a|a. coCoa_ coCoaa}
_qggaCaaeq_gga}a. g_ jaa @|o} ao|. @aCaa_ jaa
j|}a ao|.

j|}a|a _e||o @_gg Cgoa _g}a q|qgg|o gqCqQaa
|a g|eg|aCaaeq_gga. o}gg|}gg|a jag jaaa|o, _q}a_
_g}aaa CaaQajjQgg|q}aaaCq @_ggggaa aa}e.
j}gajjjQ _g}aa C q|ao, gaaag _q}aao gag
caCaaa j|}oaaa q_Ca caa|g _oo _ggaa gC}ajj|
Cgoa_ag @_ggg.

cjjqaqg gjj|gg jaoog@ag gqq|CqeQ cajggaa _ggaa
_g}a|a ceeg.

@aao cjjqg gjj|jjg?

_q}a cjjq Cao|jja}a cajag gaqC @|o}
Cao|ggaqgg|_gga}. @aCq _q} g_ aa} Coga}. cgCggg
Cgogaga aajjgga|gaC}a, _gggg Cgoa|a coaoaa ggo|o
go Coaaaa}. Cg}a||a coaoa_ gjja. q@qaa
jagaajj gjaQa CgoCg Cojjg. _g}oo; g_ Caaa
coao gaeq Cq|C Cjaagqagjqag jagaajj gjaQaaj
jojjQgg|q|Q @|o} o|}gga}.

_ggo o|}jjag, aeae gqaCaaeQ Caao@a cag _}gg.

gag|. ggg }jCja}} 12 C, 2006





60 @|o}ao _g|aajj _g}a

g|oCooa }gg - ja. }aaqa

@|o}a _g Cqgjj _oog _g @a gg|jjg g| cggaag
cajag cggaa jaaa q_e|gga@, _ga g_ q}gga
j}ggCaaqg aq. @|o}a aaogg|o Cg}a||o qagggq}aaa
@_ggao QC _g j}. _g g}agggaa. @|o} aaogg
Cg}aa| _g}a_ag QC Cg}gg Cja _g. g_ _ga} ggo
gagaaj ja}agCjaCg, _q} j|eaa @_ggao cjjq|_jja} cag
o|gg|aag Cgaa|q|Qa|g aa @_ggg gag|aao|. Cjea,
gggaga, gg|q}a, oagaaa}a cag cgg q|gaa _q}a
j|}ggj ja}aa q|_jq|oao. _g} caa|g g} _aa Cjagaagaa
@_gg|_aa|gg.

gjjaaa|ao aQqg, agg|ao _a _aaa CqqCQgga
Caaoqg, @ao @aoaa CjC}ao gg|j jggaqgg Cqqaaa
ja}jjg, Caag|ag Cqgg}g Cgaqa|o CjaQ, o
Cjaaa|jCjaqag }o|jjg, q|qqa _aga|o aa
g|}qaejjQgg| g|gaaqgg, goagg|eg| gqCqa_q}aa q|_qagj
ja}gg a|gqg, o|g j|CQ _oog }j CaaeQ Co Cgao
g_qag _ggg, }gCgQjjg cag cggaa q|gaa g_}a
oagg|Ca, _ggaaa _q}a _g}a|ag j|}Caa|gga}a.

cgC jg|qaaag Caaaoa. Caaagg _aagg aaqogag|a}
cajgao gg|aga_ag Cqao|ooao Cjaq|g. _oog '@aaa}
aaeq|oao cag aaqogag|a} gqCqa_ _g_ag qgg @gg|o
oaag|g_ag gjjgo g_ Cqaoa Q gg|aga Cogqgga.

1989 Cojj_ag gajqa} _gj jQCaaaoa g_
oj|}gaggaaaa, }ao|aa CgCaajja. _gaqg aag Cog
o|gg|}qaga a_ag _agggo Coag Caaao Coga}a. '@a,
CaaaCga, _ggCaaa? cag Cg}qaaa Caaao, aaeao
Cjaaq}a jqo|o Co}ggaCaaeq_gga}a. (_jCjag jo _g}a
g|_Qggaaa Cgogag q|Q Cq|Cg|, _ag|aaaj jo gaQa_agj
CjaaCaaeq_gggao, gaa Caao@ _g}aa aojaa _jjqa
aaeao Cjaaq}a|a jqo|o gag|aao Co}aa gqggg.)

@aao cjCjag Cg}a|, Cjaogg|a g jaCQggCga (Cojj}
1989), _jCjag|o|_gg @gg qgaa _qCaQ ag|q|g. cjjq
@|o}gaa gQCagg gC}ajjaaq @jCjaa|gq} caa|g
g}aagg|o, Coa|g Caaaoaa ja|}aaaCq Cooa cag
Cg}aa| aaqogag gq Cogq|g.

@gaj|gg _q}a q|oa}aeag cag cgg _ga} ga|C _agggo
Cooqag q|Qq|a}a. Cja_g q|qggg CgC} gaqg g_ _ga
aaoa|agj Cjaqa}a. _oog _g Cgqaoggago Cooqa}a. aee|o
CgajQ gj}a| 'ga _g}gaCa? cag Caja}a.

cgg _g_ gaaa g_ _g}oo} cag Coaooaa}. |C}
Cjaaa@ _q} qa|o|_gg _jjq_ qa}gag q}ag.

@aCq, _q} gaoaQqa}. _qqgaa. _jjqC CjaCaag
Cjao CaaQjjg Cjao g|gao Coaoo|q|Q @}eq j|aaao Cja
aQo oaggq|Q _Qggq} Cjaq|Qqa}a.

@g|o g_ Coao |aaC @oao. @jjqggaa ggggaa _ggaa
Cgagg| o}gg|} @o|}}a_ q_e|gg|_aa|ga}a. qQa,
Cgqaoa, q}gga g|aoa, _@qoaa cag cCaooa
_g}a @_aa|ga}aCa, _Caooa @|o}a o|jja|a} Cjao
Cooj aaqogag|a} Coag, CaaggaCaaggaaa Caaag
oaggaCaaeq_gga}a.

caaa a Caaoa|g}a? gaa caa gqg CoCga? cag
@gjjggg ga Cj}o|a ga}gg _g} g_q} Caggg, @|o}a
aaqo} g_q} Coaaa jg|o.

ga Caaaoagggqa|aa @_ggao aa|ggq|oa. _g}aa
_ooqa @_aa|g}a! Cqg qg|C @oao. @gggq|Qa .

@|o}a Cjaoggj jaCQjj gggCaaeq_gg ggo qa}gg|o
Q Cagg jgga|} _g}a Cg}a||o Caaoojja}a. Caaao
Cojj _ggaa Cja} @aaCa o|g o|g gaga Cjao
gq|ggaqgg Caggaa c}ggq|g aaqogag. @g|o aa}
@}ea|} Cjea_ ga@gagjg gggaga_ _aa.

Cjaogag @|o} gaqojjQgg|q| Cog| a|agg gaeC C@
gg@g _g}a Caaoojja}a. g }o gaqg ogCgaqaa
aa} gaa|gCgagao jaa CqqjCja _ooqa? _gg ag|}
_Ca a|goo|aa CaaeaQqCgagao _g}aaa CaaooCqeQ
cajg g_ 'aoaoa}aa @_ggg!

@ggaaag, |}j|agjjggaaa Cjaogg|a Cgg coao|o|_gg
(Cgg Cjaogagggaa _jCjag @|o} Cqag|_gga}.) a|gag
coaoag |a}a aa|o j|qggaCaaeQ gq _g}a _q}a.
_q}a gq jaagCg @_gg aa|a aqa|o aagg|_gg
gag|jja, a|C Cg_gCjag aQ qggg|aa}a. Cjaogg|a
oaaoaCg }gga ga @|a. Cqaggaa Cjao @aaCa
a|g oa o|gg|aa|gga. Cg_gqggg jggCaaeQ gaa_
g}a_ qo@ga_ _ggj j|}Cgoggag gagq|oao cag
c_ga|ga}a jo o}gg|} @o|}}a.

cjjqaqg Coaq|g _a|@ag gagggq| CqeQCajggaa
_jCjag Cjaoggqag _g}a_ag @_gg gC} oo|. gqCqa_
_qaa }ao|aa cQggaqgg _q}a Coaq|g _a|aa Cgaaa|ggaa
_jCjag gaCag|aCaaeq_gga}a. @|o}, }qaag aaCoQgg
aqjjg aq cajg _q}a|a gj|aaa. _ggaa oaa|} _q}ao
}qaq|a Cgooa jaCQaa gqag cag _q}a g|aagga}a.
}qaq|a aaog|ao, }a@qjo | jo aa}ea _ggg
@_gga. @aao Cjaogg _g}aa }qa agqgg ggaCaa_a
cajg Caq|agg|aaCq @_ggg.

oq|C}agaaqaqg }q coaoa _aggq|ao j|}oaa|oao;
}qo o|agooaaoa|o cgo| aaogaga ag|aa Cg}gga@
j}qa|oao; |} j|aggg|_ggao Cjag cag g|aagga}a.
coaoaa aaa o|o CgeQa|a gq|aa Caa}q|Q qQa_ag
jga||_gga}a Cjaogg _g}a.

@agg|gg @|o}a ja, aqaa Cjaogg g_qg @aaCa
gagaao|a o|gg|}qaga aa g|gq|, C q|qa a|_|aa
q|q qaaq j}jj| aqggq|Q, _aagg _ga gq|_jja|a g
gaaggaog Cgaa|g. |}gjj| gqq_Cqa} _aaqa},
aagg|_ag @|o}a ja|a} aagCog aqaa _ggg
gagaao|aa a_ag _aggq|Qqa}a.

@ggaaeaaaCaa} @jjq jo|aa||_aa|ga}a. o|o @|}Cj}
qagga g_qg g}ag o_, @_g, ga}}o Cgaa|aaa ag|
_qoaga_a qaggg qgg|_aa|ga}a.

j}o 1940-o @|o}, Caa}aaa ga}Cqaq aajjgg|aa}.
o}aa g_ q_gg|o j|}aao, Cjog|, @aogag qojjQgg|aa}.
_ggaQgg q_ a|}ao _Caaooaq|aaq q|_a|aa}.

@jjqa aajjggjj Cgoa|o cooa @|o}a j|}g|g|g|a
aqaa @g Cgaa|aa}a. @o|ag qgg ggo Cqaoaa
_q}a Cogg, _gggg Cgogg|o @_gg _g}a _ggaaCja}
_|aCaaeQCja o|gg|}qaga a|o CaaQqg!

o|gg|}qaga a|o, gg 'gag aaaaa aagg|_ag _g}a|a
jaQgaa |a j}gaj. q|gaqj Cja_g|o Caaag qo|q|ao qo|
@_aaag. @aao, Caaaoaa} @gg|}a|a cg|C} q}ao|o g
Cja}o Coaoo| _agjjggaaa _q}a jo qa}a, aga
aagg|_aa Cqeq|_gg|_aa|gg!

_jjqa aagg|_ag g|aa|o _q}a_ag e g}jjaag.
gqjjggg g_ cjCjagaqg a|aggao eQ. @ooaq|ao
_g @oao. g_ g|}qaeaa qa}aaeaa|o q}ao|o g|agCaaeC
@_aaCqeQ. a_ ga}gg jqjjqaa gaCag| _q}a|a gag
q_Cjag, @gjjag g|aagg _q}a g} g|g|C _aqa}a
_ooqa!

cgga aaogg|@, cgg q|ggg|@ g|aC Coaoogqag
@ajjQCaaao _g. gQCagg a@ gogg|a g_}ajaq q|aq_j
cQgg gagaag g|}eQ g_ _q Cjgaaao, _gg _qggag
@|o} cag Cj}. @jjq g_ a|ga qagggaaa cag g|aaggj
ja}aaa gqag. @|oa}j jgg|, @|o} aaogga CaaQaa
gg|gg ga Caq|jjQa|g, gaga a|aaa|g gaqoa _aaggC
gC}oaoqa} gagjaQaqgaa. @ggaa oo jQCaaaoa
Cq|C Cg}gg|_aa|agaCqagao, Cg}ag Caaaoa @a@ eQ.
_q}, }ao|a|a j}j|ga. Cqgjj|a goaa. g_}gg|a
oojo.

@aagagj jgg gaa gaa}, @|o_aga aao| g|aa|o,
}ao| _ag|o _ggq ja}gg g}o cag g_ Cgae@g qgj
Cjee| ggo gagaa @jCjag qag|ggg|_jjagj ja}gCga.
jaggg gaa}a ag|}, _g g_ jaggg _gaa}a. CgaegCgae
qggCaaeCgaa @_ag.

@aq g_ jg @_aa, 22 g9a 1941- @eQ @|o}a ja
Coaq|g _a|@ag gagggg. }a@q g_ jaa Coaq|g
_a|@ag gag CjaCg, _ga Caaaoa_aaaa g||aajjq_gg
aaqoja|a} }qaq|a a|gagj jaa coaoCa} @_gg _g
gaaa_ag aaoa|a_ag jaCQgga.

o}aa gag qa}a. _gg gag qa} aaoggag Cagg aa}
gjgaggga|} _g}aa _q}a Caaaggq|gga}a. _ggaaCj_
_ag|aaa _Ca qgg ga||_ggq}a. oa o}gg|}gg|o a, oa
gggg|o gag qa}a|o @ggaa Cja} g_Cjag Caaagg|oao.
a_ gjj|aa gqao agg|qagg, aeae gqaCaaeQ gaCooa
aQaCaaeC @_gga}a. @ea, Cjea, gggaga, gg|q}a,
Cgaa|a cag ja}aaCq|oao. aeae gqaCaaeQ cagao,
g|gaaCq aeae gqaCaaeQ! g_gaaaga gagggg ga|}
Cja}a Caaoqg cag Coog| CjaQaCaaeQ Caaaga}a.
Caaag gq|gg j|ea|a Cg g| g|ag C@ aa}a. _g
Cjagao, qQa|o|_gg aaag g}g}Cqag @_ggqgg g_ Cj}
gg| Cqq C Caggaag g|, agg| CCo g|ag aa}a.
Cqg|aao, aojjaagaa q}aga|o gg| qgg _gga gg|a|o
qo|Cg|gg Caaaga}a. gggaga ga|aaa a|aggao _q}a_aga
g@aoaa|q|Q. @aa| C} q|o|g|Cg|gg, aCg q|_qggg CgQ
gag aa}a.

gagqa}j jQCaaao cag o}gg|} q_e|ag @gga Caa} gaeq
ggggqgg o}aa cQ g|aagaa _q}a g
cQggaCaaea}a. eQ @}j|ggq|a}a. _Qgg g_ qa}gg|o
@aCaa_ gajga|} Cj}!

CaaooaCaaoo _g}a gaggaCaaeC @_aa|ga}aC caa|g aQjj,
Cg}aa| aaqogag|a_ag. g_ aaqo}, }q coao|o @_gg,
Cj}o|a|o @_gg ga a@ag @jjq_ aqg c_g||_aa|ga}.

'aCa, cggaa @|} Cja}a Caaaga@ _g}a gogag
g_qgaa caao _g|aagqq|oao. @aCq, Cg}a||a _Qgg
gaogag|a}a 'goa a_g|, _gj Cjeaa aqa|jjggaaa gg
Cgg j|}o|Ce gaqg o|gjjgg| _g|gajjQgg|aaogaa goog .

gag|. ggg }jCja}} 16 C, 2006



61 @|o}a q|qqa Caaaoaa

g|oCooa }gg - ja. }aaqa

ggaggo|o @|oa} ogCgaqjjQggqggaaaggaa gag|a, _g}aaa
Caaoo @}j|gga}a. j|gg, _g gg|jj cajg Cg}aa| _}o|a
gaoa Coog|a_ gagaaCjag, ja}ag @a|o CgajQ
_ggaa _g}aa Caaaga}a. g_ agg|o, @|o}a ogCgaq,
Cgo| Coog| cajagCooa gaeq, _g}aaa CaaoqCgajg,
Cg}aa| gag|a_ag g_ Cga CjaoCq @a|q|g. }gggg|o
aoggq| CgaggCga. Cja_g q|qgg Cja_gCjaaao, @aagag
cggaa Cja}a Caaoqg cag aqaoa o|gg|aag Cgaa|q|Qa|g
_aga CaaaoCqg| _q}aag g|agCaaeq_ggg.

@gg Cqg||a ooa Cq|jjaQ, @|o}a Cjaogg jaCQjajg
Cga}gg gaoq|}gg @gCgaa|g.

@aaCa o|o @g Cj}, @|} Cj} cag g|gaaqggo aQaCaaoqg,
gag|a_ag _@ggq|g. Caaooggaa Cjaa|Cga; gaqg jgaaa
Cao|gg _ag aoa_}qaao CooaC cag o|gg|aag
Cgaa|aa}a.

8 qoj}, 1941- @eQ _g gggg. Cg}a }a@q aajjgg|
Cjaogg|a coaoCa} a|}a gag|o @_gg aaa Cq|Cgg|q|Q
qQaaCooa @qggg g|, g_ Cj} }a a}gaga
aqaa}a. gC} ogg|o aa} @ga|} Cj} qa} _gg } qqo
qo|aaoa. _ggaa Cj} a.

aQaajje| gaag g|aa_ag ggggqggq|g. cooa ga}
cag @ag, agg| @_gg aa} cQ a|}aa_agj Cja
_Caooa qo|ggaCaaeq_gg aa} gaaaa|}gg gg@g _g}aaa
aag Cog _aggg qgg _gg } qq@ _agga}a.

goaq|a aagg gaggqagjq ajjq_gg Caaaoaa _g.
gaag jga|@ goa gC} g_ q qqq ga QC @_ggg.
_gg gaa|a qg|C Cj} ajjaoa gag C Coo@jq
_aaajjg. gjj|aa qg|Cg @oao cajag gg|CogCaaeQ,
_gga ggaa|a qg|C q|qqaaq C Co@ggg
Cgaa|aa}a.

_ggaa Cj} Caaaoaa g_qg @eQ @Qag q|ao q|qqa
g|agqgggo o}aa gaag g|aa j|qgga.

C g_||_gg gaaaa|}gg gg@g _g}a_ gqCqa_q}aa goag
g|eg|, goag}o c_jj|, Cogg q|_qag Cq||o|_gg }o|gga
Cajq Cg}aa|a aaqogag|a} gqgg a|gggCaaeq_gga}a.
C _aaajjq}a_ g_q} |_a @oao cajg
Cg}ggj|gggaa _q}a agaqg g|ggga}a. (ag g|gaajjCjag
Cq|Cg| q|qjjaa|o _g}ooag o|o Cjaogg a|}aqao|a_
qggCjaaa}a.)

@jjq _aggaqgg _@ _@qaaa Caaoqg |a aojaa
aqa}o|aa @_aa|gCg cag cee| Cg}aa| aaqogag|a},
@a@ gaoa|} Cja}j j|qggqa cag g_ ga|jjaa Cqg gaag
a|}aa_ag Ca _@jj|aa}a.

_gga Caaaoaggag CoCaa (Chel mno) cag Cj}. ggo
gaoa|} Cj} _Ca }eagg g_ qa} aaoggag _Qgg
jgga|} _g}a _g@C _aaajjQ q|qjjaaag jo|aaa}a.
g_ o|g j|o|g @ooao _g}aa @gg gag|o Caaoogqa|gg
caa|g gaqao, Cg}a||a _ggaa aaqo _g|aa}a_ag
aqaag Cg}q|jjggaaa g_ agaQ qaa}a. Cj}o|a|o
gaCjgg _gg agaqa @gg||o g_ g}aa g|agCqggjjg.

_gajq, cCaooa @|o}a }a@q Cqgg| qaaa gqjq
CjaaCaaeq_aa|gCga, _Caooa aqaa g_ Cao Coj}
aqq|Qqg. jgagqgga Cjaqgggga qaj Cj_aa|,
Cqaqgg agg Coqg Cjao, gqCqa_ Cgogg|@
_ggaa _g}aa _gga Caaaoaaggaga CaaeQCja
Caaggaaa Caaagq|Qqg.

@ggg g| Q g_aaa gggq|Qa|g jogg|o g}_ q_a|o
gC}ajjaq|o g_ _g} |_a @_aagqag cag aeagj
CjaQ Cqaoa @}j|gga}a. _ggg gaaao gqCqa_ gC}ajj|
Cgogg|@ cggaa _g}a @_aa|ga}a, cgCgggj jgg|a|o _q}a
_g|a qo|aa|ga}a caa|g jqo CqeQ cag aaqogag Co|
Cag.

@ggCaag g_ ga|jja _aaajjQ, }ao|aa gqCqa_ gC}ajj|
Cgogg|@ qo|ag _g}a jgg| q|q}aao Coa}aa _@jj|aa}a.
gqCggggag, aaggag, ga}oaja|o @aaCa @aaj j|qgg
ogo CaaQgg, gaagaa _gggg gaQ, ga}a|o qo|ag _g}a
gg|gg g_ q|q}a_ Coa}aajja. gagaa aqa|aa CqeQ.
@Cgooa Cg}a|ag ggg q|qa _oo. gQCagg gC}ajj|
Cgoa|@ @ aqgg gaqo Coa}ggaCaaeq_ggg, Cg}aa|a
aaqogag.

'_g}a q|qgg|o @gg|gg} cag g_ gaojCj @ggg aqgg,
ga|C g_ .ajo CjaQ, aqa|jjggg _g|aa}aa g||gg g_
_}oaag g|aaCq @g CoojQggjjg. j|}a j cgg
Cgogag @|o} q|Qaqaa q|_jq|oao. a|gaCa Coaq|g
_a|a|o|_gg CgCa _C}aaa qa} _ggaa Cgoa|@ qo|ag
_ggaa _g}aa Caaagq|Q, oa g_qg @}aCaaqa
jgaaq|QCqa cag q} ojg Cog|_gga} _q}.

1942- @eQ Cjaogg|o @|o}a ja aq 'CoCaa
Caaaoaa C@ q|} jQggjjg. g_ gagaao|aa a}aa
gaa} ajj _gg Cao Coj}, gag g||jjQ |a
gg||aa aaa, @a@ Cj} _q|o @a@ g|ag qog|a_a
(C _@jjjjQjq}a_aaoo; _@jja|gq}a_ag!) _g|gqa
Caaaoaaaa g|_gg|a ajjg. Cq C@ gag Caaaoa
aa |a _g|aaa Cja_Cooq|o _qaaajja. (@aq,
Cg}a| - Cjaogg coaoj jgg||o Bel zec, Sobi bor , Tr ebl i nk
@a| ga}a|o ajja.)

oajCja}o Cg}a }a@qgg|a} Cqgg| aeQ, Cjag qg|Cooa
qo|ag _g}aa aqaaa aagCog |ajCj} q}aga|@
o qeqa|@ gg|, @gga Caaaoaaa_ag _@jj|aCaaeC
@_jja}a. qaaaa_agj jggaagag gjCjag a|oaa
aaogaaa gg|jCjag aa}Caa Cjqa|o _agg o
qeqa|o @aegg _@jj|q|Qqa}a. qg||CoC _q}a
@gggq|ao, _g _q}a|a gooaao. @ooaq|ao q|qjjaa
}e. Cqg qg|C @oao.

@jjqa gaga cag g|aaggj ja}ggaCo }ggaaee} q}ggaa
CaaQ}gg|a q|oq_j _g. Co Caaaoa gg|gg ggg e}oo|
@|o_ag CqeQaaao @ooag|_gg|_aaoa. _q}g @a
_ggaa Cj_a =q|}aaggq}aaa @_gg|_jja}a?

@g q|o|gg|}gaa. 'q|eo}o o|o g|a}jj ja}ggq}a_ag
@gga aao|a g} g|aaq|_aaoa. @|o}a }a@qgg|o
je|agg| q|eo} caa|g g_ ga|gj}, _g}a q|qgg|o ogCg
a|gaj|aaga gggCaaeago o|gg|}gg, @oa} q|_g Cjgg
j _g. @a@ g}_ q|eo}a @_gg|_aaaQ. @aao
gQCaggaaj ja}agCjag Cqg aaQ|}aeqa|a caa|g
gqagggaa q}Cqeq|_aa|gg. gaCj CoaaagCjao, @g g_
aa cajagg gaeq g_ Cgaaa _q}a aCg
j}q|q|q_ggggaa |a gaa|a aa}eaaj jQa|gg.

a}o 1942- q_ @|o} gag gggaqg Caaaoaagaga
aQq|gga}. @ggg '@oq|o (Auschwi t z) cag Cj}.

ggag gaag Cao Coj}a_ag @gg @oq|o Coj_ag
gC} g_ q|gg|ao @Ca _@jjjjQ _g}a aqaaa
Caaoojjaa}a.

agaa, o|o aao _ggo o|agagg|o g|ao} gC} g_ C}aqggea
eQ |}qag _q}a_ag _@g| eQ.

cggaaa @ggo 'o@aa cagao, @Ca CaaeQq}jjQ _g}a
_ggaaCj_ ja}jjggg g|aagg|}aa @_jja}a. Cgaa|a,
Cgagoaaaa gg gaag gaaa_ag _@jj|q|Q, g|aagg|}
_g}aa Q @Ca CaaeQqgg gaaqgg, _q}a|a o
gg|aj j}Coag|jja}a. eq|ooao, g}ooao _q}aao
cggaa ga gaagjj|qaa gqa|gg cag ja}jja}a.

jg|aagg gaa_ag Co g_ a|ga _gg gC} g_ C}aqggea
eQ, g} @C}aaa|aaCq @_ggq|ao, _qag |} Cjaaag.
agaa, Cg}aa| _g|aa}a_ag _q}a qagga g_qg
_qaaaaj je|aggCqeQ.

_g}a _ggaa Cja} Caaagq|CqeQ cag Coog|
qgggq|Q, _q}aa _qaaaa aqggaCaaqg cjjq? @ggg
g_ Cg}aa| aaqogag _g|aa} Coaaa jg|o . q|gaqjCja_g|o
Caaagq|oa. @aao g|gg|aa Caaoqg|o aa _g|o
@oao. _gaaogaa _q}aa _qaaaaga|Cga .

@ga|a|o '@oq|o gaagag _@jjjjQ _g}aaa Caaoqg|oao
caa|g Cog| aa _jjaq| _g}a_agj CjaoCo}gg|_ggg. aag
CojjQ _g}a, cjjqaqg gaa @oq|o gaagag
_@jjCqeQ cajggaaa Cg}aa|a aaqogag|a_ag }aaa
ogo CaaQaa @}j|ggq|a}a. aqaa }e|oao caa|g
gg}qagC _q}a_agj Cjagaagaa @_ggg _jCjag!

@gg qaa|o o|o @g _gj Cjea, @}ea|}gagg@g gggaga,
cejg a|gq}a @a|Ca} @oq|oaag qgg Co}gga}a. @g gggg
1942- @eQ C aggg|o.

gaa _g|aa}a_ag |a ggjjaa|jCjaag. g|aagg|}aaq}aa
QgaCa @Ca _@jjo Coaoo||_aa|ga}a; cggaaa Cjea_
a|gq}a_ gggaga_ q_a|ga}a cag _q}a_agj j}q|oao.

g_Cqa gg gaaa|o aag|a|a cee|aaa _g|a}gga
Caaeq_aa|gCga caaCqa; aqaaa Caaag '@gag aao|aaa|
aqggaCaaqggaaa @jjq_ gjaQ Cog|_aa|ga}a Cjao|_aa|gg
cag g|aagg, _ggaaeC _gg gaagag q_a|gq}a_ag g_
C}aq CaaQaa|g qgaagag g|ggg|q|a}a.

agaa, _gg Cjo|o qgg Cjea, gggaga, a|gq}aa C
_@jj|, jagjq q|qjjaaaj j}qq|g Cgaa|q|a}a.

@gjjggg ogo CaaQggq|Q qgg Co}gg _gg _jjaq| _g}a
_gga aeC aaoaa|jCjaaa}a!

@q}a Caagoaaoaqg |}j|aggg|_jjggaaa ogo CaaQggq|Q
qgg|_aa|ga}a caa|g gaqCoa, q_jq}aa Cog|aa}a a_
ja}gg _@jj|aqaaq|oao; g|_Qggaaa _Ca qgg|_aa|ga}a
cajCga _Qgg @}eQ q_a qa} _a|_gg _g|aa}a_agg
Cg}Cq Cg}ag. a_ q|oa}aaa @oao.

_qaaa _qaagqggaaaCqag ajj _gg o|agooaao,
ggqgagj CjaoCq aq Caaaoaaaa ag|, _Qgg @}eQ
q_a|o aa} jggoo Cj_ag q|qqa Cao _|ggg!

gag|. ggg }jCja}} 19 C, 2006



62 @}eaqg |ajCj} gqg

g|oCooa }gg - ja. }aaqa

@}ea oajCja}a gQ, gQCagg oagag
gaaa|aCaaeq_gg Cg}. gC}ajja Cgaa| @jj|}aaa qa} gggg|a
ogg |aj ja}aaa CaQaCaaeq_gggao, @|o}a _g
@ajjQCaaaoa _gg Cg}gg|o ogg CgqaaCq aa_agg
Cg}qgga. _g}a Q ga qa_ Cgoa|o @|o_ag cg|}aa
Cja}aa, }qoa, @}jja cag _}aajjQgg|
q|qgag _qqjCjag Cg}jjQgg|aCaaeq}aq|ao, g_Cqa
@aagaga a|aag Caagoggo q|q}a a|aaaaCo
Cja|_aaaQ.

caa Cog @|o}|_gg gjj|aaoa cajggaa _aagag
gQCagg _ggogg|a gC} aqaoaa @_ggg. a}a@C
Cg_agqag, a_C cg|}aagqag g_ }aoo oag|aa _q}
@_gga}. g_} Q _q}g gagjaoo. agaa, _q} g_ g_
gaaa @_aa Cg}ggg g}g|_qgaa. cQggo CoaoojjQ
cgg q|qg @|o}a o|ggaaaj jag|aaag cajg Cg}ggj|gg
_q} Cjaqggga a_ gaq}q|oao. @|o} @g}g
gaoq}a, @|o} cg|}jjg gaoq}a caggaa @_gga}aC gq|},
gooq|gaaj Cjo| _qa}o o}jjQgg g|ao|o a_C @oao cajg
|a aqa|aaggaa q|qag.

@g _aagag gg aa}q|, jaooga aa_ag |ajCj}
j|}oaaaa @_ggg.

gCaaCq oCaa|@|_gg _g}a jaoogaa Cgaaa|j
jaCQggaCaaeq_gga}a. aQjjQggCq gqag g_ aCj_
@ajCj}oo|aa @_ggg _g. @|o} g_Cqa ga g|jjq
gQCagg gC}ajjaaq aja} Cogq|ao Cqg qg|C @oao.
_ggaa oo gC}ajj| _g}a_ gjj| gqq}aq gC} @
jaoogaaaggaa @_ag.

o_}qaa _ag g_ _g Cgoaa @aa ggo| CogCaaeq_gg
_g}a_ag, q|q |a aojaa|jCjag. g_ qaaCaQjj
ggg|aao Cj_jaaa _g}aaaCq _jCjag @_jja}a.

caa Cooa cag goo| gaoq}a |a aqaojja}a.
@|o}a _gj jQCaaaoaa @g}aaCqa cg|}aaCqa _q}a_ag
q|_jj|oao. agaa, @|o}aqg ga_ag gqaa}a cag
cg|}ja}aa @}j|gga}a!

_gaqg @|o} CaaaggCjaa, _qggg g}ggjjQ _g}a
jaoog@ag qggq|ao @_aa gaqg g_ qg| CqeQ
_q}a_ag. j|}a| @ggaaa gq| Caagqag. gCaaCq
@oC}ao _qaagqggaaa q}ggaqaCaaeq_ag Cgo _g.
oajCja} Cgaa| o j|}a|a j|}g}aaj CjagjCjgg
q|aoa o}oo|o, Cgaaagg|o|_gCg _g}a g _@gaj
Caaeq}aaCq gaaaa aaqaCaaeQ qggq}. _C}aaaq|
CjaaoaCagao, _q}a_ Cg}aa| _g}a|a g gj _@gaj
aa}eaa, g_ _g @g} g|ao cQag agg|o @_gga}a. o}gg|}
g|aa a_ag _jCjag gaa|aaj jq|oao. @|o} caa|g
ga|a|ga|a Cqg|aggao g} @aC _g|ggCaaeq_aa|gg;
cjjqaqg, gaqg Cog _g}aaa aajjaggCqeQ caggaa
Cj_jaoaa Cgagg| gaQa o|gg|gga.

q|o|gg|} ja_a. _ggaa Cgoa_C gqCqa_ aaoagg|o _gj
jQCaaaoaa g|aggg|aqgaa. @aao @|o} CogqgCgaQ
gjj|ao, cgC oaga}egaa cag g|aaaaggaa _q|o
gggCaaeq_ggg Cg}aa| gag|aao|.

caa Cooa? aa}gg aqaojjQaCaaeq_gga}a, jaooga
_C}j|}a. cjjq Cja}a @gg||o j|}a e|j jaa
Cqgg| Cjggq|ao @oC}ao _qaaaao q|aa}a cajg
CqCq|ooaag Cg}ggg. Cja}o j|}a CgagaCqeQ cag
aaa CqeqaCaagq? j|}a CgagjCgagao @|o}
Cg|ggaaCqeQ. @|o} Cg|ggao _g}a Qoo, gQCagg
oag gaoaqg gq|}, Cqg qg|C @oao.

@aa@ goo|a_aga Caago g|g| a|aaaoaCag _q}a
g|aagga}a. gagggjo, _g}a_ag cg|}aa g_ aa} Coa|Cga
caa|g ogCgaqgg|oaqg @|o} gag gqoa cajg _q}a
cee.

gjg, oajCja}o j|}aa |aj joaa @g}gg _ggoggq}a,
@|}a|} Cj}aa, aaa j|}aa _@a|, ja|o gao
Co}ggaCaaa CaQ g|gag Cgaa|aa}a. _q}aaj Cjagggqa}
_g qagqa, oaqa gg. @|o_ag cg|}aa a} g|}ea@ gg
@g} _q}a_ag eQ cajg Qgaa _g}a|a g|aojjaQ.

_g Cgo| aaa|}o|a _jCjaag gaoq}aa @_ggq} Cq|
Cjag}a. j|}@a |a Cg_aaaa _}o|o g Caaeq}. jo
}ooaag gaeq Cg_aa gaoag g _g. j|}a |a
Cq|jjaaa @oC}o _qaaajjQ cajag _g|q|aa CqeQCag
_jCjag qgjggg|qggq} g}a. o}oo|Coa, 'gg gqggj|gg _agj
jgg|j Cjooa; @jCjag Cqea cag Coaoo|aCaaeq_gga}.

cjjq o}oo|o Cogq|Qqa} cajg g}@agg Cg}. @aa@
Cja}a gaa cjjq ag cag ae|aagqao @_ggg.
ea|o, _C}aaa gggg|o @ggqa}, @|o}a aagaa
CCoaa||_ggg. @ggao||a o}qag|aa}aa @_gg gCoao|a|a
Co}ggCaaeQ, @aCaa_ jaa gjjaa gq|ag @_aa|g ag}gg|o
Cqg|a @qaCaaeq_ggg _q}g }a@q. Cg}a||a
eaaa jo @aq Qoo. Cjag||o gag|o _gga aaogg|o
a|gg gaa|ag aeq_gg Cgo _g. @ga, Cja}
q|aaa, g}gga|a ajjoa ga}jj|@ j|}Caagg|@ gg
Cgoa cg Cg_agqag g}gagg CgaQq|q_ggg Cg}a|.

@gg ag}gaa @|oa} caga aeQ jjjag ag|aoaga
CaaeQCo}gg|_ggg. Cg}a||a gqCqa_ gqa@ gag
jaq}agaa cajg|o _q} Cg|qaa @_gga}. aa }a@q Coaq
_o|o @_ggg Cj} q|qoo. gg|Ca}, Cjea j
Cg}aa|a gqaa gqCqa_q_ gaqg q|ggg|o gggg|o
jCaQaaCqeQCajag _q} |a qgjggg|aa}. @jog
@gjog _qa}a a|}aa Caao Coga. @ojaa g}Qggag
Cqg| _qa}o Co@gg|aCaaeq_gga.

@ggaa jaooga goo|a_ag g} gj|aaa|gg q|q.
j|}a, _C}aa, j|}aao e| gaQa g_Cjag ga
@g}aajCjaqg|oao cajg Cg|qaagC jaooga _C}j|}a
@|oa} @g}ggq|oaCag gq Coga}a.

_C}j|}a gg o}gg|}gg|o Cog @}eaqg |ajCj} gqg @g.
_q}a Cog ggo gqg, _g g|o qa|a|a Cgaaa Cg}ao ga
g|oaa @gggg. @}eaqg @g.

j|}a|a aaoa|a_ gagaa @_gg jaooga|o _jCjag
goo|a_aCaag j|}agaa _ajj joCa, gj joCa a|aag.
_q}a o|gg| jae|aaaggaa @_gga}a. coCoa_ag
Cjagqaa gC} q|q coCoa_C _g}aao jag|aajjq_gga}a
cajggaa.

gag _a _o @aoa| cajq} _aagag jaooga goo|a
ogagg|a gaoq}aa @_gga}. 1898- q_ Cg_oCo|o j|gggq}
@q}. |ajCj} jeaaa}a gQjgago Co}ggq}. jeaaa}} cagao
gaaa oa}agg|gg|CoC |ajCj} jeaaa}a gQj cag
Cj}Cjgg _agj jeaaa}}.

gg Coagg aaa g_qag CaaQggaqg jaooga goo|a_ag
g|g|ag Cgqgg}gqa? cag jaQjQaCaaeq_ggq} _q}.
@gga geaao _qa} aa 'a|}ae g.jg| cag _aggga}a.
_q} Coaaa Cjoaoa Caa}a.

jgg|oao|; g|gaoao|; Cjaggo Cgaaga Caaeq}, _}o|o|o Cg|qaa
ja}aq q} cag cggaaCa q|gaaj ja}ajj @aoa|gaa
_ggg gqago Coga}.

oajCja}o @|o_ag @g}!

a|g aa|a q|o|gg|}aaj j}ggCaaa Caago }gg
aqa|aaCqeQ. @|o} cggaa @jggaa a|g} cag jaooga
_C}j|}a_agg Cg}aga? g|oo Cg}. @aa@ _gg Cg}gg|o
ga_ag gq _qa}q|ao Cqg @ @oao cag _q}a
g|aaggggga aa}e, @|o_ag _g}aaj j|qaaag cajg
Qgaa!

@aoa|, Cg}a|agj Cja @|oa}o ogg|ggj Cjo|aa}. gggg|o
jaooga goo| ogagg|a} g_ agga _qa} @g}jja}a
cag qaaga CaaQgga}. o|g| _q|oaqg g_ }a@qgagg g|}qg g}
gao gq cag Coaaaa}.

gg |aggq|} ga CaagCgaa|g. goo|a g gao|o
gaC eae qa}aCaaqaCaa @}j|gga}a.

gag|. ggg }jCja}} 22 C, 2006



68 @|o}a ggCaaao

g|oCooa }gg - ja. }aaqa

Cg}a||o @|o}a }agaa @}jaag|o|_gg, _q}g agaq
gq g_ gqag qgg @}ea oa gg qa} g_qgaag
Cg}ggCaaCqeQaaao, _ggg }aaa aqa}o|aa jggaa
@_aa|aga. q|oo| q|}}a The Ri se and Fal l of t he Thi r d Ri ech
jqggj ja_a. g_ g|a}jj ja}jjg CjaoCq @_ag. @|o}a
_gj jQCaaaoa, _gaag Cga}gg gggg|o _g}a j|}a|a
e|j jaa_ag _|gg @g}, caa Cogaqg ga
Cgogaga aajjagg|aCaa CqeQ caa|g jagjj|o jaooga|
goo|a @|o_ag @g} Cg}q|ggg... @gg gag q|qagaa
@Ca gaa|.

@g|o, goo|a|a @gg gq |a _jggaag; g}g|_qqoaag.
gggg|o _q}a cggjjaag oaao @_gg|_ggao a Caago
_@gaj |oo @_gg|_ag. cjCjag _q}a @|oa}
gj|aa}aCa, _jCjaCg _q}a|a q|g| c_gjjQq|g.

oa gg Cgaa| ggo gag, gaga} @eQa qa} @|o}a
aagaa Cj}g CCoaa||_ggg. @aao j|aaao g|aoa _jjqC
gaoagaa|, Cg}a @ggao| gjjaa }a@qaa j|}@
_C}aaa j|}aao ja}gg @a|Coooa agaag Cgaa|a.
j}o gaggag gaaggaog Cga}gg, gjjaa g _C}aaa Caae
Cqg|, Cg}a|ag |ajCj} caaa q|qggg. _C}aaa cajg
cggaa oag|aaa Caae Cgo cajg ggo ggo|o _jCjaggaa
g_aaag Cg}qggg.

1944- @eqa @gg||o j|}a e|j jaa|a Cqgg|a
coCoa_ cg|}ja}aa @}j|ggq|a}a. j|}a|o _qqjCjag
q Cgag|gao|a a|o gggg|a @gg||o @oC}ao _qaaa|g
g_qg jgg| g|agCq q|qag|gga}a. jaooga| goo|a|a
Cg}aa| @g} g|ao _q}aa |a CqgjCjgg||_ggag gaa
gqag. _g Qgaa aa}e cag|ooaq|a@, _g g_
gaa|a aa}e.

_C}j|}aao oeqj ja}ag q|ggg|o '_C}j|}a_ag @a
@oao? gg|a a|gaa|a cooa g|ojj}jj _q}ag ggaag}a|a
@agaCa? jaooga| _C}j|}a cgCqeQaaa@ Cja
qo|aaoaC? Cj_ggaaa _q}a jaoogaa _g}a_ag aao|
jee|aCaaQggaogaa caa? _g}agaa jaq |a
aqjjQa|ga}a cag Cjo|aa}a.

gg gqgg gqo j|}a|@ Cg}go g} qggq|jCjaa|gg caa|g
ggg|ao. @aCq Cjaa|g gqCqa_ Cjoao gaa agg|j Cjo|aa
Cqeq aa coCoa_ag @_ggg. _jCjaag Cgag|gao|
gjj|a}a_ |a j|}joaaq}a, aCe _o|, C@}j}
a}oa, c}Cao Cjq|a @a|Ca}. @q}a, _jCjaag j|}a
j|}g}aa o}oo|o|a gg @Coaoaaa g_q|@ _a qa|gga}a.

@Coaoaaa a|o caa Cjo|aa@ Ca _ag aa
gg||@ qgg gjj|ggq|Qqa}a. ga ao|, _g}a q|qgg|o
|a Cq|jjaaa g|aoaC cQaa|gg cajaga
aaqaCaaCq @gg gjaQ. @oC}ao _qaagCjag, 'ggCjag
jaooga| coaoaao ogg agg| _aaa Cqeq Cgaq @_ggao
_ag j}oo|jCja cag Cjo|aa}a. _gaqg, Cgaq|_jj|a
ca|jg, o|}a, Cga}a (_aagag _ga Cj} q}aaoCga}a)
@a| jaooga|a _ea gaQa_a aogg Cjo|, coaoaao ogg
q|og}gg _aaaoa cajg Cgag|gao||a g|aa @_ggg. cjjq
@_gga@ CgCoaaa Cgoa cooaC gggg|a gqq|o j|}a
e| Cgoa cgaqg gag|a @_aaag jQggaa @_ag;
Cjo|g g}ggaCaaoa cajg _q}a Caoaa.

caa Cog gaagjj|qaa gqag ggo gjQ j}o 80, 1946-o
@|o} ggCaaao CogCaaea}. o}aa cQ g|aa ag|gg
@}ea oajCja} g_ gqag qggg. gC}ajjaaq _g}aa
j|qgg oa| _aga q|oa|aCaaeg. gggg|o Cagg _gjg oo
Cj} @ggga}a. _g|o gag|o g_ jg _g}a cag g_ aeag
@_aa|gg. @g ogCg |aajjQggjj aeag cag
cQggaCaaea@ gagggg @_jg oo _g}aaqg @|o} caa|g
ga|a|ga|a Cqg|aggag jo|aag eaC.

jaooga caa|g Cgo _g}a_ag _C}j|}a_ag oaa _
jagg|ag ggaa caa|g o}gg|} ea j|a@agg gjjQ,
gQCagg Cao Cgoa_ @oC}o _qaqggg @g}
Cg}q|ggggg @ggaa aa}e. _g}a gaa _@gaj. |oo|_ag
_g}aaqg @a| g|g|aa qagQC caa|g @}aa.

_gg qaa|o @oC}o _qaaggg j|}aaa aaq@ @|o}gaa
goaa}e caa|g gqag q}Cqeq|_aa|gg!

_@gaj q}oa, gqg|oao; @aao a jaoogaag Cg}gCgQaa
CqeQ? Cqg @a @oao caa|g j}agaaa Caq| @Ca eQ
q}oa. Cqg qg|C @oao. @Cgooa gag, @jjqggaa
gaagq cag cggaaCa q_a_ag gaaC} Cao|gg
jaooga|o g|o qa|aag Cgaa|, Cj_jaoaa @aa qaggj
CjaQa aagg|_gg _g}a, @aCaa_ @ caa|g o|ggaaag @
g_qa}aa? _ggo ogg|gg aCj_ @gjja_aCaooa, _qo
qagaCaooa g} _}gg eCagao _g jaoogaa
_aqgaaggaa @_aa gq cag Cj_jaoaa gC}ajj| Cgoa
_jCjag g|aaaag Cgaa|q|a. _g _C}j|}a caa
@qa}a? @q}a aaaa qagqggaaa _q}a _qg|jjCqeQa
caCgooa _q}a Cao|aag ga}aa @oao.

a} caCaQ Caao caa? gg gqggq|g. @a| Caago
gCqQggaa CqeQ. _g}a_ag @oC}aog gggq|oa. _q}a_
Caago gCqQaaQ.

@ga|a|o aa} @g oo _g}a jaooga|o gagaa Cq}
q|QaCaaeQ qagg Cgaa|q|q_gga}a. aggaag
gaggq|jjQ g_ _g} @ooag|_gg jaooga! ooaga
aaa aaogg|o jgjjQj Cjaq|a}a _q}a. cggaa
gaogaga! cCaCaa agg|, caCaaaCqa aqjjq}a.
@_jga @ggaeqa Cgaaagg|o jggj jggj Cj}aa, @g @g Cj}aa
C gagg Cgaa|q}agaa gggg|a gqq|o @g oo
Cj}aaj Cj_a||_gga}a.

1917-o _qaa jao.j} j|}aa 1989- @eQ gg
Cgagqggg gaj qa} _jjqC |_a gaa @_ggg.
'@oC}ao _qaaa|g g_Cqa. j|}a|a qaaggg| _g. gg
Cgaa|g|o|_gg aqa g|ao ag|q|Cq, eQ _ag cQgg
@o|gq aqaa gqgggg}a Caa}a _g}a. @g|o q|o|gg|}
caaCqagao, cCa j|}a gaa agg|q|QCa cag _go|
o|o _g}a, }ao|aa j}o|j jaaaCooa _qo} _qo}aa
_qaaa|, jaooga|a jaaoqajjgg|a|o Cja}jj|go|aCooa
CogCaaeq_gga}a.

ggggagj j|gg aqaa _g|q|aajj j|}a|a Coo
g|a_ @oC}o _qaqg jgg| gg|jja g @ooagCg
@ggga aa}e.

@ggaa j}o|a} _ajja @aaCa o|o o|ooag qagag
gqqaaaa|@ =Qja. 'jaooga|o|_gg j|}a }a@qgg|aa}
Cq|CggCqa cag Coaoo|aCaaeQ @q}a Cja}ag
Cgaa|aa}a. @g|o j|}@ag |a @aaaa ggo gjg.
@oC}o _qaqgggggaa _q}a jaQjQaCaaeq_gga}a.
@a|o _g}aC q|ooaaaa gaqg gaaa
ggjj|q|jCjaa|ga}aCa cag jgga}a.

'@a@ Caago gaaag jaooga|o j|}qq }a@q @_aaggaa
Co cag __gggg|_ggaao Coaoo|q|Q, aoq}aaa}}aa
_aaoCoaoo| }a@qggag gg}q|g j|}a jagaajj _aooa.

_C}j|}a_ag _oo |ggg|_ggg _jCjag. Cga og| gaa|gg
cajg Q j}ggg. cjjq jaoogaa aggq|Qqa}a cajg
_q}a_agg Cg}ggq|g. g} ooa aao|a |ggg
e}oo|aag ga}ag Cja_Qggaa @jjq _q}a gag
'_qjjg ag|} _q; __qg ag|} __a|Cga cag gaa
CjaQa|ga}aCa cag ogCgajja}a.

'caa @aa@ jaoogaaj j|}aa q|aCa, _ga gqCggaa
@gg| goa qa} gQaaCq CoCqa cag _C}j|}a
Caaq|a}a.

@aao, _q}ag Caaqgag a} Cja_jQgg|aa}a?

g|ao} oa} oa}aa _g}a qgg jaooga coao|o
@ga|aCaaeQgaa @_gga}a. (}|oa|@ q}aga|@
qgga}a.) _jjq qgg _g}a_ag aqaa jaooga|o qQa
a|agga. gqCgg _@qoagg|CoC qQooaq|aa
qaa|aCaaeQgaa _q}a C gaggga}a cagao
ja}ggaCaaoa.

_C}j|}a gaa Coo Coo ga|ajjQggjjQqag e}gga}a.
a} gq| Caaoa cag _q}a_agj j}q|oao. gggg|o
Cg}a|a @g}ggq}a_ag, gg gqggj|gg gqggg g_
gag||ooao Cjaq|g.

gq|}, @aCaa_ |a gaa|aa j|}oaa _jCjag @_ggg.
@}ea oa gggg|a @gg||ogaa gg|a a|gag gaQa|a
ceCe q gg|gg g_aaa 'gaa _aagg Cgagg|
Cgoa_ag eaa||_ggg. j|}a, _C}aaa, Coaq|g _a|a,
j|}aao | }aaa Cgoa gaqg qaa|o gg|a a|gaa|o
q@qaaa aa@ag g}gg ja}ggaCaaeq_gga. gggg|a oaaa|o
aajjggjj gg|aa|gag Cgoaa cjjqj ja|oa, cjjq
g|}gg}aaj jaaoa caCg _q}a Cao|ggaCaaeq_gga}a.
gago oagaaa _}aa _Ca _qaqggg gq| Coqgago,
ceCej Cja_aga}gg|o gaa oaj ja}aaoa cajCg
_C}aaa, j|}a Cjaag Cgoa|a o|ggaaaa @_ggg.

_C}aaaq|a qooa g_qgaa Cq|jjq_gg o _g.
cjjq g_ aCj_ qoo}oaa _gCgo _qaqg g|oo cag
a_agg Cg}ggCga @oaoCa, j|}@ag |a gagaag Cg}gg|_ggg.
@aCq, _C}aaa _g}aa q@qaa @g}jjag j|}a _}a
aeaa|o cQggaCaaeC @aCqeq aa @_ggg.

jaooga cag|oao. cgg _C}j| Cgog _C}aaaaq aggq|o
@g}aaag. @aCq, gg|aa|gaa|o g_ _g Cgo _qaqg gaag
|a oagaaag caCg _C}aaa a_g|g. @gaaogaa
q}ggaqaCaaeQ _agggo @agqa} @oC}ao @g}gg q_a|gg
_C}aaa.

oag||aa Cgoa caa|g _q|o Coaq|g _a|@ _C}aaa
_jCjag o jogg|o @_gga. gC} q|gg|ao caaCqa|o, _C}aaa
g_ ggoa|ggq Cgo. Coaq|g _a|a, a_a|o Cgo. j|}aao
_C}aaaaqo oa|ggaCaa gqgga@ gqC gq|}, a_a|oQa|a
_}ao g_aaa@ oa|aa gqag. @gga aa}egga@ @oC}o
q|qgg|o _C}aaaq|a q|_jjg g|aojjaQ j|}a
Cja_jQggggaaaqaa @_gga.

@agCooa aa gC}ajj|, @o| Cgoa |a }aa
aqa|gga Caaeq_gga. caagaa gaajCjaa|gg jaooga|o?

gg gqggCaC j|}a jaooga j|}oaaag g_ gq
Coaoo|q|Q cag coCoa_ cg|}ja}ggaCaaeq_ggg ea.
@aao gggg|a gqq|o aqaag g}ggg jaooga j|}oaaoo;
@gg|j j|}oaa!

@ao 16, 1947- @eQ j|}a, @gg|aag aggg|}
qga|q|g. @gg|}a a|goo| @}qa} Cog g@ao|ggag
jaooga| _g}a ja}ggaCaaeq_gga}a.

_Cg j|}a gaa _q}a_ag g_ goog CogaaCqeQ. @aao
cjCjagCojCjaa|gg?

j|}a ga}aaggaa @_ggg. gC} g_ j|}oaagaa. Caago o|aao
|aa j|}oaa. _g g}ggao @oC}o q|qgagg g}ggq|oa. @aao
cjjqg g}jjg?

_agggaa Cao|ggaCaaeq_gga}a.

gag|. ggg }jCja}} 26 C, 2006



64 j|}a|a g|

g|oCooa }gg - ja. }aaqa

jaooga a_ag? _g}a_ag _C}j| goo|a_ag Coaggaa
_| _g. goog. jaooga|o a} Cj_jaaaaCaa}? @}ea|}
@eQa_ag gaa} _g}a Cj_jaaaaCaa}aa @|}
@eQa_ag gaa} a|gg @_ g}jj|a_ o _q|a}aa,
gqa aaogg|o goo|a Cj_jaaaaCaa}aa _Ca
@_gg|_aa|ga}a.

@gaa @ggg Cga}a joCqg _gg|aa|o @a|aC
ja}gg|_aa|Cga. @jCjag eQ g|aajQgg|aCaaCqeqg
_qo|aa|gg. aa}e, @gga ggjjggaogaa jaoogaa cjjqj
j|}jjg cag j|}a Cao|ggaCaaeq_ggg.

@}ea oa gg gqqagg g_egg|o jaooga|o @_gg
_g}a|a cee|aaa aa} @g oo. @q}a _ggaaCj_
gC}ajjaq|a joCqg gaQa|o|_gg jaooga qgg Co}ggq}a.
_q}ag ggaag}a_ag jaooga Coagg }aa @_aaoa.
_q}a_aga aeqjjaa _g jg| Cgo. _gaqg Coagg CgoC
caga@ qgCgg|a. _q}aag gq|} _} _g}a cag
Coaoo|aCaa_jqaa aa} @_jga|} Cj} @_ggao _g|a.

@aao _Ca @_gg _C}j|}a|a cee|aaaCaQ gjj|ao @gg
cee|aaa |a Coagj. gagggg gaoa} g _g|aaa
cee|aaa|o _C}j|}a _jCjag _Ca @_gga}a.

@aCq, _g|aaaCq g|ojj}jajj j|}jjCgaga@ _C}j|}a_ago
ogga Qgoaa g|o ggaa|ggaa @aCqeQ. _jjqo CoqCgagao
@oC}o caa|g Cgogag _qaaa g|aajjga _qjjaa aa}eC
gq|QCjaqaa|q|Q.

@g ggo j|}oaa. @}eaqg j|}oaa Cg_oCo Cga}jaag.
jaooga|a |a gaa|aa ga}. goo|a, _g}a cag
@_g}jj|a_agC _g g_ ja|g ga}. @gg @_ g}jj|a}
Qooao jaooga|a _jCjaag |ao o|gjaaa|a}aa
a|g|ogq}a_ag _g ja|gggo. gQCagg jaooga|o a}
cggaaCj} qaga|ga}a cag aeaCaQagCjaCg Cg_oCogg|o
cggaaCj} cag a Co}ggj ja}jjggaa qgaa.

jaooga|a gg jgg|aaj j|}jjg|o gaqg ggjq Cg}ggaoj
j|aaao o}CogCaaeQq| gq. @aao, Cg_oCogagj j|}jjg|o
g_ o|g j|}oaa qgga@ gag |ajCj} oggq_ j|}aa
gqo Cogq|Q _ja @_jjag j|}qq j|}g} e}gga}.
@aCq g_ o|g o|aao q}ao q|qgag gqaaCqeQ
cajgaogaa @oC}o q|qgag cQgCga aq|ggCga cag gqaaao
ggo|o @gg|j j|}oaaag g_ g} Coaoo|q|Q, _Qggjqaa
@oC}@ag q}oa cag g|aaggg j|}a.

@qgagCooa gaeq j|}@ag @aCaa_ hi dden agenda @_aaCq
Cogg. @}eQ g}jj|a_ag _g|_jg| gjao Cgogag @}eaaj
j|}gg g_ Cgoggag @oC}o cag Cj}Q j|}oaaag g}jjg
cajg Coja}aqagg Cg}gg Coog|. j|}a|a eaaa
g|, g}aaaqg jaoogaa g_aaa _g}a|a
Cgoaaa|q|Qqggaa. _gaqg Cj_jaaa g|ojj}jj _g}a_agaa
@_aa CqeQ. _jjqCagao _g}a|a cee|aaa _g|aaa
CqeQ. _g}a|a qo|jj| @a@ j}qoaa, cooa oggCjagga|@
@_aa CqeQ. _jCjaggaa g_ coaoaCaaQ cag a|g|agCjag
_g|a @gag _g}a Cjgjq Cooa.

@aao ga}gg Cqg q|gaaggaa @_ggg. jaooga g_qg
_C}j|}aC g|aggg|_gga}a. g|oaa @ggg _C}j|}a ,
Cqg| CgqoCoooao jaaoqaa|o a} _qgCg
qagggCaaeq_gga}a. jaaga |aa aojjgg|a|@ _q}a
qo|ggaCaaeq_gga}a. Cga}a gg||a Cgga aa}|o }aaa
qo|gga}a. a|gag agaa}j jgg|aa aaoa | coaoCa}
ga}a|@ _q}a }aaa @_gga}a. g_ q}|o
Coao@qCgagao, coaojjga g_qg|@ _C}j|}a gaoa
g|aoa|@ @_gga}a. gaqa gQjjgg|a|@ _q}a j}qoaa
qo|ggqgga}a. |ao o|o @a|o QC _gagq|_jja @_gga.

g_ Cgogag @}eaaj j|}jjggg @g |a o|aaog}aq q|q.
cCa CjaQqg coaoa Caaa? jaoog@ag gQCq g_ q
Cjaa @oC}o cag Coaoogq? _jjqCagao @oC}o|a
gaagjgg jaooga @_ag. jaooga|a a|gag coao|o
qo|jjq}a, Cggj jgg| ga} gagagj CjaqCgagao q|oa
cQggaCaaeQ CjaaCqeq q_. @Cgooa |ajCj} o|aaoa.

gag |a gagaag Cg}gg g_ ga}egagj ja}aaoa. @gg|a -
jaa|ogaa j|}q|aa|aCjag goo|a _g|a qo|ag jgg|aaj
j|}gg jaa|ogaa cag Cgogag _qaaaoa cag gq Coga}a.
_gajq goo|a _g|a qo|ag jgg|aaa aeg|gga}a.
}aa|.j caa|g j|}qq o}Cq} g_q} qa}jgag aqggaCaaeQ
_g|o CaaQ a|g|gga}. CgCa g_ j}gg g|ojj}jj. a|gaCa @gg|aq|a
gaa|o j|ggg @aCaa_ gggag ag|} @aCaa_ o|g g|ojj}jj.
Cggj jaa|ogaa, a|gag jaa|ogaa cag _aa gjjg.

cggaa o|aaoa qggq|a! @o| g|}qaa g_qg Cgg
jaa|ogaa|o @_gg gaCjg. cgggC ojgg|ooao @a|o
@gg|aq|a @_Cj_ coaoa gaeq a|gag jaa|ogaa _CjaCqag
ga|C a|ag.

@gaaogaa _aa gaa ga|ajjQggjjg Cjao
e}gga}a. _}aag cg|}aaa aoq}a Co @}j|gga}a.
gag|ja@|a| caa|g ga|a} }a@q gaagC _agg Coagg Cgo
}a@qggag cg|}aaj Cja}a}a.

_gaj|gg 1971-o gg, jaaCgq j|gjj cag g_qag j|}oaa
g_qa} _Ca o|aao, o|aao Qgaa.

@gg jaa|ogaa j|}q|aa q|qaa}, _g goo|a_ag cggaa
o|aao g}aqg cajag _q}a e}qgggo o|o aao @ag
ea. @aao j|}ggaCaaQgg j|}@ag _aCg j}ggq|g.
@oC}o - jaooga _aCaooa |ajCj} j|}oaaa @ooag
Cgogg|CoC @ggaa o|aao cagao, jaoogaaj j|}aa|g q|qgg|o
cjjq|_ag cajag q|q}aaCq Cqea.

j|}a|a |ajCj} o|gjj _ggaa. _q}aao g|ag j|}oaaaa
_qaaa gq. j|}oaa q_ cag Cg}gCg Coqa}a. o|g
Cgoa|o j|}oaa @_ggaogaa q}gg gaQa|a j|agjj gag
cajg g} _}o|o o|ggagg.

@aao jaooga q|qgg|o j|}a|a g|aojjaQ |ag Cg|qaag.
@oC}ao _qaaaCqeQ. _qqgaa. jaooga caa|g
g|ojj}jj|a Cj_jgg|a _ggj jg| Cgogga @aeaaCqeQ.
aaaaaa, goo|a_aCaag Caago g|o ggaa|aa CqeQ.
_jjq ggag g|o _g|aaa @_ggq|aag!

@ggj jao _g}a_agj j}ggaga aaq@ goo|a_ag |a
gagaaj j}ggg. cjjq|_gga@ @a| gaa aqjjQggaa
g}CqeQ cajag _q}a e}gga}a. jg jgggg aqao
_q}aaj jqgga. a} ga_ag gqa}a cag oCag Cg
@}j|gga}a.

g}g|_qqoaa _aag Cgg||o jaooga _C}j|}a_ag gq|
Co a_C ga}aa @oao. _q}a oa}j|o CqgCa g}o
CaaQaaa a_ gaq}q|oao. aa}e, oajCja}o _q}a
@|oa} @g}ggq}a cajggaa. g} _g| oag|agg
gaeCjaaq}a caa|g _g|aagqag aag _ag goo|a|a g
jqgg|_ggg.

ea|o _g|agg gaeCjaqga _q}a|a ceeaa @_ggg?

|a aqaaao o|gg|ggj ja}aaCqeq q|q. |}Cjaa|g aao|
q|aaq|o gjj|aa g_ o|g ogg a|aag cag Cgaag|aao g|o
cggaaCj} _agj jajQgg q|_jao @_jCja?

_aag g|aoa|o jaooga|o _g}a|a Q_qaog gQaaCqeQ
cajggaa goo|a|a gaa| Cgaaaaa @_ggg. _aagg
Cgagg| gaQa_ cjjqaqg _g}aaa CaaeQCja jaooga|o
g|e|ggq|CqeQ cag aae aqaCaaeQ
CoojQaCaaeq_agCjag @|o} g_q}gaa _g}a_ag cg|}aa
gqqaaaa|o @ga||_ggq}. _gg g_ aa}eggaogaa goo|a
_qa} @g}gga}a.

@ag g|ajjQgg gqag; g|ajjQgg ag. _Cg o,
_ggaa _}gg, _a}gga_@ @gaaj j}ggCaa
CqeQ. aeCeg|C} Coagg Cgo aqajjQa|gg cajg
Cg}Cjag gaqg Cog aajjaggCqeQ cag q|_j|aa}a.
q|_j|g|o gqg|oao. @aao Cg}gCgQgg qg|gaa
gqgaajCjaq|g.

|a Cao|gg, g||Qggaa j|}a jaoogaaj j|}aa g|
gqg. g|gago CoojQggqggg gaaao Cgogg|a gQjjgg|a|o
qo|ggaCaaeq_gg goo|aa, gg|jjaa a|}ajjgg| goo|aa
Cgg coaoag q|}Qqggaaa gjaQa gjg |aggq|}aa gaa
@}j|gga.

_g g|oqa|a_aaaa |}o go g|oaa _ja}ggaCaaQgg
gaaa ge}jaa|a qoaqg|a @aaCa Cgaag
@}j|gga}a. _q}a, @ga_a goo| a|}aa_ag
gaggg, @} Cqaa|o qQa_agg gaqgg aaa Cq|Cgg
@}j|gga}a. _jjq _og| Cq|C gqq_ goo|aaa
Caaooao, CqgCa g}gg|aCaaeC Cja Cga}a gg||a Cgga
aa} qa} Coag q|Qq|Q qgga}a.

gooCqa, @ggo Cooa _g|aaa gaCjgq|oao. o|o @|}
Cja} Qgaa _q}aao @jjqg g}gg gqggg. _ggg
goo|a g}jj|@ o|o gagaao|a @gjja q}}a gagg ggg
a|}aaaj jagaaaag Cgaa|q|a}a.

@aao @CgooaC Caagogagaa. ojjq caCaaa
CoCqeQCa _ggaaa Coggqggq|Q, _ag|aa j|}a
ga g}aagag _g|q|ggCjag, goo|a @gg|aa Cgaga|g
@@aa|j Cjaaa}a.

gag|. ggg }jCja}} 29 C, 2006


66 _g}a|a gj|aaa gC}aa

g|oCooa }gg - ja. }aaqa

j|j}q} ag jg|aaaaa Cgg|, 1947- q_. j|}a _}a g_
gqCqQggg. 1917- q_gg|o|_gg gag aQjjaqo @_ag
jaooga q|qgg|o _jjqaa g_ g}aqa aeg|gg CoojQgg
Cjagjaj gaa| gaQa oaj|a g_ o|gjj a|q| _aag g|a
gjjaggq|a}a.

caa CoCqeQ, cjjqo CoCqeQ, a CoCqeQ
cajCgooa gCaaCq j|}a g}aa|ggq| q|qgaa. @aao
g_ gQg|ao _ajj|a go _qgago CoojQggqg cajg ogCg
jagaajjaaCga_ gjaQ. @ag }j cag Coaoooa. gaaa|}ag
e} cag Coaoooa.

cjjqa|@ jaoogaaj j|}jjg cajg gqqaa|q| q|q. _ag
j|}a Cogao caa, j|}a Coaoqaga CaQ gaa| gaQa
oaj|a o|gjj a|q Cogao caa? q|q _gqoo.

g_ Cgo cag _qaagqgggj Cjagaa _ag _Ca _g}a
@_aa|ga}aa caa|g Caq|gaa ggo|o q_. @aCq _g o}aa
@_aa|gga cag Q ja}ggaCaaea}a. ca|_gg a} qgga@
@}gg|aa aj q|}gg q}Cqgaag gagaa _g}aa @_gg @_gg
C CjaQaCaaeq_gga}a. Cjagaa _ _g}a
Cgg|q|a}a cajg Cg}ggg g.ga. a|q gag _g|q|jaj
Cq||g.

1. jaooga @}eaaj j|}aajjQa|gg. gag _g}a|a Cgo. _ga
Cj} @oC}o. @aCaaag _C}j|}a|a _}qa Cgo. _g jaooga
caCg qgajjQ.

2. @jjqj j|}aajjQ @}eQ g|ojj}jj|@ @_oa}a_ qo|jja}a.
_g}a|a Cgoaa _qaaajjQ @oC}o|o, Cagg 4,07,000
_C}j|}a qo|jja}a. (Cagg _g}a|a cee|aaa 4,98,000.)
_Cg ag|} _C}j|}a|a jaooga|o 10,000 _g}a qo|jja}a.
(@Ca Cagg _C}j|}a|a cee|aaa 7,26,000.) gggaaa
aqaaajjggaaa Qooao, jq||o }g||@ @gg gjaC o}aa
q_.

8. Cg_oCogag _ago agg| jgg|a|@ gg|jjaa CjgoC@,
Cj|g gooa Cjaag @a|@ Cj_ja@ _C}j| a|g|ogq}a
qo|ggaCaaeq_aa|ga}a. @aCjag|@ _Ca 1,06,000 _C}j|
goo|a_ g_ oo _g}a_ qo|jja}a. @aao @ggj jgg|
@oC}o|a qoCa, jaooga|a qoCa g}jjaag. j|}oaaag}
@ cajgao @jjgg||a g|}qaaa aQjjaQ g_qgaa gaa|
gaQa oaj|a qoC @_ag.

4. Cgaq jaaoqajjgg|, _g Cgogg|a qogg|o @_ag.

6. ao|o aojjgg||a Cggj jgg| g_qg j|}Qqggg gg
jgg|aag. @jjgg| _C}j| Cgogg|a qo @_ag.

@gg ggg g}aaaa |a aqaaaa gg|ggaCaa_a.
jaoogaaj j|}ag q|qgg|o ggo ggoaa _g|aa}_}qaa gaa|
gaQa oaj|a qa|oaa Cq||jj g| qa} @g.

@gg _g|q|jj Cq|aa gaeC jaooga _C}j|}a @g gg
@}j|ggq|a}a. gaQg gjjaaa|a Cqqgga. aee|Cqqa
_|aj j|gga. agg|a qaa|o }gga. j_g| qa}a Caa,
aag gaoCgg|aa gg Cgaa|aa}a. gCa, gCa cag
agg|aa}a. Cgo geajjQa|gCg cag _og|aa}a. _g|aaaj
jaoogaa @jjq aC}a jgCjaQa|ga}aC cag __g
joj|aa}a.

a} Cajg?

_Ca _g}a|a gagg|o g|g|j jaaaa g_g|o Cjaog ggj|g.
aeae gqa a_ag gag| Coaaaa}a. j|}a @_gg g|ao
Cgaaa| qeaa Cg}q|gga}a. g.ga. oaja @}agaa Coga}a.
@a|jja j}ag|aCaajja. _aaao _oa}gg, qQa|o
jeqaa _g|q|gga}a. oCag o|gg|aa|ag ga aj|gqag
_g oCaag}}a_aga aqg c_g|aa}a. aee} oa qa qj
Cjo|a a|gga}a.

Cojj} ag q _C}j|}a|a _}o|o }a g_, gaa|
gaQa oaj|a @ggg g}aagag ggg|@aa g|}aa}ggg. Cgo
geajjQqg|o ga_agg g|o og|oao cag
Cg}q|gga}a. @ga j|aq|aa caaag|} @_ag cag gaao
_a|aaa gqq|oao cag aggaaa coo}gga}a.

_ag a_ Cja_jQggq|oao. g_ gqagaa @_gga}a. 29
gqj}, 1947 _ag g.gaq|a Cjagag_ qg. o|gjj a|q|a
g}aa gaa qaaCaQjj gggjjg. gjjgg gag @g}
gQa. Cjagag?

@g _ea _C}j| Cgoa_ a_ja, @jaaa|ogaa, =}aa, a}o,
g_aa| Cjaag Cgoa_ g}aaggag cg|}aa qaaa|gga.
_jCjaggaa aggg|} Cjgg Cgoaaa @gg|a jaa|oga@
jaooga geajjQqag cg|}gga.

@aao @g}gg Cgoa caq cag ja}aaCqeQ. _C}aaa,
@og|C}o|a, aaa, Coaq|g _a|a, j|}aao, Cgg}oae,
g|_o|oagg, oqa gg Cjaogg.

@qgg _aag ggg|ao|o Cgg}oagg, g|_o|oagg, Cjaogg gq|}
gg _aagg Cgoa_C gg|aa|gaa|a ceCe qaoaaa
Cajj j|qggaCaaeq_ggaq. ceCeC @ooaq|a@ @gg
Cgoa_ag gg|a a|gaa|o Cga g_ q|ggg|o gg =Qjaa
gg|jjQgg|a aaqaCaa @ag g_ ogg}jjaaa a_g|aa}a.

C@ _C}aaa _gg _e||o @_ggg. j|}aao @_ggg. Cga|a
gq|}aagqag oag|a cag q_e|aajj Cgoa _aq. _ggaa
Cgoa g|gg _e||o g|gjg ga_ag cgg qaa|oaqg oaj
g}oa cag @aq a_g||_aaoa. ggjq jaoogaaj j|}jjg|o
g|_o|oaggag @og|C}o|aag Cqg caa _aaag @_ggq|
gq? @ggaaag gC}ajj| Cgoa|o @_gg _aCaooa
_Ca _g}a _qqqaaa a|aag.

@g @qqag @_aa, _g Cgo _qaqggg @g}qaa g|gg
Cgoa_aCaooa jaooga| _g}a gaaao gag| Coaoo|a aqg
c_g|aa}a. gqgg @a_agg ga j|}g|g|g|aaC Cg}o _@jj|
gag| Coaaaa}a. @oC}o _qaa j|gg, _gg Cgoa_a
g|}gg}aa _}o|o gCaag gaa q|_jqgaa gaagaaCq
Coaoo|@jj|aa}a. j}oj} gq|a CogCaa @g}aa}
CaaQaa cjCjag gaa ga} cag Cg}q|gga}a.

_C}j|}a_ag _q q|g jgg|aCaaeQ c}ggg. a_a _|a a}
ja|Q, a_aga CaaQjjg? _q}ag _ogaoCa, aggaoCa
Cajggg g_ gag| @ooao Cjaq|ggaa g}g|_q. cg|}gg
qaaa|gg j|g _C}j| Cgoa o@aaq g|gag ga|a.
aa}e, _gg g|| qa} jaooga j|}qq @_aaag j
g_ Cgo. g_ Coa}ggaaaaggaa g.ga.q|a o|gjj a|q|
Cjagjaj gjjagg, j|}ag q|qgag gaCaQggo
CoagCaaeq_gga}a.

_jjq|_aa, j|}a, gaago Coaggaa g_ aaoa|a
caaCqeQaaa@ Cooa, cjjq CqeQaaa@ j|}aaoa; a}
Cajg?

ga}a g|aa_ o}gg|} g|aa_ jgg|}aao a_qj j}eg
Cjajja. _ggaa q_q aqjj _g}a @a|C@
g|g|aa qagCqeQ cajggaa _gga aaoagg|a gC} g|aaa
@_ggg. gq|} g.gaq|a o|gjj a|q qa}gg|gg g|gg|ajq
jaoogaaj j|}jjgao _C}j|}a_ag cgga aqg qggq|ag;
_q}a_agj Cjagaa g|ojj}jj @_aaCq Co cag
Coaoojjg. @oC}ao _qaaa|j|a Cgaqjjao coao
q|qgg|o Caago g @ CogCaaoa cag g|aagga}aC
gq|}, Cgogagj j|}ag q|qgg|o |a g}aaaaCq @_gga}a.

gQg|aoaCaQ ja}jjCgagao, g.ga. _ag cQgg gq o}aaCg.
cjjq _C}j|}a_ag _g gaeCea, _CgCjaoggaa _g}a_ag.
@a|o _q}a eae q|Q jo @|} q_aaa cCaa
Cjaq|q}agaCa caa|g g_ gggooaQ @ooao @oao. @aao
_q}a_ aqjjq_aa|ga}a. g g q|}jjq_aa|ga}a.
ooaaeaa|o |}gjaj ogg|gg @a _g. gga g_ g|go|ooao
qaggaCooa agg|aCaaeC @_ggq}a.

caaCqa Cog, cjjqCjjqCa a} aa}Ca j|qgg ga aaaq
gaqaaa|aCaaq|_gga}a. googgaa. _q}a_ gagaa @_aaQ.

j|}oaa _gCq _oo! a, @gg|aq|o|_gg jaa|ogaa j|}q|oaoa?
@Cg @ajj|}oaagaCa aa}e? j|}q|aa ogg|o aoq}a @g
gaaggaa Coga. }aaa |}jjo|agj j|gggaa _ag|
g|_j|g. @Cgooa cggaa @oao? cgCggg Cgo @}eaaj
j|}a|gCga, _Caooa }gg @_aaggaa Co. @g caa jga?

Caq| q}oa. g|agaa. q|q, _g _oo!

g.ga.q|a o|gjj a|q qggg|ggjq j|}aajj @_ Cgoa_
gqaCaaao @eq_agaaao cggj j|}oaaC @_gg|_aaag
cajg eagaa. @aao gggg caa?

'_g}aa gjag}a, _q}a ggoo|aaa}}a; og|aa}}a!
ga_aCaag g_ Cgo _qag qa}gaa _q}a _ag|a
@_jja}a. _jjqCa_ Cgo g|ggq|ao, gaeC
_C}j|}a|a g jaCQgg, ca|a g|ojj}jaj
_ja}ggaCaaeQq|Qqa}a!'' cag _aagaga agg|a agg|gg}gga}a
jaooga| _C}j| goo|a.

@g Cqg agjaa cag jgg|o ga|ga}a cag _g}a
Coaaaa}a.

@aao _ggaCa gggg? ogCgaC @ooao _g}a gj|aaa
gC}aa Coga}a. gaoa|ag|g ggg|ggaCaaeq_gg
_C}j|}aa g g q|}q _q}a|a Cgogag
_ja}ggaCaaea}a. cgg _}j Cgoa gagg|}eQ jaoog@ag
@g}qaaj Cja}o g|gg cag CoaoojjCga, _Cg goo|
Cgoaa ggoo||o qaggj CjaQ, Coagg oCaag} Cgoaa
jaoog@ag cg|}aaCq _q}aa _e| g|}qaa}a. gaag c@j
qaqgCjao, _ja}gg g|ogg|o @a_aga Caago jgCjaQa
CaaQgg, _gg oggagg g|_jg|jjQgg|aa}a. _jjg _q}a
g jaCQgg, CaaQgg @aag g|_j _ja}gga}a _g}a.

a @q}a @jjq @_aa|ga}a? cggo oag| @q}aa @jjq gao
gag|aa Q o|gg|aao Coa|gg? cg @q}a_ag Q
@aq|ao Cqgg|a QC Cjgggg_a|gg? o}gg|}ggao |a
gaaajj @a _g. _gg Cqgjj|ogaa o}gg|}gagg g|_jj|g
gaaga|ga}aa?

_ggg _jjaq| jaooga _C}j|}agaa a|agga}aa? _ggogag
Cq}gaa gq Cog Cg}a|a a q|Qq|a}a? @|}aaeaaaa
_g}aa c}gCg Caaag Coaq|g _a|a g a _q}a_agj
jaa|oao? @g} gC}ajj| Cgoa _aagag a aa|gga}a?
q|Qq|Q gqjCjaa Cgoggagg g|_j qagqggCjag @_a} gq
_}qaegg jag oCaag} @aaa _C}j|}aa Q a @jjq
ggg|aa}a?

_ggaa aag. _ggaa aqa}o|. _ggaa Coaagg|a oog .

gag|. ggg }jCja}} 2 g9a, 2006



67 @oC}o g

g|oCooa }gg - ja. }aaqa
jaooga _C}j|}a, _g}a gaa CaaaoCqg|g gaaggoaa
ggg|aCaaeq_gg _Cg ogg|o, j|}a g} _g|q|jaj Cq||g.
C ag 16- Cgg| (1948- q_), jaooga|o|_ag gag
g_jjaa g_qgaa qajo CjggaCaa_ cajCg _gg _g|q|jj.

_gaqg C ag 16- Cgg|a jaoog@ag j|}@ag cggo
ojggg @oao. @}ea oajCja} aao Cgaa| j|}a|a
aaoa|aa @_ggq_ jaooga, _ag ggo aggg|} gaQ cajCg @gg
_g|q|jj|a Cja_.

@gg _g|q|jj Cq|aag _C}j|}a|a Caaj ooagagg
CgaQq|g. aee Cg}ao _q}a _g}aag gaaa
@}j|gga}a. _aajaagg Cgoa|o @_gCgooa a@ag
@gaa qaa|qgg gq|gga}a. jgaaC @ooagq}a
gjjaaa| gg| aee|o jq}aao aQggg Cgaa|aa}a.

@ggg @g qa}a gaagaaCq, jaooga|a j|g jgg|a|o|_gg
_g}a a_ Cg_oCogag Cg_a gqagjq |aa aQaaa
jagaajj qaaa _qaaa| aqggq|a}a. Cg_oCogg|o|_gg
Cq|C a_ aqg _@jjgqag. a}aqg gaqo Coaoo|
_@jjoa cagao _g gqag. cjjq Cq||o|_gg a_
C Cjaa gqaCga, _Cgag|} ga_ag C @_ag a_
Cq|C Cjaa gqag. g| a}aqg ga} coaoag
gaeQqa}aCaaao aqaao aQaCaaoojjQqa}a.

caagaa j|}qq aaqo}a jagaajjag @_gga@ _C}j|}a
|a oa}gg|aa _q}a aee|o eaeg @q|q|Q, gaaaa
agq|aaj jaaoqaa|@ gjg}a aaQa|@ _}gg
}a|a a|aa|@, @qgg aa|o a}a Cgaeq
_aggaCaaeq_gga}a. @aaCa ggg}aa g|ggg|, a}aqg
ga_agj jg|gaa q_a|ga}aa, _oog ga}o|_gg a}aqg, cgg
qaaaaqg Cq|Cga|gga cag aqa|gg aqaaj Cjag
gaagqa}a.

gaag aegg|o Qgaa aee|o jQqa}a. _Qgg q|aaq _q}a
cCa Cjaaa}a cajCg Cg}ag. _C}j|}a|a agg|o @_gg
Caajg Cqag _q}aa _ggaa q|a}qaao Coojaqggg!

@ggaa aa}aao Cogq}a jaoogagg _C}j|}a Q
_oo}; Coaggo oCaag}}a gajgg|o oago aeQ o|gag @}a|
_aajaagg gaQaao Co}gg _C}j|}a_ _q}a|a gq|ag
_jCjag qgg|_gga}a. gg|jjaa, o|}aq|o|_gg o|o @|} Cj}
qgg|_gga}a. =}aaa|o|_gg c_@g Cj} Caae g_ g_Cq ga|aa
qgg|_ggg. ca|jg|o|_gg @gagjg Cj} jaooga _C}j|}a_ag
gq| Coqggaaa @ga_a qgg|_gga}a.

@oC}o _qag g|a Cg_a Cg_a, jaooga g_qg jggg
_g|a}ggg. a}o @gg|, j}o aga|o jaooga|o|_gg gqCqa_ _g
a|}ag gag aqggaCaaeQ gaaajja.

_C}j|}a ggo|o aaqo g|aoaaggaa gaagqa}a. _g
CgaaogCga}j Coa}aa _g|ggq|Q, aaqo}aaa
aqjCjaQq|Qqa}a. _gaj|a a|}aggag gaggg _g}a g
gaaggo ggg|q|Qa aaeao Cjaq|Qqa}a. @ggaa _q}a
CgCaae gagag.

j}o 18- Cgg| @a} =ga (Kf ar et zi on) caa|g _g a|}agag g_
_}jjja ggggCaaeg. CjgoC@gagg CggCa @_ag a|}a
@g. agg| qagg _C}j|a aoaaaa}}a Cagg 400 Cj}. @aa@
a|}aggqao|a ga}aa @_gggao, _q}aa Ca _qggg
g}gg|q|a}a. qagga eQ Cag| _C}j|}a gC} @}q|o
@ggjjgg _g}aa _Ca Caaao Coga}a. gq|}, o}eagg aa}
@g _g}aa q}ao|o g|gaaqgg @gg|}g gjjaaa|ao aQa
Caaaga}a. @gga aao|aj jaajjg cQggaCaaea}a!

Cjagqaa, @ag|}aa gaaggoa CqaaCjag, @_jj|gag
q|Q ga}gg, jagaajjaa @a_ago Coagq|Qqggaa _g}a|a
@oj. _ag agg|o CaaeQgaa _}ja, _g a|}aa_ag jggg
gaaa|aCaaeq_gga}a. cjjqaqg jaooga|o|_gg _g}aa
gqq|CqeQ cajCg _q}a|a Cgaaaaa @_ggg. gaaggoaao
oa|aa gqaogaCa gC}ajjaq|o|_gg gqqgga}a? _Cg
gaaggoa go jaooga|o @_gg _q}aa q|}qq|oa cag
g|aagga}a _q}a.

@aao _g}a q|qgg|o @g |ajCj} gjjaaeag cajg
_C}j|}a_ag _jCjag j}q|oao. _q}a ca|_gg g}gg|aa@
jaoog@ag gqq_qa}aC gq|}, jaooga|o|_gg @aCaa_ @ggag
gQqgggg ga}aa @oao! _qggao g|_jj| _qjjg. gqaq|ao
ggaaggaCaaqg. _g gqaq|ao _qjQqg, |} Cjaa|gga?
_g jaooga|CoC CjaaQ.

_jjqCa_ ajjagqggag qggq|q_gga}a. @|}aeQ aaoaa
gqa aaggq}a _ooqa? @aCaa_ gggag _q}a ga}aa
@oao. gq|}, _C}j|}a|a gaaggoaCooa gagaao|a cg|}jjgaa
cag _g}a g|aagga}a.

aa}e, cjjq|_gga@ @a@ o|o g|aa|o aggg|}
qggq|jCjaa|gg; @oC}o caa|g ga|gaQ _qaa|q|j Cjaa|gg. ga|
_}oaa, ga| }a@q, ga| Cjaoo cag oao Coa}a_a
qagjCjaa|ga}a. _jCjag Co}ggaqgg jg|oq CaaQggao Cja|gg
caggaa _q}a g|aagga}a.

ga gaagg@ag _q}a jgg gq|oao cajggaa
_C}j|}a_ag q|_gg ggo _q. _q}aao gjCq gqq|oao.
_g}aa cg|}gg g|ga|ga}a? _g}aa _qqaa|aCaaeQ q|_a|ga}a?
_g}aa gao @_aa|ga}a? ca|o, o}gg|} aqaaaq
eaa cooa Cjaa? gjj|gggq}a _ooqa _q}a? a
gao @_aa|ga}a?

_q}a_agj j}q|oao. @aCq, @a@ Caaj gaoaCag|, @a@
aa|}aag gaaa @}j|gga}a. jo a|}aa|o @_gg _g}aa
q|}q q|}qa Caaaga}a. _Cgo, agCj}o, a@.ja, a},
ga.ja, o.Cjg Cjaag _C}j|}a|a Caaa Cjaag ga}aa
_g}a_ gaaa|a aajjgg|aCaaea}a.

ga Cg_a Cg_a _C}j|}a|a g} _g|aaag. @a@ @
jo CqeQ cag a_g|, Cg_oCogaga aajjggaaa g|ggg|aqgg|_gg
o|o @|} Cja} _g}a|a gq|_jjaag gaag je||o
@gaa|aa}a. 1947 gqj} Cgaa|, @oC}o j|ggg g|a qa}
Cagg @ga|} _g}a jaooga|o jQCaaao Cojja}a. @g
Cagg _g aa Cgaaa|o (jaooga|o Q) g_ ogq|a|g!

C ag j|gggg. gQCagg jaoog@ jgg|aCaaeq_ggg. g_
jaa, jaoogaa q|Q ga}qggaaa j|}qq g_jja
ga}aa|aCaaeq_gga. gjaa, _q}a cjCjag ga}a|ga}aCa,
aqaa C jggg _g}aa aja} Cogq|Q Cqg|a
_C}j|}a|a gjag qgg ca|jg, q}aaoCga}a, o|}a, Cojaaa
@a| Cgoa|a }a@qa coao|o _e|qggg g|aga.
_q}a_ag gq|aa, _} jaooga| ga|a} }a@qa
@ggaa|aCaaeq_gga.

jgg ga. gajg ga. cQ ga. _ga. @gga.

g|C}ag j|}a, ga g_jjaa q|oaa|aCaa_ g|a C 16
_oo; C ag 14- Cgg|C qajo CjggaCaaqgaa
_g|q|ggq|g.

g_ @_jgg gaag e| Cg}ggag gaagaao aggg|}! @oC}o
gag g|a g_ ga gaqC qggq|Qa|gg! _C}j|}a|a
_qo qagaaa g_ga gaqC @}jaa|q|Qa|gg.

@ag a_C cg|}ja}aaq|oao. aggg|}ggag cag g_ ga
gg|ggq|Q, _ag g_ga gaagaa agg| _aag qgaa _ggg
ga cjCjag @_ggg|oao. j|}a a _jjqCa_ gqaq
cQggg; g_ga gaagaa _gaao Coqga go caa oag|aa
g|aaggg cajg _jCjag a_agC Cg}ag.

_g}a|a _}o|o gaoq}a_ }a@qg gjg|a_ _qo} _qo}aaa
qj Cjo|aa}a. @a| j|}aa gj|aCaaeCa,
cg|}ja}ggaCaaeCa @_aa gqag. aggg|} Cgo a|aggq|Q.
_g|o ogCga|oao. @aao @oC}o _g}a|a jagaajjag ggo|o qg|
Cogaa CqeQ. caa Cooa? cag|}aa q|_a qgaaoa?

@Cao ag|a (Yi gael Yadi n) cajq} _jCjag @oC}o| }a@qgg|a
ggaag gjg|aa @_gga}. _q} Cjag}a| Coaaaa}. '@g
oqao. g| Cjag| @gjo a|aag. cg|}j jaa g_
jogga @_aa|aga. gg q}}a ajogag QC aqggj
Cja}aa CqeQ .

ea|o, |a e}oo|aa ggg|ao _g. aa} @|}gg
ce@g q_a_ag gaa} C}aaa|j jaa cg|}gg _gg gjg|
ja} Caaoja ggg| gggaa, _ggg ga _g}a g Cgogaga
aajjggaaa ggg| gg. _ggaa ge @aCq|agj j|gg eQ
_g}a gg Cgo caa|g Cj_|ggga, _aga aajjggaaa g_
gg Coq|_gga}a!

C ag 18- Cgg|, 1948- q_. Cj_jaoaa j|}qq g_jja
jaoogaa q|Qj Cjaq|q_gga. ga}a Cjqggag|} _ag||o
@_gga. Cja_g q|qggao aggg|}. Cja_g q|qCjag @oC}@
j|gag! _Cg Cja_g q|qCjag _C}j|}a gaaa
@}j|ggq|Qqa}a!

@oC}o j|gag ogCgaqgag _@jq|jjga? cg|}q_ gggag
g|aagga aqaojjQqga? gggg|o caa @ajCjaa|gg. @oC}o|
}a@q Cg|aga? _oog gaag Cgoa|a gaea gaaajCjaa|g
jaooga| _C}j|}a Cqgg| Cjgqa}aa?

a_ag Cg}ag. caa gaaoa. cjjq gaaoa.

C 14, 1948. q|qggq|g _aag g|a.

ggag ga @}a _ggaa j|}qq }a@q q}}a_
Cjaq|q_aa, _ag aaao aaaao|aa jaoog@aaaa j|}qq
a@ a|qa} Q Cg_oCogg|o @_gga}. ga _@qoagagj
_qaCaaeQ, gjjaaa Cqeq gogaCqgaa }q}a|
gjjaggq|Q, aao|a aaC_ggaaj CjaQq|Q, Cjqag
@aa|aCaaeQ aaaqq|Q qeqCg|aa}.

j|}a|a gjjg q_ @o| _gg q|aaqa g_ gqag qggg.
@a| jaooga cag g_ Cgo @oao. @oC}o - jaooga cag @_
Cgoa. @gg|a - jaa|ogaa ag|} _aq _ea Cgoaaa
@_ag.

e}oo| agg Cj_aCaQaag g_e ja}ggaCaaeq_gg o.
a@ a|qaa} qg|@jj|q|Q, _qo}_qo}aa Co _q|q ga_agj
Cjao Co}gga} @oC}o|a _}o|o gaoq} Cjag}a.

Cg} j|gjao gag @a||_ggg. _g|q|jjaaaa o
Cg_a|aCaaeq_ggg. @gg|aa gqqaaaa Cqaaa ggga.
g}a ga oaaaa_a aogg Cjo|aa}. 'jagaajj gjaQa ga}a?
cag }a@qg gjg|aaa CaQaCaaea}.

cooa ga} cag @ag o}qCgo qaag jaooga|a
_g}a_ag _gg _g|q|jaj Cq||a}. "@ag ggo @oC}o
j|gaa|gg. _g}a|a Cgo."

_gga aeggaaaaa aagg|_gg _g}a, j}qogg|o gCqag __g
aee} q|a}a. gg|gg, @agga ggaqaa}a. g_qa}_q}
aqgg_q| _aajj j}ag|aCaaea}a.

gjg jaooga|a _aagg coaoa|o|_gg _}jj jaa C
gag @gg|aa @ggaao CogCaaeq_gga.

gag|. ggg }jCja}} 9 g9a, 2006


68 gg

g|oCooa }gg - ja. }aaqa

@}ea oa gg @}j|jjggg gaa} _}j Cgoa cag
ga|gga|C gaQa a|aag. aa} 1860 q_a gaaa,
g_aa|j Cj}}o|a _aaaaCq @aag _}j Cgoa _aagg
@_gga. _gaqg, _ae @ooa| oa}agg|. jaooga, =}aa,
=}aa, Cojaaa, o|}a cag geQ Cgoa _qaaCgooa
@}ea oajCja_ag j|}a q|a Cjggggg j|gggaa. _ggg
ga gC} Cj}}a. _gaag jo o|gg}aa. _qqgaa.

ggo gg @}ea oajCja}aa gq joCqg _C}j| Cgoa,
gaaa oa}agg|gg|o|_gg j|}gg aggg|} Cgoaa|a. jaoog@
_jjq_ aggg|} Cgoaa @a||_aa Cqeqggaa. @agqao
Cjaaga aa}e, j|}a gq|a _g}a _Ca Q_q| @gag
g|}jj|ggaa.

@gga Caajgaa _C}j|}a_ag. g|aaa CaajC caga@ Cqg
qg| @oao cajgao, gaa| gaQa oaj|a o|gjj a|q|a
j}gga}|a Cj}o g.ga _g|q|gg jaooga, @oC}o coaoj j|}
gqqaaaa aggag g_qag ggaCaag ga}aa|ggaa
@_gga}a. gg cg|}jajj jg| Co gggagg Cgagqg, gq
cjjqaaa@ g.ga. j|}ggaCaaQgg g|o cjjq @_aaggaCa
Cjaa|gg cag _jjaq| _C}j|}a g|aagga}a.

aqa|aa. @q}a j}o|aaa}}a _oo}. aoaaaa}}a _oo}.
_aajaagg _}j Cgoa|a gaea gggg|o jgCjga a
Coagq}a _oo}. agaa, jqjjg|Cqa, _}o|o ceeCa, qag
qg|Ca @ooag _qggQ q}aagg _C}j|}a. @q}agaa
Cj_jaaa|a}. @q}a_ag ea g|oq}gag cQggo CoaooCqa,
qg|gggCqa, _g|a}a gCqa _aagag a_ @_aaq|oao.
_}j @aggaoq}a cag _g|jj g_ o|o} gg gg|ggo
o|gg|aaj Cjaq|a}a. @aq}a cooa_ a|agg @gaag
@aa|aCaaeQ, '_g}aa gg|aaao q}aCa cag Co _q|aq
Cgaaa| ga}g Cgaa|q|a}a. Cgaa|a, qgaCaa}, Cjea,
gggaga @a|Caa} aa| @ggj Cj_jaaa _}jaa, ga
qo|gg qgg Cggaaa} gg aaoa jgg|a|o qQag jga|jqC
caa @gCa cag gag cee|Cee|j jggCaaeq_gga}a.

jaooga - @oC}o j|}oaa|a gqaaao q}oag cajg @gg
@gg|ogaa Cgaga|gg.

g_ jaa _}ja caaqagCa cag _go| gQa|aCaaeq_aa,
@aCaa_ jaa, @Cg _qggQ q}aagago Co}gg @oC}o _g}a_
@Cg Cjaoggaa _go|aCaaeq_gga}a. caa @gCa?

Cj_jaaa aa|a @gg _ooggag o|gjaaa q}}a gg
j}o|aaa}}a|a Caaj gg gCqqggag g|ag @aCq|
@_ggg. cjjq _C}j|j j}o|aaa}}a, gg Cj_jaaa aa|a
ag|ao caa cajaga Cag|ggCaa q|_jq|oaoCa, _Cg
Cjaoggaa Cj_jaaa _g aa|a a_gag @oC}o| _}Coa,
@oC}o }a@qCa _ggg g_egg|o Cja_jQggq|oao.

gg cag gq Cogq|a}a. _qqgaa.

ca|jg, Cojaaa, Cga}a, =}aa gg o|}aq|a jaa g_ jaa
jaoogaj Cja}a|a_ag @g}qaa g|aga. cg|}jjaa @oC}o.
_ag j|ggg @oC}o. _ggg ga _q}a ga|Ca_ Cgogaga
aeg|oao. ga|Ca_ }a@qgag aqggj j|go||ggj Cj_
ggaao ogg|ggg|oao. Cja}aaao gqqaaaa cagao caa
cajagC _ggj Cja}a @gg||ogaa _q}a _g|jCjaa|ga}a.

Cao|ggj ja_a. C 14, 1948 _ag @oC}o j|gggg. gga
_gaqg C 16- Cgg| @gg gg @}j|aa|gg. _g g_ ga,
g_qa}, g_ ag aao ggoo. g_ g_ q_gag q|_ajCjaa|g
gg.

@ggaa Cgoa ga @g}jjgao cjjq Cqgg|Cjggq|QCqa
caa|g gj|aaa, jaooga Cja}a|a_ag @_ggg. gg gaggg
Cja}gg|ga, o}aa gaoa @ooaa, q|_a qgaag Cg}agg
Cjaag _ggaa gaga_C g_ Cja_qooao Cjag cag
_q}a cg|}ja}gga}a. gQCagg _}j oggag @oC}@ag
cg|}aag g|}eQ g|ggCjag Cggg gagg aeaaaa Cgoggao
caa Cogq| gq cag _q}a g|aagga}a. cjjqaqg
@oC}ao gggg|o Cgagaqjjg, g_ _g} q|ao _ggaa Cja}
jaoogaa q|Q g g q|}Qqg. @ggaa _C}j|}a|a g|.

_g}aaj Cjagggqa}, _q}a gg @eaeQ aaoa aaqaa
ga|gaQ cajag _aggq|q_gg a|goo| CCoaa||_gggao, gg
gg|gg j _q}a|aC Cj}gaa @oao. Cg|gga@ o}, Cgagga@
o}. gg Cgo gag eQ caa|g ceegaa _q}a| @_ggg.
g_Cqa gggg|o Cgaga Cg}ao @oC}o|a o|o jgg|aa @gaa
Cg}oa. @_aaCq @_aa|gg g.ga. oaj. 'ga qggg|gg g|ogag
_ja}ggq|a}a; g|_j qaa|aCaaQa cag Caa _q}a
o|ggaa @_gga}a.

@Cgaa gggagggaaa @_aa|gCg cag Cgaagoa. ea
_ggaa. @oC}o|a ggo j|}g gg|}aaj CjagjCjgg Cq| Cja
g}a| _q}g _aoo}aq oaa g_gg} @gg ag|}C
Coaoo||_aa|ga}.

@|gg. C 16- Cgg| gg Cgaa|q|g. ggo geQ Co _q|q
ga}o qgg q|_Cjag e| aaao 9.16. qo|g g_ jaoogaj
Cja}a|. ca|_gg _q}a _ag Q_q||_aa|ga}a cajCg
ggo|o @oC}o }a@qggagj j}q|oao. Cgga|o|_gg ca|jgj
jaa gaCag| qggCaaeq_gga. qaa|o|_gg Cojaaa gg
o|}aq|a jaa. Cga|o q}aaoCga}a }a@q. qCga|o|_gg
=}aa }a@q. a|gagj jaa jgg|a aqaoC @oao. gg|
ga}aaaoa aaq@ cgg }a@qgg|a jo _g|aaa @_ggq|
gq?

@oC}o ggo|o ggaajj gqqaaaaaaggaa CgCaaeg. ggo|o
gag coaoaaj jagaaag q|qgg|o |aggq|}aa aqa
Co@gg|aa}a. }a@qgg|a g_ jgg|aj j|}gg coaoa aaq@ag
_@jj|q|Q, @aCaa_ jgg|a Co _q|q|CoC
aqggaCaaea}a. gagaqgaa g_ j|}aqggaa gaagg@agj
jajQgg|aa}a.

@gg gggg|o @oC}o cjjqo CoojQa|gg cajg |a gaa|aa
q|q. _C}aaa ggo j|}a qa}, j|}aao ggo Cjog| qa}
_ggaa Cgoa_ _agggaa aqa|ggaCaaeq_gga. cggo
ogg|@ a} CqeQaaa@ gq|ag q}oa _oog Ca
oa|a}aaCq @gg|qa} @_ggq|oa.

@aao @oC}o gggg|o Cqgg| Cjggq|Qaaao gQCagg
gC}ajja @oC}o q|qgg|o ogg _aaaga
gggCaaCqeq ggg|ao _qo| q_. Cja_jQggggaa
Cgoaag gaaaa aaqaCaa @gg gg g_ ogg}jj cag
g|aagga} Cja g}a. @oC}o }a@qgg|a q|_a, _q}g @gg
ceegagggaa j|}g|jo|ggg.

gg gQj|qggg. @_ jga|@ |aa aQaaa gaaag
Cgaa|aa}a. jaooga Cja}a|aaj Cjagggqa} _g qagqa
oaqa gg. @aCq gag g} gag Cg}gg Ca}ooa Cja}jj|go|
gagaC _q}a _g|aaaa aaaea}a. cg|}ja}ag Cg}gg|o,
@gg|o gaaggo gggqg. aa|o @_jjg gC}Ca_ gaQ
CqqgeCaaa@ gagggg gjg Cja}aqg Caao@ qaa|ogaa
_gaaj jajQgg CqeQ cajg|o _q}a |a gg|a
@_gga}a.

gq|ag qgg jaaaj Cjagggqa} ca|jg|a }a@q
@_ggqggagCC ogg aQaCaajjaa }a@q cag
CoaooCqeQ. @oC}o jggg _gggggaa.

geQaa qeaaaao |a oa}gg|aa _q}a gg Coga}a.
_}aa aaag gaagqg, aaqo g|aoa, }a@q gaaa,
_ggqaaa aee|o jao Ca _qgagg gaaa| _g|jjg
cajCg ca|jg }a@qgg|a ggo @oaaaa @_ggg.

=}aa ja|a} aegqggaaa gaCag|aCaaeq_gga}a. g_ j|go|
Cjgg }a@q Cjao _ooao, aoq}aaa}}a Cjao _q}a
gaaggo|o =Qj q|_j|aa}a. o|}a, Cojaaa, Cga}a jaa
cjjqaqg Co _q|q ga_ag jggg aajjgg|q| |a q|_j|,
_gaa gqC gg q|_agag qggg|_gga.

gjg, @oC}o }a@qgg|a @jo gagqaa @_gga@ gg
Cg}gg| _q}a_ag |a @ojaa qagg|_ggg. ggaaa aaa_
gag, q|_a qgjjg, gggg|go Cjaagqgg|o @oC}o|}a @ojaa
g|ga Cjgg|_gga}a. @gjja _g|a @ooao
ja}ggaCaaqg|CoC _q}a gg|aa @_gga}a. @gaag ggaajj
gg cag Coaoqa}a. gC}oao qa} ggaajj gg Coqg,
ogg}jj a|aagaaao jggg jgjjQq|Qqg.

qaa jaa eoaa _| Cogg|gaa @ag. gg _ga g_
aa|}gag _agg|_ggg. gQaao|o ajjoaa geQqo|
_g|gga}a. Cja} q|aaa gaaa| qgggjja. }a@q gaaa|o
cg|geQa qo| g|gg|gCqag c}o Coga}a. CaaaoCqg| gag
QC CCoaa||_ggg. g_ aggag Co @oC}@ag @_gg
j q|oa|q|g. _q}a, gaogaa} _}qaegg g|ag Cja}Qqag
q|Qq|Q Cq|Cg|, gaCag| qgg jaaa _qgg Cgagaag
Cgaa|q|a}a.

g.ga. CjaQaCaaQgg coaoa CaaQaCooa j_g|aCaaQaaa|,
aggCg Cja|a. cg ja}gga@ geQa Cqqgga. cg
ja}gga@ j}a|a gga|a. cCag a|g}a gqaCaaeC
@_gga}a.

@oC}o| @ggaa q}gag a_C cg|}ja}aaq|oao. ea|o
_}j Cgoa ogg jggCja|a caCg CoaooCqeQ. ca|_gg
_q}a_ag @ga q_a|aga, a} Cja} ag|aa qgggg
g_a|ga}a cajg j}q|oao. Cggg _qaa @oC}o| }a@qggaCa
@ggaa g|ga @ojaa @_ag cag a_ gjgga}aa @oao.

Cga g_ Cj} aa ga|gg cajg Q j}ggg. _g cgga aa
cajg Cg|qaag Cg}q|oao.

gg _ga ooagag Cgaaa|j CjaaCaaeq_ggCjag g.ga.
gao|g. g|a}jja|a @gg||o, cooa gqggj|gg q_
Cjaooaa}} ag|}. Cja} g|ggg. _ag| gjjgg. @gg|ag|a.

_gg _ag| gjjgggg|ogaa @_aa|gg q|q.

Cja} g|ggg o}. @aao cCa g|gggqg? gqa oa|o, cgg
Cgogg|o cjCjag gg ggga@ @gg q|qgag |a gaa|aaa
aqa|aa CqeQ.

Cja} g|ggg cag qgg, _ag @_ g}jj|a_
gjjaCaaqa}aCaaao, _gg q|aaq qa} _q}a cgqa}
gaCag| qgg|_aa|ga}aCa, _gg @ qa} ojggjj Cgoggago
Coagg cajggaa q|g|. @gg|a - jaa|ogaa @aC ggg ggo
gggg|aCjag @ga _qjja|ogaa go.j}ajag |
a|oa|ao agg| qjgg| g_qg jaa|ogaa qo Cjaag. @agqa}
ga _ag jaa|ogaa _ja}gg aaq} cag _q}a _gaa aggg|}
aaq} cag Coaoo|aCaaeq_aa|ga}a.

@Cg ag|}gaa _}j - @oC}o ggo gggg|a Cjag g} gjaQ
@ag. gggg|o gaCag| qgg ca|jg, _jCjag aaoa jgg||o
@_ggg. @aCq, aaoa ca|jgag cagaag. q}aaoCga}a }a@q,
Cgga aa} g_qg q|aj|gg|_ggg. @aCq CqoCja jgg|
Cga}@ago Coagg. @oC}o }a@qg g.ga. gaag qggg|gg
_|ag Cq|C jo @a|o q|aj|gg|_gggao, _ggj jgg|aCooa
@oC}@agaa|q|g.

@a, aaoa Cja|gg. Cgga aa} Cja|gg. |oo|_gg Caagoggoj
jgg|aa @oC}o q|_a|q|g. ca|o, jaooga cajg caa?

_jjqCa_ CgoC @oao cag @ag @jjqggaa!

gag|. ggg }jCja}} 12 g9a, 2006




69 gaa| gaQa oaj|a Cg_aaq

g|oCooa }gg _ ja. }aaqa

g.ga. gaoQ. _ag| gjjgg. Cja} g|ggg. @oC}@ag @g|o cgg
@Cojae @oao. Caa|o gg _q}ag Cgaaa|oao.
gggagg Cgaa|q}a _C}j|}a. _gaqg jaooga
Cja}a|a_ag @g}qaaa agg|o gg|gg aa _}j Cgoa.
_q}a_ago ogCa|o Cjaa} g|ggg|aCaa @oC}@ag cggg
ga @oao.

jaooga Cja}a|a_ag @g}qaaj Cja}o @ga| j|g _}j
Cgoa_aCaa, gaa| gaQa oaj|a Cg_aaq @_ggg. Cjaa}
g|ggga cag jagqaa Cq||o CaQaCaajja@,
_ag _g ogCga|ooao |}o. gq|}, gggg|o _q}a
g|agCq @ggg @_gga}a. _agggq|} g_ aa}e
Coao@qCgagao, Cja} g|ggggg|a go a|aaaaq o|o Cg}ga
g|ag agga oaja. cooa, _}o|o oagg|aaaaq oaja.

ggo ggoaa @oC}o j|j}q} 24, 1949 _ag ca|jga Cja} g|ggg
gjjgggago CogCaaeg. ca|jg gggg|o gaCag| qgg aaoa
jgg| ca|jgaCa Coagg. j|gg Cojaa@a a}o 28 _ag gjjgg
@ag. j}o 8_ Cgg| q}aaoCga}@@ g9ao 20_ Cgg|
o|}a@ gjjgg aaC_ggaag. _gqa}|@C gaagjj|qaa
gqag =}aa, gaaaa gaqgg ga jaaag g|_jj
CjggaCaaqgaa _g|q|ggq|Q, gaa aajjgg||_gg jgg|a o|oqgag
Cga}@agg gaa} qa}ggq|Q qgg qg|C Cjaq|g.

g_ q}|o @agj j}jq CoaoqCgagao, jaooga _C}j|}a_ag
gq| CoqggCaag qgg j|g _}j Cgoa _aagg gQ qg||o
_q}aaa aaq|Qq|Q, gaga a|agg oaja_a g|_jg|agg,
g|_j|j Cjaq|a}a.

@gaaa aaq@ Caqoaa, @gaaa aaq@ __q_j_aq,
@agq| Caoaa gj|aaag gC}aa cajg Cqg|oao. g.ga.q|a
gaoaogaa _jjqo CoCqeqgaag cag _}j Cgoa
oagaa Coaaaa@, gg|aa|gag Cgoa|a ggga cajg cgg
ooegg|o @_ggg cajggg @g g_ |aoo|ggg ga}e.

@aao @ggaaa _}o|o g|aa }a @_aa|aga.
CCoaaaqaqg _qgagj j}ggCaaqg _qo|.

@}ea oajCja}a gqq|o, oa _}a|o g_ |ajCj} j|}oaa
}ao|aa _qaa||_ggg. _C}aaaag Coaq|g _a|@ag
@a|o _qaa||_gg jojj}aogaa _g. @_q}o a} qoo}a
caa|g Caq| |ajCj}gaa @_ggg _jCjag. oajCja}o @_
Cgoa_C |ajCj} oagaaaaj j}gg|_gga. @}eQC gq|}aa
gqag aCj_ oag|a cajg oa g_qggg Cg}ggq|g.

@jCjag a}, cgga ao| caa|g Caq| c_ggg. _gaqg,
_C}aaaaq @g}ag Cgoa caq, }qaaq @g}ag Cgoa
caq caa|g Caq|. _C}aaaaq @g}jjCgagao, _C}aaa
@g}ag _aagg _oaa Co}gg @g}jjg cagag.
}qaaq @g}jjCgaga@ _jjqC.

@oC}o q|qgg|o _aagag _C}aaaag o}; }qaag o},
gC} g|aojjaQgaa. _q}a @_q_C @oC}ao @g}gga}a.
_g}a gaa _@gaj cajg gq|}, gg|aa|gaa|o q@qaag ga
aaoaa ag|aCaa @_ Cgoa_C o}aa @
ja}ggaCaaeq_gga}a. gg|aa|gaa|a ceCe qgaga CaaeQ
_aaq oaja gg|gg _aagag _}j Cgoa_aCa _ggaa
g_aaa q|q} Cg}ag. @aao _C}aaaagg Cg}.
}qaagg Cg}.

ceCe @_aa|gg cag _}j Cgoa_agg Cg}gga@ _C}aaa
_ag, Coaq|g _a|a _ag _q}a| Cgag|ogjg Cg}oo|
a|aag. @Cgaa qa aQo oajj|Q ceCea? CjC}ao|.
cooaqggagC goaga}. cQag gqCqa_ CoaQ je. @aCq,
@gg @_ Cgoaa caaa}e CaaeQ a_ jaaggaCaaeQq|g
ga}aa @oao.

@}eaqg aa}e, jaoogaa @g}jjgao gag gaqg oaj
ea cag _aagg _}j Cgoa_ Cao|gga. @oC}ao
@g}aaao, aeQCaaao q|ao j j|}oaa g|}ag. @aao
jaoogaa @g}jjga go _C}aa, gC}ajj|, Coaq|g _a|a|a
gQCagg cg|}jajo ojag|ggaCaa Cqeqq_Ca caa|g _oo
_q}a_ag @_ggg.

gq|} _aagg _}j Cgoa_C Caago ga @aCq|a|ogaa
aggg|} Cjgg|_gga. cg _jCjag gaa|ag ae Cgooo.
e}oo|qojjQ oCaag} _C}j|}a_ag ga|Cga Cj}qg| cag
a|j|, Cqeag qja|o o|aa|aCaa Cg}QCa cag
aqaojja}a. ggg gqgg gggg|o a|aggqa} oaj cag
g|_j|j Cjaqggaa gaag goog; ga Cgoggag goog cag
gqCqa_ Cgog g|aagga.

@aCq, Cja} g|ggg gjjgggg|o @gagg|a
aaC_gg|Qq|a}a. jaooga _C}j|}a _gga ae ggo
gQgCg_ag qgga}a.

jaooga Cja}a|aaj Cjagggqa} Cja} gqggq|gaa _q}a
g|aaaaCq @oao. gq|ag qggq}agaa gqq|a}aC gq|}, gg
gqq|oao cajggaa _q}a|a g|aojjaQ.

@aao, @gaa @oC}o Cja_jQggq|oao. agg||_ag _}j
Cgoa_a gj Cja} g|ggg gjjgggag _jjqC q|og}gg,
go@g CaaCq _g q|_j|g. @gg q|qgg|o Cjag}a |ag
Cg|qaa @_gga}. caagag @_gga@ _C}j|}a jaooga
Cja}a|aa g|_j @g}aaCqa, _q}a_aaaa gg CoCqa
gaq}aQ. _jjqCa_ ggg|ao gjag qee, g|}gg}aa
_ggg Cgoa_a go@gj jao _aggq| _q} |a
q|_j|aa}. _q}aao o}jjQgg|q|ao, jaooga Cja}a|aao
oa|jjg Cj} q|qoo cajg _q}ag o|ggagg.

gggg|a @gg||o Cqo Cja cag _agaajjQ Cga}a gg||a
Cgga aa}j jgg| g_qag Cga}a Cjgg|_ggg. _q}a_aga
a|agg g|ojj}jj|a g} coao, Cg_oCo ga}a a|gagj jgg| qa}
geq_ggg. cgo| Cgg Cg_oCoa @oC}o aajjgg||_ggg.

@aCq, ga}ggaaCq Cg_oCo ga} @}eaaj j|aajjg.
gCaaCq _ag gQCq g} agg Cj_gaq} eQ. _g gq|}
g_ aaoaj Cj_gaqa} @_ Cgoa_ gjQgg|aCaaeq_gga.

@aao _ag| gjjgggg|o, Cg_oCo jgg| gg|jj|o @oC}o |ag
Cg|qaa, qg|jaQo aggg|} jgg|a gg|jj|q_ggg. @_ g}jj
aa_ Cg_oCogag q_aa g_qg|Coa, Caa|oa|o qg|jaQ
gggqg|Coa, cgg _}a cggj j|}oaa Coaag cag _g|o
gg|jj|q_ggg. Cga}@ _ggg gjjaCaaeQgaa gjjgggg|o
aaC_gg|q_ggg.

caagaa _ag| gjjgg CogCaaea@ @oC}o g_ _g Cgo.
jaooga _C}j|}aa gagg|o q|a@ Cga}a g} @ooa|
Cgo. @aCq, o|aao _a|_gg @}j|ggg.

Cga}a qo|_gg Cg_oCo ga}a jgg|qag _g}a a_
'o|aaa'aa_ago (Caa|oa_ag) Cooo _@g|aajjq|oao. _g}a|a
ja|go aq}aa _gg agg Cj_gaq} __Ca g|ag _q}a
j|}a}ggaa Co _@g|aajjq|oao. Cg_oCo ga}o g_
j}agaa aooag gag eQ. g_ o|g gaag gq jgg||o _agg
aooag.

@gga aooagj jgg|, _g}a_ag g_ qg|jaq. agg|jja}aa
q_qa}a. g|ag j|}a}ggaa Coqa}a. @|}aeQ aao o}gg|}
jaggg g|o _ooqa? Cga @aCooa ja|ggaa.
qg|jaqgaa.

Cga}a caa CogCgagao @gga aooagag q_ _g}aag
gQjjggaaaCq _gg qg||o g_ Cj} CgQgoaaog g|gag
_g|q|gg, aqaa oaao CjaQ Cqao|o @ga|q|g.

oaao cagao aooagj jgg|agj jaagg|o _oo! _ga CCoC.
_jjqCa_ aooag _Ca @_ggg cag cg|}aao
Coaoo|aCaaoaC gq|}, g|ag ja}aa gqag. _}gg j|}a}ggaa
Co gqag.

_g Qooao, oaao CjaQ je||o =Qj Cga}a Cgoggj
je|a}a o|o _gggo gqqaaaa|@ =Qja}a.
ga}eaa, @ggaaeaaaa j}aga aooaga g|aggg _ggj jgg||o
o|o aooaga|a CCo o|g| Caaj}a, _oog oa} ag|}aa
qqqajajo Cog|_gga}a. _gg @aaCooa je|a}a
jag_aaj jajQgg @}j|gga}a.

_g}a g _q}a_ag @_gg Cqgjajggaa @jjq
Cq|jjQgg|aa}a cajago Coaoo Cqeqg|oao. @aao
@Cgooa _g}aa cggaa @} jag|gg|_ag cajag Cao|ggj
ja}aa CqeQ. _gga aegg|o _q}a, 'Coqg
Cga}aa|}agaCa' caCgooa g|aaggj ja}aaaa}a. agaa,
'goo|a _ooqa @jjqo Coa|ga}a' caggaa q|C}ag
q}gga}a.

@gg q|C}agCooagaa j|aaao jaooga| _C}j|}a g
Caggaa q|qggg.

@gCaaaqg Cga}a g|ggg|aCaaeq_aaoa. @a@ g_ jq CCo
Cja, ga @_aaag j g|ojj}jj|o qo|ag _ggaa _g}a_
Cq|Cg CqeQ cag gg}q|g. @aCq _ggaa Cj_ @
Cj}gg @oC}@ag qgga}a.

Cga}a Q cag|oao. @oC}aoo agg||_gg _ggaa _}j
Cgoa_C ggggag _ag| gjjgga_ag j|gg @jjqggaa
gggCaaea. jaooga| _C}j|}a_ag g|a a|aaa qg| g
Coao gg _g Cqgjaj Q _aq @qqag
Cq|jjQgg|aCaaeq_gga. gqgg qa} _g}a @ Cj}gg
@oC}@ag ggoaa qgg Co}gga}a. Caa cag gag
@_aa|ggooqa? gqag _g}a Ca}aaCaaagj Cjaaa}a.
=}a@agj Cjaaa}a. cCaooa gqCa _Caooa Cjaaa}a.
@ Cj}qg _q}a_aCaaag jg|goo' _ooqa?

@aa@ @oC}o _}a @agCooa Caaaj ja}ggaCaaeQgaa
@_ggg. Cja} g|ggg gjjgggg|a g_ q}aa cgg _}j Cgog
g_aaaa aajj|qaaq|oao cajag aqa|ggaCaaeC @_ggg.
@ag qoaa ogg}jj ja}gg eQ g.ga.q|a aqaggag cQggo
Cooqg jgg| _aoo}a q q|qag|gga}a.

_gggga aq cg|}q|aaaa Cg@ Coao @_ggao gagaa
@_aga? caa Cooa?

@oC}o coaoag qo|ag _C}j|}a|a jaa _q}a|a aqa
g|_j|g. _} @o|aga g_aa|a go gjaQ Cog
_q}a_agj j|}oaaa CaaQaa @}j|gga}a.

@oC}o coaoag @_ag _C}j|}aa q|}qqjjg.
Cq||o|_gg gC} g_ _C}j|a Caaa @oC}@ag
gaggqao ja}ggaCaaqg.

@oC}@ag cagao Cg_oCoggag cag _}gg. @oC}o|a
@_aa|a ag @_ag Cg_oCo. goo|a_ag ja|gaa
Cg_oCo.

_g}aaqg qag Cg_aaq cagao gagaao|aaa Cg_oCogag q|Q
gqq|g gaaa}a. @aao _C}j|}aCa, |C} Cjaaa@
Cg_oCo|o CjaaQ cag g|aaaaa qq}a.

@aCq, _gg @gg|o _qaaoa cag gq Cogg @oC}o _}a.

gag|. ggg }jCja}} 16 g9a, 2006





60 jaooga _ag|

g|oCooa }gg _ ja. }aaqa

Cg_oCo ga}o qo|ag _C}j|}aa gaqg Cog Cq|Cggqg.
gg ogg|o jagaajja aa}ea_aaaaCqa, Cqg gaqg
aa}eaa gaa|Ca gaa} q|Q Cq|Cg| _}ja g|_j|
_ag q}ao gQgg g|gggqg. @gg @}eQ aa}aa g_aaao
CogaCo _C}j|}a|a _qq|gg|o _qggg ag|}gaa cag gq
Cogg @oC}o.

g.ga. CjaQaCaaQgg og|aCooa caa @|a, cCa
Cja|a? cag a_ Caaag ga}aa @oao. gggg|a @gg||o
Cgg Cg_oCo jgg|a @aa|}|ggg ga aajj|qag
aqggaCaaeQq|g @oC}o. Caao, 'a|gagj jgg|a Cga}a
cQggaCaaq|oaoa' caa|g jg|o _q}a| ga}aa @_ggg.
Cg_oCo ga}a g|}qaa g.ga.q|a aQjjaQag j g_
o|gjja g_q| @_ag caa|g ga g}aaaCooa aagCgaQ
Cja|a.

Caagoga coCoa_ _qggaCaaqa}a; a|aaa|g @a|Coooa
Cja gag|Qq}a; oeaag q_qa}agaa. @aao aaojCjaaa|o
_q}q} ggg Cqaoaaj ja}ggaCaaeQ Cjaq|Qqa}a; gaago
o|aao g @_aaag cag g|aaggg @oC}o. @aCaa_ aeag
_q}a| @_ggg. cjjq _C}aaaq|a gq|} @g} gaag
eQ cag _jCjaCg g}aaaa @_gg @oC}o _}a, _C}aa
jogga _aajaagg Cgoaa |}QqCga, _q}a |}qaao
cg|}jjCga gaago aojgaa cag a_g|g.

@gg @gg|o, jaoogaao agg| j|g _}j Cgoa|a
g|aojjaa ogga }gg aqa|aa Cqeqg _qo|. caagaa
1948_gggg|o _C}j|}a o}o CogCaaeQ CjaaCqeq
Cg}gga@, jaooga|}a_ago Coaggaa CqoCja gg aaoa
jgg|aa gagC Cga}@ ca|jg ga@agaaa|aCaaea@,
_g}a gaa _q}ag Cqgjj|o g| agg@ gjq|oao.

Coaggo oCaag}a aggjjg|o gag jgeQ caa|g ggg
e}oo|Cooa _q}a_ag @oao cajg eaC. _Cg o,
oCaag}a|a cg|} gag cg|} caa|g g|aojjaq@ cgg agg@
gjq|oao!

@g caa q|o|gg|} cagao, @gggj Cj}gaa _}o|o. gggg|a
@gg||o gaaga a|agg aaoa jgg|a a ca|jg
jaooga|}a_agg g|_jj|gg}q|oao? a Cqo Cjaa Cga}a,
jaooga| _C}j|}a qo gjjaaaq|oao? _jjg caa
oCaag}ggq qaga|gg caa|g Caq| cgoa. _qo| cgCqeQ.

ca|jg Cga}@ a aqgg|_ggao, jaooga|}a_ag g.ga.
jggg _|gg|_gg _Cg g|ojj}jaj eQ _q}a qoC ggg
@o Cog|_aagq. @oC}@agaa _q}a Cag|aa}a
caga@ Cja}a @gg||o jaooga|}a|a g|ojj}jj g_qg
a} @_ggg cagao, @gg @_ oCaag} _}j Cgoa|gaa!
@oC}o @aa|}|gg jgg| _jCjag CoagjC. g.ga.q|a
aQjjaQag @_gg Cg_oCoaggaa _q}aao @aa|}|aa
gqggCg gq|}, Cqo CjaaaCa, aaoaaqCa _oo. _aq
@}eQC jaooga|}a_ago Coaggaa g|ojj}jj, g.ga.q|a
g|jjq.

@a, 1948_gggagj Cjagggqa} jaooga|}aa _ag|aaaa|
_ggja}ggg @oC}o _oo; oCaag} _}j Cgoaaa ca|jg
Cga}@gaa cagaa|gg!

@oC}@agaa Cag|aa}a; @oC}ogaa cg|}. @g|o ogCga|oao.
@aa@ gggg|a @gg||o g|g cg|}aa aggaaa _aa
aaejjaq ca|jg Cga}@gaa. _}j Cgoa|a oCaag}ggq
ajjaaa cggaa 'aagaag' cajggg @g ggo ga}e.

@ggaa. @gg g_ _ogaa @oC}o gaaj|aaa Caa @g|goa
aa}eaa _aggg. caa Coga@ gaa gjj|ggq|oa cag
_q}a a_g|ga aa}e @ggaa. _}j Cgoa cooa c@jag
qaoaQ gaagaa cag _q}aaa a_go Cogg @ggaa. @gg
_ogag agg|o CaaeQgaa, _}j ee|o aa@ag qg|Cgqg
_C}aaa. @Cg q|qgag agg|o CaaeQgaa aa gC}ajj|
gaQa_, Coaq|g _a|@ _aagag _}j ee|a ceCe
qgaga Caaa| qg|CgqaCaaeq_gga.

_C}j|}a|a oCaag}ggq cajg ggg|@ g oa}ggCg gq|},
_}o|o oa}gggoo. @gg eaaj j}ggCaa gqaaao
jaooga j|}oaa|a o|Qaga |aa ggjjaaj j}ggCaaqg|o
Cj} j|}oaa @}ag.

_gaaogaa _q}a jaooga|}a|a a}agg|a aa jg|Cjaag
jgg| _g|a _oqaCaaao gg _g Cqgjaj Q gq|}aag
Cga}gg aajj|qaa @}j|gga}a. Cga}aag Cga}gg _ggaa
_}j Cgoa_C _g}aa g|}gaoeaa Cq|Cgg @}j|gga.
gqCqa_ _}j CgogC gg Cgo coaoag qo|ag _aagg
_g}a_ gg cg|}a cag ja|}aaao Coaoog Cgaa|a.

_g}a gqggqa} @oC}@ag @Cj}gga}a. gqagq}a
cCag ggo a|aaa|gCga, _Caooa Cjaag Cgaa|aa}a.
o|}a, gag coaoag gqCggC a|aag cag _g|q|ggq|g.
Ca}aaCaa, _g}aa _@g|ggg. @aao gagg g|}jjgga _Ca
|a _g|a @_gga.

1948 _ gggg|o @oC}o _ja}gg jgg|a g|_jj|gg}jjao
g_Cqa g|aoa Caago o}aaoa cag _}o|o qo@g}a
a_ggg Cg}q|gga}a. @aao }a@q gqqaaa go aajjggjj
g_ geQ g|ogag q|Qgg} gqag cag Coaoo|q|a}
Cjag}a. _Cg o cggg @_aaQ cag, gag aQjjaQ
g|ojj}jjag qo|ag _C}j|}a Cga}gg g|g|aa qo|jjg|o
cggj j|}oaa @_aaag cag Coaaaa}. @ga gagag
oagg|a jgg| Caq|a @_gga@ @oC}o|a @ggaa _g|q|jCj
gg _}j Cgoa_aga Caago g}oagagg gggg.

aa}e, jaoogaao agg| j|g Cgoa_ag gggg|a @gg||o
_ag|aaaj Cjao Co}gg jaooga| _C}j|}a|a cee|aaa |a
_g|a. _q}aa caa Cooa; cjjq aqgga aajjaggoa cag
_q}a_agj j}q|oao. gqCqa_ _}j Cgogg|a coaoa|@
jaooga| _ag|a gaaa @_gga. gqCqa_ gaag ao
aeaa|o gaag. gqCqa_ gaa|@ jooa|}aaeaaaa
jaooga|}a ggoagg|_gga}a. _q}a_aCaooa ga @,
ee e, qag qg| Cog g_ ga}aa aa _gggg
Cgoa_ag @_jj|@ gagago o|aaoa|o _aq o|aa|ggq|gga.
Cja_aga}j j|}oaa ggoaqg. @ Cg_aaq @}eaqg.

_}j Cgoa cooa j}jjq|o |a o|g|aq. o|}a, Cga}a,
Cojaaa cooa |a |ao o|g| Cgoa. gg qa|gag ag|oa|a
_Cq @aaq. @_aa|g aa_aCa @ aaeag _ggaa Cgoa
_ag|aa aqggaCaaeQ cjjqo oa|ag?

ca|jg, Cojaaa, =}aa @a| gag Cgoa_ gga ggoaa,
jaooga| _ag|aag gg aa_a aogg qag _@g|aa gqag
cag _g|q|gga. _gaqg _ag| g|ao|CoC _q}a gaaa|o
Cga}oa. gaqg g} Cao|gg j|aaao g_ qg| aaeoa cag
@ggg _}gg. oCaag} goo|a!

@g|o o|o Caqoaa Cj}a cooa ggga. o|}aq|a
_jCjaag o}qag|aa}aa @_ggq} Cj} @oa| oa| (j|usoq
ge'qa). @q} Cg}qaa @oC}o _}o|C g_ Cj}ggagj
Cjoaqa}gag ggg|aa}.

_gaqg, _ag|aaa @oC}o coao|@ o|}aq|a coao|@
oq|aCaaeq_ag aa} gag oo jaooga|}aa o|}a ga
Cjagjj|o ggaCaa_. _gggj j|}g| jaa}aa aoo ao
jgg||a o}jag|a @eQCaa_ }aag gaag @oC}o
q|QaCaaQaga? cag Caa}.

@agjCjaag }aaa Cj}a_ag @oC}o og|aaagggaa _ga
|ajCj} jo. Cjag}a |agCg|qaao Coaaaa}. 'cjjq gaa
oCaa|@|_gg q_ _g}aa ggaCaaa|CgaCa, cjjq
oCaa|@|_gg qgg gqCg _aaggg g}jj|aa} _C}aaa
ggaCaaa|gCga, _CgCjao _gggg _}j Cgoa_ag _ag|aaa
q_Cqaa} gqCg q|_j| q_Cqaa} _gggg Cgogaa
ggaCaa CqeQ' cag _q} Coaaaa}.

@g|o aqa|ggj ja}aaCqeq q|q gag eQ. @oC}o gaaaj
jgg| Q @gg q}a|o Coaoo|aCaaq|oao. agaa gag @g}o
_C}aaagaa cajag aggaaag Cg}q|gg|_aa|gg. gg
@aggq}a ca|_gg qgga@ gaa ggaCaaqaga aaq@,
cgg @agago Co}ggq}aa @_gga@ _C}aaaq|o gqCg qggao
_C}aaa ggaCaaa|gg ja} cag aqaaaQqga go,
_C}aaaaq aggaaaj jaggg, _ggj jaa Caago aaaao
oaggCaaeg.

@g, @_jj|o o|aaoa |aa _}j Cgoa_ag |ggg oagaga
CaaQggg.

aggg|} Cgoaa @a g|a ggCo @oC}o gag gq|} _C}aa @g}
g|aojjaa ogg}jj a|aggCjaCgooa Cq|jjQggg gqg|g|oao.
_q}a_ag Cqg qg||oao cajag aqa|aa CqeQ. @oC}o
caa|g Cgogag _qaaa|ga gqggq|Qqg|oao _ooqa? g_
Cgogg|a g|}ae cajg Cj}g Cja_aga} gg }a@qa
aQaagago oa}ggg. gg|a|gaaaj Cjagggqa} }a@qa aQaa
cajg Cja_aga}a aQaagaga aaq@ _g|a gaa|ggq
qaggg. gg|jjaa cg|}aag gq|} agg|@ Cqg a_C @ooag
@oC}@ag..

@gg|ao|o aeag qgaa|ooao gaag gqaq Cgo _C}aaa
Qgaa cag @oC}o a_g|g|o q|jj|oao. jg|@ag
_C}aaaagg gaa cgCggg qaaa|Cooa gq|
CoCqeqq_ cajg jgg| _ggaa goo|aa _q}a_ag
_jCjag Cg}gg|_aaq|oao cajg eaC. @aa@,
aa}e|ooao _C}aaa gaaa @g}aaag caa|g _q|oaqg
_q}a _g|gCg @_gga}a.

@g g_jg @_aa, _ag|aao oa|aa gqag j|g _}j Cgoa
q caa Cooa cag q|qag|gga. @gg||o aaoa Cqo
Cjag a} aQjjaqo @_gga@, _gg ee|a aa eQ
_gg @ggaCa g|_j|q|oaC cag g|aagga}a. _ag| g|aoa|o
_gg| Cgogg|o qagqaga aaq@, Coagg ee|o _Qgg gaqa
@o|ag jQ qagqg|o _q}a_agj Cj} aoo|aao g @}ag
cag g}aa|gg _agjj q|Qgga}a.

@ga|a|o 'jaooga _ag|' caa|g ggg| jaggq}a|a cee|aaa
gg|a a|gag g_qg|@ }aaaj j}q|q|q_ggg. gC}ajj| coao
qa} _q}a j}q|q|q_gga}a. Coagg Cgogg|o qaggqao
g}ggjj _gg _jjaq| goo|aa aqggaCaaeQ j}a}aa
a}a@C gqag g|ao|o, |a g|eaqg Cg_q|o g|aga}a
_q}a.

eQ ga jaoog@ag q}oa cag j|g _}j Cgoa Co}gg
g}o CaaQggCjag, cCa jaooga|}a _ooag j|g _}j
goo|a_ ogg}jjgagj jajQgg|aCaaeQ C qgg o|aao
eaaa|q|Qqa}aCa cag g.ga. aqaojjg. @aCq a}
jaooga| _ag| cajggg g_ q|aa _|gga}a. 'gaggg jo
@}eQ q_a _q}a jaooga|o qaggg|_aa CqeQ.'

_q}a g|_j @}j|gga}a.

gag|. ggg }jCja}} 19 g9a, 2006



61 _}jaa|a ggga|aa

g|oCooa }gg - ja. }aaqa

@oC}o _qaa gg|aC ggg @}jaa|q|jqao, @oC}o|a
_}o|o _ajj, @o| gag Cjaag q|q}aa aqaa gao
ja}aa gqao Cjaq|g. @aao |a gaa|aa q|q @g.
gg|aa|gag cag CoaoojjQ aCj_ g|ojj}jj|a 99.9
ogq|a|ggg|o g|o _}o|o ggg|ao Cqg; 0.1 ogq|a|g g|ojj}jCj
Caae @oC}o|a _}o|o _ajj ggg|@ Cqg.

@oC}o g_ gagaa gaQ. Cgaag| g|agg|o|_gCg _jjqggaa.
@aao ggaagj Cjaag gagaa _oo _g. qa}gaajj
gagaa. a|gg _C}aa gagaagga Cg_aaaa _ag
gjj|gq. gC} g_ q|gg|ao, _C}aaaq|o _g|j_agggaa
_g|aa}a. @oC}o|o j|}g_ag. _gg g_ q|qgg|o @gg|
gagaa ag|}gaa. @aao gg _oa cooa Cj_ja@
_C}aaaaqj CjaoCqgaa.

1948- q_ C ag 14- Cgg|gaa @oC}o j|gggg cagCjag
_gg q_ a}oo|CoC @o| cjjq @_aaCqeQ, caa
ag|}aa g|}qaa _ajaj g|gqCqeQ cag _g}a|a ogag
gaoq}a_ _}o|o j|}g|g|g|a_ qj Cjo| g_
gqCqQgg|_gga}a. _}j Cgoa_ag gQq|o _a Cgoaa
@_ggCjag, _gg Cgoa|a _}o|o _ajjo oao g gaa|
@_ggq|a aCgajg|o @oC}o @}j ggCo |ag Cg|qaa
@_ggg.

a}o ag ggo Cgg| ggaggo|o aa ag caCga_ _g|aa}_}q
_ajaj g|gq|aa}a. _g}a|a Cgo|a a|q|o|_gg @gg aa
agggagj j|}g|g|g|aa g||gga}a.

@gg aa aggaa, @oC}o _qaag 120 gjj|a}aaa
Caae gaa_ag gagaagaga aajj|qaa CqeQ cag g|
qggg|ggg.

@oC}o|a gaa_aggag 'Cgo' (Knesset ) cag gg|jj|Qqa}a.
@j_ Cag||o 'Cgo' cagao o @gg @ cag Cja_.
@ggg gaag q_a_ag g_ gag Cg}go gag.

@}jaaogg|o gaa_agggag qaaaq| _g|aa}a @_gga.
a|gg aa}ao| CjaoCq Cgagg|agjqaa _g|aa}a. j|gg
@gg _g|aa}a|o Caago gg|agggagj Cjaag. cgo|
_g|aa}a _aagg j|}g gg|}|a qo ggo jgggg.

g_ oj|}gaggaaaa _g|j} caCga_qa} @oC}o aqggaCaaqg
qgaa. @aao cgg _g|aa}g _q_aga a|aag. gaa_ag
gjj|a}a_agj jgq|jj|}ae Cogaqjjg gq|}!

@oC}o|o g_ ao| @o| caa|g qgaa caagagC @_ggg|oao.
cjCjag CgCg cag gagggg jg|aagg @_jg ao|aaqg
Co}gggaa gaa_aggag qg| ggg. g_ ao| gaa_agggag
gagCqeQCagao, _ggg gC} g_ g|jggaa eQ. Cg}go|o
_aao| Cjaq|Q Cgagg|a|o gagggjo 1.6 ogq|a|gaqg Cqgg|
Cjgg|_aa CqeQ. _qqgaa.

e| _}a caga@ gg||aa e|aaggaa cjCjag
@_ag. Caa|o ao| CqgjaQa @_jj|@ _g @a caa|g
g}oggao _aaq_ g_a|aegCg CoojQqa}a. @g
_}o|@ag _jjagj j|aejj!

g }o CoqgCjao g|aaggaCaaeagCjao g_ gj|aaa|ooag
g}aa CaaeQqgg j|}ga}a aq|gjjCgooa @oC}o|o gqag.
gq}ag gaoq} a|aa gaaao g}ea ggg|aa@ gaaag.
_g|jC} q|_j|aa@ j|}ga} agg gqag! CqeQaaao gag
Cooa. _aagg gaa_ag gjj|a}a_ gag Co}gg j|}g}a
gqqaaaa j|qaaq|oaoCag gaa_aggagg Cga}gg
jgaae|aaoa. @_ao|, cg|}aao| caa|g jagjaQa g|ooao
_aagga ao|a_ Co}gg @gga aa}gag @gagg|a Cogao,
j|}g} ga|aa gaa_aggg|o aa}gg|_aaj Cja}qgg gaaaaCq
}ag|aaa Cogq|Qj Cjaaoa!

@oC}o|a @gg gjgCgQ @eQaao _}o|o q}oagg|o gC} g_
gaggaa @jjq ggg|_aa|gg. 2000-qg q_ j|}g}aa @_gg
=@g ja}a Ehu ( d Bar ak) joCqg _}o|o aa}ea_aaaa @qqag
ga|ajjQggjjQ, q|}jjq_aa|ga}.

ggjq @oC}o|o g_ j|}ga} aggqg cajg, _C}aaaq|o
_g|ja} aggqg cggaa o|}Ca _ggaa o|}.

@ag|}aa gjaQ cggaaa cagao, o}qCgo _q|o gaaa a_
o}q} _aa}aaag g|ao|o, gaq@ cjCjag ggjj
ggggqeeC @_ggq|a aCg cajggaaaggaa. caagaa
_C}aaa @g}aa|gg caga@ _aajaagg|o Cgagaa g_
jaaaa Coa @oC}@ag a_ a|aag. Cj_jaoaa @o|
Cgoa_ @oC}o|a jaooga q|C}ag gqqaaaaa gaa|Qg
Cga}gg gg cg|}jajg Cg}q|ggjqC gaa @_aa|aga. ga|gg
g|ag Cja}aq qagggaa Cqeq @_jj|o Cg_aaq @oC}@agg
Cgaaaaao ggCo @_gg q_qgao, @o|gag|o @jjqaa o|o
@_jggaaao CogCaaea}a.

g_qa} j|}g}aag Cg}gCgQggq|ao, caa @aa@ _q}
CoaoCjoa Cajg cajggaa @oC}o|}a|a @oj. gqg
Coa|gaC}ag Cg}gga@ gag Cjo|aCaaqa}aC gq|}, Cjagq|o
cg|}jjg Cg}q|aa aa}a.

_}oaa _Ca qaaq |a Cjaqaaga aqggaCaaqg
qgaa. gg|jjaaj jgg|}aaa, ga|gga. _gj jgg|}aaa _Ca
@_gg gjjgaao o}gg|}C a|aag. gag jgg|}aaa @oa
@}}a Cj}o |}qagggCaaeQgaa @_ag. aa} 26 g|ao}j
jgg|}aaa @oC}o|o @_aa|aga. _qgg 11 @j_ Cag|j
jgg|}aaa. gaag _}jCag|j jgg|}aaa. @a|o, j|C}ga,
@Ca}a, _Ca|a, }qa, Cg}a Cag|j jgg|}aaa goa
gag.

Cj_ja@ gC}ajj| Cgoa|o|_gg qgg @oC}o|o qagg Cgaa|
_g}agaa cajgao, _gggg Cgogg Cag|a|o g_ jgg|}aaaqg
@_aaCqeQCag g||Q, @oC}o _}oaaC gq| Cog
@}j|ggaqgg jgg|}aaa @aq. @j_ Cag||a o|aggg Cjoa
qgag Cag|aa @qq Cag||@ g_ g|ao}j jgg|}aa eQ.

Cgo _qaa g|a ggo @agqa} @oC}o|o, _}aag
jgg|}aaa_agaa g |a _gjgaa g|ao|CoC @_ggq_qg
g} oa @oo}. cgg g_ @oC}o g|ao} _}aoa aQaaa
q|}o|aaag. _Cg o ao|j jgg|}aa Cjaog gg| jaQqg
a|aag. Cog|a, Cog|aa QC qggqg cajg @oC}o
jgg|}aaa|a jae|. ga q|}oa cag cag _aq gaaqjjCg
@oao Cj_ja@!

Yedi ot h Ahar onot h caa|g @j_ Cag| Cog|ggagaa @oC}o|o |a
_g|a q|gjaaag jgg|}aa. Cagg gag oo j|}g|a.

jgg|}aaa_ag _}aag Qoo; jgg|}aaa_ag
gg|aga_ag _Ca |a goo g eQ. gg|ag _qg|jj
qgag cag @gqa} cggj jgg|}aa g cgga aaogg|@ a_
CgaQggg|oao.

@oC}o gg|aga jgg|o CoaooCqeQ. _Ca @_q|gaa gg|
_ajja CoojQa|aga. gag o|q|o gg|aga. @aCaaag, g
gg|aga. o|q|o gg|aga|o qgaaaa qgaga Q
gajjQ. g|_e, g|_e gg| | gQj q|qaa}a, g
Cga}jaa j|}oaaaaa aaa_. gQj Caa} cag @Ca
CoaoojjQqg Cjaoggaa. @aao @oC}o|o gQjj j|}oaaa
gg|aga_ag q_aaao |a _aaagCQgg aqa|aajjQ.
@oC}o|o qagjq}a Qgaa cag|oao. oCag qo|ag
_g}a_ag caa j|}oaa caga@ @oC}o|o @g gg|agaa
_@a gq.

_Qggjqaa @oC}o }a@q. g_ oogg cejga|} Cj} Caae
ggog|aoj ja. gaag oogg gjjga|} Cj} Caae }o}q
}a@qjja. q|aajja|o gjjgg|}ea|} Cj}. ajjo ja|o
jgga|} Cj}.

@aag Cgg||o Cq||o Cg}gg @oC}o }a@qgg|a jo @ggaa.
@aao o}gg|}gagj j}qjja}ggao 1967 ggCo _q}a| @Cg
jogaa @_gg qgg|_aa|gg cajg jojjQ.

@jo gagqaaa@ @oC}o ga q}}a_ag _|ag j|go|a
j|_aeaaaq. oCag cCaooa |aoo|ggg j|go|a
qgajjQa|gCga, _Caooa gag ja|aa} _@jj|, Cgaaa
aaogg|o Cja}jj|go| _|gg|_aa|ga}a. j|aaao @oC}Co jo
Cgoa_agj j|go||ag _ag }a@qg Cgag|o gjgg|o Cg}oo|
Cjgg Cgoaa|q|g. @g q|qgg|o _C}aaaq|a gq| |a
gg|jj|jjCqeqCga_ _oag.

_C}aaa, @oC}@ag @gaa Q qgaq|oao. agaa
_qgagj jajQggqg|o j|go|, Cja}aaaoaao oa|ag g|}qaag
g|ga j|go|, gggg| aao|o j|go|, g|gqaaa _agg,
aqaaagg, qg|gggqggaaa j|go| cag ja}ggj ja}ggo
Coaoo|aCaaQgg|_aa|gg. @oC}o ga jgagg Cgag|o gjggag|o
_agg _j}|gaa q}oo|, _gCgogg|a @g jogag |a
gqajjQgg|g.


_C}aaaag g_ o|.g.. ag|} @oC}@ag g_ Caoa. oa|a
gagaqg |ajCj} g|gqa cag CoaoojjQ Caoa,
@oC}o|a @}eaqg _}oaa. g|go _}oaa.

@ggaa q@qaa j|aae|a aqggaCaaeq_gga@ @oC}o|a jo
@aq cgC @oao.

agaa, _g}a cag @aggao gaa gagjq}a caa|g Cj_|g
g|aagaa @oC}ao @ag |}j|agaa aqggaCaaeq_aa|gg.
@agqa} @g}ag _C}aaa, gaa caa CqeQaaa@
Cooa. oaC g|}eQ @oC}ao cg|}aaoa. eQ _q}a }
}aa g Cqeq Cg}oa. caa @aa@ @oC}o aaa
ggg|@aa _g|ggq|Cq gqag. @a@ @|} @|o}a
Cgaag|aa@ gqag.

aa}e, _g}a|a ggga _jjqjjg. cgga aa}eggaaaa
q|QaCaaQaaCq aa}a. cggaa aq qgga@ gaa|aCaaeQ
ogg}jj ja}ggg g|_jj|qaag Cg} _q}a_ag. @ggaa, @g
gaggaa.

@gg ggga _C}j|}a| @ooagggaa jaooga|a _qog|aoag
@ga}a aa}e.

jaooga _C}j|}a_aaaaj j}gajjjoa, aee} o|ggoa. aqao
Cg}q|aaoaC gq|}, a}a@ _jjqaa cgg gq| Cogqao
@_jjggga aa}e @ggaa. _}jaa|aC ggga a|aag.

@g @oC}@ag |a gagaag Cg}. _q}a|a gggaa gagjaQ
|_a @_agqa} gaaa gag Cogq| gqag cajag
_g}a _g|qa}a.

_g}a|a @gg Caajaqgag, _C}j|}a|a @gg @g|g|aoa
e}_}qaa _g|gg, _g|_}qaao o|gg|gg, _jjqaa g_
qg|aa aa 1948-o gC} g_ gj}gaa @_gga}. _q} _jCjag
gaoqC}ooa @oao. jg|CaQ, jgCgaajg qg @ag}. ca|jg|o
j|ggg jaoogaaa}}. CaC}aq|o jqggaCaaeq_gg ao@} aeq}.

_q} Cj} gag _jgo C}@aa _jgo }_.j _}.jag _o gga
_o @aoa| Mohammed Abdel Rahman Abdel Raouf Ar af at Al Qudua Al . (
Hussei ni ).

a_aaaa _}.jag. j|aaao g_ gogg|}aaCjag ao|} _}.jag
cag _agaajjq}.

gag|. ggg }jCja}} 28 g9a, 2006



62 ao} _}a.jgg|a gaa gqag..

g|oCooa }gg - ja. }aaqa

goo, g|} |ggg @}. qqo _ggaa Cj_ @_ggj
Cja}gg|aCaaeQ @a|aCaaeq_gga}a. g| ojg @ooag oaao|o
cCaa Cgaaoq|o gC} g_ ga Q g_ gag ga}ggg. ga}aag
Cgaa| _gg ga|a g}o, @}jgg|CoC _a|jCjaag, _a}
gaagg|o @_gg _ggo o|gq@ag q|jj|ggg. ga ga}aag
Cgaa|aao g_ g||aqg gqaaaCga? @Cgaa, @}jgg|CoC
gggq|g?

_qa g_gag j}eQ jQggaa. qg||o aC}a gjjg Cjao @_ggg.
g_q}a? @}eQ Cj}a? @oao. g|ag aaoqo ojga Caa|aga.
cjjq jggj Cj}aqg @_aaoa. _qa Cg} ja}ggaa. e|
g|}aqg gaeq gagjg g||a agg|_gga.

@gg @}q|o, @ggaa g|}o qg||o a} Cjaa|ga}a? gC} ag|}
_o ogg. _g @gg _o ogg oaga}e aa _e|gg
gagCjag Cag oggoo. @g }a@qjja _o.
_jjqCagao?

aC! @aagag cgg qaa gg| aqgg|_aa|ga}a?

_gg ggg qgo o|gq@ag _oo |gggg. Cja}aqag C@
gQa|j jQgg @_gg gao qa} Cja}gg|aCaaeaa. o|o q|gaqa
ag|gg, _o ogg g|agq|g. |a _ag|aa @_ggg.

@oaoC, @jjq @_aaaaCg? _o ogg g|ag aegg|o __aao
oggg goo oggg _ooqa Cag? _gaCa qgaa? caa
gaa|gg @aagag?

_gggCo _qaao jQggaCaaeq_aa gqq|oao. _aa Cjao
ogg|ag| c_gg j|ajgj jqaaQa agaqg g|ggg, qqa
CoaQagj Cjaaaa. gaojjao gaaaoj jag| g|ggg Cq|C
ja}ggaa. ggo|o gqgaa g Cg}q|oao. @_|o oaao
ga|ggaa a|ggg. Caago }gg ja}ggCjag, qg||a gaa|o,
gQooaao|o g_ ga q|Cgagaaa aaoaaj j}jj|a a|jjaga
aeaa. oggga ga}aag Cgaa| ga. @a@ aqa|ggj ja}ggg|o
_gg gaao agg|@ =} j}gg|_ggg _q@agj jojjg.

_jjqCagao? ga ga}aag Cgaa|g Caaagq|a}aa?

_g|}oo||o _q@agg Cgaea o}ggq|g. _jjqC ja}aqa
ga}gg| qg| g_qag ja}ggaa. g_ aegaa. _q@ag |C}
Cjaq|QCjao|_ggg.

}a@qj ja|a} _aagag _qag qaggaa Cg}gCgQgg|_gga}.
qQ qaoo|o aqC}aQ aq}aa _e|qggg|_gg aaoaaj ja}ggg
g|Qaa|aa _ggo o|gqa. |a}a aa|o j|qggaCaaeQ _jjqC
aqC}aQ o}gg q|_ggaa.

o|o q|gaqa|o }a@qgg|a}a Cqa Cgaa|q|g.

ggo|o agaq @qgga}a. g|gaajjag agaqj j|gg gjjaaa|a|a
j|ajgg|ao gq agg C gaggga}a. q|aaaa _q}a
Cjaq|oao. jQgga a|ggq}aaa aaoao cq aggg
c_jj|aa}a. _og|aCaaeQ c_ggq}aa _aggg qggg|aa}a.
Cj| aq|gaajjg. aeeaqo oaaaa @aa| cg|jja.
gagaao|a aaajja. _gg qqo @gg gagjg q_j jag
aqaa} gag @_ggg. aq_ag _gg g_ |ajCj} aqaa}. _ag
g_ q}a ja}ggaa. Ca j|Qa| cQgg qg||o qo| aggaa.
jagg|}aag @aa| _qgga}a. gQaa qgg Cjeaa @aa|
qg||o qo|aa}a. Cjqa, jQaaaa, _aagag agga
a|g|gg qo|Cg|gga}a.

aq _ag|o jga||_gg o|gqa ogga goC @aq _aagag
e}ggaa. }aa _ga gqq|oao _qaao. _q}a g
Cqaoa gqggq|Qg g|_jCjag qqo cggaa |}a |oo
@_ag cajCg _qag aqaoaa @_ggg. aaaq q|Q
aqjja}aa? _gag |} j|agjjaa? _q}ag gggaga?

@. cg g|oo|oao. @aagag @gg qQ cag gg| aqggq}a,
g_aa _g|gCgag|aaao g|_jaa}a. ogg CaQ _aajaagg
qQaaa}}a _qo| aeq|g|gg|_jja}a. @aao c_gg qgg gq|
Co a_ag ge|ooo @oao. gjjaaa| aqgg|_ag }a@qgg|a}.
_q}a| caa Cogq| gq?

gaaao e| Cg} _gga aoq} _Ca ggCgg|g. qqo @_gg
_ggaa Cj_ - _gg g_ o|gqaag gq|} gaaajjq_gga}a. |}
@_aa|gga, @oaoa cajg g Cg}q|oao. @ggg|_jja}a cag
g|aagg, qgg ja g_ qg|aag g|_j|j Cjaag _qa Coo
jq|ga|a aCg qggaa.

aaq|a gaa_Ca aa aqggj ja}ggaa. goo Cqa. aqao
@_aa|gg. _q@ag g|g| j|gggg. g|_j| qaj ja}ggaa. _g
o}a cjjq jo aga j|qag cag Cgaag|g. aa}gg
gCqag _gg Cgaa|aaa.

jaooga| q|Qgao @aag gaoq} ao} _}a.jg, ga gajagg|o
@_ag ggo ojqaa q_e|gg aao|gaa CCo Coaaag. _ggo
o|gqa _q}gaa. _g, Cg_oCogg|o _q}g aa qQ.
g|}q|o qQ jggg gaaa|q}a, _jCjag jaoogaaa aajjgg|
@eQCaaeq_gg j|}qq ja|a}. _}a.jggag _jCjag qg
ggg.

_gg gggaqg qg Cgaa|, g qagga g_qg _q} aa}
jgga|} aoq}aaa aeCeg|C} ja}gg|_aa|ga}. jo oo |}a
jo|aqaga aeq_aa|ga}. @ggaaeaaaa qQa @qaajjQ,
ga}aaajjagj ja}gg|_aa|ga}. @|}a|} aa _ag|aaa,
@_aa @|ag|j jaaoqaa|o _aogg g|}ggaga aeQ
}ggaaee} q|q_aa|ga}. g_ geQ C}aqaaaag g @agg aa
jo aoa ggg, j|oaoaaa}}a Cjao gggjj aao|aaj
ja}gg|_aa|ga}. jaj jggaaag @aa|aCaaeQ j|aa_agj
CjaaCqeq gggaga, gaQggjjaaa| gg| Cja}aa
aaeCqeq gg@agg gjjQqga @ga}a aa}e caaCqag
o|gg|aa @}j|ggCjaggaa _}a.jggag @_gg Cja}a| ae
q|g|ggaa. _q_ag @_gg gaoqa ogg Caaeaa.

Cqg qg|C @ooaogaa _}a.jg gjjaaa| gg|aa}. @gagqa}
gg| gjjaaa|a _q}ao @gaa| aqaaCq gqq|oao.

jaoogaj Cja}agg|a |a gaa| _gg|a, ao} _}a.jg.
_qa}j jgg|j ja}agCjag ggo|o ga aqa|gg qaa|aCaa
Cqeq q|q, _}a.jg jaooga|o j|gggq} @oao cajg!

_}a.jg, ca|jg|o CaC}aq|o j|gggq}. _q}g ggag _Ca g_
aa}aa ge| q|aja}. ga qg||ogaa jaoogag Cga}j _q_ag
q_a|gg. _}a.jgg|a _aq|a _}qa Cg_oCo. @ag g_ gaa|a
gagaao aqaaaq, _}a.jggag jaooga g ea|CoC
_aaag a|aag; ojag|jjggaaaggaa _q} Cja}a|aaa} cag
gggoaQCqa} eQ. j|aaa|o _q}g Coagga cag
aeaCaQaajjqgago aqaaaq, '_jCjaCg CoaaCaaC
Ca}aa' cag Cao| CoCga_ eQ.

@aao, @ooagg|o ggagaa aaq@ gaqg| gagggaa g|jj
_g|a. gaqg|j _}qagaa _gga aaogg|o jaooga|o gaa| gg
Cga}jo oa|o|aa _g|jjg. _gg qaa|o _}a.jgg|a _}qa
Cg_oCogaa cajg|o cggo ogCgag @oao. @aao _q}
Cg_oCogg|o j|gggq} _oo}; ca|jg|ogaa j|ggga} cajg|@
ogCgag @oao.

_}a.jggag ggg qgaaCjag _q}g ga @gggq|a}. @aCq
gggag gaaa qqo q}qg goog cag gq|a}a gq
Cog _qa} Cg_oCoggaga CaaeQqgg q|a}a. _jjq
qggCjaggaa gaa} ga ja}gg _gg g|}a aoq}o ojq
gggg.

aa} gaag q_aqa} _}a.jg, aa qqo, Cg_oCogg|o
@_gga}. _gaqg gajg qg qa}. _gg gaag q_ aaog
_q_ag Cg_oCo ga} g_ q|Caagaa j|}agg|aaCq Cg}ggg.
g|} g|C}ag geQa Cqqag. g|} g|C}ag aaajj gag.
cg|}ja}ag Cg}a|o }a@q _aao @}jag.

g_ jaa, ja|g _| cag aegq, aaCgg|g Cga_gCaaeQ,
@aCaa_ jaa _ooggagaa _Ca qaggq caa|g g|aoa,
o|gqa _}a.jggagj j}q|oao. gag Q Cg|qaaj j}ggg.
qagaaa cajg Cja}a. eaaaa, agq|ggaaaa, _aaaa
cag Q|oao. qagqCgajCg Cja}agaa cag _q_agg
Cgaag|g. gaaao g_ _aaag Co@gg|j j|j jaaaj jqaa
gqag cag g|aagga}. jagaajjag g_ ggqaaqg @ooao
Cq|C Cjaagqag caa|g g|aoa|o, jaa cjjq g?

aggq|o |a jag|aajjq_gga} _}a.jg. cjCjagaqg
CaC}aq|o gg ggg oCaag}aga aqga c_gqa}.
Cg_oCogg|o gaaao og|aoa qaggqq|oao cag
_aaqga|o |a q_ggjjQqa}. @Ca aa jQ jaQaaj
ja}ggao gaCooa aa}gg agg|g g}aaoa Cjao|_aa|gg cag
g_ aqggg|o c_g||_aa|ga}.

@gaa ggg|@ gqgaaj j}ggCaae _}a.jgg|a oCaag}, ga
ggag| Coaoo|, _}a.jgag CaC}aaCa _agggaCaaeQq}
gjaQ Cogq|a}. _}a.jggag ea|o Cg_oCogag q|Qj
Cjaqg|o q|_jj @oao. qagqg o|} cag g|aaggaC} gq|},
gqq| g|aaaaq|oao. @aao, _q}g ggag g|C}ag g_ga qgg
_qa} eQ CaC}aaCa _agggj Cjaq|a}.

CaC}aq|o _}a.jg ga ggg oCaag}|a j}a}jj|o q}g
Cgaa|aa}. Caa _q_agg ga oCaag}aj j|qgg _ag
_jjaaqj j|qaaq|oao. @gggj jo aa}ea CoaoojjQa|aga.

ao} _}a.jgg|a ggag g_ o}aa q|aja}. q|aja} gaagggq|}
_q_ag Cqg cg|@ ga a|aag. aa aqjjQa|ga}a
caCgooa _q} cee|a aqaojjQa|gq} @oao. ga Cgag|o, ga
je, ga ogCgaq cag QC g|aaaaa qq} cajgaogaa
_}a.jggag _qa}j j|qaaao Cjaag cag o|o} Coaoa|ga}a.

CqCga_ oa}a} a_ggjjq _}a.jgg|a ggagagj jo qQa eQ.
_gaqg jo aaq|a. @g o|gqa _}a.jgg|a agag |a
jag|ggg; _gaaogaa _q} ga ggaga Cqggga} caCja_ eQ.
ga@a _a @gggg jgg| cgg q_ggg @ooao, _jja jo
Cjea_a qaga|gaC} caa|g Cqgjj _q_ag _gg qg|o
gjq_aaoa caa|ga}a.

gagaqg aa}e, _q}g _jja g_ gaQ cajg. gggag cag
_ajaag @aa| g_ gag a Caagoagq} cajgao j|gggg|o|_gCg
_}a.jggagg ggagj jao @ooaCoC Cjaq|g cag
Coaoa|ga}a.

caa aa}e cag o}aag Cg}q|oao. @aao 1962-o _}a.jgg|a
ggag @gggCjag, @gg|o ogaga _}a.jg Cjaaq|oao.
_ggag _q_agg gg ggaga g g|ao o}aa
@_ggg|oao cajg Q Cg}a|gg.

_}a.jg ggo ggoaag gg jg|aagaqg qg|o g_ gjjaaa|ag
CgaQj ja}gga}. _jCjag _q} CaC}aq|o jqggaCaaeq_gga}.
a g_aa Cg_oCogg|@ o Q CaC}aq|@aa
qagggCaaeq_gg _}a.jggag _jCjag g_ aa}aa _}
j}o|a g_a Cga}j gjg. jaooga|o j|}qq }a@qgag
q|}Qqggaaaj Cja}aqaCaaeq_gg _C}j|}a_ag @g gq|
CoqggCaag _qaa g_ _g.

ca|jg|o|_gg @g q|aja}a||_gg ag|gga ajj
gjjaaa|aa qaa|, _qgago o}Cog, j_gja}gg, Cg_oCoggaga
aggqg _q}a Cqao.

gag|. ggg }jCja}} 26 g9a, 2006



68 _g}aa @g}ag aa}ea

g|oCooa }gg - ja. }aaqa

jaooga Cja}a|a_ag _aagag @_gg |ajCj} j|}oaa,
@ga. _g|gqa @ga_a _q}a_agj j}oo a|aag.
CaaQgga@ jCaa|aag Cg}ag. gaQg gjjaaa|a_
aaCg|geQa_C _q}a_agj Cjagaaaq. @aao _aq
a|ajjg|ogaa _g|a o|aaoa @_gga.

gg q|qa|o cjjqCa. @gj jgaao, aggo, ga}ggo
gqqaaaaaa aeg|gg gg|jjg|o _jCjag jaooga|o @_gg
j|}qq }a@q |ag gq|}aa @_ggg. Cja}a|a|a CoojaQaa
gQagqCgajg _q}aa g|}agjae|aaagqggaa cajg _q}a|a
o|ggagg. @aCq, a|}a a|}aaa g|ao} C}Qagj Cjaqa}a.
jagagg aa, jaaoqajjgg|a, gaga, gaaa, gg|a
cag g||Qo Coag Cgq Cja}a|a|a @gaaj jg|ggo
Cog _g|gg qgga}a.

@aCq, jaooga Cja}a|a gaaaa @gaa _}o ga}aa
gqag ggo gjg. o|}aq|o|_gg ca|jg|o|_gg
Cga}a|o|_gg oggg g| =}aaa|o|_gg _q}a @gaa
}ao|aag g_q|ggaCaaeq_gga}a. Cj}oojg gaa|a _q|o
jgaa|, gjjaaa|aa _q}a agg| qgga}a. je|a qaaaa|o
}ao| _aga gjQgg|, _gagog @ga agg|aa}a.
coaoCa} a|}aqao|a, @Qa CjCja}, gaCaqa aao
Co}ggq}aaa a_q|aaaj jajQgg| _q}a gog @g
agg|aa}a.

@jjq, jaoog@ag @g _@jj gqCqa_ gaq@ o|o g_aa
@_gga. coaoqa} @gaaa CaaeQqgg }q}a|
Co}jj|ggq|Qo Cooqg _q}ag je|.

_jjqaa g_ g_q|a Cga}jgaa _}a.jggag gga ggo|o
gjg. jaooga q|Qgaoaaaag gaaaoaa cagaqg
CoCqeQ cag a_g| _}a.jg, @gaa coao qa} agg|o
Coag CaaQggq_ je|a agqgg ggaCaaea}. @ggj je|,
ga jqjaj jag|gga@ j}qa|oao cajCg _q}g a_ggaa @_ggg.
@aa@ j|j jqjj|o _q} aa}aa g|jCjeaaj CjgCq
Coga}.

j|jjqjj gqggg _}a.jg, CaC}aq|o .jag (Faud)
joaaoa agagg|o Co}gg jjjqjajg Cgaa|aa}. j|aaa|o
@ggaa CaC}a joaaoa aga cag _g|jjg. @ggj joaaoa
agagg|o _}a.jg jqaag Cgaa|g, aQaaj Cjag||o jqjj.
@ggj jqjj|o Co}qgago jaaoqaa_ag aojjgg|a_ag
g|ag je CgCaa qajj|_ag cag _q} a_g|aa}. ao@}
goaaCq jaooga Cooo ogg}jj a|aaaoa cag g|aagga}.
Caa|o _aagagj joCqg gg|a a|gag gaQa|o|_gg Cjag||o
aeq}a, aaa @ Co, j}aga aQaaaaj jgg|
_g|ggCaa Cg_oCoggag qggCaaeq_gga}a. _jjq_
ogg}jj gaag a|aggao _qaaq Cg_oCoggago Cooo gqC
cag _q} a_g||_aaoa.

@aao _ggCaooa _qo|C @ooao Cjaq|g. 1948- q_.
@oC}o _qaa|, _C}j|}a_ag _g}a_ag gg geq_gg
g_e. _}a.jggag _jCjag jgCgaajg qg. (@ao 24, 1929
_ag _q} j|ggga} cag CoaoojjQa|gg. @aao @g gg|jjQgg
gqag gaqo. _q} @ao 4- Cgg| Cg_oCogg|o j|ggga} cag
g_ oa}a} @ag gq|}aao Coaoo|aCaaeq_aa|ga}a. _}a.jgg|a
j|gjjo oaag|gaga aeQj|qaa gqag aa}egga@ CaC}a joaaoa
agagg|o _qa}j jgg| @qeaag CgqjCjg @oag aa}egga@
_q}g j|gjj q|q}a @ag ogCgaggag @aaggaa. @oa
@a} caa|g _}a.jgg|a _g|aa}_}q qagaaa q}oaggao|}}
_q} CaC}aq|o j|gggagg gaa gg|jjQgga|gaC} gq|}, j|ggg Cgg|,
@eQ | q|q}aa _oo.)

gCaaCq jaooga Cja}a|a_ag gq CqeQ caa|g ceegg|o
@_gg _}a.jggag, gggg|o _}j goo|a jQaCaaeq_gg
aag _qaag @gag qQqaa|jCjaag. qg|aa g_
gag||ooao @jjq g|ogag @ggg gq|aa|ga}aC cag aee}
q|a}. gaqg CoaCaa cag _q} a a|g.
@oC}o|}a _ggaa Cja} g|ga aqggo aCqeQ caa|g Cqg|
CCoaa|g. @gggCo gaaao jqjj|o aqa Co@gg gqa cag
ogCgajja}. aqaao o|o Cgag}a_a ca|jg coaoaa agg
aaoa jgg|ag jggga}. gggg|o jCaQaag Cgaa|aa}.

aqa|aa. _}a.jggag _jCjag Cj} Cja}jj|go|a a|aag.
ggo gagaa @gaaj jajQgg|aa}. cjjqo aCqeQ
cajgg Cg}ag. @oag o}aaj jao _g|}q caa|g
g|ao|ogaa @_gga}. gaag Qoo; Cj_jaoaa jaoogaj
Cja}a|a_ gaaaj Cjaoggaa @_aa|ga}a cajag aqa|gga}.

gggg|o _C}j|}a _agg qgoo| _}a.jgag |a jag|ggg.
gq|ag qgg oCaag} _}j Cgoa _aagg _ag| gjjgg
caa|g Cj}o @_aga Caago oaj ja}ggq|Q } g|_j|g
_qa} q_ggggo Cogg. q|}ag||o, caa CoqCgag j}ao o|o
aao j|}a CaaeQ g|}gga}. gaaao CgCaaeQ CaC}aq|o
jqggaCaaeq_aa gq cag _q_agg Cgaagq|oao.

g_ agg|o _ggj j|}agg|gag q|C q|oa| caaqg Cjag
ga|aa qo|ggao _jjqaag gaaao Cao|aa gq cag
_q_agg Cgaag|g. ga|a|ogaa g| g gq.
ga|a|ogaa g|gaaa q}ggaCaa gq. ga|agaa
aajj agagj j CjaQ. C@ ga|a g_ _@jqa_
gaa|aaaq.

@aCq _}a.jg o|o aao _C}aaaago Cooooa cag gq
Cog, q|oaag q|eejj|gga}. _Ca Caoao joaaoa agagg|o
_q_ag @ a|aggg.

_gg g_o|o q_ _C}aa qagaaagaa _}a.jgg|a aeaeg
g|gggg cag CoaooCqeQ. gaaga a|agg ga|aa |ao o}aaj
jajQgg|aCaaeQ, jaooga aaaa gg|gg _q} o|gg|aag
Cgaa|aa}. _C}aaaq|a @oC}o| @g} g|aoa |a Cg_aaaa
@}agga}. _g}a|a jo caa? joqa caa? _C}aaa Cjaag
Cj_ ggoa|ggq Cgoa _q}aa a @g}aa|ga}a? _g}aa
q|}qqgg gC}ajja a _q}a_ag @g}qaa @jCjag g|ga|gg?
_C}j|}a|a g|a caa? _g a ggq}a_agj j}qg|oao?
_C}j|}a|a g|agaga aaq@ _g}a|a g|a a
Cja_jQggg gggggaa ggq}a_agg Cgaaga|gg?

cggo oa}j @ooao |a @gaa _}a.jg Cao|gga}. @gg||o
_q_aga a|agg q|aaa @jjqj jqo|oa.

1. o}gg|} g|aaa Cao gaQa Cja_jQggqg|oao.

2. _C}j|}a aggjjQqg gg|gg _q}a_ag cgga aqao
@oao. Caa|o @ooagagC ga q|_jagq}a _q}a. @g
_}o|o aa}eaag gaeq ga aa}eaa aa|g.
a|g|ogq}a _g}aa gga@ gja}aC gq|}, goo|aa
g_Cjag gaaa}a.

8. _C}j|}a| ggga @oao. @ggaa gC}ajj| Cgoa_ag
@oC}@ag gaa|aa ggaajjo oagaaa @_aa|gg.

4. _C}j|}a_aga aoq| @oao. Cja_aga} qog|a @oao. @aCq
o|gg|aa gaa|ga}a. _q}ag Caajgag o}aa qg||o Cq|jjQggg
Cg}aggao g}}a cag CjC}Qggq|Qa|ga}a.

6. @oC}o Coqg g_ _Caaa|gga. @agj Cjagaa
oa|ggaCaaeq_jjg cgg g_ _C}j|aa@ @oag aa}.
@oC}@ag _ag||a Cag| j}ag. @ggaa gC} qg|. _ggg
_C}j|}a_ag gagaa j|go| CqeQ.

6. @qgaga ao@} gg|o|_gg CgagqCg o}aa aa}aa
@_ag.

@qqag gq Coga} _}a.jg. caa CoCqeQ cag Cg|
a|aggg cjjqo Coqg cag Cao|aa @}j|gga}. _ggg _q}g
jjjqjj gqgg|_ggg. eQ CaC}aag qgg, CaC}a joaaoa
agagg|o j Cgjqjjaaaaj jg| CogCaaea}.

_g g_ oaaggaa. ea|o _}j aeq}aa g_a|aegg,
jaooga j|}oaaag g_ g} aaejggaa _q}g gaa|aa
Cgaaaaa @_ggg.

CaC}a joaaoa agagg aeq}a| _q} Cga}gg, @aq|ag
jaooga j|}oaa gg|gg Cjog Cgaa|aa}. g_ joaaoaagagg|o
@_ggjqao, j|g joaaoa aga aeq}a_a Cga}j Caaqg
_q_ag c|gaa @_ggg.

_gqa} q|o @_gg _C}j| oCaag}ggq caa|g a_ggaaagag
gagag|o oagg|aagqCg _q}g Cgaaaaa @_ggg. g|ag
jea CgCaaea}. cooa Cgoa|a aeq}aa ogg|gg,
@oC}o|a _Qg|aaj jgg|j Cjo|aa}. _C}j| aeq}a
@aegg Cja}a Cqeq _qo|gag qo|ggg|aa}.

@gga aaoagg|o _}a.jg jogag }ao|aa jaoog@agj
Cjaqgg|_jjgaag Cg}a|gg. Cg_oCo, aaoa, Cggaaa}j jgg|a|o
qo|ggqgg _C}j| @ag}aag g|}q, Cja}agag cjjq
gggqg cajg jgg|Cooa _q} Cjo||_jjgaag Cg}a|gg.
jaooga aeq} Cj}aq caCga_ _ajajg Cgaggq|gg, _ga
gaoq}aa gaag q_a je|agg|aa}. (1962 ggo 66 qa})

_}a.jg, jaooga aeq} Cj}aq|a oa}j|o gq|}aa Cqao
CogCaaeq_ggCjaggaa CaC}aq|o _q}g ggag aaoaaa}. gaqo
qgg Co}ggCjag _}a.jg, g_ aeq} gg|o Cjaqggaaag ga}
Cog, gej}a| Cjo|aaaqaCaaeq_gga}. Cog|ao
Coaaaq}a, _}a.jg aqaaa CaC}aagj jgjj caaqg|
cag qg|oCooagj jeggag caa CoqCgag aqaojj,
_}a.jg, 'cggg geo Coo? _q} @gggq|a}. _qqgaCa?
cjjq a}aqg cQggj Cja jagjja}a. ga a
Cqaoaj ja_a' cag Coaoo|q|a}a.

caaa}e CaaeQ ga aqa Cja}agg|o|_gg g|ao
g|_j|q|aag cajg|o |ag Cg|qaa @_gga} _q}.

1966-o _}a.jg ga }g|ao jjjqjaj gq Coga}. _q_ag
Ca ca|jg }a@qgg|o Cjag|a}aa Cqao a|aggg. o|oaao
go aaoqag g|gg|o je|agg|jqC g Cg}gg|o gag }ao|
gqqaaaaa aqa|ggaCaaeq_gga}. g_ q_ @_aaag.
gaqgg|o Cjagjje|ggag|o _q_agj Cjag|a} Cqao a|aggg.
ca|jg|o @_jjaga aaq@ oggg g| gaqggagj Cja qag
gqaaao, gag gqqaaaa_ago o|} @ooao @_ag cag
_q_agg Cgaag|g. @aCq, ca|jg }a@qj je|a }ag|aaa
Cogq|Q gaqggagj Cjaaa}.

@g gggg 1967- @eQ qaaa|o. ggo|o Cjagj je|ggag. j|gg
_CaC gaaCaag Coaggaa g_ aQaa g|gqagagg Cgaa|,
g_ Cja}Q aqaa}. @g Cjag cag gq Coga}.

aQaa g|gqa Cja}qa jagaajj|o _q} jaooga q|Qgaoaaaa
@ggaao Cog Cgaa|aa}.

gag|. ggg }jCja}} 80 g9a, 2006




64 _}a.jg caa|g j}o|a}

g|oCooa }gg - ja. }aaqa

jao|o _q} g_ Cjagjje|ggag g|}. @aao _q}g @}a_ag
Cqg ga @_ggg. _}a.jg gaqggagj CjaoCo}gg,
Cjagjje|ggag Cjag||o qo@g}aaj jgq| ggaCaaea Cog
ggo aa}, gaaCaa g_ Coa}aa qag CgqaCaaeggaa.

ogCg ggagjjgaa jgg| gag|o aq ga}gggaa @_gg g_
o|g| qQ. _}a.jg _gg qqa aqj jgg|ag ga}jjgg|ag
gQq|o }ggaoaa @aCaa_ C}qC ggagg gaCa Cog cQggj
Cja_gg|aa}.

ag|_gg _ggj jgg|agj Cjaagqag. @aao aq|o|_gg _gg
agq|ggag @ga| q}gq. _g|ajo _Ca ggg _oog
@gCj} _}gq. jQjjCgagao gag Cj} jQaaoa. _ggaa
o|g| }jCjagg _g.

@gg }ao| _ag|ogaa _}a.jg caa|g j}o|a} ggoggo|o
_qaag Cgaga|ga}. jaooga q|q gg|gg Cq|ag
_aaggj jgg|}aaaa qaa|j jqgg, _Ca _q}
Coa}ggaqgga}. |ao o|o aga|CoC _ggj jgg|}aaa gq|o g_
aoCjao @a|q|, _ga j|aaao gaag gjjaaa|aa _q}
jgaa|aqgga}. _gg gaagC _}a.jg ca|jg|o @_ggCjag Cga}j|o
@_gg g} @ga aggo g_q||_gg Cjggaq.

@gga|a|o gaqgg|o @_gg jaooga| _ag|aa g_a|aeag
ggo||@ _q} =Qjg Cgaa|aa}. _}a.jgg|a @oag, ga
gaCj ja}ggg Cjao, ao@} aeq}agaa. _q}a|gaa _}a.jg
g|agj Cjo|aa}. Cjo|jCjo| _q}a|a Cgo| e}aqg gq
c_jj|aa}. jaoogaa @oC}o|a j|q|o|_gg aCqeQ caa|g
e}oo|, _q}a|aC g Cjao Caa_ggq|C}g Cgaa|j|gg,
_q}aag ga qQag, gg|jjaa _gg }ao| _agag _aggg qgg
ja ggg @}j|gga}.

_}a.jgg|a Cjagaaa gag j|}aaa _agga. ggoaqg
_}o|o ja. @}eaqg o|ggaggj ja. gagaqg @gjja.

ggo @}eaj jgg| _q_aga aqao @oao. @aao @gjja
cQjjg|o |ggg o|}a @_gga. ggoaqg o|}, _}a.jggaCa
@gjj|go| _qqqaaa a|aag cajg.

@aCq, ggo|o gaaag ga}jQgg|a Caaqggaaa _}a.jg, o|o
}ao|a g_aa|o Co}gg j|og Cgaa|aa}. gaqgg|a
jaaoqajjgg|a|o _q_aaaa gjjaaa| aQ j|go|a Cgaa|a.
_@qoa g gaa|@ _qqjCjag gaCa cQggaCaa_ g
g|aa|@, g|ao} _g|aaao Cqaa|@ @ggj j|go||o _}a.jg
=Qja}.

_}a.jggagg gjjaaa| aa aggaCaaQgg g_q|a} _jjqCaag
g|gaoao|a _oo}. aa}aaggaa _q}a_aCa @gj j|}Caa
Cg}. @aao, aggaCaag Cgaa| |ao o|o
g|aa_agaaCq, _}a.jggag _g|o|_gg Cg}oo| _q}a_ag
j|}|j_qg. _q} g_ j|gq|j Cja}a| cag ggo ggo|o Coaaag
_gga g_q|a}gaa.

gaa aggaCaaeagg ga@a aeq gej}a_ag
Coaoo|aCaaQag je|a _}a.jg @Cg aga|o @}j|ggq|a}.
gjjaaa| aQgo, jga||_gg gaaggo (Caa}ooag gaaggo), geQ
aqggo, geQ qago Cjaag aaoa|o _}a.jg g|a}gg g|gaoao|aa
@_gga}. gagg Cg}gg _ggaa aaoaa _q} gg
Cgag}a_aga aggaCaaQgga}.

|aa gga| aaogg|o _q}g g_q|o aa} gjg Cja}a|a
ga}a|a}. @g gaa| Cja}a|a. aggg|}j jaoogaa
_aqggaaa caa CqeQaaa@ Cog ga}aa @_gg Ca}ooaj
Cja}a|a.

gjga|a Cgaaagg|CoC _qaa|q| @gg _ajjag _}a.jg
_o .jgga cag Cj}a}. _o .jgga caa|g _}jj Cj_ag
'ja|gj Cja}go jgCqgg| aaeCja' cag aq|ggqaag g|g|o
_}gg Coaoooa. _g g_ q|Qgaoa g_. _qqgaa.

_}a.jg Cgaggq|gg _o .jggaaqj j|g gq|}qaga g_aaCaCooa
gjj|Cq gqag. @aagagg gq|}aa @g _o gaqga, @ao,
co.q.q.=., Cjaag aCj_ g_aaaCoooa gqag aa}aa
@gg gjgCj} Caae g_ Cqg _oo|aao Cog gqaaaq
qooa Cjgggaa @_ggg. _g|a qog|a, gqag Cgag|ogja
cg _o .jggaaga a|aag. gagggjo @ga Qgaa.
@aao _q}a| @_gg Caajg gq|}g Cqag Cqg| _}a.jg
caa|g g_ o}aa gQag oag|ao aQjjQggjjQ j}o|j jaag|o
goo|aag g|aog|_jj| q|jjgao, gjgqag oagaaaaj
j}aqq}aaa @_gga}a.

gjga|o _o .jgga cagao gg|aa|gag g_qg _og.
gg|jjaa, @_ q}aa. _g|aa} q}aa. @a@ gg|jjaao
Coao@qCgagao @oC}ao _g}aa Cjooq|o @g}ggao
_o.jggaq|a} _qjja}a. gaqgg|@ j|g _}j Cgoa|@ cgg
_g_aaaqg _}agg}jj|o gaqg g_ o|g o@aa _oog gq|
g}jjQaaa@ g}ggg q|q.

@aqCooa gq|}, gaqgg|o g|aoCaaeQ jaooga|o gaagg@aaaa
g_Cqa @ggaa _q}a _jCjag @}j|gg|_gga}a.

_o .jgga _qaa _Cg aaoagg|o jaooga|o ajj
Cja}a|ag_aa Cgaagg Cgaa|a. jaoog@ag C
Cq|Caag Cgaag @}j|gg _gg _ggaa g_aa_ag gC}
Cgaaagaa. @oC}o|a j|q|o|_gg jaoogaa q|Qq|jjg.

.Cja}o 17, @qa}, @a| g_aa @qgg |a gaa|aaaq.
@gCjao aa} @_jgaggg gq|}qaga g_aa jaooga q|Qgaoa
gaa|Q _qa|a.

@gga g_aa _aagg ga|gga|C Cja}QaCaaeq_jjgao
ja|oao cag g_ gg|jj| g}gg Cqa|o a_agg
Cgaag|Cga Cg}q|oao. _gggga g_ ga ga| _aagag
q|QaCaaQaaao, _Cg o g_ Cjagqaa _ajj|a ag
@aoa cag _jCjag gq Coga.

_jjqj j|gggggaa jaooga q|Qgao @aa cag _agaajj
j|.co.g.

@gg @gg|o ogga }gg aqa|aa CqeQ. j|.co.g cajg ao}
_}a.jg Cgaggq|gg g_ Cja}a| @aa cag @aagag jo}
g|aaggaCaaeq_aa|ga}a. @g ggg|@ gqgaa a_gg.

1. j|.co.g. caa|g _ajaj ao} _}a.jg Cgaggq|aaq|oao.

2. j|.co.g. cajg g_ gg|jj| Cja}a| @aag @oao.

8. j|.co.g.q|o cggaaCa jo Cja}a| @aaa @aegg o|o
q_a Coojg Cgaa| j|gg, |ag gagaaggaa _}a.jg
ga@a _o .jggaaqa CaaeQqgg j|.co.g.a @aegga}.

4. _}a.jgg|a _o .jgga _ajj|a_ag @_gg CooCqa,
j|.co.g.q|o @_gg gg @aaa_ag @ooag aa}egga@
_}a.jgaga aaq@ gaoa gao o}aaCga_ gj} _Ca @ooag
aa}egga@gaa j|.co.g.q|a gaoq}aa _}a.jg j|gjaQ
Cg}gCgQaajja}. e| @o| ag|} _g g_ e|j Cja}a|
_ajj. _}a.jg _gggg gaoq}. _qqgaa.

@ggj Cja}a| _ajja g_a|aegg ggggagg
ga}aa|aCaaeq_ggg g_ jaa @_aa, gjg jaooga _}o|o
qaa|o o|o gg|jj|ggggg ojqa _}Cag|a.

_qgg |a gaa|aaaq @}eQ. ggoaqg, @oC}o, ca|jga
ggg|aCaaeq_gg gqgg _ag|j Cjoaqa}gag.

@oC}@ag _q agg|o g_ o|g g|a|o @_ggg. gaqg g} _}j
Cgoggaaqg gjg aqggaCaaqg gaag goog cag g|aaggg.
1948 gggagg Cga}gg gaCjgg _ag| gjjgggg|ajq ca|jg
aaoa jgg|ag ga@a @aeggaCaaeq_ggjqao, ca|jga
gqgg go@g oagg|a cag ja}aa @oC}o q|_j|g. CgCa,
Cga}@a gag ggo| Coqaga aaq@ ca|jag ggo|
Coqg oaj g}aQ cag @oC}o cee|g.

@oC}o @jjqg Cga}gg ca|jga _ag|, _ag| cag
agg|aCaaeq_aa, gjg Cga}a |aggq|}aa @oC}o q|C}aga
aa}a|o =QjQaCaaeq_ggg.

ggo aaa j}o 24, 1960 _ag Cqo Cjaaa jag
Cg_oCo jgg|a ga Cgogg|a jgg|aaa _g|aa}_}qaa
@aegg g} _g|q|jaj Cq||g.

caagaa 1948 gg g|ggggg|aCjag Cga}@aga a|agg
jgg|agaa _aq cagCjag, @ag|} _g|aa}_}q @aejj cag
_g|q|jjo CogCjag, oggq oaaa|o aeaa|o q}ag @a@ Caago
g|ojj}jjag Co}gg Cqo| Cjag Cga}a.

@g @oC}@ag |ggg Caajgag q}qagggg. CoaoojCjaaao
j|}aa jaa|ogaaa gq|}, Cqg cgg g_ Cgog Cga}a|a
@gg gqqaaaag _jCjag @g} Cg}q|aaq|oao. j|}a a
_ag @g}ggg, jaa|oga@ag @g|o caa oaj caa|g
Caq|a_aCaooa @C @oao. cooaC _}o|o aa ga}ggoa
caa|g _qjja|o jaoogaag geaQ q|qgg|o _ggaa
Cj_C aoao aqaCaaeq_gga}a _jCjag.

q}aao Cga}a @jjqo Cogg|o caa @|gg cagao, _gg gaqa
Cj_jaaa aa, jaooga|}aaa @a|jCjaaa}a. _gaqg,
gCaaCq q}aaoCga}a gaqo qo|ggqggq}aaa aaq@
@aeaajj Cggaaa}j jgg| aa|a cae|aaa _g|a!

@ag @aCaa_ q|gaaj ja}jjCgagao, jaooga|}a gaa
@oC}ao cg|}ggj Cja}Qqga? _oog Coagg oCaag} Cgoaa
Cga}aa cg|}ggj Cja}Qqga? cag j}ao ggjg
Cgaa|aa}a.

Cga}a a _aagag _jjq gggCaaeg caa|g Caq|ag q|a
@oao. Cga}a|a aa} _jgooa g_ ggg _}o|oqag|. _}j
oCaag}ggq caa|g a_ggaaagag gaaqggq}a_ g_q}.
@aCjag|@, jaooga|}aag gajgg|o qaq| CqeQ cag
_q} gq Coga}.

ggo aaa, Cggaaa}j jgg| aa_aaaa g|g| @ga}aa
Cga}a ae|oaaa gagggg. aa jo||@ jqa||@
qaCqeqgaag. Cagg CgogC o|aaa gqqaaa|o =QjQa|gg
cag Cga}a _}a Coaaaa@ gjjq|o Cggaaa}j jgg|
@}eag} aa qo|jj|aaCq gggjjg aeQ. _Ca cggj
jg| Cgag|@ Cgaa _@g| gaajjg. _}a gogg|a cag
_ggag g|oao. jgga|} g|aa}a_ag Co cgg g_ Cgag|o|@
a_ ggoQ Coaag cagCqg g_ o CaaeQqgga}a.

@gaaCoooa jaooga|}a |ggg Caajagga}a.

1961- @eQ Cga}a aa} _jgooa _aa aaegqag
gq|}qag|aao jQCaaao Cojja}. Ca Cga}a }a@q ga
aQjjaQag @_ag Cg_oCo jgg||o CgQgo Cqaagj
jgjjg.

gqCqa_ qq@ }a@q gagggg. gqCqa_ gja} Coag|gga}a.
jo qQa|o|_gg }aaa @ga_ aaCg| geQa_
aajjggjjgaa '_o _@}' caa|g ga|gg Cog| Cq||g.

j|.co.g _ajj|a} ggg|aoa |a aqaaa ggCgaaag
Cgaa|aa}a.

gag|. ggg }jCja}} 8 g9ao, 2006




66 ca|jg _g|j} gao_ go aaoqa

g|oCooa }gg - ja. }aaqa

Cga gag gaajCjaa|gg; Cj}gaa, |ajCj}gaa cag coCoa_C
cg|}ja}ggaCaaeq_gg Cg} _g. @g gaa| Cja}a|a
_aaq_ ggg j|go|a|o gg}aa @_gga}a. _}j oa cag
CoaoojjQa|g _}j gaQa|a ajj|a q@qaa j|ajogg|o
_qaa||_gg j|.co.g. jaooga|o Qooao aa _}j
Cgoa _aagg|@ j|go|j jaoagaa _qaaa|, gq|}aao
CoojQaCaaeq_ggg. _gqa} j|.co.g.q|o Co}ag ao}
_}a.jgg|a _o .jgga Q gaqgg|o j|go| CgCaaeq_ggg.

coCoa_C Cj}Cga_ gggagggaa cg|}Cgaaa||_gga}a. cjCjag
_g Cqqag, a} aa}eaa @_jja}a cajggaa Cg}ao
@_ggg. Cga}a aa}ea|_agCa? coaoj j|}oaa|o @jjq
gqaCaaa|ga}aC cag ja}ggao, qaCa o|}aq|a coao|@
o|eQj|qo oeagaa gggCaaeq_ggg. CggCa ca|jga cggaa
gag _ag|jCjoa ggg @oC}o ggo| CogCaaeq_gga@
@oC}ao g_ Cja_aa g|ggj Cjo _g a_ ga}aa @oao.

@oC}@ag |a gagaag Cg}gggaa @_ggg. @|} @_gga@
_q}a goo|a. ooC @_gga@ gaa _g}a. @g gag.
g_Cjag gCq gag.

@aCq, @_ g}jj|@C _ag|a gqo Cgaa| aqggaCaaeQ,
_ag @gjj|}gaa CogCaaeq_gga}a.

1962- @eQ ca|jg|o g_ ojq gggg. j|aaao gaajCjaa|g
aCj_ ojqa_aaaa gaCaa CjaagCga_ ojq _g.

j|}a _}o|a aaao|Cjaoo CoojQ, _gqa} ca|jg|o jjj
Cjgag @o| ggg|aCaaeq_gg aa} .ja_a cajqa}, }a@q
@aa|qggg. joaaoaa _ag aaagCaaeq_gg j|}oaagaa.
_gg q_q Cqqaa CqeQCag|_gg|_aa|gg. _qqgaa.

_gg q_ g9ao 28- Cgg| gaCjgg _gg }a@qj j}o||a
ggg|}ga}, ca|jg }a@qgg|a gaa|g gjg|a_ g_q}aa
_jCjag|_gg aao _jgo gao} (Gamal Abdel Nasser ). aqa|aa.
gao} _jCjag gaoag gjg| @oao. _q} g_ Cojqae
Cga}o. _qqgaa. ca|jg }a@qgg|a ggg gjg|aa @_ggq}
Cj} gag gg|j (Muhammad Nagui b). _q_aga aCggaa gao} jgq|
qa|gg qgga}.

ggg gjg|a _aaq_ aogg Cjo|, aaa} gg|ggq|oa cag
gq Cog Cjagjaj gao} q|a}a. gao_ gaag _|aajj
Cjagjajo o}aao Cog gqgg, cgg qgoag Coao gag
gg|jaj gaqa o}qag|aa}aa _} aqgga}.

@ggo ojq jo Cao gaQaa, gg|jjaa @a|oagg gg
_C}aaaaq |a aqaogo Cogg. aa} .ja_a @_ggqa},
@a|oagg|a _g|q|aajjagCga_ aaoa| CjaoCqgaa @_ggg ca|jg.
caa CoqCgaga@ j|}qq ja}a_aggaga Caaao _q}
Coaa}. gaa|aa, ao qae|jgg|o @a|oagg Caaa oaj
ojag|aa .ja_a ajj gq|a Cog qgg|_aa|ga}.

@aao, g|C}ag gj j}o| @o| aggg cggq|gaa
q|aaa gjQgg cag a}a@ Ca ae|gga g
gqq|oao. Caa|o, j}o| Cogg gao} caga@, jgq| ggg gg|j.
g_ ao| cagao _ga o}gg|}gag, oaaogagj ja}gg cjjq
@_ag, caa Co cag ae|aaoa. g_ ga|gja} caa Cog
ae|aa gq? _q}g j|aae| o}gg|}g Cg}ggao gaCa
oagg|?

oa gaQa_ag _jCjag gaoa} Cg}ag, gg|jaj Cg}ag.
gg|j j|}o|Ce @aa} cagao, gao} _q}g _aoo}aq|o
gag _aoo}aa aa}gga}.

@Cagaa j|}oaa @}j|ggg.

gao}, g|agj jqggq}. _}o|o|o Cj} gaa|. a o|ggaaa_
. jgq| gg Ca ca|jg|a go@ag caCaaa Cooa,
caCaaa Cogao a} a} _gaao jag|aajjaQ, a} oeaag
q}aQ, caa Cog oa|aaoa cag g_ jqo ga} Coga}
gao}.

@g@a gQCagg gg|aa|gagj j|}oaaaa Co}gg aqgg
@}agg, _qgg|o ca|jg|a ja|jj gg =QjaQ caaqaa
@_aaoa cag Cao|gg g_ jqo ga}gga}.

gao}a gagaqg jqo, gC}ajj| Cgoaao gag gjaq
Cgaoaoa jgg|g.

g_ oag||aa gaoqaaa, gaa aaao _aa}aajjQ,
ggaCaajjQq|ao, ca|jag g_ o}qqooa Cja_gg| Cgoaa
aggqCgaQ, gg|aa|gaa|a g_ gq|}aagqag aCj_ oag|aa
g|gq|q|gq cajCg _q}g cee.

ja|}ggCaaq|oao. agaa, o}aa ogg}jjggaaaaa aagg|_gg,
g}gg q qgg g_ Cqa|o, gaCa jgq||o _}gg| _g|j}
gag gg|jaj qQag _@jj|aa}.

g_qa}j jgq| gaa, }a@qgg|a} gq Cogao _ggaaaj Cj}
aa}eaaCooa CgCqeqg|oao. go g_ c| aa}e.
_agaaaq@ ggaa cggaaCa aa}ea @_aa|aga.
gg|jajj jgq||o|_gg @aa gao} Coaaa aa}e, _q} ca|jg|a
go@aaaao o|gg|jjag q|Qgg goo| oCaag}ggqgagg @aa|jj|qgg
@g}gg Cja_ag qeqggaCaaeq_aa|ga} cajg.

1964- @eQ j|j}q} 26- Cgg| gg|j @aa|qaajja}. gao},
ca|jg|a j|}o|Ceaag gaaa _g|q|ggaCaaeQ jgq||o _}gga}.
Caago aoq}, _qgq, gaqggo, aaaojj, Cago cooa @_ggg.
@aa@ gao} Cqgg|aqg|o Cj} j|}oaa @_aaq|oao.

jgq|ag qgggC gao}, gaa gaa} gqaqgg|_gg g|aa
gqCqaagaaa aa|o cQggaCaaeQ g_ Cqagg|o Cqaoag
Cgaa|aa}. gag q|qa|o _q} g ggo aqagago Co@gg|aa}.

ggoaqg, Cgag|ogagag Cgo|aagqg. @}eaqg
g|ooo}g|_gg. gagaqg, g}gCgaaa aq q|qoagagj Cj_agqg
gg ao q}ggagg|o gq|} aqa Co@ggqg.

@ga _qjja|ogaa _q} gg Cgogg|a coaoagj _aja
qaga (Gul f of Aquaba ) gg go aaoqa jgg|aa @_gg
gqaa}.

qagaj j|}agg|gag aaoqaa @_gg gQqCgagao?

j|g gaQa ajjoa _gg qg|C Cjaqagg gaCoqg cag _}gg.

gao} go aaoqaag oo aqgg ojq oa o}gg|}gg|o @Cjgg
|aj j}j}jjaaCga_ ojq. @ggaa ag}, @ggaa Cgga},
@ggaa ge|ooo Caae cgg g_ _}jg gaoqa} _ggg ga
oa ogg|ggg|oao. _C}aaa _}eQ Cjaag. j|}a
jgg|aCaaeQ c_ggg. j|}aao gagCo q|}o aqggg. oaC
gaoa} q|gg ja}ggg.

@aao, @gaao aqj jag|jj a_aCaagao @oC}@agggaa.
@oC}o|a ajjoagaa go aaoqaa _g|a
jajQgg|aCaaeq_gga. q}ggaa ajjoa. ceCea ajjoa.
_qqjCjag Cja}aajjoa.

gao} caa Coaaaa}?

'go aaoqa gg Cgo| Coagg. @ag gaa gaQaa
@aga|Cga. @gaaj jajQgg| Cqg jo gaQa ao q}ggagg|o
Caag|ggaCaaeq_aa|aga. _ag _@g|aa gqag. @ag
gaQaa @aa| gg q}ggagagj Cj_agqga go a|aag
q_qa|o, 'gaa ago gg||a ggaCa _oqaa _ae (a|sqeo
j|q}o g|ea) aQCqa. q|qoagagj Cj_agCqa.' ''

@gg _g|aaagaa @oC}aoo oeqg. j|}@aga Caaj
q}qagggg. gQCagg oaa q|jjao Cogg.

gao}a _oqaa _aegg| |ajCj}Cga_ g|.
CoaoojCjaaao _C}aaa j|}@ @_ago o}jag| g|g| gq|
Cog _ggg g|gag g|agCqgg|aao gQCagg ca|jgag aCj_
joa a|aag cag Cjo| gjjggCooa Cog|_gga}a.

@aao gao} g|C}ag go aaoqa q|qgg|o gaoq _g|aaa
q|Qgg, ajjo Cjaagq}gagg ga CogCgaooao, a_a|o
CoaCaaooaqaaa|aq||_gg @gaa Cqg qaa|o Co}ggjqao,
_C}aaa j|}@ _gga aeC gg gggagjaj qajo
Cjgqgaa _g|q|ggq|a.

@Cgaaqg gao} g|ggg|aCaaea}a cagao, _ggaa @oao!
ggoa|ggq Cgoaaa _C}aaa, j|}a, j|}aao, @jjqo|o
@oC}ao Co}gga}. _gg Cgoa_ag cCgooa j|qaaag cag
ja}ggj ja}gg, _ag Q Co @}j|gga}. ga}eaa
a_a|o Cgoaa oaaa go@gag Cqao Coga}, Coaq|g
_a|aa gjaaa|aCaaea}.

@agCooa ja}gg _jCjaag j|}a j|}g gg|} o} @ea|
=@ag (Si r Ant hony Eden ) }ggaCaag|jCj qggq|g. 'g_ gg
Cg_a|aCaaeq_aa|gg' cag ja|}aaaCq _q} g gaQ aa_ag
q|Qgg Cog|Caag|o gg|jj|a}.

'gao}a Cgo|qag googaCa @oao. @g @ggao||o gCoao|a|,
Cg}a||o @|o_ Cjo| Cgo|qag Cjaagggaa. _q}a_ag
Cg}gg ag|gaa gao_ag Cg_' caCg gg|jj|a} _q}.

cooaqggag goaa}e go!

@qggag Qoo; @ggCaooa j|aaao o|o q_a ag|gg,
@oC}@ag _}j gaQa_ag @aC gaCjg @g ga
gg cag _agaajjCga_ Cj} Cja_agC _gga
aaoqagaa goaa}e cajgao |a Caagoaaqaqg go
aaoqa j|}oaaaj jgg|g Cg}ggCaa Cqeqg @Ca
@ag|aaggaa|gg.

@oC}o, jaooga j|}oaa|a @}ea jaag @gg go
aaoqa|ogaa j|gaa|gg.

gg| ga}aaao Coaao j|}ag ca|jg|a qagj jgg||o
@gga aaoqaa Cqqgaaogaa gC}ajja @o|a ao qg|C
|a Cg_aaaa @ae gqggg. q|aaj Cjaagq}gg, ga}qg|j
Cjaagq}gCgooa o}jjag aa}a_ag gaCjooa
gC}ajjaq|o|_gg @jj|}aaaaqo agg|aCaaeQgaa ao a}aaaa
@o|aaq _a gq.

@gg g_ aaoqa gQCagg oa q}ggagagC g|aoagg| qg|
gggo Cog|_aa|gg cagao gjqg ogg o|}aaggaa @_ag.

@aao _ggaa ea. g} ggj @ggj j|}agg|gg|o
gjj|gja_ _ggo ogg|o cgCq Coga.

aa}e, gao}. go aaoqaa Cgo|aaa|, o}qCgoa ajjo
q}ggaggaga geQaqgg _q}g _gg _g|q|jj.

gag|. ggg }jCja}} 7 g9ao, 2006




66 go aaoqa|a o}gg|}

g|oCooa }gg - ja. }aaqa

g_ aaoqaag caa Cj} o}gg|} @_ggq| gq?

@oo}aaggaa @_ag. go|a Cj}gaa aaoqaC gq|},
ea|o _g g_ o|g| ao caggaa CoaooCqeQ. _ggaa
g. _ggaa @g. j|_aeaa ajjoaCooa |a
_gaaoaa q_. gg gqaaa, Cja} q|aaaa
gg|aCaaeQ }a@qa ajjoa _Ca _e|qgag. Cq q_.
cooa q_.

gg|g ga}aaao Coaao @aejjggaaa _qaaajj
aaoqa @g. @ag Cgggoo. a|.g. @ga @ggaeqCoC @jjqCa_
aaoqaaaaa oagg|gag _qo|gag _ggaa ca|jg
aa}a Cao|gg|_aa|ga}a.

ggo|o Cg}qaa @_ aoaa g_ aaoqa Cqq @aeaaoa cag
a_ag Cgaagq|oao. agaa, g_ aaoqaa Cqq ca|jg|a
_aqog|} ag|} CgoCg gQ ago gg||o caaqg
@aeggq|ao, ago gg| a@agj Cjag jaag qg|C ajjoa
Cooooa caggaa Cao|gga}a. @gg Caoaa, a|.g. @ga
@ggaeqo ca|jag @e aa}a ggCao|o 8 (Thut hmosi s I I I ),
j}aCgCaa (Phar aoh Necho) @a|Ca_ag @_gg|_aa|gg. o|o o|ooag
ggo|aa _q}a CgCaaeq_aa|ga}a.

_gggo o|o aao ag|gg (cggaa aao cag goo|aag
Cg}q|oao) =}aa|}a (_jCjag Cj}o|}a) ca|jg|a g g_
o jaCQgg Cqag|_aa|ga}a. _jCjag ca|jg|a @o|jjgg|o
g| aa} C}o 1 (Dar i us I ) @gga aaoqagg|gag Ca
Coggqggq| CqeQ cag gg}q|gaag Cg}a|gg.

_jCjag gC} aaoqaaa _ooao @}eQ ga|gga| aaoqaaa
Cqq, @_ coaoa|o @aegg, gQCq g_ Cjago o}aa ago
gg|a @aegg|_aa|ga}a. o|oaao @gga aaoqa g_aaa
@_gg|_aa|gg. @a|o gj CqjCj_ag Cjaag @gaao
oggaao gaoaa|, eQ aaoqa o} CojjQ, eQ gaoaa|,
g_ agg|o aaoqag g|gagC aaq|Qq|a}a. go aaoqa
cajg agjaa|o QC oagg| caa|g gqag _jCjaag
ca|jg aa}a qggq|a}a.

go aaoqag g|ggag gj|gjj _|ggq} CgjCjao|a. _q}
j|}aao|a oaa}q}gg|aa @_ggCjaggaa (a|.j|. 1800 aaoa)
gC}ajjaaq @gg|aaq ao goaa @aejjggg @gga
aaoqagg|gago o}aaj jajQgg|aaogaa gq cag
Coaaaa}.

CoaaaCgaQ Qooao, ga@a Cjag|a}aa _Ca
_@jj| Cqaoa Ca @}j|aao Coga}. (CgjCjao|a _jCjag
ca|jg g jaCQgg Cqgg| aeq_gga} cajag g|aaq|o
CaaCqeQ.)

CgjCjao|a _@jj| j|C}ga Cjag|a}a, ca|jgag qgg ja}gg
ggo|o o}Cq cQgga}a. g|ojj}jj|a gaa @aqg Cga}gg ggg|
gqggq}a_ag, _jjqCa_ aaoqa a oagg|C @oao caggaa
ggo|o Cgaag|g. Caa|o, _q}a aeagjjq gg| ga}aa@ag
Coa@ag jgg } } @aCq| @_ggg.

_ag g| aaoqa CqQqCgagao ajj g|ojj}jj g}o gga|
gaoaa|q|Q. j}qa|oao cagao aaoqa Cqoa cag
Coaaaa}a. CgjCjao|a Cao|gga}. @gg||o _q_
j|aqaa|q|a}.

@aao, _ggj Cjag|a}a|a aeag gqg cag o|g|gaao ag|gg
CqCga_ j|C}ga Cjag||o qo@g} g|_j|gga}. _q} Cj}
.Cj}qaae (Fer di nond de Lesseps ). @q} Cqg Cjag|a}
Qoo. CaC}aaaaa j|C}ga @g_ .

.Cj}qaae qggg|gg qa}j |a aggaa @_ggg. aaoqa
aQqg|o Cj} j|}oaa g @_aaag caCg @o|a}a
g|aagga}a.

@aCq 1869- @eQ ca|jg _}a aaoqa Cqg Cgaa|q|g.
@jj|}aaaq|o|_gg @|}aaeaaaa _qaa g_q|aajja}a.
@} jaoaa Cqao ja}aa gg}q|jjg. ea|CoC g_
Cqq| Cjaoggaa _gg Cqaoa cQggaCaaea}a.

@gg||o 1867-o go aaoqa aqgqaajjg. cQ q_a!
|ajCj} q|gaCqooa cQgg, @a|oagg, j|}aao, }q
aa}aaCooa _aggg, a}aqa Caaeaqaa}a.
_agggo o}qCgoa ao qae|j gQj|qaag Cgaa|g.
gC}ajjaq|o|_gg @gg|aaCaooa aga}j Cj_gga ag|} ajjoa
_qaaq qggCjaag Cgaa|a. @jj|}aaaaq _@gqg aojaag.
gg|aa|gaa|a q}ggaC gaCajCjag @ooag _ag gQ j|qaa
@}j|ggg.

@_jga @ggaeqo @gg q}ggaj jaagag @a@ ae|oaa a
eaag. go aaoqa @ooag g_ ggao a_ g|aaggaj
ja}aagqag caa|g g|ao gjg. gg|jjaa @oC}@ag.

jg|gaag Cgaag| Cgoaa @oC}o, ga@a aQaagag
q@jjQgg|aCaa q}gga q_aagagC Cj}g gj||_gg aao
_g. @gg|}a, Cj}oojga, @g g|}jaaa @a|aqgaa
_jCjag @oC}o|a j|}gaaaa ggg|o o}aga. go aaoqa
jaagg|CoC @_ggjqao @oC}o|a @qq}gga gqqaaaa |a
gQj|qgga. goo q_aag @_ggg. @jj|}aaa, @o|a Cjaag
aea|o q@qaa q}ggag gaa g|g ggo||o _q}a_aga
ae|oaa joa a|aaag Cgaa||_ggg.

q}gga }g||o Qooao Cqg o|o aa}ea_aaaa @gga
aaoqa, |a gaa|aa gagaaa a_gjjg. ggo oajCja}a
Cjag j|}a gg j|}aao jaa go aaoqaa gq,
cg|}aajjoa ga} gqagjq Cog g|aggaaa aqggg o}gg|}gg|o
|ajCj}Cga_ ojq. @}ea oajCja}@ go aaoqa|a
jg @Cg Cjao gg|jj|ggaaCga_ _oaaCq q|a||_aa|gg.
gCoao|a||a jaa (@|o}a e| gaaa @ggao||@a
jaa) @jj|}aaaagj Cjaqagg gQaa|g q|qgg|o @gga
aaoqagaa g_ agagaaa Cjaoo Coojq_aa|gg!

@ggj j|aae||ogaa ga gao} go aaoqaa Cgo|aaa gq
Cogag _@a CqeQ.

jq||o jq gao} gqCqQggg o}gaa. go aaoqa cajg g_aa
g_aa ca|jg gaQag gQ g_ aaoqa. @}eQ aoaa
@aeaa|g jqao _g CjagoCoaggaa @_ggCg gq|}, ca|jg _agg
ga ga|oCoagg cag Coaaaao ojjq a_ cg Cogqag
cajggaa ea .

@aao, @gga aaoqaa ca|jg QC ga aaaaaaoj CjaQ
Cqq|oao _oog aq|oao. g|ag Cq|a} gq|a _g|o
@_aa|gg. gg|jjaa go aaoqag g|ggag j|}aao _|gg
gq|a oaga}eaagoo. j|aaao j|}@ ajj g|g|gq|a
Cog|_aa|gg. Cqg jo gaQa_ gaoaa gq|aao
Cog|_aa|aga. aaoqaa aQaajje|a gggCaaeq_ggCjag
c_gg joCqg Cgag|ogjo o|aaoa, _}o|o j|}oaaa, Cja_aga}
Cg_aaqa _aagag joCqg gC}ajj| gaQagaa gaqgg
g}ggaqgg|_aa|aga.

@jjq go aaoqag g|gg|o jo Cgoa ojggjjgao,
jgCjgg gqCqa_ Cgoggag _gga aaoqaaj jajQggqg|o
jg eQ cag gjjgg @ag. 'jg' cagao g|gaaCq jg.
Shar e cag @a|ogg|o Coao@qa}aC, _ggj jg. jgg|} qqq|o
c_g|a CaaQaajj jg. go aaoqa|o cjjqj j|g Cgoa_agj
jg eCa, _Cg Cjao ca|jgag g_ jg Qgaa ggo|o
@_ggg. gag Cgogg|a qg|C _gga aaoqa Cooo _@g|
@g _|ggggaaa jg.

caa j|}oaa @ag cagao, 1876- @eqo ca|jag
@eQCaaeq_gg aa} @oa|o jaqa cajq} gaagqag
Cja_aga}j j|}oaaa aa}eaa, gag Cgoggaaaa jgaa
j|}a| q|ggq|a}. go aaoqa|o gaaa|_gg jaa q|gg
_q}a aaa _agga}aa, _oog jg| g|g| gq|a g
_jCjag Cjgjjga cajg jgg| Cg|qaa q|q}a g @jCjag
a|aaaq|oao. (a|aag gaqoa cg g_qgaa
gjaqaqaa @oao.)

@aCq, ca|jg|CoC gQ go aaoqaao Coagg Caaea
ca|jgag }a a|aag cag @a|q|g.

@Cgooa jgg|} _q|o g|aggg q|qa. _ggaaa ca|jg ajjoa
cg go aaoqaaj jajQggaCoooa @oao! @aao,
aaoqa|a aQjjaQ g_qgaa _jCjag j|}a qo Cjaq|g.
cjjq g_ g|gqagg|a jga g_ gj} _g|aaa @_ggao,
_gg|gqa _q}g g_aaQjjaqaag q_Ca _jjq!

Ca j|}a go aaoqaaj jagaaaaCqag g_ ga| jajj|}
gjQgg|, ca|jgag _@jj|q|g.

@Cgooa aa}a aaogg|o gggg! _q}a aaoCooa g_
gqag qgg, gao}a o}qag|aa} @o| qggCjag @ggj jag
gjaQaaCooa ggo|o @aa| _Cg go aaoqa|o
q|Cg|ggq|a}. gao gaQaa @agqgaa _g|q|gga}.

_gaaogaa Ca _aagg gaQa_ CqgeC_gg ca|jgag
cg|}aaj Cja} g}a Caaqa.

@oC}o gCaaCq aQ Caajgg|o @_ggg. caagaa gq|o
_ag|, _ag| cag Cjo|aa@ ca|jg coao|o @oC}@ag
cjCjag j|}oaagaa. @q}a _ggj jaa Q_qg, _q}a
@ggj jaa gjjaaa|o gQ gggqg cag g_ ga gqgao gaqg
ojq gggjqgaa @_ggg. gq|} 1948 gggg|a @gg||o aaoa
jgg| ca|jg qo Cjaag|@ @oC}@ag |a q_gg.

qaaaa g_ ogg}jj a|aggao ca|jg|a g Cja} CgaQgg, @ggg
jgg|a Qq|aCaa caggaa _q}a
@aojjQaCaaeq_gga}a. @ggag|}aa ogg}jjgg|ogaa gao}
go aaoqaa gaQaa @aa|, gggag Cqgg|ao jaag aqgg
q}Cqgag ga}aaa}.

g_ jaa j|}a gg j|}aao gaQj jaa @oC}@a
aaCaaggj Cja}g ga}aa @_gga. cg|}jjaa ca|jg.

@g|o j|}@ag j|}aaoag go aaoqaj j|}oaa Qgaa
Cja}a aa}e. @oC}@ag g|o @aa|}|jj @ao a Co}gg
@_ggg. @}eQ Cj} Cgoa|a gae @_jjgao cjjq ca|jag
gggg|o qggg|, g}aaaqg g|oaaj j|qaaoa cajg @oC}o|a
aa.

j|}@ag @oC}o|a @gg cee Cg}ao @oao. @aao _}j
ee|o j|}a Cjaag ggoa|ggq Cgo e| aqaa @oC}ao
q|ao Cqg gag| a|aag cajag aqa|aa CqeQ.

1966- @eQ _aCaj} 26- Cgg| _g gggg. @oC}o }a@q
ca|jg|a qa|gag coaojjgg|aa o|aaag _ggg| gagggg.
_a|_gg ca|jg }a@qgg|aa} go aaoqa qa} gg
q|}qaCaaeC Cjaag Cgaa|g.

gag|. ggg }jCja}} 10 g9ao, 2006



67 _gg gag aa}ea

g|oCooa }gg - ja. }aaqa

@oC}o _qaa Cjag aaoa jgg| @oC}o|a Cj_aag}
@a_ gagaa @_ggg. 1948 gggg|aCjag _g ca|jg
qoaaag gCaaCq ja}gCga. cjjqaqg aaoaaq ca|jg||_gg
Qq|CqeQCajggaa @oC}o|a _qjja cee. @ggg
jgg|a g oaaa|o @a@ Caago Co}ggo oajj| gqggao
ogCgaqgaCa?

@ggg g|ggagaa @oC}o }a@q aaoa qg|aa ca|jg|@
jgggg. gg q}ggaa Cjaa|gg cajg gao_agg Cg}Caga@
ogg cg|}ja}ag aegg|o @oC}o gag Q_qao g|aggg|q|gao,
ca|jg|aao ggo|o aga}ggaCaa gqq|oao. aaoa g_qag
aajjgg|aCaaeQ, g|ag goaq|a _qaao|ooao CgC} o|aaj
jgg||@ jggg q|g @oC}o }a@q.

o|aa caa|g @aag ca|jg|a g_ ag|oj j}jjag g} @g|aaoj
Cj_a eQ. _g g_ Cj} jaaoqajjgg|. eao Cq|ao
gq|}, Cqg cg _Ca a|aag. aa qag gqa cagao
_g a|aag. (@aaCa o|o gaCaqa a qo|jjgeQ.
@aao gaa Cja_}o @_aa|Cga, Coaaa|o @_aa|Cga cag
Coaoqg ag|} o|aa|o @_aa|Cga cag Coaoo|aCaa_ _ag
aa a|aag.) @aao, Caoo caa|g @agg@g} @Ca g_ o|g
gag|a g @Q CggaCaaeq_gg Cjaggaa _q_ag Cgq
qoaa __jjgaa gj|aaa. (jgg aaa.) _gg qaa|o
o|aa, ca|jg|a gaa|j j|}agg|a_ gagaa|gg. Cj_aag}
ja|gj jaaoqa.

aaoa qg|C jgjj @oC}o|j jaa, o|aa jaaoqagaga
aagCjag, Cj} cg|}jja g _q}a_ag @oao. C@
@gg jaaoqagg|o Q_qg aoj. _jjq Q_q| cggaa
@}ggag g_ ja gaCag|q|Qa|gCga, _gqa} Cqo| CjaQ
aaajjQgg| q|Qqggaa qgaa. _jjg oeaag qggao
ja}ggaCaaoa, _jCjaagag _g g @ caa|g aeag.

g_ jaa @oC}o @jjq Q_q|aCaaeq_gg _Cg o,
@aCaa_jg @oC}@ag gq|ag qgg @a|oagg j|}aao
aoj}o gq|@ aoaq|@ ga@a Cja} q|aaaag ga}aa
g|ggg|, qaaqg|g gaagg@ag @gga CgCaa @}j|gga.
ea|o @a|oagg j|}aao CaaeQqgg gq|gg q|aaa_ag
@gg gqaa_ag _gg @_ @a|o @_gg q|aagga
aggaaj Cjagq|oao. |a jagagg|_gg ga|o|_gggaa _gg
@_ Cgoa_ gga gaaggaog Cgaa|a.

_aCaj} 81- Cgg| j|}aao gag Cg}qg gaaggao @}j|ggg.
q|aaa gg C@o|aaj}a|o|_gg ca|jg|a _ggaa
aaaea|a g geQ qog Cgaa|aa}a. @a|oagg
gga|o|_gg ga@a gaaggao @}j|ggq|g.

go aaoqaa jggaaag Cgaajj @gg ggaag
gaagg@ag |get qqo q|ust cag Cj}a}a.
q|ust caa|g Coaoo|o q|Coq g|oao. @gCgg|
Cja}q}a. _qqgaa.

@aao @gg @jjC}qa oa} cag Cj}Q g_ Cjaa}g
Cgaa|aao _ggj Cja_aga gagggg gag Cgaaaaaqg @_ag
cajg o}gg|}. @}ea oajCja} o j|o|jajaaoa
aajjggqggaaa _C}aag gjg| ao Ca @}gg} CgCaae
ggggag @Cg Cj}gaa aqaajjg. @a@ g_ o|o
gga_ag @ggg gaaao @jCj} gjjq_aa|gg. @aao
gqCqa_ ggggag gag Cgaaaa _qo| eQ.

ca|jg|a gaa @gg gag Cgoa|a gaagg@ag _gg gag
aa}ea caCaaa?

1. go aaoqaa jg.

2. ca|jg _g|j} gaoa}a Caago jgggg| aqjjg, gqggao
je|aqjjg.

8. gg|aa|gaa|o _ggaa _}j Cgoa_ag gC}ajjaq|a g
cjCjag Caago g|}gg}aa j @_agjq ja}ggaCaaqg.

Cq|C Cjojj aa}ea @aqgaa caga@. eaa
aa}ea _aaggC Cja_aga} gg q}gga ojggjjaq.
_aagg gC}ajj| Cgoa_C (_jCjag ogg) q}ag @o|,
a|gaaao| Cgoa|o ga q}gga oagg|aa q|}qaaa|, Cj},
g|}gg}aa a}aCaaj j|qjjg|o gg|aa @_gga. @gg|a, @oaa,
Coo|a, gaoagg Cjaag Cgoa|o gC}ajj|a aaa q|}aajjQ
je| |a gg}aa gaCjggaCaaeq_ggg. go aaoqagaa @g
cooaqggagC @ga} qg|.

@aCq gao ca|jg||_gg jga Qooao, @a|
caaaogg|@ cggj j|}oaa q}ag _ag o}qCgoo oa|o
g|_gg Cog gao g_ Cjagaao Coaggaagqg|o CgCoaaa
Cgoa |ag gq|}aa @_gga. @oC}@ag @gaaa aaq@ gaa|
Cgaaa, @ j|qjjg. _gaqg @ggg aaoa jgg|. C@ gaaaaa
aa|o q|_gg o|aaa g|}gg}aa aqggaCaaqg. g|ojj}jaj
q|og}ggaCaaqga goC gg| @o| _}j Cgoa|aC
gaaaj jgg|Cga_ _oogagg Cgaggq|aa gq cag @oC}o
gj|g.

gaaggo |a gQj|qggg. @a|oagg j|}aao g|aggg| qaaqg|g
gaagg@ag gao}, g} qg|C jg|o Coaaaa}.

aQjjaa g| go aaoqaag _jCjag @gg gag Cgoa|a
Cja}aajjoa (aa} gagjg) _e| qggg qggCaaeq_gga. gao},
g_ q|aaq Cao|aaao _gg gagjg ajjoaa j}a|aaa
CaaeQ aQ qggg gg}q|a}.

_qgg aa} @_jg ajjoa j|}aao|@aaq. jg|aagg ajjoa
@a|oaggaaq. |ooCooa @oC}@ago Coaggaaaq.

go aaoqaag qggCaaeq_gg @gga ajjoaa ca|jg }a@q
gag gaaa|o|_gg gaaa|a. q|aag gaaggo g_ jaa. g}gga|a
ajjo gaaggo @aCaa_ jaa. g|ogg|o @_ggjqC j}a|a go
gaaggo gggqg gagaqg.

ogg gg| gqgao g|agggjj @ggg gaaggo|o _gg gagjg
ajjoa_ gga|j Cja|a. @g @a|oagg, j|}aao Qooao
gQCagg gC}ajjaagC _g|}oo||ag q|qaa @_ggg.
gaoa}a gaggg g|jj| Cqea cag gC}ajja ggo ggo|o gq
Cogg _jCjaggaa.

gqj} ggga Cgg| e|j jaa ja}ag go ca|jg|a
jaaoqaj jgg|a|o }a@q q}}aa @gaa|q|Q _ag Q_q
gg}q|a. q|aag gaagg@ago oagaaa ga}jjga|@ jg
ga}jjgg|a|@ @gga Cog aqaa CqeQCajg @gg
@gaa|q|jj q}}a_ag _|aajj gg}.

@gg q}}a_ @}eQ Cj} gga aaaoC gg je||a _g|ajo
oagg|gagg Cgaa}a. ca|jg|a a|gag gg Cggg agaa}Ca}
@gaa|q|jj @gg @}eQ Cj_ (Cj}a Cg}q|oao @_q_
aaeCaaa.) @_ag g_ oag||aa Cqqgea @aa|,
j|}agg|gagC g|aogaoo Coga}a. aa _aoaoaa
_og|aCaaeQ gg Cgaa|aa}a. gjg Cja} og gaggagg|a
g j|C}gaj jaa g|aggg| Ca}ooag gaaggo|o gagga
ggg|@aao o}gaogg Cjaag.

ca|jg }a@q gaaao @ag _agg ggaajjg gaaggo|o
=QjCjag, @a|oagg, j|}aao gg @oC}o|a e|j
ja|a _ag gaaao ca|jg }a@q _q|@ g}gg|@ |a
j|aga||_gggao _q}aao Cj} _q|o oag|aa @oq|oao.

}a@q }g||o ca|jgag @gg go gg g_ Cj} Cgaoq|gaa. @g|o
ogCgaC @oao. @aao _}o|o }g||o |ajCj} Cqgg|a @g
_q}a_agg Cgqggggg.

ogg g@aaaaa aqa|aa Cqeq q|q @g.

ogCgga gag @Cg 1966 aaoagg|o @Ca}|o g_ j}o|
Cqqggg. @ago o|g| j}o| caCga Cj} aoq} caCga Coaoooa.
@ggj j}o|aga aa}eaa, j|aae||o @_gg Coojg,
_C}aaa. qgaaCjao _C}aa _ajjaa o|.g..,
@Ca}|o @o|a}a_ag cg|}aao CoojQaCaaeq_gg
j}o|a}aa g_a|aegg, j|go||gg, _}aag cg|}aaCga_
gggag @}j|gg aqggg.

@aao, @ggj j}o||a j|aae||o, gaa @_jjgaaCq o|.g.. _gg
gag aaqaCaaq|oao. _C}aag Cga}j @_jjg Cq|C
Cg}Cqea caCg _jCjaag _C}aa _g|j} goCaaq}
a_g|aa}. @aa@ @Cgooa gq aqaaaq q|q @oao
cajgao q|q Cq|C j}q|q|g. Ca _C}aaaq|a j}
cg|}aa Coaq|g _a|a, oCag _C}aaaq|a @ggo
o|gaggagagj jagoagg @}j|aa, jo Cgoa|o gg|jjaa, gaga
oa gaQa|o _C}aaaaqj jgg|j Cjo|aaCo aa aag|ggjj
@}j|gga}a.

cjjq @Ca} q|qgg|o _C}aaa _qaajjCga, _Cg Cjao
go aaoqa q|qgg|o @oC}@ag @g}qaa @a|oagg j|}aao
Cja}o gg|ggggg joCqg oa gaQa aQ aea Cg}q|gga.
ca|jg g_ Caaa. Cja_aga} }g||o _gqa} cgg g_ q}oo|a
aaeag ag Cgo. _Ca Cja @jjqa Cogg co|a
_qggaCaaeq_jjg cag oaC @gg @_ Cgoaaj ja}gg
a Cogg. C@ go aaoqa j|}oaa|a Cq} cg caa|g
q|q} g_g _g|ag ja} aa_ag, ca|jg|@ jggg @gg
Cgoa gaaggo g|aggg|g _Caaa|gga caCg Cgaag|g.
gq|} @oC}@ag @g}qaa _ooqa @q}a @ga||_aa|ga}a?
@oC}o a}? _g g_ _C}aa _qq_q _ooqa? C@ _C}j|
goo|a_ag gC}aa @agggq}a. jaooga|}aa _g|aaa
_ag|aaaa|q}a. _q}a_agj Cja @a|oagg j|}aao
gggagjja CaaQgga cagao, _gg @_ Cgoa|a Caaa|ag caa
cag Cjo @}j|ggq|a}a.

ea|CoC j|}a @gaa cg|}ja}aaq|oao. go aaoqa g_
CjagoCoagg cag cggaa cQggo Coaaaa@ a_ Caag ga}aa
@oao. qe qjaaggaa ca|jg|a g gaaggo g|aggg|aa}a cag
gQCagg gaga oa Cgoa_ cg|}jjg Cg}q|ggq|a.

gg Cgaa| g}_ g|aa|CoC @aCaa_ gg _}Cag|g.
j|}@ j|}aao @oC}ao @g}aa|aga cag Cg}gggC
Coaq|g _a|a, ca|jgagg ga@a g_ @g}aqg Cg}q|ggga
_ooao, Cgaqjjao, ga@ gggg|o ca|jg|a oa}j|o jCaga
q_Cqa cag jgggg|g.

Coaq|g _a|a gggg|o jCaQggao j|}a _qo|
_C}aaaaqg gaeaga jj|Q. _C}aaa agg|o @ga|aao,
_g go aaoqa, ca|jg, @oC}o caa|g coaoaaa agg
ggagj j}ae Cjgg _C}aa Coaq|g ggaa|q|Q. _q}a|a
ga|j jaaag ca|jg jo|aaqag. caCaaaCqooaCa gggq|Q.
@g Cj_ _ja. j|}Ca a jj|Cqea. Coaq|g
a|ga|g Cg}ggaCo _C}aaaagj Cjag. gaaaaCq _ggg
Cgo ggaggag qgg @ga|q|Q.

@qqag _ggaa Cgoa_C cee|a aqaojjQaCaaeq_aa,
cg|}ja}agCga_ g|_jjaa, _C}aaaCq gaqgg Cja} g|gggggag
_agjj q|Qggg. g_ jaa j|}a|g j|}aao|g aogg Cjo|
gggaga aaq|o Coaoo|q|Q, gjaa ca|jg _g|j} gao_a
_C}aa _g|j} goCaaqC} Cjo|aa}.

ggo|o j|}a @ggg gggg. go aaoqaa gao} g|ggg
q|aCoag| gggag g|gggqg oagg||oao cag Coaaag.
_C}aaa q|q|oao. 'aa}eaaa Caaag}a. Cjaa}
g|gggaq|ao j|}a|a gaeaa 'je'qa g|jaj _C}aaa
qggg|q|Q' cag ja|}aaa |}g Cgaa|g.

gag|. ggg }jCja}} 14 g9ao, 2006




68 caa _gaaa g|!

g|oCooa }gg - ja. }aaqa

_C}aa aoa} '}o}q a}ao|' caja}a. g|jj |aa gae.
ceCe, ga Cjaag q|ao g|jj |aa Cja_a|a q}gga,
o}qCgo _q|o ao}ogaa gag. gg Cgoa|a a}ao| cggaa
g|jj |aag cajag _C}aa ao_a gjj|Qggaa Coaoqg
qgaa. _gaqg, '_C}aa ao_ag g|a}aa @gg| _ja|a g|jj'
cag CoaoojjQqaga Caq_jj}a _ooqa? _ggaa.

_C}aa aoa}a aaq@ @aagag '_C}a'q|a g|jj _g|a.
gjjaa|a 'Ca', oq|o}oagg|a 'oq|o .j}aa', @a|oagg|a 'je
oC}o|' @a|aq g|jj |aa gaea.

@gg gaeaCooa oj aaogg|o g|jj Cjggaq. gjga|o
_C}aa ao} gaggaa '}o}q a}ao|'. gqCqa_ Cgog gag
_gg|o Cooaqe|aa cggaa ao}a aqgg|_aa|gg cajaga
CaaeQ _ga Cja_aga} g|aoa g|jj|jjQ. _g Q|ooao,
cgg Cgog gaa @gagg| CogCaa_ cggj Cja__ag
_C}aa ao}o q|ao CaaQagaaao ae|oaa g_jq a|aag!
aa}e, _gg Cgogg|a _gg|o Cooaqe| ao}o a|aaa|ggooqa,
_gaaogaa!

@gg '}o}q a}ao|' _ggoag aqggaCaaeQgaa _C}aaa
_aagag j|}aa |}qg.

'}aagaa go gggag g|ggga|g}aa? _oog, gaa ca }o}q
a}ao| ggoQaa g|ggg|aCaaqa?'

@ggaa |}o. |}qCgaQ _C}aaa g|gaq|oao. Caago
jgggg q|ggg|o g} ga@a ggoQaa gaa|aqggg.
@gaao gC} ga|o j|}a|a 'je' g|jj ggCqag o}ggg.
gaegg|a g|jj o}ggao gaC o}a|gg cag _}gg.

@aCq j|}a|a _aag j|}g} @ea| =a q@aaaaa
}ag|aaa CoCqeqgaag. _qo}aa j|}qq ja}a_ag q,
ca|jg|o|_gg jaaa qajo Cjg gq Cogg. @g gggg a}o
1967-o.

@gggo o|o g|aa gaagaa aaaq|a _aag Cq|q|qaa}g gag
_aoo}aa @_gg Coo} j|}oa (Lest er Pear son) cajq} gaa|
gaQa _ajjag Cg}o Coag, go q|qaa}ggag g_ gq aae
g_ ga| gj} Cja}agag ggg|aa}.

'go aaoqa cooa Cgoa_ag Cjagqaagaa @_jjga Cja_Q,
g.ga.Cq g_ jagaajjj jaa _qaaa| ca|jgag _@jjCqeQ'
cajg aaaq|a Caa}aaa. '_}o|o }g||oaa g} gag
aaejjQqa}, g.ga.q|a @gg _g|}qjja go aaoqaa aa}|o
gaa|Q aa}ggaogaa q}gga gajao @_ag' cag
j|}oa cQggo Coaaaa}.

ge qaagqaga_agj j|gg gaa|gaQa oaj @gg CqeQCaaa
ggaCaaeQ ca|jgag g_ }a@qgag _@jj|g.
_ag|jjaaaggaa _@jjjjCgaga@ @ga_agaa
Cjaaa}a. (|ggg oag}g, _}o|o gaa|ggqg qagg @gg
CaoaaaaaaCq Coo} j|}o@ag 1967-aaaa Cgajo _ag|j j}a
qgajjg. @aagag gaa| gaQa oaj|a _ag|j
jajj|}aqg Cgaggq|ggqC} @q}gaa.)

ca|jg|a go aaoqa q|qaa}, ogag Cq|oo CjaQa aaq
q|qa jo. _qgg gaa|aag, 'oa|a |ajCj} oag| caa|g
_ggog|o|_gg j|}a @ga|q|g' cajg. ea|CoC Cj}
oag| _C}aaagaa cajg g|_jeaag _jCjaggaa.
_C}aaaag g|a}aa aqggj Cjaqggg Coaq|g _a|agaa
@_aa|gg cajg _jCjag g|aa}jjg.

@aga aaq@ gaa|aa oa aqa|gg q|q gageQ. gao}
caa|g gj} cggaa oag||aaq} cajggaa _g! @gg go aaoqa
q|qaa}gg|o ca|jg }a@q }g||o Cgaoq| aeq_ggCjag gg|a
a|gaa|a gC} @C}a _q}gaa cag _ggaa gaQa_ _qggo
Coaoo|q|a.

gg|jjaa _aag Cgg||o gg|a a|gaa|o Coaoo|aCaa_jqaa
gaoq} a_ @ooag aa}eggao, gao}a @ggg ge|oo@ q}g
Cqgqaaj jagjja. gaoa} aaa aqgg, CoggaCaaeq_gg
'@ooa| oCaag}ggqggag' |} CaaQaa gqa cag ja}aa
@}j|ggq|a}a.

_ggaa goo| gaQa_ gaaa @jCjag @g}aa|aga cajaga
aeQCaae gao} @a@ g_ jq CCo Coag, 'ca|jg|o
_ggaa _g}a_ aqaa Cq|Cg CqeQ' cag g} _g|q|jj
Cq||a}.

@g @oC}@ag gaogQaa gjQgg|g. Caa|o _aag Cgg||o
ca|jg|o aa} gjjga|} _g}a @_jja}a cag @oC}o g|aaggg.
(ea|o @_jgaggga|}ggago ogg _g|aaCaa} @_gga}a.)
gggg|a q|aqaa, _q}a cgg gaQagj Cjaaa@ a_
gaaa}a cajgao _ggaa Cj_ coao gaeq
@oC}@aggaa q} g|aajja}a.

@oC}o, ga@a Coagga gqaa gjggg caaaogg|@ gaa
aaqg|oao cagCjag|@ gjjga|} Cj_ag aqaag
gg|, e | _qjjag Cgaqaaj _}gg| Co
_ag _jCjag ga}aa @oao. aa}e, gg @gjja.

@aa@ Cqg qg||oao cag a} gq q}Cqga o|aa coao|o
ga}aag @oC}o }a@q.

@_jgaggga|} Cj}. _ggaa Cj_ @}CqaQ @}qaa ca|jg|o|_gg
gaQaggjja}a. _g gq|} @a@ g}a|} (o|o} @|}gg gg@g
caa|ga}a.) Cja} gao} 'ogCgagg|a Cj}o' o|ag|o _agga}. o|o
@gCj}, o|gg|}qaga a_ag _@jjjjgaa g_ qggg|
eQ.

@ggo Cog|a Cq|C qggCjag gQCagg _}j oag gaoa}g
gao|o @aa|aqggaCaaeQ Caaea @}j|ggq|g. @oC}o|a
Caaaa _agqggg gao}gaa gC} o}aa @ cag
Cjo|aa}a.

oa @agCooa cqqag ja}ggg cajagq|, ggg ojqaa
@oC}o _ag cjjqj ja}ggg cag aqa|aa Cqeqg |a
gaa|. gCaaCq _C}aaaq|a @g} @oC}@ag @_ggg. @gg
go q|qaa}ggagj j|gg, _C}aaagaa _Qgg qoo}a cag
_ggaa Cgoa_ c_gg g|ag gaogaggg| qeaa CoaaaCjag,
g_ gejaaa _C}aaaq|a Cga|o gqaCaaQgg ga@a
Cg_aagag @a@ Cq|jjaaaa aaqaCaa @}j|ggg
@oC}o. _gago ca|jg caa jgggg|aa@ gaag _gaao
jag|jj g|oao cag Coaooao Coaaag.

ca|jg q|qgg|o @oC}o caCaQ Caa@ _ga _C}aao oa}j
g|ao g|oo Coaq|g _a|@ag c}ooo g_ cajag @oC}o|}a
e}ao @oao. @aa@ Coaq|g _a|a g_Cjag gaaa
@g}aaag caCg @oC}o gj|g.

@oC}o cg|}ja}ggg g_ Cga. oaggCaaqggaaa Cga. _q}aao
aaa gg Co gq. ggggagg Cgaqaa @gaaa
_q}aC gjgg| CogCaaqa}a. je gq|aa @oC}o
Cj}gaa cg|}ja}aaq|oao. agjj|a go Cqeq jegagg gaCa
ojag|ggaCaa gq cajggaa _aagag, @aagag,
caagagC @oC}o|a o|ggagg.

@aao _q}a_ag g_ ga}a @g} Cqeq|_ggg. a}aqg g_
Cj} oag| gaaaaaa g}o CaaQaaCqeQ cag cg|}ja}gga}a.
_gg oag| g} _Caaa| oag|aa @_ggaoj jaga|oao. @aao
Cj} oag|aa @_aaCqeQ. gg|a a|gaa|o @oC}o
gq|gg|_jjCgajg, o|agg|a gaa|o g} g}gg|o gqao
CjaQaCaaeQ qagqg ag|}gaa. cgg g||q a} jaqa}a cag
Coaoogqag. @Cga ca|jg @aagag Cqaoaa aaqq|g.
gaaag Cga}a gaaaoa. =}aa gggag @}j|aaoa. a_gg|o
@_ag agg|aa o|}a _qaa q}oa. _qq a, _ggaa
Cj_C Co}gg oeaag q}oa. @ggCaooa g_ aa}e
Cqea. cgaqg Caao jaooga| _C}j|}a_ag @g}qaaj
Cja} cag aojaao Coaoo|q| gq.

caa @aa@ gaaa @g}aa @oC}@ag g_ Cj} @g} oag|aa
_C}aaa @_ag cag gg|aag _jCjaggaa.

_C}aaaaqj Cjagggqa} @oC}ao @g}jjggaaa aa}ea
|a c|aaaaq. gag, @oC}ao Coaq|g _a|a
@g}aaq|oao cajg. @}eaqg, gg|a a|gaa|o gaaCaa_ gaa
@oC}o @_ag caa|g gj|aaa. g|ag g|aj Cja_aga}
gq|a, @g gq|aa _|ggaCaaeq_jjga go @oC}aog
ga@a gqa aaoa| ag|}C _aggaCaaeQ, _a|_gg
_aagg ceCe Cgoaa aeaae|aaoa cajg _C}aaaq|a
cee.

caa gaga@ Coaq|g _a|@a goo| gaQaa gaqaa
gqag cag _aag _C}aa _g|j} goCaaq} g|qaaa
a_g|aa}. caaqg, cg|oaqg _q}a gqaCaa Cg}Q cajCg
_q}g cee. @aCq, gg|a a|gaa|o aaa je@qgggg gaa
@oC}ao @g}jjg oaja}aa gqqaaCq @_ag cag _C}aaa
g|aaggg. gq|} @oC}o|o ceCe a|aag. @a@ Caago
ga}gg a|gaCa Cjaaaogaa ceCe. @aCq, @oC}o|o aaa
je@a|gg _C}aaa cag a_ ggg Coaoo gqag.

caa _gaaa g|!

_ag Cgaa|, @oC}o }a@q, @oC}o q}gga, @oC}o
Cja_aga} @a| gag _oa cjjqCjjq @_aa CqeQ
cag g}aa|ag g_ g|go oag|aa _C}aaa @a|jCjaag.

gag ggo aaaa, ca|jg||_gg @oC}o aajjgg| o|aa
jgg||o|_gg @oC}o| }a@qgag qajo CjggaCaa_jq
}ao|aaa CaQaCaaeg.

g_ geQ g|o caaq|gaa j|}oaaaa _qaag cag
Coaoogqagooqa? _C}aaaq|a gega g|a_ag _gg g_
ag|oC g gaaa @_aaoa. @oC}@aCa _g g_ g|}gg}g
gaoqo|j j|}agg|aa|q|aQ.

@agCooa Cao|ggggaa o|aaa ca|jg|C g|_ja
CaaQggq|oa cag gqqaag.

1967- @eQ @gg||o @oC}o, o|aa|o @_gg ga@a
}a@qgaga aaaao||o Caggaa qajo CjggaCaaeg. eQ
_Ca ca|jg }a@q qgg aa}ggCaaeg.

coao|o q@qaa Cqo| Cjajjg. @Ca g|ogaa. _Ca
g|ogaa. ogg . @aa@ gQq|o ae@agg Cg}ag
|ajCj} j gag @_jjgaaCq _aaq_ag Cgaag|g.

aa}j j|qgg a} gjCjaa|ga}a cajCg Caq|. cjCjag cajg
_Qgg Caq|.

@agCooa g_ a|g} ja}ggaCaaeq_gga}. |a _ag|aa.
cgga a_gg Coaooao. ao} _}a.jg. _q} ca|jg|o j|ggg
jaoogaaa}} cajgao go q|qaa}gg|o |ggg e}oo|qojj
g|ao|CoC @_gga}. _gaaCoCgaa @jCjag cg Cjoaag,
Coaag cag g}aaaa @_gga}.

_q}g o|ggaaCooa gC} q|qgagj jgg|ggaa. gaoa} cggag
gjoa?

gag|. ggg }jCja}} 17 g9ao, 2006




69 jaooga q|Qgao @aa

g|oCooa }gg - ja. }aaqa

jaooga q|Qgaoaaaa ao} _}a.jg @}j|gg Cja}aa_ag
gagqggg gaaao j|.co.g.aqj jgg| g_ o|g _g|ga
_qo|aa|gg. Caa|o, go aaoqa q|qaa}gag j|.co.g. |a
g@aaaa aqa|gg @}agggggj j|gggaa jaoog@aaaa Cja}a
Coaoo|aCaa_jqaa g_ qqq Cjgg Cgaa|g. j|.co.g.
qqqagg _ggj Cja}aj jaagaggaa ao} _}a.jg Cqeq
_agg g|_gg| _agg, Cja}agagg g}gjjQgg|aa}. @aCq,
@jCjag j|.co.g.

j|.co.g. caa|g _ajj 1964- q_ g9a ag 2- Cgg|
Cgaggq|aajjg. jaooga Cgo| aao|o (Pal est i ni an Nat i onal
Counci l PNC) caa|g _ajj|a _}o|o j|}gaa j|.co.g. caa|g
jaooga q|Qgao @aa.

@gg jaooga Cgo| aao|o caa|g _ajj, jaoog@ag Cq|C
jo gaQa|o ggo jggg qo|gg qgg jaooga|}aao
_qaaajjg. gaao jaoog@ag gaggg Cja}a gqag
aa}eggaogaa j|.co.g.aq _q}a Cgaggq|gga}a. qaqa}gagag
'_}o|o j|}' cag Coaoojja@, j|.co.g. g_aag_aa g_
}a@q _ajjggaa. j|aaao @ggCa ga|aaCga_ _}o|o j|}
eaag Cqg q|q!

jaooga Cgo| aao|o|a ggo C ag 1964- @eQ
Cg_oCogg|o gaCjggg. aao|o|o _jCjag Cagg 422
gjj|a}a @_gga}a. Cga}aa, Cqo Cja, agga}, =}aa,
o|}a, gaqg, ca|jg, o|j|a, _og}a gg aaoa jgg|a|o|_gg
@gg _ajj|a gjj|a}a _jCjag Cg}gCgQaajjq_gga}a.
_ggaa Cj_C _qjja|o jaooga|}a. ogg}jjqoggao
Cq|gaQa|o _ag|aaa qo|aa Cg}ggq}a cajag g|aaq|o Caa
CqeQ.

@Cg gg|ogaa j|.co.g.aqg Cgaggq|ggg, _ag _o qa}
(Ahmed al shuqui r y ) cajqa} _ga gaoq}aa g||ggg g|agggg.

@gg _ag _o qa}, Cojaaaao Co}ggq}. @q}g ggag g_
jaooga|}. ga g_aa|ao Co}ggq}. Cg_oCo ga}o o
jqggq|Q gaa| gaQa_aaaa o|}aq|a j|}g|g|g|aa 1949-o|_gg 61
qa} je|agg|q}. j|gg _}j oa|a gaeo Cooa}aao o|o aao
je|j}ggq|Q, g.ga.aaaa og| _C}j|aq|a @g}aa 1967-o|_gg
62 qa} Cqao ja}gg|_aa|ga}. Cj_jaoaa _}j Cgoa, qa}
ga_aaaaj je|agg aa}a cag g _ag _aaaogg|o
_C}j| Cgoa|a g|jjag} _}o|o qo@g}aa q|a|q} @q}.

@aCq, j|.co.g. CgaajjCjag, _ga gaoq}aa @_aao o}aa
gj} qa}gaa cag g}aa|gg _qa}a CaaeQ qgga}a.

qa}, jgq|Cgga Cog ggo aa}, j|.co.g.aaaa gg@g Cj}
Caae ggog|ao @o|ag_ gaag _aggggaa. j|gg, jg|aagg
Cj} Caae Cogg_ gaag _agg, _ggg jaooga Cgo|
aao|o|o @_gCg @aag Cg}gCgQaao Coaaaa}. CgCoaaa
gg@g Cj_ gQj CjaQ, Cgo| aao|o gjj|a}aaa 422
Cj}o|_gg 16 Cja}g Cg}gCgQaa CqeQ cajg gjaQ.

j|.co.g.Cq g_ g|go }a@q _ajjggaa cagCjag, g|g@ag
Cq|ooaa j|.co. cag gaaCaa g_ ga| }a@qj j|}aq
j|.co.g. gjQgg|a Caaeg.

cjjq joCqg _}o|o o|ggagga|o gj|aaa Caaeq}a @aegg
jaooga q|Qgao @aagagg Cgaggq|gga}aCa, _CgCjao, joCqg
Cja}a|a g_aaa g_a|aegCg j|.co.. caa|g Pal est i ne
Li ber at i on Ar my Cgaggq|aajjg. _gggga g_aa|a ga|jj
Cgaaag CoojaQa_ caa ag|}aa @_gga@ '_}j Cgo|'
caa|g a_ggaaagg|@ jaoogaa q|Qq|jjg caa|g Cgaaagg|@
gj|aaa q}aaa @_aaCqeQ cajg Qgaa gC}
g|jggaaaa @_ggg.

j|.co.g.q|a Cgaggg @}j Cqag Cj_jaoaa
jaooga|}a_ag |ggg gj|aaa _|jjgaa @_ggg. cQgg
CaC gjjaaa|ag @aa|aCaaeQ _q}a gq|oao. agaa,
@oC}@ag Cq|C _ag|aaa qa_ jaooga| aa _ggaa
Cja} Cg}o ogg|ggj Cjo|aa}a. @ggg jaoogaaj Cja}aqggaa
CjgCqeQ cajag Cja}aggag aa cgCggg qaa|Coooa
ja|aaoa cajag q|aa|o Coaaaa}a.

j|.co.g.q|a @gg aa ogg|jj }ao|g g|, |ajCj} q|aaa
_qaaag Cgaa|g.

Cj_jaoaa jaooga| @ag}a, aqaag gaa
j|.co.g.a @aeggaCaaea}a. @gj j|go| _ggaa
Cj_ j|.co.g.q|a }a@qgg|o Co}g Cgaa|aa}a. _qjjaj
j|go| @_ggaCo Cjag cag j|.co.. g|aaggg. Co j|go|aag
gaaC g} gq cag a_g|, gjjaaa| @aag Cg}gg _ggaa
Cja} ga ja|o Co}ggaCaa @}j|gga}a.

@jjq @aegg @ag}a _ggaa Cj_ o|g o|g g_aaaaj
j|}aajjQ ca|jg, Cojaaa, o|}a Cjaag Cgoa|o @_gg
j|.co.g.q|a j|go| gaaa_ag _@jjjja}. _Ca _q}a_agg
gjjaaa| aQgo, geQ cg|go Cjaag jaa agggg}jja.

@ggj j|go|a_ag oCaa|@|_gg, joCqg q|Qgao @aaa|a
gaoq}aC Cg}o qgg|_gg qgjCjQgga}a.

@ggCaooa Cgaqaa g|g|ag g|} ga|C g_ g_
_aaajjg. jaooga aa|a g} gajjggaaa g|g| Coa}aaj
jgjj _gga g_q|a}, gg| @o|a g_qg je CgCaaeQ
geCgg| g|g| Coa}gga}a. jo Cgag|og|j}a_ _}o|oqag|a_
}aaa g|g| _|gga}a cajg eaC cagCjag Cjagaa
_|gg g|g|gaa j|.co.g.q|a}ao |a gaa|aaa a_gjjg.

gq|}aa, |ag gq|}aa @ggj je|a gaCjgg Cgaa|g 1968-
@eQ jaooga Cgo| aao|o ga@a ggo ja|}a _g|aaaa
Cq||g. a|gg g} _}oaa gg} CjaoCq aaejj _gg
_g|aaagaa, @oC}@ag cg|}aa jaooga|}a|a Cja}a gg|gg
ggo gaqo _g|aaa cag Coaoooa.

|a ge, q|q}aa, }aaa j|aa|aejja Caae
@ggaaeaaaa jaaa _gg _g|aaa|a jo jgg|a|o
'@oC}o g} gg|aajj Cqeq Cgo' cag gg|jj|jjq_aa|gg.
(j|aaao 1998-o goCoa ajqaaa ogg|o @ggj jgg|aa
qajo Cjgqgaa ao} _}a.jg _g|q|ggg j|gg q_.)

@ggaa @}j. @a|_gggaa @oC}o }a@qggag cg|}aa
jaooga q|Qgaoj ja|a}a Cg}qg gaaggoa @}jaa|aga.

j|.co.g.ag _jCjaCgooa Ca}ooag gaaggo gag Cg}ag.
j}oo a|aag. cCaa Cgaao@} gaqgg|o }ao| _ag cQgg
Cqao ja}ggaCaaeq_gg ao} _}a.jggagggaa Ca}ooa gaaggo
Cg}. _}a.jg j|.co.g.q|a gaoq}aa j|gggaa _ggaaCj_ag
g|gg|_gg gaag aao j|ggq|aajjg. _gqa}, Cg}qg
gaaggo|ogaa _q}a =QjQ qgga}a.

Cg}qg gaaggo cagao caa?

ggo|o g} @oaaa g|}e|jja}a. ga}eggag, Co _q|q|o g_
Cjaoo oCqa. @oag gqqaag g_ jgg Cja}g Cg}gCgQgg
_Ca _@jjqa}a. Co _q|ag _q}a Cjao Co}ggg 'goaa
qgg Co}gCga' cag a} goaaqaqg gaqo _@jjqa}a. @ggg
gaqo qggg @aCaa_ g_q|a} go gaagg@agj Cjaaq}a_agg
Cgaqaa @ga }ao|aa _@jj|aqaajjQ. Cj_ja@ o}ag
oa}a|o gg| _@jjqa}a. qaagg ga}a, Caaga gaa_ag
_q|o jQggaCaaeQ gjjaaa|a ga|C je Cog }q}a|
qgg Co_.

_gaj|gg g_ Cg} gg|gg, ojggjj Cjaoo oCq@agj Cja
cg|C} jga| g|agCaaeQ a @}j|jja}a. gaaaagg aaqo}a
@gggg C Cjaqa}a. Cgaqjjao _g gaaggo Cga_.
@ooaq|ao _a|_ag gjjaaa|aa cQggaCaaeQ a|j| qeq
g|q|Qqa}a.

geQ aqjjCgaga@ @Cg gagaggaa. ggo ga @}Cq gg|jj|
@ggagj Cja Cqeq @ggaao CogCaaeQ, q|qggg
geQ aqggq|Q jo j|qggq|Qqa}a. (a|g CqqgeQa
jgaaggag q}ag aao _g.)

gga Cog|gga|o q|qgagj ja}gg, gg| CogCaaej|gg
Caago Cjao Caaeaq q|Q, _Qgg Cqao|o =Qjg
Cgagqa}a.

@oC}o }a@q, jagaajjj ja @}eQgaa j|.co.g.q|a}a
j|}gaaaa gaaggo aaa @_ggg. o|o oa|o Cjagaa g
qagag qjjq_aa|gg. 1968- @eQ qoj}o aaoa jgg||o
g_ Cj_gg|o Cqqgg geQgaa @}j cag Coaoo CqeQ. (28
Cj} jo|.) _QggQgg g_ ga gqgao caaqg geQ
CqqggaCaaeCgaa @_ggg.

@oC}o caa ggaajj gqqaaa CgCaaea@ j|.co.g.q|a}a
gaaggoaao oa|aa gqao _g g_ g|}gg}g gaoqo| cag
@a|jCjaag.

@aCq, @oC}o _}a j|.co.g.aq g_ gq|}qag _ajj cag
_g|q|ggg. _gqa} g_ q|Qgao @aaaa QC _g|jjQ qgg
j|.co.g., _C}aa qaq|a gq|a ja}qag _ajjaa,
gq|}qag|aa gjgg| Co g_ }aoog Cgag|goaaoaao
o|gg|}aajjg.

@oC}@ ga jgag j|.co.g. Cogga g|ag jaaa Co}gg
oCag _@gaj Cgg Cgaa|g.

j|.co.g. g_Cjag gag gq|}qag gqqaaaaa _aaaogg|o
g|ajjQgg|g|oao. 'Cqg qg||ooao @g @aa||_aa|Cga.
aao _ag| qg||o jaoogaa Qgg} gqaaao Coa'
caggaa j|.co.g. Coaaag.

_ag|aaaa cgg oagg|gag _jCjag @oC}o q|Qaqaaag
aa}eggao @ggaa g} cag _aaq}a@C gjjjg.

@aao, j|.co.g.q|a gqqaaaaa @oC}o _}a |aajjQgg|
qaagg g_a|gg cag cQggo Coaoo, j|.co.g.q|o a_ag
Cg}q|oao. j|}oa} g_ q@qaa oaga. cag g|_jgg|_jo
Coao@qga go aa agg|o @gaaj jg|aqggq| gq.
@aCq, @oC}o|a g|| j|}oa} gg| j|.co.g.agj Cj}
j|}oaaaa @_ggg. gaag Cj} jo|aaa}a cajag ga@g Cj} jo|
cag Coaaaao _ag @oao cag gaa CqeQooqa?

_jjq ggg, g _g|aaa q| j|.co.g.q|o _ag a_ag
Cg}q|oao. _jjqC _q}a cQggo Coaaaa@ Cq||Qqggaaa
a gggagjja @ooao @oC}o ja}ggaCaaeg.

@g |ajCj} j|}oaaaa @_ggg. Cja}a g_aaa gggao
Cjagag; g|}qaag o|gjjaa @aCqeQ cag ggo ggo|o
_jCjag e}jjg. g_ o}aa, g|ga|aa, _@jq qagg
gaoq_aaaa j|.co.g. a|g.

1969- @eQ j|j}q} 8- Cgg| ao} _}a.jg _ggj Cjagjjag
qgga}.

gag|. ggg }jCja}} 21 g9ao, 2006



70 @g ga gggg|a j|aae||o

g|oCooa }gg - ja. }aaqa

1964-o Cgaajj j|.co.g.ag 69-ogaa ao} _}a.jg
gaoq}aa q_a|ga}. @ajj aaogg|o g_ |a gaa|aa
j|}oaaa _}j oa ogg|aa Cqeq|_ggg. _gaa ggo|o
ja}ggq|Q ao} _}a.jgg| Cjaqggaa o}aa @_ag.

@g ga gg (Si x day war ) cag o}gg|} q_e|ag @ggj Cja},
1967- @eQ g9a ag @oC}@ag ca|jg, o|}a, Cga}a @a|
Cgoa_ag|aC gaCjggg. a_C cg|}ja}aaag, ogg
gaag|q|jj|ooag, g|C}ag Cgaajj @gg gggg|a ggg|}ga}
@oC}o.

cggq|gaa gaCagjaQa_ a|aag. g|C}ag _qaa
@}j|gga}a. ggaag gaaggo. @Ca o|aa, _Ca Caaoa
gaga, CgCa CqoCja, a|gaCa aaoa cag ggag aaogg|o
@ggg jgg|a _ggaaa _gg @g ga gggg|o
_|aCaaeQq|g @oC}o. caa gaa|gg cag aga}ggaCaa_
gaagaaCq gg gqggq|g. @oC}o cajg cggaa
_jaa}aa Cgo cajg Cq|ooaag.

@oC}o @gg gggagg Cgaa|ggaaa aa}ea |a
g@aaaaaq. 1966- @eQ gaCjgg go gggg|aCjag
@oC}o ga qojjQgg| o|aa jgg|a _gCgo eQ ca|jgaCa
q|Qgg} Cqeq qggag gaCj ja}gCga _ooqa? _ga
q|}qaaajj Cga}oo| cag @gaaa Caaoa.

_C}aaa gg Coaq|g _a|a|a _}o|o g|}jjgga
aa}eaaggaa o|aaa eQ ca|jg qo _|ggg @oC}o.
caagaa }a@q }g||o _gg gggg|o ca|jg
Cgaoq|agg|_ggCjag|@, @oC}o _ggj jgg|ag g|_jj|a
CaaQggag oa ggg|@ Cqg q|gaaCq ja}ggg. _gaqg, gao}a
}agggg|} Cqgg| _g cajgaa g_ j|}oa} |ag gq|}aa gggg! @g
@oC}@agj Cj} gaaaj j|}oaaaa @_ggg. _C}aa g|}jjgg
@ooaq|ao g|ooaa o|aaa q|QaCaaQgg|_aa aCa cag
caaqg gag|a g g| g|ag }aaa aggoa Cjao|_ggg
_q}a_ag.

@aao, _C}aaaaq _q}aao jaaggaCaa gqag. _ggg
_}o|aog gaeq Cja_aga}a aa}ea_ g|ag @_gga.
@aCq, qaaaa g_ ogg}jjggaaaa @oC}o aagg|_ggg.

gjg, go gggagg Cga}gg ca|jg, o|}a, Cga}a @a|
gag gaQa_ag g_ag|}aa Cgo q} @}j|gg|_ggg. }a@q
ggo q}gga qa} joCqg q|ga|o _q}a g_q_aCaa_q}
gq|a CogCaaeQ gggagggaCaaeQ g|gaa oCaag}ggq
Cje @}j|gg|_gga}a.

@oC}@ag @g Cj} @jggaaj jg. Caa|o, ca|jg, o|}a,
Cga}a gagC @oC}o|a gag coaojjg Cgoa. gag _}j
Cgoa_ . @gg gq} e|a q}q|ao cggo ogg|@
gaagj j|}oaa q}aQ cag @oC}o jggg. Cgagaa, @gg gag
Cgoa_C go gggagg Cga}gg Coaq|g _a|@a
Cg_aaaa gaq q}ggaCaag Cgaa||_gga. Cga}@ag
Cqg jo Cgagg| gaQa_@ ga|C _jCjag go@g }a@q
gggagjj gjjgga_ @_gga.

gCaaCq cgg _}j Cgog @oC}@ag cgg qaa|oaa
gggagjaj g_qg|oao cag gq Cog|_gg g|ao|o, @gg
gag Cgoa|a Cgoa e| @oC}@ag _oo gggg @ojaa
q|qC.

gq|} Coaq|g _a|a gg|gg g|aaa jo _ooa_ @oC}@ag
@_gga. go gggag aqaa g|gggaq|ao j|}a|a gae
g|jaja gagggq|Qqgaa _C}aaa |}qgCjaoCq, Coaq|g
_a|@ j|}aao gg @a|oagg|a g _@ @g gg
CgagCqa cag |}qg. (oea gg ja}o ga}a|o
gCaaCq Coaq|g _a|a _@geQaaa CaaeQ qgg
@gaa|q|g cag g_ qggg| c_ggg!)

@gCjaag |}oaaogaa j|}@ j|}aao go gggaga
aaq|a. @Cg aa}eggaogaa @oC}@ ga Cgaaa g_qg
g|agCqgqggg gaagaaCq gg g|ggggag CgCaa Cqeqqggg.
_gga Caaj _qagg|o @_gggaogaa jg|Caa_ q_a
aagg|_gg 67-o _qaa @}j|ggg.

@qgagCooa gaeq @aCaa_ gaa|a aa}eg @gg ggggag
eQ.

o|}aq|o|_gg @oC}o qg|aaj Cja aoo ao|o aoggCaaeq_gg
aa gg ja|ao gg| ga} g|ao g|_jj|, CgCa gq|Q, Cga}a
gg||o aoagjqaa agg|aaa, o|}a g_ g| Cjag. @g
_jjaa, q|gg|oqag aa}gaa. ogCgaC @oao. @oC}@agg
gee}g gQjjaQ q}CqeQ caa|g 'j}gg' Cgaaagga gjj
g|gaa. Caaqaaeaa|o Cooqg|ggaqg @gg|gago
CoojQggqg|o o|}a |ggg @}q Co@gg|aga ae @oC}o, ga
Caajgaga aa g_ qg| CgqaCaaeq_ggg _jCjag.

_gga Caajgag C@ _g|a}ag q|gaa 1966- @eQ ca|jg
o|}a g_ }a@q gjjgggago CogCaaea. @_ Cgoa|o cgg
Cgogag a} gaaa|aa@ _Qggq} Ca gq|ag gq q}CqeQ
cajCg _gg gjjgg.

@gggCo @oC}oao Cjaga aaaa gqq|oao. 1967 j}o 7-
Cgg| o|}aq|a @_aaagj Caaoa gagj jgg|a|o @oC}o|
}a@q q}}a 'qgaaaa' coao gaeQ g|_q|gaaq @}j|gg
aqgga}a. @_ jaaa|@ Coo| gjjaaa|o gQa_a qgaaaa
gqggq|Q aqjqgaa _g. _jjqggaa o|}a g|aaggg.

@aao @oC}o _ggo o|g ojqgag _jjqC g|j Cj}gaaa|, Cj}
_q|o g_ ggaa @aa|q|g. o|}aq|a _ Cja} q|aaaa
(_aagg MI G 21 }a q|aaa) gC}qaa _qgg qggg|,
gQCagg Caaoa jgg|a agg| qaggaCaaeQ q|g.


@g gQCagg _}j oagag Caaj Caao Cogg. _aagg
Cgo _}jg gaoq}a_ _qo}aaa qj Cjo|aa}a. @oC}o|a
_}agaa_ag g_ gq aqaa CqeQ cajCg Cjoo|a oa}.
@aao caa Cooa? cjjqo Cooa?

gao} ga}aa @_gga}. gCaaCq o|aa q|qaa}ggao aQjj|o @_gg
_q}, @ag g_ aa}eaa aqgg @oC}o g gg CgaQggao ca|jg
gaa|ag _gaa gggg ga} cag ja|}aaaCq Coaaaa}.
Cjagaagagag, _jjq ca|jg gggag qg| gggqCgagao,
gaaaoaa _ggaa gq|aa Cog ga} cag Coaq|g
_a|@ }ao|o Cog| _@jj|g. (Coaq|g _a|a|a _jCjaag
_g|j} _Coao| Caao|g|a.)

@aao jag|aajj Cgoaa o|}agaa _qCQgga CaaQggaa
CqeQ.

j|}oaa caaCqa|o o|}aag _jCjag g_ gggg|o jgCjg
Cgj @oao. gagggjo g_ jaa @oC}o|a qag coao|o
Q_q _@jja gqag caa|g ggg|ao.

@aCq ca|jg Cqg g_ qg|aj j|qggg. @oC}o|a j|}gaa ajjo
Cjaagq}gg qg|aa @_gg g|}a googg|a gqq|g. @oC}o|a
ceCe q}gga qg| cajg _g gaggaa. g_ Coaoo|o
q|q}jjCgagao @gggj Cj}gaa _qq|o aaaqjjg.

@Cgooa Co}gggaa @oC}ao ajj|q|a. g_ goo|o _gCgo
gg Cgaa gq Cogq|g. gao_ Coaaaa}. 'ca|a
_qjja Cgaaag @oC}ao gg|jjggaa. _ggaa _C}j|}a_
_agggaa q|_ja|ga}a''

gag gaaa|@ @oC}o gag q}}aa g|ggg|g. CgCa Cga}a
}a@qggag cg|}aa Cggaaa}j jgg||o gg. Cga a|gaCa
ca|jgag cg|}aa aaoa gg o|aa jgg|a|o. qaCa, o|}a. Caaoa
gaga.

gao} o|o q|qa|o |ggg coo}aaaa gggCaaea}. gggagg
gaa Cgaaaag cajg _qgg ggaaaag. @oC}ogaa
@}j|ggg. @}eaqg, @oC}o|a gaaggo cggaa q@qaa @_ag
cajg _q_agg Cg}. _gga aao|aa _@aao g@aao
_jjqC @aa| o}qCgo qaq|o Cq||, _q} Cj_ ggo|a
CgCaaea}. oa g_qg @oC}aog g|qgg}aa @gg gggag
g_ a_q|aaj jajQgg|aCaa CqeQCajg _q}g g|.

gggag gaa ggo|o @}j|aaaag cag gao} gqCqQggggg
@aCaa_ aa}eg eQ.

gg Cgaa|ggg @}eQ _oog gag g|aa_ag gaagaa
_C}aa Cqa a|aa|o|_gg aoCaaq|o @_gg aC}|a
a|aaag g_ CgaaoCjo| _agjj qggg.

ja|jCja} gggCaaeq_gg ogg|o _C}aa _g|j}, Coaq|g
_g|ja} _agggj Cjaqgaqg? gj gqag q|qaa @_jj|@ @g
gaaggaa Cogg.

_jCjaag _C}aa _g|j}aa @_ggq} o|ea gaaoa. _q}gaa
Caao|g|aa _aggga}. 'gaa Caq|jjg eaa?'' cag ggo
q}|o q|qgag @}j|gga}.

'caa Caq|jj}a?'

'gg|a a|gaa|o a _qjCjaqaa @_ag ca|jg. @a@ 48
e| Cg}gg|o @oC}o g g_ Cj} gggagg Cgaaq|_jjgaa
ca_a @oC}o| ggag gej}a Coaoa|ga}a. @g
eaa?''

ea|o Caao|g|a _jjqCa_ q|qgag _jCjag
Caq|jjq_aaq|oao. @aCq ogg _qaao Caa}.

'@Cga ja_a. oa _q|o @aCaa_ Cj} ggggag @g
qg|qgaaaQ. j|a q|aa_ag _C}aaa Cjagjj|oao' cag
coo}ggq|Q Cjaaa aqgga} gaaoa.

_g C 27- Cgg| 1967- q_. g|} 12.48 e|. o}aa gaCg
aao e| Cg} ag|gg ca|jgaaaa Coaq|g @g}aa @_gg q|}
Cjag|Cgq (Di mi t r i Poj i daev), gao}a qQagj Cjaa agaqg
gqaa}.

'gggag ca|jg @}j|jjag Coaq|g _a|a q|_jq|oao. _jjq
ga Cgaa|aao, Coaq|gg|a gq| a|aaaao Cjaaoa' cag
Caao|g|a Coaooo Coaaa gaqaog Cg}q|gga}.

gao} CqgCa gaoaqq|Q _qa} _@jj|aqggq|Q, Ca
ga@a Cq| q|qaa}ggag _aoo} _jgo @aa| _a} (Abdel
Haki m Amer ) _aggg, Coaq|g _a|a|o ca|jg CgeQaa
_aggg Caao|g|a _jjqggaa Coaaaa}a cag gg|jjQggo Coaoo|a
Caa}.

_q} Coaaag eagaa cag _Qgg g_ e| Cg}gg|o
gg|aag. @aCq gao}, gggag @oC}Co @}j|aaQ cag
aagg|_aag g}aa|gga}.

gag|. ggg }jCja}} 24 g9ao, 2006




71 o|aa aaoa @oC}o qo

g|oCooa }gg - ja. }aaqa

@oC}@ g_ gqq|ogaa @_ggg. o|}aaaa gee}j j|}oaa,
ca|jgaaa ajjo Cjaagq}ggj j|}oaa, Cga}@aaa Cggaaa}j
j|}oaa | ga@a Coaggj j|}oaaa_ag _C}aaaCqa,
g.ga.oajCa g_ g} CaaeQq}aq|ao, gaagg Cg}gg gag|o
gaCa gqqaaa|o @ga|q|oa cajggaa _g!

_gg @eQ g9a ag ggo Cgg| CaCq gaa (Moshe Dayan)
caa|g ggg }a@q _g|aa} g_qa} }a@qg gjg|aa g||gga}
@oC}o|j j|}g} Coq| @qao. (Levi Eshkol ). g_ _qo} gggag
g||Q gggaq qooa Cja_gg|q} cajgaogaa @gg g|}
jgq| agg.

@aga aqa|gggC _C}aa _g|j} gaaoa @oC}o| j|}ga}g
CgaaoCjo||o _aggga}. Cqea, gg gogja @jCjag
Cgaq|oao cag coo}aaa Coga}.

@aao, @oC}o Caaaq g|ao|o @oao. _C}aaa Coaaaaga
Caao gggag @}j|ggq|a@ j|aaao oagaa Cjo| qg|aga
CaaeQqggq|oa cag gq Coga} @oC}o|j j|}g}.

@aCq ca|jg|ag gaaggo Cgaa gg}q|a}. _aagagg Cgg|
g9a 6.

@oC}o|a ggo @oag, ca|jg|a q|aajjaa gg|ggaaQqggaa.
_aag Cgg||o, gg|aa|gaa|o |a oag|qagg q|aajjaa
aqgg|_gg gC} Cgo ca|jg. aa}e Coaq|g _a|a|a gggagjj.
oa|o q|aaa aQaagg|o caCaaa gqa gg|a
CgCaajjQa|agaCqa, _aq aagg ca|jg q|aajjaag
qgg Co} CqeQCajg|o ca|jaga aaq@ _jCjag Coaq|g
_a|a |ggg @}q Caaeq_ggg.

gg|a a|gaa|o gaa jCagaaq Cj} gg cag Cg@
q_aaao, _jCjag _g|gqa ca|jg q|aajjaa
jCaa|ggaCaaoaC caa|g ga Caoaaa gaa Coaq|g
_a|a ca|jg q|aajjaa g_ Cooo gaagq Cjaoj j}a}gg
qggg.

@g g_ Cq|jjaaa }ao|. _aagag oa g_qgggC @gg
q|q Cg}. ga@a q|aajja|a jo gg|gg Cj_aa
@_gg ca|jg, _gaaCoC gg jaa ogg gaj|aaaa @_gga@
Cj}gaa _oqaCaaao @_ggg.

@gaaogaa @oC}o ggo|o ca|jg|a q|aajjaag gqo
Cogq| gq Cogg. Cagg 886 Cja} q|aaa. _ggaa
Coaq|g _a|a o}ag. _qgg gagjgaggg q|aaa, g|@| 16
Badger caa|g gQgg} geQqoa q|aaa.

@gg q|aaaaa CaaeQgaa gaagaa ca|jgj jaa @oC}o|a
coaojjgg|a|o _qaaq geQqo|g gaaggo ggg| qgga. @aCq
@qgag ggo|o gg|ggq|CqeQ caa|g gg|aCaa_a g9a 6-
Cgg| @oC}o| Cg} aaao 7.46-ag _aagg @oC}o Cja}
q|aaa_ ca|jg q|aa gaaa gg|aqggj jgjja.

gaagaa @oC}o g_qg gg coo}aaa Cojjg. coaoCa}
aa jagaajjaa @a_ag _agggo Cooojja}a. gaa|
_}a _@qoaa_ag jagaajj jojjQggjjQ, @}CqaQ @}qaa
Cgo g_qg }o}q jagaajjj ja|a} je||o g|gggjja}a.

ca|jg qo goo g}aa Cja} q|aaa @_ggaCq gq|}, }
jagaajj gjaQa cgC a|aag. _ga q|aa ga
_aagg aa}jjC}qa agaa Cjaoggaa @_ag. q|ao g|jj
|aa Cja} q|aaaaj jagaaaaaq ja} cagCoaoojjQ
}a@qg gqaa _jCjag ca|jg| @oao.

@gg q|qgag agg|o Caae @oC}o, cggg g|ao|o|_gg
gaaggaog CgaaoaCag @g _} Cao|gg, @gg||o gg|g
ga}aao jgg||o|_gg @}j|jjCg joa g_ cag gq Cogg.
_aagg @oC}o|j Cja} q|aaa_ ca|jgj jaa g|_jga
gg|g ga}aao|a g qaa|o _e|qgggj jggga.

gao} aqao Caaea}. caa Cooa cag Cao|gga}. _q_ag
Cqg g_ j|}oaa @_ggg. _g|q|jj|ooao @oC}o gggagg
Cgaa||_aa|gg. @gg q|q ca|jg aa_ag ggo|o gagjjq
Cg}jjQggjj CqeQ. _ggg _qaao @oao. gaagg@ag jg|o
gaaggo caa|g _qjja|o ca|jg q|aaaa _e| qgggj
jgaao Cogao, Cqg g_ j|}oaa q_.

_gaqg, ca|jg _}aag cg|}aa _jCjag gaqo jo gq|}qag
@aaa CoojQaCaaeq_gga. _ggaa @aaa_C gaoa}j
jgq||o|_gg @gaa q|_j| @aaa. cooa ca|jg|a gaQj
j|}oaaa ojggjjaq.

@ggg gq|}qag @aaa| Cja} q|aaaao aQ qggg gqa
j}a|a_ @_gga.

gao_ag caa aqao cagao, @oC}o }a@qggag cg|}aa gaa
Cja}q|aaaa _e|qgggj jgaaq|j Cjaa, _agg gqgaaj
j}ggCaaeQ _} gq|}qag|a, _q}aa gg|aaggaa }a@q
q|aaa q_a|agaCqa cag cee|, aQ qggg| q|a Qooqa?

@aCq Caago Cao|ggo Cooa cag g|aagg, gag Cja}
q|aaaa cQaaao, @oC}o q|aaa q_Cjag cg|}ggaaggo
gggqggg j}a|aa Q ga} g|ao|o aqaao Coaaaa}.

@ggaa |ajCj} j|}oaaaaj Cjaq|g.

caagaa }a@q aga _e|qggga@ Cja} q|aaaa, _g
Caggaa jgg|_jg q|aaa q_Cjag _qgago oa|aa,
agaao gqag. jgggq_ q|aaaag ga}|o|_gg _qgg
qgggqg Cj} aao. _gga aao|o Cg}oo| Cjggq}a , g_
ogg|o g}}eQ q|aaaaggaa qggg gqC gq|}, Caggaa
g_ q|aajjaaC _g|ggq| gqag.

@oC}o @ag cg|}ja}aaq|oao. _g|}q _jCjag _q}a jaa
@_ggg. _ggaa ca|jg q|aaa_ o}ggaa agaaa|o
@a|aCaaeq_ggagj ja}ggg _q}a q|jj|a oo|aCa
Cjaaa}a. cggq|g o|}g @ooao gag q|ao 800 ca|jg|
q|aaaaa geQ qo| _g|gga}a. aa} ga@g q|aajja
q}}a_ @ggga}a.

ca|jg g}jj|o _q}aao Cqg jgCgaajg @oC}o
q|aaaaggaa qggg gqggg. @g g_ Cj} q|qC @oao.
gq|} ca|jg|a q|aa jogga gjj|ao @oC}o|j Cja}
q|aaa _ggaaC Coagag caggaa Coaoo CqeQ. @aCq,
_ggo o|g| @gjaj @oC}o aeQCaaCq @oao. Cqgg|j
Cj_|ggga @oC}o q|aaa eQ g Cgoggagj Cjaq|a.

@ggaa Cj} Cqgg|a @oC}o Cgaaagg|CoC
cg|}ja}aaq|oaoagoao, |ggg a|goo|@ C@ gCqagg@
gag _Qgg a gqqaaaaa ca|jg|a o|aa gg aaoa
jgg|a|a g aqa Co@gg @}j|ggg.

a|gg _ g_jjaaa @jje||o @gaa|g @oC}o. gggg|o
jgCaae gaa|g gjg|a_ g_q} Cj} }o qC}aa.
@aag @oC}o|j j|}g}.

o|aaaa aajjgga|g q|qgg|o @oC}o _ag aajj|qgg gg|aa
aqa|aa CqeQ.

Cg}qaa o|aaag q}}aa _@jj|ga @oC}o }a@qg gjg|a
gggq|q|oao. agaa ca|jg|a gaag gaaa|@ gaagg@ag
q}}aa _@jj| coaoa|o _e|qgaa aqgga}a. _gaao, ca|jg
gag q}}aa _aaggj jaag _@jj Cqeqgaag. @aao,
@oC}o gg Co gq Cogg caaCqa o|aa|o Qgaa.

Cj_jaoaa ca|jg q}}a CgoCg o|gg|aa|aa, @oC}o
ga@a }a@qgg|a gaa|j jaa _aagag o|aa|o gq|gg,
gggag @}j|ggg. ajjo ja|a jagaajj|o ga}jja q}}a
gaCag| qgg gaaag Cgaa|aa}a. ca|jg }a@qggag @Ca
j|}oaa.

_q}a @oC}o ajjo jaa ggo|o aqa|jjga, ga}jjaaa
aqa|jjga cag j}ao Caago gQag|aCaaeq_aa, _ggg g_
o|aaa @aa|}|ggq|g @oC}o ja. @g gggg 8 g9a.

gga_aCaag o|o @oaaea @_aa|aga. @aao @gga
gg|jj| Cjaa}j Cjagggqa} @oC}o g} @oaae g| jgaaq|ag
gggag CgCaaeg caggaa Coaoo CqeQ.

gg @oaaejjq ajjoja|a jagaajj|o ga}jja
gaCagaaao, ggo|o j|aaao _e|qgag ajjoaaggaa ggaajj
gg Co Cgo gg|aqag. Caa|o g_ Cja}aajjo cajg
@_jg q|aaaao aggCaaeq_aaoa. @}ea|} q}}aao
aggCaaeq_aaoa. jooa|}aaeaaaa CqqgeQa, @ga
_g|o @_aaoa. ga}jja q}}aa ggo|o gaaag Cgaa|aao
j|aaao oa}oa}aa @a_ @ga_ qggjqC @_agCajgao
ggo|o jagaajj|ag Cja}aajjoaa _g|jjggaa gg gagag.

_agggaa ca|jgjja|a} Co gaga}a. @aao, @oC}o |aa
aqaaag gag Cja}aajjoa|o cgg q|gaa gaa| @gaaCa
q|aaaaCa aqaaao, gjjaga Caago q}}aa QC
g|ggg|q|Q, ga}jja|a} qoC _ggaa gqaaa
ggg|_ggg!

@ag ca|jg aaq|o cg|}ja}gg|_aa gqaCgajgao,
ga}jja|a}a gaaggaoo oa|aa gqao _g Cgaoq|ag g_q
Cqeqgaag!

ca|jg|a @aCaa_ Cj} joqa, gaqo Cga}j|aa gg
g_a|aejj @aa. jggggg|o ca|jgjja @qggagj Cja}g
Cgaa|q|Cq, g_ aQjjQgg oag|aa a}a@C Cooj
gqao Cjaq|g.

o|aa aaoa @oC}o|a qo g|_j qggg @jjqggaa!

o|}aq|a Caaoa gagaa|gg, ca|jg|a o|aa @|gg. _Qggg
Cga}a. _gg Cgga aa} q|qaa}.

@oC}o |ggg gaaj|aaaa _ggj jaa _Qgg ja}ggg.

gag|. ggg }jCja}} 28 g9ao, 2006



72 _C}j|}a|a _gg Ca go

g|oCooa }gg - ja }aaqa

ca|jg gg o|}aq|a jaa_a gjj|ao _aag aaoagg|o
Cga}a|a ja ogCg q@qaag caggaa CoaooCqeQ.
Cga}@ag g|ag Cao gaQa_a gj @_ggg. _gago gqa
@ga joqgag qaa|a gq|gg|_gga}a. _gga, _jjq qag
@gaa @agqggaaa j|go| gagjjq }a@qgg|a_ag
_|aajjq_ggg. _C}aaaaqj j|qaaag _ggaa Cgoa_@
_aagag Cga}a gja Caaeq_ggg. @aCq, g_ gg cag
q_Cjag, _g @oC}@a gg cag q_Cjag _ggaa Cj_
Cjaq CjaQaCaaeQ Cga}@ag @g gq|a Coga}a.

@g ga gg ogg|o Cga}a|a Cagg jajo aa} gaga}
oo. _g|o jg|Caa_ j|}CaQa _gaqg, aa} _gjga|} q}}a
Caae g_ o|gjjj j|} gqa }a j}a|aa @agqggaaaCq
jgaajjq_ggg. @g|o aa} gagjga|} Cja} Cgga aa}|@
|oo|_gg @_jga|} Cja} Cga}a jggaagj jgg||@
g|ggg||_gga}a. @q}a_ag gq|aa }ao Cga}a q|aajjaj
j|} gag @_jgggaag e|Cg}g Cq agg|j
jgggCaaeq_ggg. Cagg @_jg Cja} q|aaa Caae ja
_g.

Cga}@ag @}eQ j|}oaaa @_gga. ggoaqg, Cgga aa}j
jgg|a @oC}o||_gg aajjg. @}eaqg, Cga}a|a qo @_gg
Cg_oCo jgg|aa cjjaQjaqg aajjagg|aCaaqg. @aCq,
Cg_oCogg|o ga|C ggg j|}CaQa g|gggjja.

g9a gggaCgg| Cga}a gag gggagg Cgaa|g. ggo|o
Cg_oCogg|o @_gg @oC}o| }a@q gaa g gaaggaog
Cgaa|aa}a. gjg Co _q|q ga}o @_gg _ggaa @oC}o|
_}a _@qoaa g Cga}a q|aaa geQ qog Cgaa|a.
@jjqa aaag gaaa|aCaaeC @oC}o|a q|aag qa} qgg
Co}gg Cga}a ja, _a|_gg @oC}o|j Cja} q|aaa
gqCqaaag gg|aqgga geQ qo @}j|gga. @oC}o|g
ga}jja|a} j}a| go g|aggg| gaaggo|o, Cga}a|a o|o
q|aaa_ _jCjag gaoa|a caga@ Cga}a _}a ogg
cg|}ja}agq|gaaa gagggg cQ @oC}o| q|aaaaaqg
_q}a g_oCogjjQgg||_gga}a.

@ggaaa jg|ao gga gggg|o @oC}o _|ggg. gC} ogg|o _
Cga}aa| @oaga|a g _q}a gaaggao @}j|gga}a. }ooa
ga}, Cg_oCo|a Cga}aa|j jgg|a, Cga}a jggaag cag
jggg jggg _qaa @}j|gga}a. goa q|a _qaao|ooao
geQa qgg q|_ggCaaeC @_gga.

ga Cgg| g|aoa @a@ gq|}aag. Cga}a|a q|aajja
g_qg Cgga aa} g}gaa _e|qggg|_aa|aga cajag aqa|gg,
@oC}o, gag q|aajjaa Caggaa Cg_oCoggag _@jj|g.
q|aajja|a jagaajj|o ga_ag jag Cg_oCo ga_ag
gaggg @oC}o| }a@q, _g ja|go aqa} Templ e Mount
cag CoaoojjQ j}agaaa jee|g go gaag
aajjgg|aCaaeg.

_gga gao _jjqC jaa ga}gg|aCaaeQ Cja gCga,
gq coa, C@j}aa jgg|aa _ja}ggaCaaeg.

@ggj Cja}o Cga}a ja|a} aaq q} gg|gg Cagg gaag
@oC}o| }a@q Cga}oa gg Cja} g|aaa gg|jja|o |a
o|oaa|gg c_g||_aa|ga}a. '_q}a| o}aa g||o @_ggg.
@oag gqgao @gjj|}Caa Cog Cg}ggaqgg|_aa|ga}a.
gqa @gaao o|gjjaaa aaa Coa|ga}a. Cgaggggga
aa}e, _q}aaa aaq@ @oC}o|}a o|gjjaaj Cja}ggaa''
cag c_ga|ga} aeo} caa|g g} @oC}o| aae}.

@gga gggg|o @oC}@aga a|agg |ajCj} Cqgg| cajg
Cgga aa}a g_ Cg_oCogag _q}aao aajjgg
gqggggaa. _C}j|}a _g|}oo|aggg _gaaogaa Cg_oCogg|a
g_ jgg|aqg Cga}a qo|_ggg|o ogCg @ggoagg goo|a,
_g @jCjag Cjaq|g|o |ggg aoaaggag @aaa}a.

g9a jggaCgg| gg g_qag gqag qggg. o|}aq|a aQjjaqo
@_gg Caaoa o|a}aa g_aaaa aajjgg|aCaaega @oC}o
Cja} g|gggggaga g}o CaaQggg. aaoa, o|aa, Cggaaa}, a|gag
Cg_oCo cag @oC}o ae g_aaa _gg gggg|o
gaqaa|jCjaag. @gago @oC}o|a j}jj gaj|_ggaga
aaq@ gag g _g|a}aa, @oC}o|a aQjjaqo qa_
_C}j|}a|a cee|aaa Qgoaaj jggoo @ag.

@gg gggagj Cjagggqa} @oC}o g_ q|qgag |agCg|qaa
g|_j|ggg. g_ Cja}o aoggCaaeQ Cqgg| Cjgqg Qoo; g_
Cjaa} Cqgg|a}aa @}j|gg, ggg| Cg|jjg|@ gaa a|ooaq
cajago Coaooao Coaaag.

ca|jg, o|}a, Cga}a @a| gag Cgoa_ag @gg gg o|o
jaaao Coaoo|gggga. caagaa _q}a q}gga Cja}a@
gggg|o Cqgg| cajg o|o gaaa .ja}goaaaaa
aaaCaaqg|ogaa @_aa|gg cajag _q}a j}ggCaaea}a.
cggo ogg|o cg gaaa|aao joa a|aag cajag _a|jjggg
_g|q|o_}qaa agjaa _qo| cajag gao} e}ggCaaea}.
ggaaag gag q|aajjaaj jajQggao _jjqC
aqgg|_gg Caggaa @gggg gg|gg |a q_ggjja}.


gggg|o _g|a jag|jjagaa jgg|, Cggaaa}. _g
jaooga|}a|a gaa. @oC}o qo|_gg Cga}@aga aaag|,
eQ @jCjag @oC}o qoC qggq|g. ca|o jaooga|}a|a
aggg|} cajg g|}gg}a Caq|agg|gaaa?

Cggaaa}|o _jCjag aa} jggoo _C}j|}a
qo|ggaCaaeq_gga}a. gg @oC}@ago oagaaa ag|q|g|o,
_q}a|o Cj_jaoaCaa} Cga}gg _Ca qo|jjg|o, ga_ag
|ggg o|} @_ag cag a_g|aa}a. aa} gaga} oo Cj}
_ag|aaaj jgjjQ, Cga}a gg|aa agg Cga}a gaQag
gagggq|a}a. @gago Cga}@ag _ag|o aa _g|aaag.

_g|@ g}oaaa g|aoa Cqg. Cggaaa}|o|_gg @jCjag
q_ aaa cgg Cgoggq}a cag Coaoqg? ggag g|a qa}
_q}a_ Cga}a gqaagaa. @gg g||q Cggaaa}, @oC}o
qoaagao _q}a _gg| gaQ _ag|aa, _oog Coagg gaQ
_ag|aa?

_}aaCa @gga ggjj cagao, _gg Cgga aa} aa|a ag|ao
cjjq @_gg|_ag? _ae jaooga|a @g|gqa _q}a.
_q}agaa _jCjag _ag|aaa _g @g
_aoggCaaeq_gga}a. @ qgg @oC}o|}a_ o}, @eQ
gqgg Cga}aa|}a_ o}, Cggaaa}|ag Coagg Caaea
cgg g|ag @ooagq}a. @g a oa|a ja}aq|o o}aa q|gCq
aCCaaa|gg? ga_aaaa a a_C g}o CaaQaaaCa
caa|ga}a?

jaooga| _C}j|}a|a _gg Ca go jaaoqaa aagg|o |ggg
_aoggCaaeq_ggg. Caaggaa gag| @oao.

@gg gggg|a @aCaa_ gaa|aa _o, @gjja Cga}jaag.
gag Cgoa @aegg @oC}o caa|g g_ gaQa gg
Cog|_aa|aga. @aao Cja}o gj @gjja _jjqC gaoag!

ca|jgaaa gggg|o @oC}o @ggg }a@qgg|a}a cee|aaa Cqg
gg@gg gjjgCgQ! @aao ca|jg g}jj|o Cagg jg|aagga|}
q}}a |}ggg|_gga}a. Cga}a g}jj|o ce@g Cj} @ggga}a.
Cga}a jaa Cja} @oC}o }a@qgg}jj|o @gjj cee|aaa
gg@ggaa. _CgCjao o|}aq|a Caaoa gaga|o ggg gggg|o
@oC}o|g g}jj|o Cagg @gjCj 141 Cj}gaa. @aao gg@g o|}
q}}a _gg gggg|o @ggggaa @oC}o|g g}jj aeago Coaaag.
(@gg g_ q|qgg|o Q o|} }a@q o}aa gaqo g}ag
aa}eggao @oC}o Coao@ cee|aaaa QC ga
gaCqeq|_aa|gg!)

@ggaaa aa}e caaqaa @_ag cag _C}j|}a Cao|ggj
ja}gga}a. ea|o, _g|a @Cog @ooao gg Coqg
cjjq caa|g aaoa _C}aa ggagaa o|.g..q|a
ga|jjaj j|} gag @oC}o }a@qggaga aggaCaaQggg cag
@g q_a_agj j|gg eQ ggg @aCaa_ _C}j| @oC}o|
gggg|aCjag Cg}qggg!

@aao @gga gg|jj| gggg|o _C}aaa Qooao j|}@
@oC}@ag aggaaa g|ag gq|a Cog, Caajoq| q|gaa
_}j qaaa _ggaa _og|a.

ga}eaa, cg|}jjaa|a @_jj gg|gg gaqoaa _q}a
cCa, cgg g|ao|o ga}a|ga}a cajg Cjaag q|q}aa
_C}aaa ga oaqaoQa go aeaae|gg, @aga
@oC}@agg gaqo Cg}q|gg qggg cag CaC}a qaCaao|,
e|aCaa_g} Coaoo|qggg. @Cg gaqao _o _@} caa|g ca|jg
ga|g_ gg|jjQgg|aCaaeC @_ggg.

o|}a gg Cga}a aa, j|}a _|gg Cja__gq|a,
@g gq|a jgg| g||qggag g||q _g|aaa qao|ggaCaaeC
@_gg|_aa|aga. aa}e, @agCooa Caaqg Coaq|g _a|a
agg|o qgg gg|aaaga caa|g cg|}ja}jjgaa.

@aao Coaq|g _a|a _jjqo Coagggga aa}e, _} gg
gag @aCaa_ oa ggaa|q|aaCg cajggaa. _q}aao
gqggqa} ca|jg }a@qggag q|aajja gq|aa gCaaCq
_|gg|_gga}a. CqCgaa Cogq? _aag Cgg||o
ja}aa|g q|qgg|o _C}aa oaqaoQa _ag, Coaq|g
oaqaoQa _ggaa o|gjjaag|oao. gq|}, _C}j|j jaagaa
}ao|aag g| gq jaaa ga}gg|aCaaeq_ggaCq gq|},
@oC}o| }a@q, cgg }ao|g @ooao |a
Cq|jjaaaCqgaa gag jaaa ga}gg|o Coagg. _q}aC
g|ao} CjaCa j|qggj jgg|}aaa|o Cq||QaCaaeQ
@_gga}a. cggj ja cCa @_aa|gg; cCa CjaajCjaa|gg cag
jgg| jgg|aa c_g|aCaaeQ @_gga}a.

g_ Cg}gg }a@qggag} cooa ooeaa Cjggq}aaa
_q}a @_ggag _}j oa aqa|ggg. @g cjjq oagg|aag?
Cqg 19 qCg @a @oC}o. cggq|g aQaag @a@
Coggqaajjag Cgo _g. Cgo cag j|ggg gaaa o|aaoaa
QC cg|}CaaeQq_ @oC}o. @aa@ cjjq gqa|gg?

Cjooa, _C}aa gq|, j|}a gq| cag caaCqeQaaa@
Coaoooa. _qjja|o @oC}o|}a_ag Cqgg|a QC
Cgqgg_ aa}e| cgqaa @_ag?

@ggaa _C}j|}a_agj j}q|oao. _q}a_ag _g j}agggaa
@oC}o|a joaa _jCjag @_ggg!

gag|. ggg }jCja}} 81 gao, 2006



78 @oC}o|a _ajj Mossad ( )

g|oCooa }gg - ja. }aaqa

jgCaae _ggaa gga|@ Cqgg| CjgqCgajg cgg
Cgoggag oagg||oao. oa g_qg cg|}ggCjag gag
Caaaa|o q|ajj|qaa @_gg, gaa g|aaggag QC
oag|jjCgajg cgg Cgoggag oagg||oao. _C}aaa CjaagCga_
qoo}a caga@ j}qa|oao. @oC}o g_ Caaa. g|aaCo
g|}ggq|a q |aoo|g| Cgo.

ogg Cao|ggj ja_a. a|gaCa gaqg Cgaa|, CgCa ca|jg qa}
cggaa _}j Cgoa @_aa|aga? _ggaa Cj_ @aegg g_
gg CgCaaeao @oC}ao @_gg @ Cg}ao @aa|q|
gqaga? jaooga q|qgg|o @oC}o gggCaaqg g_aa g_aa
_Caaa|gga cajg ogaCa Cg}. _ggaa Cgoa_ ggg
aeagag cjCjag Cg}q|ggaCaaeQgaa @_aa|aga. @aa@
cgg ag}gg|o @oC}o ga gqq|o q|ajj|qaa @_aa|gg? a
a}a@ _q}aa cg Co gqq|oao?

ca|jg, o|}a, Cga}a cag gag Cgoa @aegggaa 1967
gggg|o @oC}ao cg|}gga. @ggaaag _q}a_ag Coaq|g
_a|a|a agga @g} Cqg @_ggg. @aa@ gggg|o
@oC}ogaa Cqgg| Cjggg; gaa g|aaggago oag|ggg. _ggg gaaao
gaCjgg go gggg|a Cjag Cja} g|gggggag gaagaag gaag
caa CqeQCa _ag @oC}oao _aggq| gqggg. _ggg
gaaao gaCjgg 1948 gggg|@ @oC}@agggaa Cqgg|.

cjjq @g oagg|? _C}j|}a|a q} @oC}o| cQjaq
g}gg|o @oaoa? _g @_aaQ. @|} cg|}jja q_a|aga;
g.ga. oaj|o _qaCaa_g} g}aa CjaQa|ga}a; @oC}@ag
coo}aaaa q|jjQa|aga. @aCjag cooa _gg Cg}ggj
j}j}jjaa QC @_gg agggq|Qqg a?

@aq cooaqggag aa}e, @oC}o|a ga|jCj_ _aag
|ajCj} jogaa _ga _ajj. _ga Cj} HaMossad
l eModi i n ul eTaf ki di m Meyuhadi m . a_aaaa Caoa Mossad ( ).

oa|a gagaqg Cj} _ajj cag Coaoojja@ g}gg|o
Caoa, o|.g.., c 16 @a| _ajjaaa aaq@ o|gggg.
Cjagqaa _ajja_ag} _g|aa} q}jaaa aaq@ ogCg
Qgo _g|aa}a Cjgg _ajj @g. @aao Caoaqo
Cq|jjaaa }a@qj j|} a|aag. o|.g..q|o _g eQ.
c.16_o eQ. }qaq|a Ca.g|.j|.|o g_ gae }a@qjj|}
eQ cag Coao@qa}a.

Caoaqa je|a |a c|aaaaq. 1. @o|ag @a_g
g}aqq}a jgg| gaqoaag g|}Qgo. 2. Cgaqjjao
ogg|ooao _}o|o Caaaoaao Cogo, 8. gga_aaaa g|
gq, qg| ggg|a CaaQggo 4. _}j Cgoa, oCag
j}q||_ag _}j _ajja|a gqqaaaaaa aeaae|ggo.

@qgg ggoaqg gg gagaqg, gaaaaqg je|aa oa|a
_aagg Cgoa|a _ajja_ CgCaaqg qgaagaa.
@aao _}o|o Caaaoaa _g|aa}_}qaao Coqggg _@g| Cjgg
gC} _ajj Caoa QC. @oC}o|o Qooao,
Cgaqjjao oa|a CqCgggj jgg||@ g_ Caoa
Cge, gg Cgogg|a cg|} cag a_gaqq}aaa Caao@qggg
@oC}o _}a _@g| qga||_aa|gg. @g oa|a CqCggg gaQ
_ajjag @ooag _g|aa}. o|.g..aga a a|aag.
gC} g_ g|jggaa caaCqagao Caoa qa|a, caaa}e
CaaeQ _g}aaa Caaooaag! _qqgaa.

@oC}o|a ggo j|}g gg|}aa Cq| Cja g}a, 1961- @eQ
Caoaag Cgaggq|gga}. @}jgg|o jaooga Cja}a|a|a
gqqaaaaaa aeaae|jjggaaa Q cag Cgaggq|aajj @gg
_ajj, gag o|gjjaa CoojaQa|a aa}eaa q|a}q|o |aj Cj}
_q|o q|og}aajjQq|g. @aag Cgg||o Co _q|q ga}o
@g Caoaqa gaoa _@qoagg|o q_aaj jg|Cqqo
aaC_ggj CjaQ ago oj qag g|}a|a cee|aaa
aa} 2000. @aao ae@agj jojjag Caoa CgeQa
jooa|}aaeaa|o oCaa|@ eQ.

Caoaqa @aeggggag gqggao Cjaj ja_a. _gaaa,
aggaa, |a Cq|jjaaa _j|Caqa ja} CaaQgg|_jja}a.
a} CqeQaaa@ Caoaqa Cgeaa q|eejj|aaoa. a
Cj}, gaq}, CgaaoCjo| ce | _qjja q|q}a
Caajjj|gg, Cqg o|o q|aaaa_ _Ca CaajjQ. ga}eaa
ga g_ _g} _ooagq} cagao cggaaa CaoaQaaaaj je|agg
q|_ja|g}a? cag Caja}a. @g gq|} }aaa Caq|a
eQ. _ggaa Caq|a_ag q|a c_g| _@jj|aao, _gg
q|aa _q}a_agg g|_jg| g}aQCagao g_ Cqa aa
a}aqg g_ Caoa Cge aeaae|aa @}j|aaoa. g_
q_Ca, @}eQ q_Ca, @a@ _g|aCa, gagCqa. ga o}aa
gj}gaa, Cgaqaa gj}gaa cag _q}a g}aa|ggao _Qgga
j}Coagaaa @}jag. cggaa aaaaj j}Coag|jja}a,
caCaaa j|go|a _|jja}a cajCgooa a_agC Cg}ag
}ao|a. Caoaqa q|eejjj jqq Qgaa Cq|jja.
ggjq _q}a|a gqqaaaa aaggag a_ag g Cg}ag!

Caoaqa gaoa _@qoagg|o Cagg @g gaga @ga|aga.
(@}j aaogg|o cQ gagaaa @_gg|_aa|gg. j|aaao _gaa
@gaao a_aa| @_aa|ga}a.)

1. gaqo Coa}jjj j|} (Col l ect i ons Depar t ment ). @ggaa _q|o
|aj Cj}g. oCag Caoa qa|a _}o|o gg }a@q
}g||o @oC}o _}aagg Cgaqaa gaqoaa }ao|aao Coa}ggg
Cgaggg aqjja}a. _}aag } Cg}gg|o coo}aaa g_qg,
@gga_ag _g|gggqg Cjaagaq @ggj j|}q|a gaoa je|.

2. _}o|o gg go@gj j|} (Pol i t i cal Act i on and Li ai son
Depar t ment ). @g a|gg g_ Cq|q|qaa}g gag _aooa
Cjaagg. @oC}o|a gj gaQa|a _ajja_a go@g
gjQgg|aCaaeQ, gaqo j}aggggag qg| Cog gagg Cgaqaa
gaqoaa }ao|aaj Cjggg g}Cqeqg @ggj j|}q|a je|. cg|}
Cgoa cagao _g _}aag cg|}aao CoojQ gq|}qag
@aaaa qaaa gqa cag ja}jjg @q}a|a je|C.

8. Met sada caa|g o|gjj gqqaaaj j|}. @q}agaa _}o|o
Caaaoaao Cojq}a. }a@q gqqaaaaag g||Qqg,
qg|aaQqg, Cgaqjjao gaaC agg|o @ggqg @a|aq
@jj|}q|a je|a.

4. Lohamah Psi chl ogi t caa|g Caagggqj j|}. q|oa}aea, }ao|
@}aoo|a Coqg, Cgaqaa gaqoaa aa|aC j}jjqg,
qaaqa aeaae|jjg, @oC}o gg|gg qa Cq||Q gaqoaao
o}ja}jjg, Cgaqjjao o}qCgo qaag Q_q|, gago
oagaaa Cog|aa q}aqjjg Cjaagaq @jj|}q|a je|a.

6. Resear ch Depar t ment caa|g @}aoo|j j|}. CgCoaaa _ggaa
j|}q|a_ CaaeQqgg Co}ag gaqoaa aqggaCaaeQ @
Cog Cqeq q|q}aag CgqgCgagjjg @q}a je|.

6. @gg|aag Cgag|ogjj j|} (Technol ogy Depar t ment ). Caoaqa
_aagg gqqaaaa_ag Cgaqaa _g|gqa Cgag|o gjaaa
aeQj|qgg _oog aa qaa|, gaga cjCjag gqaaa
aqgg|_jjg @q}a Cqao.

@gg @g j|}q|a_ ogag gag j}ooaaq}a, Caoaqa
Met sada caa|g o|gjj gqqaaaj j|}gaa.

gaaa Coaq|g _a|a|a gaoq} Cgaoj oao|a gg|gg g__q
Cjo| g_ o}oaoaa|aa Cjoaoa aeg|gg Cq| ogaga
CaaeQqggq}a @q}agaa.

jaooga j|}oaa gg|gg oa gaQa|aC q|g|jje}
gjQggqggaaa Bl ack Sept ember caa|g g_ gq|}qag _ajj, 1972-
@eQ gaCjgg _a|o go|j|ao|o g_ aCj_ jQCaaaog
g|gagg g}aa|gg ggg|, oaaC @aa|j ja}ggg. @ggo
ojqggao |a jag|jjagaa @oC}o _}a, jQCaaaoaga
aa}eaaq}aaa Caao@jq CaoaQaga aa|g.

agjj Cojj} _ajajo Co}gg _o| @aoa ooC (Al i Hassan
Sal ameh) caa|g gq|}qag|gaa _gga Caaaoagj Cjagjja|. @aao
Caoaqa Coa j|} qa|a, ojggC @ooao ga}Cq
gaqo @_gg _@g joo|a| (Ahmed Bouchi ki ) caa|g g_
Cq|a}a Caaao Cogq|a}a. _g cjjq? Caoaqa
qa|a, Cjao|aa aaa Cgogg jaoCja}aa _qaaa|, _ag
aqggaCaaeQ ga}Cqago Coag @gga Caaaoao Coga}a! aaa
Qoo; o}qCgo _q|o |ajCj} Caagg|jaj eaaa| @ggo
ojqggao CaoaQag Q cggj jag|jj @oao! @oC}o _}a
aeQCaaCq @oao. 'o}aa gja} eQ Cgqa Caaao
Coa cag Coaoo|q|Qo aa @_ggq|a}a!

@oojq Qoo; joCqg jaooga Cja}a|aaa Caaao
Coqggaaa j|}a, aoaa, Cga}a Cgogg jaoCja}aaj
Cjao|aa _qaaa|j 'jag Cjggq}a @q}a.

Caoaqa |ajCj} jo, _ga C caa gaa|gg cajg
Co _q|q ga}o @_ag _ga gaoaa aaje aqa}g gaeq
g_Cjag Cq|C q}ag cajggaa. _ggaa q|aqaoaa
g|}aaa Caae _ajj _g. gga|aCjag @oC}o|
}a@q cjjq gggCaaCqeQCajag Cjag|jjggaaa,
Caoaqa g_ gg|jj| j|} @_jgg gaag e| Cg}g
oCag gag ggaaa }aaa aqa|gg, gg|jja
cQggaCaaeC @_ag. cg|}j jaa|a @_jaj ga}aq
aeaae|jjgggo o|gjjj j|go|a Cjggq}a _q}a. 1967 gg
ogg|o g_ Caoa qa| gg ggg @g g|aa_ Caaoa
gagj jgg|a|o o|}aq|a }a@q gqqaaaaaa aeaae|jjggaaa
g_ }ggq|o gaaaggaCa agg|ao ggg|aCaaeQ @gggqa Cjaoa
a|gg|_aa|gaa. Coag gee} a|aag! aqao|aaa gqag!
_aoao _jjqC @_gg }ao|aag gaqoaaa agg||_aa|gaa.

@oC}o _}a @aagag gag @eQ jCgqo gaaa|o g_ jaa
CaoaQaaaa ggaga|gg. @g Cq|C CoaoojjQqg|oao. @aao
@|} o|aaoa qgga@ @oC}o oa|jjggga aa}eaa @_jjg
@gg Caoagaa.

Caoa _qaag|o|_gg @agqa} Cagg jg|Caa_ Cj} _ga
@agg}aaa @_gg|_aa|ga}a. (ggCjaag @agg} q| q
g|e}o.) @q}a|o joCj} }a@q _g|aa}aaa @_gg g
Cjggq}a cagCjag Caoaqo }a@qj jgq|a g a|aag.
g_ o|q|o|a _ajjaaggaa Caoa CoojQa|gg.

@gg jogaga CaaeQgaa @oC}o Cgag|Coooa
Cqgg|qaaa gQa|gg cajg jaoogaj Cja}a|a_agj j}qggg
Cqgaao @ag. j|.co.g.q|@ g_ o}aa jj|}aq
gjQggCqeQ cag @g ga ggggagj j|gg gq Coga}a.
_ggg ga gaoqa} agg|aao @a@ jCaaaa @_ag cag
gq Coggaa ao} _}a.jgagj j|qgga}a.

gag|. ggg }jCja}} 4 @ao, 2006



74 _C}aaa Cgaa| aqgg qgaa

g|oCooa }gg - ja. }aaqa

1967 - @oC}o| _C}j| gggg|a q|aa_ |a |a gaa|aag,
jaooga| _C}j|}a|a aagg. g_ q}|o Coao@qCgagao,
_}j _}oaaa cagC @a| gjaag cag jaooga aa
g}aaC Coga}a. _ggaaCj_C aaaoaaagq}a cag
ja|}aaaCq _q}a ggg oaqaa}a. Cggg gagg Cgo
@oC}o. gag _}j Cgoa @aegg Cja} j}gg
Cqoogqq|oao cagao, _jjg @gg _}oaaaa gj| caa
jee|? @aCq, gaqg g_ agg qg| Cao|gCg g}CqeQ cag
_q}a g|aagga}a.

aa_a @ggo o|ggaaj Cjaaa|a q|agaa, jaooga|o
}aaa q|Qgao @aaa Cgaagqggga aa}ea|a. _ggaa
@aaaa g_a|aegg, o}aa g| qggg, aqa gq|gg,
@oC}@aCag|}aa g_g gggag qg| ggg Cjagjj, j|.co.g.q|a
gao|o q|_qggga aa}eaag. _jjqCa_ aCj_ @aagaga
aqaaaag Cjagjj|o @_jjq}, |ajCj} }agggg|}aa
aq}}aa a|gaj|aa|aa @_aaCqeQCaggaa ao}
_}a.jgag _ggj Cjagjjaga CaaeQqgga}a. _gqa} gaqgg|o
@_ggjq _o .jggaaq qg|ggg|aCaaeq_gg _}a.jg. _}j
Cgoa|o @_gg cgg g_ Cja}a| @aaggag _gqa}
j}oo|ooao @_gg 'Ca}ooa' gaaggo gag|o gaa|a}gg g|ga
Caaeq_gg _}a.jg.

1969- @eQ j|j}q} 8- Cgg| CaC}aq|o q jaooga Cgo|
aaa|}o|a o|gjja gg|o, ao} _}a.jag gagjjq j|.co.g.q|a
gaoq}aag Cg}gCgQaajja}. _q} _ggj Cjagjjag qggCjag
j|.co.g.q|o gjj|a}aa @_gg q|Qgao @aaa @aq.

Fat ah west er n Sect or For ce Popul ar Fr ont f or t he 1. , 2. , 8. 17, 4.
Li ber at i on of Pal est i ne PFLP Democr at i c Fr ont f or t he Li ber at i on , 6.
of Pal est i ne DFLP Hawat mah Fact i on Abd Rabbu Fact i on ), 6. ; 7. ; 8.
Popul ar Fr ont f or Li ber at i on of Pal est i ne Gener al Command ( ), 9.
Pal est i ne Li ber at i on Fr ont PLF Abu Abbas Fact i on Tal at , ( ) 10. , 11. '
Yaqub Fact i on Al Sai qa Or gani zat i on Ar ab Li ber at i on Fr ont , 12. , 18.
ALF Pal est i ni an Ar ab Li ber at i on Fr ont Pal est i ni an ( ), 14. , 16.
Democr at i c Uni on F ( i da Pal est i ne I sl ami c Ji had Movement ), 16. , 17.
Pal est i ni an Peopl e s Par t y Hi zb Al Sha ab Pal est i ni an Popul ar ' | ' j, 18.
St r uggl e Fr ont .
@qgg .jgga Q _}a.jgg|a Coagg @aa. gg _aagg
Cgaga @aaa. @ggaa @aaaa aqaaajjga
Qooao o}aa, gagjjQggjj Cja}jj|go| _|jjg,
@oC}ao _oagggqg Qooao, o}qCgo _q|o aqa aq} qg|
Coqg cag _}a.jggag @_gg Cjagjja Caagoggooo.

Cqgg|a}aa _q}ao _gaao Co gqggggg |ajCj} aa}e,
gaCj ja}gggCjao, _}aa g aa @gggq|q_gg gj|aaa.
_gg gj|aaa _jjqC _jCjag q|Qgao @aaa|ajaa oag
Cgaa|g.

@a@ j}jq Coao@qCgagao, jaooga aa, @_
q}aaggag gag cggo ojggg @oao cag g|aagga}a. _Cg
o, @ggj Cja}a| @aaagaa gag q|Qgao Cjggg
g}jCjaa|gq}a cag a_g|aa}a.

@gg @gg|o g_ q|qgag ga aqa|aa CqeQ. Cja}a|
@aaa Cjagqaa, gq|}qag, ja}qag @aaaaao
o|gg|}aajjQqg o}qCgo }j. @ag @}j|gg aqggg _C}aaa.
_C}aa _}aagg gaoqo| g}aq cgg g} _ajaj,
ja}qag _ajjaa _g|q|jjggaa _gCgogg|a qgaa. _C}aaa
Cgaa| aqgg @gg qgaagag ggo|o @a|oagg j|gg gC}ajj|
_a|a|o _ggaa Cgoa_ _jjqC cqq|g agg@
Coao ggaCaaeQq|a.

o}qCgo _q|o cgg g_ Cgogg|o q|Qgaoa g}o Caa|gCga, _gga
g}@ag }q}aag gq|}qag|a cag Ca Coaoo|q|Q qgaa,
_jCjag @}j|ggggaa.

ea|o q|Qgao @aaa_ag gq|}qag @aaa_ag
}aaa q|gg|aoa eQ. _}oaaa aaq|Q, _}j oag
aaq|Q, g.ga.oaj aaq|j|gg, @ggg ga g|ogagg
g|_jjCjg jaooga aa_ag @gj Cja}agagg gq|} Cqg
qg||oao cagaag q}oag. _q}aaj Cja}a|a cag Coaooao
gq|}qag|a cag q_e|jjg cjjqo o}ag?

@aao @ggj Cja}a| @aaa ogg|o gq|}qago Cooa|o
=QjQqgeQ cajg, gaagqag eaC @g. ga}eaa,
ao} _}a.jg gaoaj Cjagjjag qgg ggga @eQ, _gaqg
1974- q_ j|.co.g.q|a g_ g_q|a} @oC}o|o a'oa
(q|e'egqt ) caa|g @gg|o g} @}jj j|agg|o jggg,
aaCg| geQaa qo| 21 gggagaa =q|}aa|ooao Caaag
qo|aa}a. @g ogCgaggag @|ooao gq|}qag. @a@
CoaoojCjaaao CaaaoCqg|a. @oC}o| _}aag cg|}aa
ggggag _gg _jjaq|a gggaga_ag caa ojgg? _g}a|o
o|gq}, Cj}q} cag ja}ao _aaqa} Caaag gq|aa gg}q|
@}a a|g|ogq}aa @|o_ag @q}a_ag caa q|gg|ao cag
Cag @oC}o.

g|ajjQggCq gqag @ggaa Cooaaogaa Cja}a|
@aaa_ag o}qCgo @g}Cqa, _@gajCa Cj_ja@ a|aaaao
Cjaa|gg. Cja}a| @aaa|a Cgaaagg|o, CoojaQa|o gjQ
@ggaa ogaaoaaogaa _q}ag q|gCqeq g|aaa aqa,
q|gao Cjaa|gg.

_}a.jg Cjagjjag qgg @}j q_a|o |aa aqaaa @oC}o|
}a@q, aaqogag Cjaag @oaga|a g QC gaaggo
gggjjg. @g, @oC}@agaa. @oC}@ag Cq||@ joCqg
Cgoa|o j|.co.g.q|a Cja}a|a aqa =}jjaaaa }aaa gaaggo
ojqa|o =Qj @}j|gga}a. @aao |aa aqaaa _ggaa
gaaggoa_C, _g @oaga|a g QC @_agjq
ja}ggaCaaea}a.

oa g_aa j|.co.g., j|.co.g., cag Cjo|aCaaeq_gg aao _g.
a}, caa caa|g q|q} g Cg}ao, _}a.jgagj jgg|j
Cjo|aa}a. _@geQa aqgg|_ag @aa caCgooa aag
j}jj|aa}a. ea|o, gaQCqq geQa_ag _jjao
j|.co.g.q|a} _jCjag CqCggg @gg a|aag. qagqgggj
je a|aag ggo|o. j|.co.g.q|a j|}oa}j j|}q|a} _}j
CgoaCg aaogaaaj je CgCaaeQ geCgg| qgo
CoCg @aagag qg| ggg|aCaaeq_gga}. og| _C}j|a Cjaag
|ao o|o Cgoa|a _}aa Q aggaaa j|.co.g.ag g|g|gq|
Cog|_jjgaag Cg}a|gg. 1978- @eQqa} j|.co.g.ag |ajCj}
_q|o g|g|jj|}oaa @_gg|_aa|gg. @g ogCgaggag @|ooag
ea.

g_ jaa j|.co.g.q|o @_gg @aaa, |ag gq|}aa @oC}ao
gg|jjggaaa gqqaaaa|o =Qjq_gg _Cg aaoagg|o,
jaooga|o Cqg o|o jg| @aaa_ Cgaagg Cgaa|a.

'@oC}o caa|g g|} Cgogag CqC}aQ gg|ggq|Q, _ae
jaoogaa gjq ogaj|jjggaaa gaa g| gQa|Cga. @g|o
cgg g| ag @oao. @ga go _oogQCqa. @a
q|_gg|go aoq}gQCqa. _g}aag @aq|aCa. Cg_oCo
j, @oC}o ca||_gg _ja}gg _ggaaa g|_jj
Cjgao gaCa' caa|g ao} _}a.jgg|a _aag j|}aa g_
Cqg gg|} Cjao, _ggaaCj}a Coq|a|@ q|_gg o|ggaaaa
a|g|q|ga q|aCq @g.

@jjqg Cgaag| @aaa|o o|o g|aoag|j Cja|a caga@,
Cj_jaoaa @aaa j|.co.g.q|o Co}aq|a@ jaooga q|Qgao
@aaa_agg gaoaa gq|aao Cog gaq|oao. gg|jjaa,
@gaa g}gg|o|_gg @aCaa_ @ggag cQggo Cooqg
_aagag j|.co.g.q|a}a |ajCj} j|}oaaaa @_ggg.

gg|jjaa _}j Cgoa_ag Cq|C _q}a g|| gqCqa_ aqa
=}jjo Co@ag Cgaqaa @gaaa agg|Ca, _qaaa|Ca,
qaa|Ca g_ je|ao Co @ggaa @aaa |a gq|
Coga.

_jjq 1967 ggggagj j|gg g|gg jaooga @aaa_
gaggaa @ao.

'@oC}o _}jj j|}oaa cajg _}o|o oa}gggoo. _g @ooaggag
_ggggagaa jo @ggaeQ aaoj j|}oaa|a go|. gjjg _}o|o
ggoo. _g @_ ga|a Cago QC' caa|g j|}aagga
_qaa @aa @g.

j|}oaaa ggg|@ _}o|o oa}gg QC ja}aaaqq}aa _}a.jg
@_gg g|ao|o, @ao|a @gg g|} j|}Cqo } aqa =}jajj
CjggCg gq|}, @aoao @ga aa}e jgg|C j|.co.g.q|o @ae
gqa@ Cjaag.

_g _q}a_ag g_ j|}oaaaaCq @oao cajag
CoaooCqeQ. Caa|o caCaaa j|}aaa CogCaaea@,
coCoa_ag Cgaaa gaggaa. gg|aCaa gaggaa. aa g|aa
gaggaa. _g @oC}ao gg|jjg. _g}aaj _eCaQ _qggg
g}ggqg. @ggg ga g|oaa eQ _agg, jaoog@agj
jgg|} _|jjg.

@aCq, j|.co.g.ag @ooaCoC @ao jaooga q|Qgaoaaaag
gaaaoaa je|aao Co @}j|ggg.

Cga}gg gq|}aa @oC}o| }a@qgag, aaqogaga, _}a
@gg|}gag @gj Cja}a go _oaggg| q_qggaa, o}aa
@}jaa @_ag cajg|o @q}a a_agC a_gg CqgjaQ
@oao. Cgaqjjao @gj Cja}aggaaaa _q}a qggg
aqgg|_gg qg|gaga|o o|o aggoa, Qgo, gaga
CogCaaoaC gq|}, Cja}agag Cqg cgg q|gaa
Cga_qggaaa qajj|oao caggaa _ggaa Cj_C a_g|aa}a.

j|.co.g.q|a gaoq}aaj CjagjCjgg|_gg ao} _}a.jggag _ggg
Cgaaa aaogg|CoC Cqo Cja jgg||o |ajCj} Cooqaag
@_ggg. _g|q|aajjagCga_ aa}agaqaaggaa, _qa} aa _Ca
a_g|aa}a.

_Cg Cjao, aaoa jgg||o Cgaag|, Cq}q|Q, q}gg, g|aoCjgg
@aoag _Ca j|.co.g.aqaaaq@ Cooqaag _g|a. @gg
Cqo Cja cag CoaoojjQ Cga}a gg||a Cgga aa} gg
aaoa jgg|aa @aeggggaa, aggg|} jaoogaa _qaaa CqeQ
cag @agqa} Cjo|q_a|ga}a.

gagj j} q|ggg|o Coao@qCgagao, @gg|a - jaa|ogaa
aggg|}gg|a Cjag cjjq Cgg jaa|ogaa, a|gag jaa|ogaa (@aag
jaaCgq) cag @_ Cqg geQaa @aegg gC} Cgogag
_qaaa|aa}aCa, _gCjao.

@ggag|} g|ojj}jj }g||o Cj} @aCq|a_ag _jjao gC}
Cgogg|a CqCga_ jgg| @_ag @a|Coooa, cjCjagC
j|}oaagaa. aaoa q|qgg|o caa j|}oaa cajagj j|gg
ja}aaoa.

@jCjag _Ca @ao q}gg aaga aqa|aa CqeQ.

gag|. ggg }jCja}} 7 @ao, 2006




76 @ao Har akat Al Muqawamah Al I sl ami yah ( )

g|oCooa }gg - ja. }aaqa

@}aag _o gaaaqaa _o @ooa|a (Har akat Al Muqawamah
Al I sl ami yah) caa|g CgQCj}a c| a_aagaa @ao Hamas ( ).

Cjagqaa Co _q|q|o geQ Cqqggg caa|g Cog| q_CjaCgooa
@ao|a Cj} _qjQqagj ja}gg|_jj}a. ggjq _gg @aagagj
jgg| Cog|a q|q}a Cj_ja@ Cq|C q}ag. _g|a jqgg,
_g|gq|a cag Coaooggaa |ajCj} jeqg}a|a qg|aaQgo|o
@g _ajj @g. @agoo; Cgaaa ggCo _jjqggaa. @aao
_o Caaga cag CoaaagC goaa j|aCoa|a ga g|aaag
q_qg ag|}, @ao cagg a} gag Cj_ _aag gg
g|aaq|o q_qg|oao _ooqa? _ggaa @ao. ea|o _o
Caagaaqa aaq@ oag| qaggg; _q|@ Coog|ga|@ Cj}
_ajj @g.

@aao _o Caaga ag|} C}ooa geQ aqgg, oCaooa gao
Co _ajj _oo @g. agaa, jaooga|a q|Qgaoaaaa Q,
@oC}@ag cg|}aa Q CoojQ g} _ajj. jaoog@ag
Cq|C @aoagg gq|}qag @aa cag Cj}. @aao
jaoog@ag _g g_ Cja}a| @aa Qgaa. @aagag
jaooga _}o|aog g}aa|ag oag|a_ gagaa q|g @ao,
a j|.co.g.ag|} g_ aQjjQggjj _}o|o @aaaa
_jCjgq|oao caa|g Caq|ag gC} jg|ogaa.

j|.co.g.ag _}o|o Cgaaa QC eQ. @ao|a _qjja
Cgaaa g oa}ggg. @oC}o, jaooga j|}oaaa @agqa} _g
goo| j|}oaaaa QC ja}aa|g _ajj _g. _gaaogaa
j|.co.g.q|o @aeao ga|aag gaaCaa g_ jaag qgggaCaaeQ
j|.co.g.ag @ae _ajj Cjaoo Coojg Cgaa|g @ao.

_g}a|a _}agaa _aaggag g_ gQjjo oag|aa
q|aaqq}a caa|g _agq@a (@ao|a g_jCj}a
Cg}qaa _}ggC @ggaa) jaooga q|Qgaoj Cja}o @ao
gg|ggCjag, gCaaCq _Ca aa} @_jg Cja}a| @aaa
@a|aCaaeq_gga. @aao cgg @aagg|@ jqggq}a a|aag.
_oog _a}gagj jqjj. cgg g_ q|qgag a}gg Cao|gg,
_oo| @}agg Cooja qq}aaa _jCjag a_ @oao.

@ao|a joC, jqggq}aao qg|gggjjQ @aa cajggaa.
@ooa| a}aaa aoq||o aa}ae joCj} _g|o @_gga}a.
ooaaeaa|o, Caaqaaeaa|o q_aa =aq jo |ajCj}
aQaa qo@g}a, _ggq}a, q|ggaa|a, gggq @o|}}a,
gaaa }a@qg gjg|a, gg_aa, @}aoo|a}a jo} gag
Co}gg @aao qg| gggg Cgaa|aa}a.

@ggaa Cj} @a_aCaooa gjjaaa| @agqagg gq|}, Cqg
CaoaaC q}aga cag g_ ae Cgaagoa. @gg|a Cjaag
j|}oaaa _g|a|ooag Cgogg|o, _g|@ gg|jjaa gagaa Cgogg|o
_}ggCaaeQ, jaooga j|}oaaaj ja}agCjag, o|o q|qa
@jjqggaa _gg|aag Cgaag. @gjCja}a gq|} Cqg cgC
jCaajjag cag, _ggaa Cj_C _Ca gq Cog agg|o
@ga|q}a cajag g|aaq|o Caa_qg, gqCqa_ agg|@
@Ca _qo|aa|gg. Caa|o jaooga| _C}j|}a|a cgg g_
g|aaa Caa}aaaag @oC}o _}Coa, gg Cgoa|a _}aaCa,
Coq| oaaaCq @oao cajggaa o}gg|} aqaaaQ ea.
caagag j|}a, jaooga ee|o @oC}o caCga_ Cgogag
_qaagqg cag gq CogCga, _aagag @}j|gg o|aao @g.
jaooga|}a_aCaag j|}ggaCaaQaajj Cggaaa}a
aaoaaq @oC}o _ja}ggCjag, _ga gq|} _g|aaag.
_ggg gq|}a aegg|o g|gg @aagaa @ao.

@ao CgaajjCjag, _ga Cgaaaaao Coaoojjaq
@aqgaa.

1. Cgga aa}, aaoa j @oC}o|a qo @_ag jaooga|
g|ojj}jj g_qag CqaCgQjjg. @oC}ao @_gg @ Cg}ao
_g|gCgag|jjg. (_gaqg @Ca _g}aa cag Cja_.)

2. gjj|ggqg| jaooga cagaqg g_ ga gooa}jgg ga|Ca_
Cgoaa _g|jjCqeq q_aaao, _ag cg|}gg Cja}aQqg;
jaoogaa g_ g_aaa @ooa| Cgoaa @agqg.

@gg @}eQ Cgaaaa_aaaa caa CqeQaaa@ CoCqa cag
|a Cq|jjaaao Coaoo|q|Qggaa, @ao @aagg|a}
gjjaaa|aa qaa @}j|gga}a.

@ao Cgaag|Cjag, j|.co.g.q|a ga|jCj_ gaoq}aa ao}
_}a.jg _aa aaejjQ, Cgga aa}j jgg| a|gg
_q}g Caaa CjaoCq @_ggg. ao} _}a.jg _Ca gaoq}
Qoo. g_ }oa}. _qa}q|ao jaooga| goo|a_ag Cqg
gag| a|aag caa|g g|aoa.

@aCq, @ao|a q}oo| Cqag Cggaaa} qao|a_ag ggo|o
g_q|gaa jgagggaa q|aq|ggg. @ao caa|g @aa,
j|.co.g.ag cg|}aag g|ao g|_j|q|QCa caa|g j. a @ao
j|.co.g.q|o @aeaag cag aa @ggaaa Cjo|aCaag
Cgaa|aa}a. @aao @ao|a g|gqa}a, _gg q|qgg|o |a
Cg|qaa @_gga}a. @_ _ajja|a _qjja Cgaaag gaggaa
caga@ @aoag gagag Cgj Cgaaaa @_gggao, qeaag
gaaao j|.co.g. ao} _}a.jgg g}oaggag aaa
ag cag g|aagga}a. _gaaCoC ga|gg @ag g}aa|gga}a.

@gaao Cggaaa}j jgg||o, Cgaaaaaogg|o @aoag Cooqaag
cag g eaaq|oao. agaa, aaoaq|o @ao _j}|gaa
q}oo| aeg. aaoa jgg||o qo|ggqgg gqCqa_ ga ga aa
cgg q|ggg|oaqg @aoag CoaqaggCqeQ cag q|_j|gaaa
o Coao@qa}a. _Ca @ea _ggaa Cj_
agCgag g_ gg|jj| Cgaaaa @aoag gaCaaaaa
_@jj|aqjja}a. @aagagj jo gq|}qag @aaa aa
q}qgo Coqg oag|gg q|q. (gg gaqo qa|gag
ag|oa|o CoojQ o.ja Cjaag jo @aaa, @jje|aa
a}o|}gagaa @ag Cga}gg q_a|aga. _jjqCa_ oagg|
@_aa|gg caa|g Caoaa _q}a_ag qggCg, @aoag aaoa jgg|
aa agqgg g|g||ggagj ja}gg j|gggaa! agqgg aa
_|aaag @a|Coooa aa qgo caa|g aoaoa}
Cgaag|q|g!)

g_ gq|}qag @aaaa @_ggao, @gg aa Cooqaag @_aga?
ea|o @ao|a je|a j|}|j_aqaq. @ao|a
ggCaaaojjaa_, aa} geQg gaaggoa_ j|}joaa _ag
_gg _ajj|a ogajje|a Cq| ogagg Cg}aCoC
Cjaq|a.

Cgga aa} o}, aaoa o}, jaooga| _C}j|}a qa_
@oC}o|a cgg gao gQaaa|@ o}. Cjagaa_agg Cgaqaa
_qjja qog|aao Cog g_qggaaa @ao ga|Ca_
_}oajajC aqgg|_ggg. oaaoa CjaQgo, gqg} qog|
Cogg_go, qg|a|o q|aga CjaQgg_go, gjaj oa}aa
_@jj|, ga}agg|a}jjj je|a @gggo cag @ao|a '_}oaa'
Cog aa gojje|a }a. (@ag @Cgooa @oao. aggaa
@oao cajag Coaoo|q| CqeQ.)

@gga aa}aCooa g_aaa gjjggaaag ga|Ca_
'gaa_agC' @ao|o gggjjg. gagjjq Cg}gCgQaajj
gjj|a}a_agg Cgagg| Cgagg|aaj j|}ggg gggq|Qqa}a. aa
je|a_aaaa Cooagj je?

gaCq aa}a. @oC}o| @oaga cg aee|o ja@
aqaag gaaajjQ. qa|a, a__oa, |ajCj} q}gga
g|gqaa cag cag cjCjag gaagqa}a. oaagga|o
jegaga aqaCaaeQCja @aoaCaag ga|C @a|
qa|Caag|o Coa}gg, aeaCa_g|q|Qqa}a.

_gaj|a Cgagg| qa}aa 'g|g|' j|}gg|aajjQ. @oC}o| _}a
cagCooa Cog gqga|gCga, _agCooa _Ca @ao Co.
@qaajj gg|aao Cojja|Q, jgjCjao|a eQ
aqgg_qg, gj j|aa gggqg, _ggqaaa aQqg,
go|aa _gga_aaaa go|aag Cgaa _ajjg cag
cggaaCa je|aa @ao Cog|_aa|gg.

@ggg _ggg ojggC @oao cajg Cjao @aCaa_ jaa ogg
@}aa|ooao, _g}aaa Caagga Caaggaaa Caaag CjaQqa}a.
aja CqqgeQ, aa} CqqgeQ, gCao CqqgeQ @a| gaag
aeQj|qgg ogag _g|gajjQgg|g @aogaa. @qgg aa}geQ
Cqqjj|o @ao @aagg|a} g|je}a. oa|a cgg gao|@ cgg
_g @oaa|ag aa} CqqgeQg gaaggo g|agggjja@ aeae
gqaCaaeQ @aogaa cag aaaaqq| gq.

@gga aa}eggaogaa, jaooga| _C}j|}a @aao cggaga
CaaeaQa|ga}aCa, _Cg _ag gC}ajja _C}aaa
@oC}@ joCqg a|g }a _ajja_ @aao _oogQ
ja}qag @aaaag Cga}gg aea Cogq_a|aga.

@ao|a ggCaaaog gaaggo gqqaaaa o}qCgo _q|o _qaaq
j}j}j_Qjaq. caa Cog gQggg|gggjj gqagaq. @oC}o
_}Co cggaaCa gag @aoa o}oj Cjoaag ggo|
CgCaaeq_aa|gg. @aao, @ao og|ggg|oao.

'ca_ag @oC}o|j Cjagaa, @oC}o| }a@q caa|g jagjaQ
a|aag. gqCqa_ @oC}o|a gqa@ aaaa g_ q_aqg
}a@qo CoaqaggCqeQ cag _q}a q|g| aqgg|_aa|ga}a. _gg
_qjja|o gaa o|q|o|aaag gaagqgaao Coao@qg gqg.
_aagg _g}a_C gagggjo g_ q_aqg }a@qgg|o
@_gg|_aa|ga}a _ooqa? _gaao, aa} CqeQaaa@
gaagCqa. _ja}aajj ca g|o eQ ca qo qgg
Co_qa} gaaa|aCaaeCgaa @_jCja' cajg @ao|a j|}o|gg|
Cjgg Caaq.

ogCgaggag @|ooao @oC}@ag @ao g_ g|}gg}g gaoqo|
cajg 1970-a|a gg||o |a CqCq|ooaag Cg}
@}j|ggg. @oC}@ag gq| Coaq _ggaa gaQa_agC
cagaqg g_ ga @aoao j|}oaa q}ggaa Co cag _C}aaa
coo}ggg.

@aCq @ao|a Coojaaa gagggaCoag|, gagg gaoqo|
gagag; caa Cooa cag @oC}o| _}a gag
_ajjaa Caoaq Caoaa Cag. @aoag g|g||jjq}a
jaooga| _C}j|}a. _q}a|a @jo cajg jaoog@ag
@_ag _}j @ag}agaa. @aCq @ao|a aa Cooqaaaaa
gagggaogaa cgC oagg|. _gg @gg|o _qggao @gg @gg|o
qgg Co_ gq|a g|gggjjQ cag Caoa, @oC}o _}aag
Caoaa Coaaag.

@oC}o _}a @gaa ggaCaaeg. q|a? aaoa gg Cgga
aa} aa|a g g|} g|C}ag qagag aq|gggq|jjg.
gqCqa_ @}q|@ gaqg g_ gqaoj jgg| jgg|aCaaeQ c}.
gqCqa_ ga_ gagggg gjg _C}j|}aaqg 'aaeao'Cjaqa}a.
gqCqa_ g|ag cgg _}ja gq|_jjj jgg||oaqg @aaaoq}
g_. _qgqa ggg, aee}jjaageQ qo }a@q q_.
aee}jjaa geQa_ag jg|o _q}a aaCg| geQaa qo|o
o|oa}a Caaagq|Qg g|_jg|a g|_j|j Cjaqa}a.

@ggo ojqa g_ agg|o gg|CaQj CjaaCq, Caaj Caae
@ao g_ ja|}a _g|aaa Cq||g. @oC}o _}aag cg|}aa,
|ag ge|oo@a, |aa Caajaa, |aa aQaaa Cq||jj _gg
_g|aaa, @oC}ao Qooao oa g_qagC _g|}oo|a
g|_j|j ja}aao Cogg.

gag|. ggg }jCja}} 11 @ao, 2006




76 @ao|a go gg|jjj j|}

g|oCooa }gg - ja. }aaqa

@oC}o - jaooga j|}oaa|a Cgaaa g oa}gggaa @_gga@
@_jga @ggaeqa Cgaaagg|CoC _g ggg|@ _}o|o
oa}ggCga_ q|qaa}aa|q|g. @agg Cg|qaaj
j}ggCaaejqaogaa ao} _}a.jg j|.co.g.q|a gaoaj
Cjagjjag qggCjag, Cgaaagg|o|_gCg _}o|o g}ag g_
agaqg g|ggg aqgga}. Cjoaqa}gaga, _ag| gjjgga, Cja}
g|ggg | oagqa qg|a_ag og Coaaaa}.

@aao j|}oaa|a _qjja _}o|o _oo cag g|qaaa
a_g| @ao, @oC}@ag cg|}aa Cq|| _gg ggo _g|aaa|o
__gggg|_ggaa '_ooaq|a Cj}ao' gg g|aojjaa
q|aa||_ggg.

'ggg|ag g_qa gj|aaa @gjjaaaaao _qag jagaajj
_qag goqag _gga aegga Cjaq|Qa|gg' caa|g j|}o|gg|
Cjgg @ooa|a aq|g} g@g @ajao|a q}aa CgCaa aaq
_g aa_ag @oC}o| _}aag coo}aaa Co q|gaa
Cq||jj _gg _g|aaagaa @ooagg|a Cj}ao ja|gjCja_ag
_agqo q|Qgg ggo _g|aaa.

ja|gjCja}a _ggg gaj CgCaajjq_aa|aga. @aao
@ao|a _gg _g|aaa jaooga| _C}j|}a|aC _aagag
gjQgg| gaaag jag|jj gaCajCjag g|agagg. _aag
e}oo| Cqag Caajg @gag aogg aq|ggqaa q}a|o g_
Cja}a| @aa _ggg ga _g|aaa Cq||g|oao.
jaooga|}a|a qo|a _jjaaj j j|qag _gg
_g|aaa|o|_gggaa jaoog@aaaa g|aag CqaCQaag Cgaa|g
cag gaao goa.

g|C}ag jaooga|o @gg _g|aaa eaaa| c_oo|aa aeQ,
ggo|o _go|g @oC}o _oo. _C}aaagaa. aqaa @aao
g_ gq|}qag @aa cag _g|q|aao Coaoo|, @oC}o _}aag
gg}q|Qq|Q, oCag @aoag gqaq a}aa @_gga@
aeae gqaCaaeQ aag Co gag _ajjaa
o|.g..q| CaQaCaaeg.

_aag aaoagg|o @g |a gaajjag} g_ q|q.
Caagao, @ao caCga_ @aa @_jjg Cg}C gq|}, _g
a}ao gaoa gaajjQa|gg, qg| gggCqa} a} a} caa|g
q|q}aCooa _jCjag jaooga|CoC a_ag Cg}ag.
@ao|a cgg g_ gaoq_ ga CjC}a, jaajjCa Cq|C q}
_@g|ggg|oao. @ao @aagg|o @_gg cgg g_ Cja}a| j|g
Cja}a| @aagago Co}ggq}aCjao @_jgg ga@ e| Cg}g
aa|o gjjaaa|a gagagg ge|ao aq agggaCaaeQ _aogg
g|}ggg|oao. aaQa|@ aoj jgg|a|@ QC jga|, g|a}jjg
gq|}qag|aCjao jjjCqag @gg|}g gjjaaa| jooQaa
qeaaa|a Caaeq_aaq|oao.

@ao|a g_Cg}j Cja}a|a Cgaaaaaogg|o cCaCaa
gg|Caa ja}ggaCaaeQgaa @_gga}a. o|o} @o|}}aaa
@_gga}a. o|o} _ggq}aaa @_gga}a. Cj_jaoaa @ag}a
@ao|a 'ga| ja}o|Ce'qa gaaa}qo Coqa}aaa a|}a
a|}aaaj Cja aa gojje|a|o =QjQ, oaao CjaQqg|@ ga}
agg|a}jjj je|a|@ =QjQaCaaeq_gga}a cagao gj|ggaa
@aCqeQ. @g |aaC @ooag ea. g} _qo|, Cgaq cag
q_Cjag _jjq _jjqC Cqaoaj CjaQq|Q @ggagg
@aa|aCaaeQ a|j|q|Qqa}a. _ggo oa|o Q _aa
agjjga Cja_Q @ao Cja}a|a ga gaaag ge|ao
agg| agggaCaaqa}a. Caa|o, Cja_g q|qggao eQ
qg|a_ag qgg qj Cj_aa CqeQC?

@ao| aa.jag}o|_gg Caao| CgaqoCa qa} g|a}jja
aaq Cgaqq @C}a|ogg|a }q|gogagg CgqjCjaaao
@ao|ogaa qgg g|gaCqeq|_ag.

@ao|a q}oo| @oC}ao |a aqao Caao Cogg. gCaaCq
jg|CaQj Cja}a| @aaaa aa| j|.co.g.aq _ga
gaoq} ao} _}a.jgg|a cg|}ja}aagqag Ca}ooa ggaa
oa|aa gqao g|eaqaCaaeq_gga}a _q}a. gg|jjaa,
j|.co.g.q|a |a gaa| oag|aa q|a| _}a.jgg|a '.jgga'
@aagg|a} ga agg Cja}aaao|a _ggaa o|gjj gqqaaaaa
Caggaa Co _q|q ga}o aaqC g_qg cag g}aa
CogCaaeQ, g|ao} gagggg @}eQ _oog gag gaaggoaag
gaao CgCaaeQ qgga}a.

.jgga q|qgg|o @aCaa_ j|}oaa caaCqagao, Cgaaa ggCo
(_gaqg j|.co.g.q|o @aeqggg gaj|o|_gCg) _}a.jg _gaa g_
gooa}jgg @aaaaggaa gaa|ggg| qgga}. @aagg|o|_gg _ggaa
Cj_C @ooa|}agaa cagCjag @ooagag gaaqgg _q}a
g_Cjag gg CgCaaeg|oao. @ao _oog @aag _o
CaagaaqjCjao '_ooaq|a Cj}ao' _g|aaa q|Qggg|oao. agaa,
'@oC}o||_gg @ggg g|ogag jg' QC .jggaq|a Cgaaaaa
_g|q|aajjq_ggg. @gaaCoC o}qCgo qa .jggaaqa gg|gg
Cog| Coao@CjaCgooa _gaa g} _}o|o @aaaaCq gg|jj|Q
qggg. jaooga q|qaa} _g|a cq|}ag @}aa|gag
Cgoa|Coooa c_jga|a Cgaaagg|CoC .jggaaq g} _}o|o
ao| CjaoCq o|gg|}ggo Cog| Cq|q_! Coaoo gqao
Coo gqao gq|ggg g|eaq g|gg @oC}o _}a. '.jgga g}
_}o|o ao|oo, _g g_ gq|}qag @aagaa' cag o ojaa}
aqgg _ogqa}a. _C}aa aa|a gaea jaajja,
qqCag g@agaa Cq||a aQ ggo|a CgCaaqa}a.
_jCjag cQjao Cjaq|Q.

@oC}@ag @g |ajCj} gaoqo|aa @_ggg. Caa|o, @ooa|g
gq|}qag|aao ga_ag @jgg caggaa @oC}o _}a cjCjag
g.ga.q|o jojqg qgaa. _}a.jgg .jgga j|.co.g.q|a
gaoa g|aoag qggq|Cjag, _q}aao _jjq __g joj
gqao Cjaq|g. Caa|o _}a.jg cjCjag
Cjoaqa}gaga_agg ga}aa @_gga}. cjCjag Cja} g|gggggaaaa
oagg|gag ggo|o aqggq|Qggaa gggagC Cgagqa}. @g g_
}agggg|}. aCj_ _}o|o Cg|q}a_ag QC oagg|aa
Caoaa.

@aCq .jggaq|a CoojaQaag gQgg g|ggg qg| CgqaCaaeq_gg
@oC}@ag, @ao|a g|} c_oo| _q}a_ag @_gg aa
@g} C@ aoq}gqg. g_agg|o @oC}o| ggagaa
Caoa, Cqg qg|C @oao cag @aao cjjqaqg qagg,
@oC}o _}o|a }ao|g Cgaga @aa|aCaaeQ, _q}aaa CaaeC
j|.co.g.aq gg|ggaa g_ g| gqg.

Cgaqaa je gq|, Cqeq _ag @g gq|. @ao
@aagg|a_ag _qgg jaoCja}a, g_q_aCa gaaaagg
jaoCja}a CqeQCaga@ a|aag. cgg gaQ jaoCja}
CqeQCaga@ a|aag; @aagg|o|_ag _ggaa Cj_ag qQ,
g|oa cag gj gqag _aga CaaqaCaaQggaqg @aao
qaaa @oC}o _}a g_ g| qa}aqC ga}ggg.

@ao|a g e}aag gaa |a g|jjgaa, g|gaaaaj
Cjoaqa}gag ggg|, @_g}jjag g|_jg||ag q|ggg|o j|}oaaag
g_ g} aaegq cag ga gjqgaa, .jgga
_}a.jgggaa j|}oaa cag 'cQggo Coaoo|' @ao gaoq}aa
qaaa g_ Coog| gqg @oC}o _}a.

@ga agga _}gg caaCqagao, @aoag @oC}o _}a gq|
Co. jg|@ag j|.co.g.aq gg|ggaa @ao gqCqeQ
cajggaa.

@ggaa Caqoaa Caoaaa _C}aaaag _C}aa
_qq_qa_ag Qgaa oagg| cag ggagq}|o g|}aa}ggg
g|_jj|q|a}a, @ao|a } _}o|o g_q|a}. _CgaQ
g|gggao |ag gq|}aa g} go gg|jjj Cja}agag _q}a
Ca Cgaa|aa}a. jaooga g_qg _g _g|aa}a _jCjag
a|agg qg|a|Coooa je jee|aCaaeq_gga}a. go|o
oa|CoC ggo @gag @oC}o j|qggq|aq oagg|
@_agag go gagg @oC}o g_qg gagqggaCaaeq_ggg.
}aaa _gaaaa _jCjag _Ca @_gga. a}aqg g|ag
je ojag|aa CqeQ cag gq Cogao, Ca gaqCga_
Cj}o _gaaa @}j|gg g|g| qgo|aa @}j|ggq|Qqa}a.
gg|jj|ggaa _q|o je Co}ggg _gaaa @_gg @
Cg}ao aaeao Cjaq|Q. _gaaqo}a Cq|gaQa_agj
Cjaq|Qqa}a. cggaaa _q}a g|g| g|}qaa}a, g|}q g|g| cCa
Cjaag caCgooa a_ Caaaag.

ooaoaa Cq|gaQa|o agg|g g|}ggq|Q, je g}ggg eQ
@oC}@ag qgg CqCga_ _gaaa @}j|jja}a. eQ qgo
gag. eQ aaeao Cjaq|Qqa}a.

g_q} @_q} _oo. _Cgaaa _aag @oC}o|a |a
gaa|aaCga_ 'Cgag|oaaCq' @g @_ggg. c_jga|o @oC}o|o
@ag|} g|} _gaaaa, q}oQa Q ooaaeaa|o Cgaag|,
aaeao Cja|_aa|aga. @ggaa @ga Caoq|o _}o|a }
_g|aa}a_ag _aoo}a_ag g|ag Cga}ja
@_gg|_aa|aga.

Caaqaaeaa|o gaQ gg Cq|gaQa|o je g|}q,
_gaaaa|a Cj}o _qgago o|o ga|gj}a g|ag Caa_gg
qggaga aeQ Caaj Caae @ao, @ggaa _gaaaaa
q}oQaa gg|ggaaQqCg ga ggo Cqao cag g}aa Cog
ja|}aaa _g|q|ggq|Q, aaCaQ Cqaoa @}j|gg q|g.

@ggg jgg go ggaoa, Cja}Qaaa aggg|j CjaQq|Q,
_agaagaqo oagg|aCaaeQ Cqao Co @}j|gga. @aao @ao
@aagg|a} @ggaa _gaaaaaa aeaCaQgg, jqo|Q, g_
gaaag gag cag gq Cog Cgo g_qg @qgg|ag g|ao}
gg @}j|ggq|a}a.

_gaaaa|a Cj}o go Coqagg gQaaj Cjaa @aoag
_}aggag|@ go o|gg a|jjg Cg}q}, Cj} _q|o g_
gaQ g_q| go gg|jjj Cja}aa ggg|aaCoag| @ggg q|q
a|aag cag Cg}ggg.

@aCq, @ao|o aqaag ga|Ca_ go gg|jjj j|}
@}j|aajjg. cCaooa , aC}ooa go|o =QjQqgaag
Cg}a|gCga _Caooa @ggj ja Cjag. g_ Cgaa. gC} ggo|.
@ aao| _oog g|gqa aao|. _a|_ag je g_qg _Qgg
q|aaq @ao|a aa qa|ag qgg Co}ggq|Q. Ca aeag
c_g| Cjagaa ja}aq|o jQjq caaqg aqq|Qqa}a. @gg
@gg|o @ggaa je cQggq}jjg. @ggj je @gg @gg
qaaa|o Cooq|jjq|_aa|gg cag c_g|C CjaQq|Qqa}a.

c_g|j Cjajq CoojQa|ga}aa cajaga aeaae|jjggaaaCq g_
g_ @_ag. _q}a q_ggag gaggag @aoCja ggg|
_g|aaa o}jj|aa CqeQ.

_g g} _}oaaCgaa. ga|a} _}oaa.

@}jgg|o @ao|a @ggaa ogajje|agaa @oC}o _}o|a
aqagaga aq}gga. @aaog gq|}qago Cooa|o|_gg j|}gg
@_jjg aoj cag _q}a g|aaggg @gaaogaa.

@aao gggag g|ggg|aa@ g|gggqa}aC gq|}, _q}a @oC}@ag
@g}qaa g_Cjag g|aaggaj ja}aaaa}a cajg Caa
_q}a_ag agaaao Cjaq|g.

@Cgooa cejga|a Cgaaa qa}gaa. _gaag _}o|o
o|ggaggqag|aao qg|gggjjQqgg @aoag cejga q_ g_
}a@qg gaoq} qgg CjagjCjggaCaaea}. _q} Cj} Cqa _ag
ao|a. (Shei kh Ahmed Yassi n ). _gga aeC @ao|a CoojaQa
ggg|@ Cqgga Caag Cgaa|q|a.

gag|. ggg }jCja}} 14 @ao, 2006



77 }a@qggaoq} Cqa _ag ao|a

g|oCooa }gg - ja. }aaqa

2004- q_ a}o ag 22- Cgg| Cga_aaaaaa _q} g_
gg|ago CoagCaaeq_gga}. Cga_aa gqgg gg|a q|Q Cq|C
qggCjag ca|_gCga jggg qgg g_ }aaCa CqqgeQ, _q}
__Ca o}aa q|_gg Cqqgg |a}a gqggg. _Qgg q|aaq
jaooga jgg| c}g Cgaa|g. @oC}o|j j|}g} }o qC}aa|a
aag _gga gqggg cag _ggaa Cj_ Cjo|aCaaea}a.
g|| _ggg gaaggao "ogg cg|}ja}agCga_ q|jgggaa @g.
gaa _qa}a gg|aqgg }aaCaa qq|oao" cag @oC}o|
_aoo} g_q} _qo} _qo}aa gaa_aggg|o Cg}q|gga}. _q}
Cjagaa Coaoa|ga} cajg gggagaga g Cg}. qg|o |a
gg|}gg, a}aaa aoq||o aa} aeq}aa _q} Cj} Cqa _ag
ao|a. @_jg @eQa_ag Coaa @oC}o _}aag o| Coajjaaa
q|a| @ao|a gaoq}.

Cqa _ag ao|a, @ao|a gaoaj Cjagjjag qgg aaoagg|o
CgaaCqeq @gg _gg|agag, _q}g }egg|o Cgaa
Cg}ggg ggCooaagoo. gaaaj jgg| cgg q|q}gag cgga
aaogg|@ Cq||o Coaooag Cja}a| _q}. ao|a gg|gg @ag
gaga a|aaaaq gaqoa gaaCa gaaggaa. ggoaqg, _q}
_g|a Cjoaa}. ogg|o CjoCq aa}. @}eaqg, g_
gaaag gC} g_ C}aq g_ g} ja@ Qgaa _q}g
eqaa @_ggg cajg. gagaqg, @_qo a gg|gqgao
aaqq} caa|g gaqo. gaaaaqg gaqo, _q_aga aao|a
aaogg|o ae ja}aq o}|ooao Cja |a _qoagjja}
cajg. @ggaa. @qqgaa.

ao|@ag gaj @aao qg| ggg|q}a coCoa_ _}o|o
qo@g}aaa Q @_gga}a. @q}gaa ggo }a@qg gaoq}.
@aao g_ oag||aa ga|a} }a@q CjaoCq qqqaggg|o
Cj_jaoo; g_j jCa @q_aggaa. @oC}@ag cg|}aa
@ao|a ggggag g_ o}aa qqq CaaQggq} ao|agaa.

g_ agggag @ggaa @oaga cag g| CjaQaCaaeQ,
gaaggao ggga aggaCaaQggq} _q}. g_ g_ g}gg|o gaaggo
gggj Cjaaao, _Qgg g_ _Qgg @oaaa Cgaaa| _jCjaCg
j|go||@ ggo||@ =Qjg Cgaa||_ag. @qqag @ao|a
_ggaa Cja}a|aa o|go|g g_aaaaj j|}gg, CgoCg Cqg
Cqg @a|o j|go| gaaa _agg, gaaqggg ga} Co
@}j|gga} ao|a.

cggq|gaa o}oa_ag @ao ga}aagoo cajg ggaggo|o
@oC}o| _}aagj j}qggCg Cqa _ag ao|a Cjagjjag
qggj|gggaa. @ao, |aggq|}aa @oC}o| aa|ag gaaggo
@}j|ggg _q}g gaoaagj j|gggaa. _gqa} }a@q @oaga,
_}oaa @oagagaa @ao|a j|}gaa Cgaaaaa @_ggqggg.
_gaa agg|, Cjagaa_ _}o|a a_gag gg
gggCaajq}agaCa, @aCq @oC}o| _}o|a _ggaa
ggga|@ _q}a_ag jgeQ cag Coaaaq} _q}.

Cjag @a|o @ao CqqgeQaaj jgaagg|o q|g Cgaa|g
_jCjaggaa. joo|o aqjja}a. _Qagaqa gq|_jja|a aa}
ja}aa|a|o aqjja}a. }|oa|o aqjja}a. C@aoa, _g
Cgqaoa, joaaoaaga qaaa, j|aa, }o}Cqqa
ae}a, aao g|agoo|a gaCjg _}aa, _}a q|gaaa
gag @a, _e|qgjj g|agoo|a cag cCaooa aa
Qqa}aCa _Caooa geQaqaa @}j|gga}a.

o|ggagg cajg Coa}jjq agg| c_g|aCaag gaag. _gqa}
jaooga q|Qgaoaaaaj Cja}aqjq, jaooga| _C}j|}a|a
go@aaaa jaQjQaCaaeq_gg @ao, cejga|a
Cgaaagg|o|_gg @oC}o| @oaga|a g gaaggo gggqagC
gag j|}gaa aa Cgaaaaaa Caag Cgaa|g.

@gaaogaa j|.co.g. g} _}o|o ga Cjggagj Cjao @aoao
@gg|qa} Cjg gqao Cjaq|g. cejga|CoC @aao g_
gq|}qag @aaaa oa ja}aag Cgaa|q|CgagCjag, _g _o
Caagaaqa aaq@ ja}aa @aa cag a_gjjg,
Cgae@ga|a Cgaaagg|ogaa.

oa|CoC ggo gagaa ggCaaaog gaaggo ca@ gg|aj
jggg|g @aogaa. @ggg g| Cqa _ag ao|a|a ceegg|o
g|ggqgg gag.

Caaaaaaaa |}gg|aa Coqg, gggaaaa |}gg|aa Coqg,
q|Qgaoaaaa |}gg|aa Coqg caa|g j}agaaa o|ggaggggagj
jgqqq CaaQgg, gaCa g} @gaa ag| cg|}|a @oaaag gaaa|
_g|jjg caa|g a_ggaaagag ggaggo|o 1989-o gaaqggg
@ao.

C@j}aa (Hebr on) caa|g @gg|o|_gg @j}a@| gg||o Cga_aa|o
=Qjq_gg 29 Cj}, =q|}aa|ag| j_q CaaooC|a (Bar uch
Gol dst ei n) caa|g qgCgg| _g}ao jQCaaao Cojjgggj jg|qaa
gq Cogg @ao. g|_j _CgCjao gjjaaa| gg| aee|o j
@oC}o| }a@qgg|aa} Q aQa Caaoqg cggj jo@ _|aaag
cag @ao|a }a g_q|a} a_g|aa}a. _jCjag qqq
Cjggggaa @ggg ggCaaaog gaaggo caa|g gg|.

g_ gaaggo ggg CqeQ. _g oagagC g@aa CqeQ.
@oC}o| _}a jgg|aCaaeQ _og|Ca CqeQ. @jjq
Coqa}aa cag _oo CCoaaCqeQ. _ggaa o}aa jg|oqaa
@_aa gq cag g}aa|gg @ao, g||Q g_ Cja}a|ag
ga} Cog _@jj|g. Cog CqqCja_aaa aqaCaaeQ
Cja ggQ qg||o gaaaggaCa aggaCaaeQ aa} gjg
_g}aa Caaagaa _qa.

@ao cg|}ja}ggjqC @ggo ojq o}qCgo aqagaga aq}ggg.
_ggaa gaQg gaoq}a_ _og|aa}a. @oC}o _g|}oo||o
qaaggj Cjaag. @jjqa CaaaoCqg| Caaqa}a cag
jaajaaaa c_g| agga}a. aqaaj joCqg gaQa @aao
gaCojj g} @aaaa _g|q|gga. @g|o |ajCj} gaaoaaq
caaCqagao _oCaaga Cjaag _ajja_ag Cq|jjaaaj jo
Cgoa|o a|aa_ gae _ajja_ j|go| gaaa_
@_jjgCjao @aoaga a|aCq a|aag. cCa a}
@_aa|ga}a cajg a_ag Cg}ag.

1989-o|_gg 1991- qa} @ao @aagg|aa}j jgg|g gaqo
Coa}aaCqaCg _C}aa g gagaa o|.g..q|o ga|Ca_ j|}
Coojg. @oC}o| ggag CaoaQa @aegg gag
@eQa jagjaQjQ _q}aao Cagg jg|aaag Cja}g gq|}
Cqg Cj}aaa a aeQj|qaagqq|oao. cgg g_ @ao
gaoqa}j jgg| ga| q|q}a_ a|aaaCq|oao. "aqjjQ"
_q}a Coa}gg Cq| ogag _g|q|gg _gg @ao gaoq}a|a
Cj}a @Cga.

Cqa _ag ao|a gggaoq}, }a@qggaoq}. (@q} a}o 22,
2004-o @oC}o| }a@qgg|a}ao Caaoojja}.)

aa} _jgo _g|o _o }eqo| (Dr . Abdul azi z al r ant i ssi ao|a
agagj j|gg @ao|a gaoq}aaq}. @q_ @oC}o
}a@qgg|a}ao _Cg @eQ jQCaaao Cojja}.)

@j}a@| _o agC (I br ahi m al Makadmeh 2008- @eQ Caoa
qa|aao Caaao Cojjq}.)

C@gg _o oa@} (Mahmoud al Zahar _}o|o j|}g gaoq})

@oa|o @a|a (I smai l Hani ya Cj_jeqg}. _}o|o @Coaoa}.)

og _'o|a (Sai d a' Si yam - _}o|o j|}q|a ggg Cooa}.)

ooa oaC@g (Sal ah Sahed @ao|a }a@qg gjg|. 2002- @eQ
Caaoojja}.)

Ca@g C|.j (Mohammed Dei f }a@qg gjg|.)

_ao _o Cao (Adnal al Ghoul CqqCja_ g|je}. }aaCa
oagoo} j|}Caagg|o q|gjaa}.)

Ca@g ga@a (Mohammed Taha @aaog Cgaggq|ggq}a_ g_q}.
a}aa _g|g}. 2008- @eQ @oC}o| }a@q @qa}a aag Cog
o|ag|o _aggg. @agqa} o|ag|o @_aa|ga}.)

a@|a _aq (Yahya Ayyash CqqgeQa ga}ag q|ggaa|.)

aao|g qao K ( hal ed Mashal Coao|o qo|ag @ao gaoq}.
Cojj} 2004-agj j|gg =}a@agg gjj|o Coagq|gaa
gjjjQa|gg.)

goa _j }oa (Mousa Abu mar zuk o|}aq|o @_aa|ga}.)

Cqa ao|o (Shei kh Khal i l 2004-o @oC}o| }a@qggao
Caaoojj @q}, |a @jggaa gq|}qag| cag q_e|aajjq}.)

cgg q|q}g aeQj|qaa gqag @q}a|o o|oa} @oC}o }a@q
cjjqa Caaagg cajg |a gaa|aa q|q. @ao @aagago
Co}gg a}aqg g_q} _gg @aagg|a gaoq}aa _g|q|aajjQa|ga}
cagao aeqjjaa _q} |ajCj} a}aa _g|g}aaggaa @_jja}.
_q}g }a@qg ggg|aCooa @}eajogaa.

_jjq o =QjaQ |aa g_q} gg|agj Cja Cga_aa
gggqg|o|_gg g_ ga_ gqg aa}.

@ag aqagg|o Caae @oC}o, aaoa jgg||o _ggaa
gg|aao agg|@ @ggaaeaaaa ggg}aa cjCjag
g|ggg|aqag. @gg ggg}a, gag e| Cg}ggag g_gag
aggjjQaCaaeC @_jja}a. g_ gag g}gg|o je||o @_ag
ggg}, _Qgg g_ ag aaoggag _gg @ggag q}aa}. _ggaa
aqa!

@jjqj je||o g|gggjjQ ggg_ag gC} g_ aagaa. @ao
gaoq} cjCjag cgg gg|ag q_a|ga} cag ja}ggo CoaooCqeQ.
_q} g|ao} q_a|ga}a, qa} g_ gag q_a|ga}a, _oog gaqg
q|Coq g|aa|o Q q_a|ga}a cag aagg|_gg o}aaj ja}ggo
CoaooCqeQ.

gaqo o}gaa cag gg|jjQggjjg jagaajjaa @}gg|o
jga||_gg }aaCa CqqgeQ go Caaagq|oa cag Caoaa
Coaaag Caoa.

@jjqggaa Cqa _ag ao|a jQCaaao Cojja}. oaa}
gagaao||o _}ggjq gg|ag q_jq} _q} cajg, @oC}o
}a@qggag Coa}aaj Cjaq|g. _q} C Cjag Cg},
Cq|C qgg gagaao||o|_gg @ga| qeq|o gqggg @g aao
_qaao @a|qgagg goo|aaa aqa|gg, o}aa _qgga}a.
ao|a @ggg Cjaaa}.

ao|a @gggCjag, Caajgg|o @ao @aagg|a} @oC}o g_qg
}aaa gaaggo gqqaaaa|o =Qja}a. cg ja}gga@
geQ Cqqggg. joa c}gga. aa|a _ogo gao jgg gaa
qa} gCq @oao. jg| gaoq}aa aa} _jgo _g|o _o
}eqo||a qg|aaQgo|o, @aa @a@ gCqagga Coojg
Cgaa||_jjgaa _g|q|gga}a.

Ca Caoa q|g|ggaCaaeg. gC@a, a jg| gaoq}
@q}gaaa cag _q_ag _Qggjqaaa a aqaa}a. _CgCjao
g|gg|_gg gaaa| _qa} Caaaga}a. gC} q_gg|o @}eQ
gaoq}aaj jg|CaaQgg @ao, Coqgg|ao g|aaggg.

@ao gag _Qgg gaoqa}g Cg}gCgQaa Cqeq ggg|ao|o
@_ggCjaggaa, q|qgag Cajj j|qgg @ao|a ggg
gaoq}a_ g_q_ o|}aq|o qo|jjq_aa aao|g qao, _qo}
_qo}aa "gaoqa} }ao|aag Cg}gCgQa. caaa}e CaaeQ
a} gaoq} cajag Cq|C Coaooag}a" cag @aagg|a_ag
}ao|o aggg|aaa _@jj|aa}.

ogCg g|gaaggag qgg @ao, _q} Coaoqg|o g|agag
e}gg, gag gaoq} aC}ajag _g|q|jjag _gga
g|ggg|aCaaeg. @aa@ oa|a}q _qjja|o C@gg _o
oa@}gaa _Qgg gaoq}aag Cg}gCgQaajjq_aa CqeQ cag
Coaaag Caoa. gaeggaoq}aa @oa|o @a|a _q_ag
_Qggjqaa og _'o|ag @_jja}a cag Coaoo|, aqgg
gg|aaaa @a@ qaoq|}gg|_aa|ga}a.

gag|. ggg }jCja}} 18 @ao, 2006



78 ao} _}a.jgg|a @eq.jga I nt i f ada ( )

g|oCooa }gg - ja. }aaqa

Cqa _ag ao|a|a gaoa|o @ao gag ogaj je| gagaga
a|gg aggg|aqggq|Q, g_Cg} geQCqqjj @aaaa _agg
Cgaa| _Cg ogg|o, ao} _}a.jg, @oC}@ag cg|}aa
Cja}agg|o j|.co.ga Cjagaa_ aaCaaag q|ggg|o g_ jg|
g|gagg ga} CogCaaeq_gga}.

agg||ag|, }gg|ag|, gg Co g| g _jCjag _q_ag
@oao. agaa agg|ag jg|o ao@ gjjaaa|agj jg|o gagoo|
@gaaoa cag gq Coga}. CCoaaa ja}aq|o Cqg
aa c_oo|; gg| CaQ CgQje cajg Cjaoggaa Cg}.
cjjq @oC}o| }a@q gaagqggg q_. jg|o gaagg@agg
gjjaaa| cQaaao agaaaCaaeQ ggaajj gjaQa
CogCaaoa cag g|aagga}.

@g aa gg||o @aag _@gajgag @g}aq Cjgggg}a
Q. C@, jaooga q|Qgao cajg g_ gg|jj| @aagg|a
a}gg|o Q @oao cag _}a.jg g|aagga}. @aa gaa|ag
Cja}aQ. @aao, Cjagaa|a ja|jj @_ggaogaa g| Cqgg|
agq cajg _q}g a_gg.

@gg ceegg|a q|aqaaj j|gggggaa @eq.jga (I nt i f ada). @gg
_}jo Coao@ag c_oo|, @aa|j ja}ggo, Cjaa|C_go cag
joq|gaag g|g|o _}gg Coaoooa. @oC}o _}ao
}a@qgag @agqggaa _}a.jgg|a Cgaaa. j|.co.g. _gaao
Coao, Cjagaaa gaa|ggg|o Cooa caa|g Caoaagaa
gaa|aag. oa g_qg "@eq.jga, @eq.jga" cag
oo}ag q|ggg|o @gg c_oo| |ajCj} Cqgg|a _q_agg
Cgqggggg.

Cgagggg|o @g g} _gjCja}a Cjao @_gggao, _}a.jgg|a
c_oo| }qoa|o gaCjg aoq}a_ aee}j jaageQ
qoaa_ gaqjjo ojqa_ o}qCgo _}a|o @oC}@agggaa
_qjCja}g Cgqgggga. ea|o _C}j|}a_ @gg
@eq.jgaq|o }aaa gaaggoaa ggg||_aa|ga}a.
Cj_jaoaa ogg}jja|o aoq}gag @}j|ggaqggCg
_C}j|}aaaggaa @_gg|_aa|ga}a cajg oaao o}gg|}
aqaaaQ ea.

_}a.jgg|a ceegg|o g|gg @eq.jga, gga ggo|o Co@ag
qgg @eQ 1987. @ggg g_ q@qaa j|aae| @_ggg. _gg
q_ _aCaj} ggo Cgg|, aaoaq|o g_ ojq gggg. @oC}o|
}a@q _aag g|a, jaooga|a @ooa|a g|aag ca@
_ajajo Co}gg _ Cja}a|aao aQa Caaagg. @ggo
ojqggao aaoa g_qg gggg Caa_ggq|Q c}g Cgaa|
ogg|o g_ qgCgg| _g}, g} _}j j|o o|g||a j|ajggg|o ga
aaggjjaaa|ao aa}. j|ago CoagCaaeq_gg o|g| _q.
ogg cg|}ja}agqaa|o j|ajg|_gg g_ geQ jagg qgg _qg
@Qjjj jgg||o Cqqaa, gQooaao|o _gga gggag q|_gg agg|ag
@ggaaeaaaa Cjagaa ja}gg, g|aogaogg Cja g|aga}a.
_gg _g}, gjjaaa|ag gagg cQggj aj|o CjaQaCaaeQ qgg
qg|C Cjaq|a}.

@ggo ojq aaoaq|o |ajCj} aoq}ggaaaa @jgagj Cjag.
aa Caag|gg c_gga}a. Cja}a|aCa, aee|o Cgaj _ggaa
_g}aa aQa Caaoog Cgaa|aa}a. _aagg _ga aaa,
_@qoaa_ gagajja. Cj_gga gQooaao|o CjC}ao
gg| c}aajja.

caa CoqCgag Cg}ao @oC}o| _}a q|g|gg g|agg. aoq}gag
_aa, }a@qgag _@jj|aqggg. @g @a@ j|}oaaaa|q|g.
}a@q qggq|g cajg Cg}gggC aaoa jgg||o qo|ggqgg
aa, Caajgg|a oo|aCa Coaga}a. aegqggaaao oaaoaa
gaojjQgg|, gqg}a ggaaa agg, o}ag oa}a|a aga|o
gjjggaao Coa_a|, caCaaa qaaa|Coooa jgg| c}o
CogqCa, _agCooa Co @}j|gga}a.

aaoaq|o caa gaa|gg cajCg o}aa Cq|C Cg}q}q|oao.
_gaao, }aaa qggg|a, j}|a cgg Cgaa|a. g|ao}
jooa|}aaeaa|o aa Caaag gq|aajjQa|ga}a, c}aa qg||ooao
ao|o j|ea qojjQa|aga caCgooa gaqoa Cq|q}g
Cgaa, o}qCgo qa j}j}jjaggg.

aoq} gggg ea. @_ g}jj|@ }aaa Coga @_ggg
ea. _ggg Co @|}aaeaa|o jQCaaao cag Coaoojjg
cooa Cja. @aao, qggg|a ggg Caajgg|o aa|a @gg|}
aQaaaao Cja |ajCj} ggaa _g _jCjgg Cgaa|g.

_ggo ogg}jjgagggaa _}a.jg jajQgg|aCaaea}. Cja}a.
aa Cja}a. _gjCja}a. @gggaaggo qggao Q
ggaajjaaaaa agaaj jajQggoa cag aa|a c_oo|a
g_gajjQgg|, _ggg @eq.jga cag g_ Cj}|gga}.

aoq }ea, aaj jQCaaao Coqg, qQaa
@qjjg, CaaQ}aa gag|o o|gg|}qag Coqg, gaQ aggqg
| @oC}o| _}o|a _}j q|C}ag gqqaaaaa gqCqaagaaj
jqo|Q, @aq _aaggag cg|}aa Cja}a cag Coaoo|ggaa
ggo @eq.jga @}jaag.

@}jgg|o, @g _}a.jgg|a CaoaaC _oo; aa|a @ojaa
c_oo|aggaa _}a.jg ga@a g| Cjao qqq CaaQgg
gaCjgo Cogq|a} cag o Cog|a qgga.

ea|o, aaa gaa|ggg| g_ aCj_ Cja}a gggqg
jgg| 1986-o|_gCg _}a.jg Cao|gg qgg|_aa|ga}. 1986- q_
g_ j|C}ga jgg|}aaag _|gg Cjq|o @g jgg| |a q|}qaaj
Cjo Cog|_aa|ga}.

"Cj} qaa|aCaa_ @}qCa, gaa|ag ggga|Cga caa|g
a}qCa ca_ag @oao. Cqeqg, jaooga|a q|Qgao. ca
gaa aa|a aggg|} aqao. _ggg Co gag|oao. @ggj
Cja}agg|o jaooga|a gqCqa_ gqa@ ca_a @aegg
Cja}aCqeQCaggaa gaa q|_ja|Cga" cag Coaaaa} _}a.jg.

j|.co.g. Cja}a|a gaa|ag ggg| @gg @eq.jgaag @ao
jaooga|a @ooa|a g|aag _ajj Cq||o|_gg @g} ggga.
_gaqg Cja}a|a_ag Cjagaa_ag Cqeq @gaa
_q}a oja Coga}a. ao qoa ca@ gqqaaa @aoagj
j|qaaq|oao. jaooga|a @ooa|a g|aag @aagg|a gaoq}aCa,
"_q}a aee}j jaa geQ qaa|ga}a cagao ga gaQ
CqqgeQaaaqg qo|ggaa @aCqeQ" cag Coaoo|, Caa@
Caaaq|a@ qQCgag gg Cja}a|aa _@jj| g|ao} g_
qQag g_ gaQ CqqgeQ cag oja Cogq|Q q} gjaQ
Coga}a.

@g @ag}a gg||o |ajCj} aaa|}oo|a eaaa|g.
q|aqaa, @eq.jga cajg g_ _gjCja}aaa _ooao,
g|| aoq}aaj j}ae Cjggg.

@agCooa aqa|ggo o} CoCqa, cg g|a, cg _g|a
caCgooa @_ ao|ag Cjagq|o @}aoo| CoCqa a_ag
q|_jjCa, _qaaoCa @_aaq|oao. Cja_g q|qggao geQ
Cqqag. aa_ Cj_gga_ jgg| c}. g_ jaa Caaq
j|qgg }qo Cjaqa}a. Caaqa q|eae gQ. @oC}o|
aaqogagCa, }a@qCa, gae }a@qj jaCa gQjjggg cg|C}
qggao Ca aoqoa @}jag. g_ q}aa}o a_agaa
gg|aCaaeQ }qogg|a Cq gqq_qa}a. @oC}o| Cjaoo
aee|o ja }qo aoq}aa|q|Q. aga qaa|o jgag.
jg|@aga aee}j jaaa geQa ja. }ggg gee_ Cog
oag|aa o|o g||a|o oaaoC g_ Cja}aaaaa aao||ag.

@eq.jga @}j|aajjga Cgaaa, aaa gC} Cgaaagg|o
Cja}agg|o =QjQggCqeQ cajggaa. @aao g}g|_qqoaa,
oaga}e aa _ggaa Cja} @gga}aa agg q|ggg|o @gg
c_oo|j Cja}a ag|jCjaq|g. g_ agg|o @eq.jga
}qoa|a ga jgg||o gggagaa g|ggg| gaao Coaoo|q|Q
aa j|aaao _e|qgaa @}j|gga}a.

@oC}o| Cjaoo, gaaggo ggg|aao ggo|o jo|aaa q oagg|
gggaga_aCa @_ggjqao, _gaaa CaaeQ o}qCgo _}a|o
@oC}@ag CaCj} eaaa|g g}oa cag Cja}a| @aaa
Cao|gg gq Cog gagaaa gq @g. cggaaCa
gggaga @gg c_oo|j Cja}aa aaogg|o @gggCjaaa}a.
@|}aaeaa|o aaagga}a. @_ g}jj|@ }ggCqg| CCoaa,
jaooga g_qgC jgg|aCaaeQ c} @}j|ggg.

@ga|a|o jaooga|o @_gg aaa}q a|g|ogq}a 1988- @eQ
j|}gg|Caaa g} _ag|j Cja}agag @}j|gga}a. (@g
g|gaaCq _ag|j Cja}agaa. @ga @ooao ggg
Cja}a.) gg|jjaa, a|g|ogq q|aja}a.

_g}a_ag goo|a_ag|a|o _Ca gaCjggaCaaeq_gg
Cga} gg gqqaaaa|o aaa}qaaa a|g|ogq}a, |a
jag|aajjq_gga}a. @oC}o| _}a, gag @_aaag j
j|}Cgogg|o qo|ag _ggaa a|g|ogq q|aja}a_ ag Cgag g_
gg|jj| Cgaaaa "o|gjj q}aa" _}aago Co@gg|aa CqeQ
cag gg}q|q_ggg. qgaaaa q_aa q}, Coaggq}, q|gjaa
q} | _ggaa q}a_ cjCjag Cjao eQ. @g o|gjj
q}. cggaaa? cagao, _C}j|j Cja}a| @aaa_ag cg|}aa
@oC}o aaqogag cQag gqqaaaa_ag gqggaaa!

Cqgggj Cjaaa}a a|g|ogq}a. Cg_oCogag aaa aqgg
gQCagg jaoog@aaaa gag gggg|o _jCjag _q}a
Cqg ja}aqa}aaa QC @_gga}a. _q}a_ag Cg_oCo
ja|g ga}gaa. jaagg }aa CjgoC@|ogaa @Caj|}aa
j|ggg|_aa|ga}. jaooga|o cg Cgaa@ a|g|ogq}a_ag @|}
j}aea aaga @_aaCq Coa|aga.

@aao @Cgaa _aa|}? Cqg @}eQ @aa Cag|aCaaqgggg
gaa cggg q} Co@gg| qog| Cogg} CqeQ?

_gaaogaa _q}a @}j|gga}a. Cja}a. _gjCja}a.
_gaqg Caaqa_a }qo. Caa}aaaa_a @aa.
eeaq|}ggga g_ga . aaajja og|ao gaoggo.

g_ qaa|o a|g|ogq}a|a @ggj Cja}a, goo|a|a
@eq.jgaag g} @oqo @aejj Cjao _aggq|g. j_ggj
ja}aq|o jaooga g_qgC Cga g_ aa}eggaaaaj
Cja}aqaCaaeQ oea|QaCaaeQ @_jjg Cjao Cgagg
a|aggq|Qa|ggooqa? _g a|g|ogq}a _Ca aaa}qa.
aaa}qa|a g}@ag } g|jjg g}agq}a cgg Cgogg|@
g|g|aa @_aa gqag cajag aqa|aaCqeQ.

@aao, @oC}o gqg Cogg. a|g|ogq}a|a g}@ag _q}a g|jja
CaaQaaq|oao cajg Qoo. _ggo o|gjj q} Co@ggagq}a g
aQaaa gqqaaaaa cQaa @}j|ggg.

@g c} Caa||o Cj}o Cj}oaa CjC}aao gg|g
Cjaoaa|q|g.

gag|. ggg }jCja}} 21 @ao, 2006




79 @eq.jgaq|a c_oo|j Cj}e|a

g|oCooa }gg - ja. }aaqa

gaggCg}gg }qoa, ga ja}gg|_aaaq Cjagaa,
gg Cgogg|o gaCjg aCj_ Cj}e|a, o}e| _}agg|o g|}_
aaCq _ @qgaga CaaeQ jaooga|o _ag gaCjgg
@eq.jgaaqa agjaa Coao @_jjg goog. Caa|o,
cejga|a j|gjgg||o, jaooga|}a|a @gg c_oo| _aoa
gjj|Qqggg cgC a|aaaao g|eaqg Cg_q|o g|ag|_aa|gg
o}qCgo qa.

jgg, @g, @|}oo. ooaaeaa|o aa g|}eQq|Qqa}a. g|ga
@|ooao oaaoa _ajQ. g}go ga}qggCa
e|aaeaaag. gQCagg jaooga| _C}j|}a_ @oC}@ag
cg|}aag g|}eQ g|ggCjag, cggaa aee}a geQa qogq?
caagaa gQjj gqqaaa CgCaa gq?

C@ c_oo|j Cj}e| cajg aaao Cgaa| aao gqg q|qg
_oo. q_aaeaa|o gggg. @} _ jao ja}ao gggg. j|gq|
cQggCg Cj}e| gggggaa cajg Cjao g|} g|C}ag
g|aaggaCaaeagCjao aa qq|Qqa}a. @ggaaeaaaa
gggagaa ggo|o gaaq|Q, j|aaao Cjea _e|qgjja}a.
_q}a_agj j|aaao @ea. gQq|o Qjaqaaj Cja}a|
@aagago Co}ggq}a. @_aaCq @_aa|gg ao qeqa. CjC}ao
_aaajj aeeaq jaqoa.

jaooga|j Cja}a| @aaa|a Cgaaaggag, @gg aa c_oo|j
Cj}e|a |ajCj} gq|a Cogag gaaCq gqag. _Cg o,
@gjja_ oaga}eaa @oao.

ggo @eq.jga Cgaa| jg|agag ag aaogg|o a|gg
@}ea|} goo|a @oC}o|a aaqogag|a}ao
Caaoojjq_aa|ga}a. _ggaaCj_ gjjaaa|o gQagj
jo|aaq}a. jg|@ag _C}j|}a ggg| gaaggo|o (_Cg g_ q_
aaogg|o) 160 @oC}o|a aaqogag|a} @ggg|_aa|ga}a. @q}a|o
Cj_jaoaaq}a aooao _qgga Caaoojjq_aa|ga}a.

@gga aooqg gaaggo gg|aa aaQ|}aeqggaaa qaq|o
gaa|ggg, @oC}o _}a |ajCj} ggo|a CgCaaeg.
oajCja}aa _}j Cja}aa ja}ggq| j|gg, gjjaaa|o
gQ cajg |ao oaga}eaa q|qaa @a|q| g|ao|o, @_jga
@ggaeqa @gg|j jgg||o aooao _qgga Caaoqg cajg
aeqjjaaa aaQ|}aeqggaaaa a_gjj qajj|_aa|gg cag
gj|, @oC}o _}a @eq.jgaq|a qagagj jaaaa _ gg|jjaa
_C}j|}a|a aooqg gaaggo aao|aa aqaaaj j j|qgg
qaag _|aa q|Coq aqaa cQggaCaaeg.

@aao, @gg ggo| joa|aaq|oao. aa}e, @eq.jga
}qoaaa gggagaa gaa|ggg| _C}j|}a ggg|jqao,
ggo jo| cjjqaaa@ o|gq}, o|g|}aaCq @_gggao, _ggaa
_gaa}aa Cq|C Cg}ggg. "gggagaag gaaaag}a" cag }a@q
} _g|aa}a_ aaqogag _g|aa}a_ a}qaaa
agg|aCaaeq_gga@, @oC}o|j ja|a_ag _ggaa Cj}
aao oa|aag Cg}q|oao. gggagaa q|oaa|q|Q cjjqa
gg|a C jggg j|aaao _e| qgag @eaaa
gg|aqjjg cag _q}a _g|gg|_aaq|oao.

}qogag @}gg|o ja}agCjaCg _q}a aee}j jaa geQaa
qog Cgaa|q|Qqa}a. cjjq o|o @g gggagaaqg Ca
aaagg aCg q|_. aagg|_ggagCjao Cja}a| _ajj|a}
_qgagj jaajjCQgg _@jj|q|Qqa}a. @oC}o|j ja|a}
}qogag Cg_a|, gaaggao Coo @}j|gg cooa gqggj|gg
jCQaag Cgagqggg _Ca gggaga q|_gga|ag ja
j|}a}C @a||_ag. gaCa|@ Cj}g Cj}gaa Cjao} _qgg
gqq|Qqa}a. gg} jae||o Coao@qCgagao "_jjaq|a gggaga
_g|a jo|! _g}a|a CaaaoCqg|a!!" caa|g gaojjaa
gaCgag ja}aa gqggg.

jaooga jgg| c}a|gg cajg Cg}gggC oCaa|@
jgg|}aaa_ Cgaaoaaao| g|gqaa_ gg j|}g|g|g|aa
jaoog@ag _@jj @}j|ggq|a}a. Cj_jaoaa o}qCgo
aa_ag _ag jaooga|o g_ g|}gg} _@qoaC @_ggg.

@gg Cao gaQ ao Cog|a}a| g_ j|}oaa caaCqa|o,
_q}a_ag _}j - _g g _oog go o|aao jgg| _qjjaa
_qqqaag Cg}ag. q}oag Cg}ag. @aCq, gqCqa_q_ g
@qggag g_ q}oagag gjgg| Cog jaa jaaaaa aag c_g
@}j|ggq|a}a. gg|jjaa gC}ajj| Cgoa|o|_gg _aagag
jaoog@ag qgg jgg|}aaa}a _qgg gg, gaaoaaq aogg
Coaa.

g_ gaaag g_ aag Coao@qa}a. @eq.jga }qogag g_ga
ja}ggq|Q, _C}j|}a _qjQ aao| _q}a aee|o
jQq|Cgagao, _aagag _C}j|}a g _q}a|a _@gaj
j|ggaCaaeQ ggg Cgaa|q|Q. o}gg|} aaogg|o|_gCg j|}oaaa
aqa|gg q_jq}aCjao, _C}j|}a|a jaa oa}j cQgg jaa
jaaaa caCaaaCqa c_g|g g| _@jj|q|Qqa}a. _g j|}a}g
@a|q|Q.

_Cg g|_j}a gga _oog _Qgg qa} c_g aQa} ojggC
@ooao _g @g} g|ao cQggj joao @|ag.

ea caaCqagao, j|}oaa|a @e|Cq} _q}a a_ag
Cg}gg|_aaq|oao. o}gg|} aao Cgaa| gggq_ @}eQ
@aa|a Cag@ag _qjja caaCqag Cao gaqa_agg
Cg}Cq Cg}ag. _g}a g_ aaogg|o aqjjq_aa|ga}a caa|g
_@gaj _aagg gC}ajj|}a_ag cjCjag eQ. Caagao,
gC}ajj| Cgoagaa _g}aaa aqjjQgg||_aa|aga. _g
gC}oao qa} _q}ag _} o}gg|}gg|a o|o _gg|aa.
@aCq, _g @g} g|ao cQaa _gg g_ aa}eC _q}a_agj
Cjagaagaa @_gg|_aa|gg.

@aao, oaaogg|o jaooga aa|a c_oo|j Cja}agagj ja}aa
Cg}Qaa|o, _g}a g gegag agg|aCaaeQ CaaQCaao}aaa
ag|q|a}aCa cag ogg|o _q}a_agg Cgaag||_aa|gg.

ea|o, a_ gegag agg|aCaaq|oao. geggag @ggg
ojggC @oao. _g}a, _}ja|a g|oaa _ja}ggg|ogaa
j|}oaa Cgaga|gg. g|oqa|a Cgaggq|aajj aaogg|o|_gg @g
ga _ ga CaaeQ _gaa}aa| q_a|g q|q. @g}qgg
_C}j|}aa _aa| aqjjg _q}a_ago aojaa @_gg
aa}eggao, gaao g}, g|a ja}aaao jaooga g_qag
@aa|}|gga}a. _}ja|aC ggga @ooag aa}eggao g_|gg
g}o|o @oC}ao cg|}aagqq|oao. gg qa} qgg oCaag} _}j
Cgoa , a|aggqa} oaj cag Cgga aa}a aaoaaq
@_aCaa_ jaa g Cjag g|aaq|_aaoa.

1948 - gggg|aCjaCg, Cga}@ ca|jg gag oajaaa a|agg
jaooga| g|ojj}jaj jaooga| _C}j|}a|C g|_jj|aCaaQgg,
aggg|}j jaoogaa _qaaa| _|gg|_jja}aCaaao, _q}a|a
aggg|}ggagj jagaaqo}aaa g|ag|_jja}aCaaao, @ggaa @}
j|}oaa q}gg|_aagqag.

eQ gg Cog @ggg g|oaa @oC}o aaaCaaej|gg gaa
@ggaa q|qaa}a_ gQj|qgga.

@Cgooa gC}ajj| qaagg Cg}q|oao. @aCq, @qggag
c_g|, ggj| gaa C@ ggjj @}j|gga}a.

@g|o @oo}aa q|q, gC}ajj| aa_agg Cg}ag
o}gg|}aa _gga aaoagg|o _C}aa qa cQggo Coaaag
cajggaa. @eq.jga }qoa|o }aaa jaooga|a
gggaga Caaoojjg|o Caag|ggjCjaa _C}aaj jgg|}aaa_
Cgaaoaaao|a_ _ggo Cog|a_ag gaa| @ CaaQggj
j|}a}ggCgaQ Qooao, _C}aa _}a @oC}aoa aeqggj
Cjo, gqqaaa cQaa a aQaaa qgjggg|a.

ggg ojqaag Cgagggj ja}agCjag j|aq_ gqa_ag ga
qgg Co}Cqeq|_aa|gg.

jaooga Cja}a| @aaaC oag|aa gqag joqgag @gg aa
c_oo| }qoa_ _ga Cga}oo|aa aoq}a_ oag|gga.
jaooga j|}oaa gg|gg o}qCgo aqag _aaag eaa @gg
@eq.jgagaa @}ja aa}eaag. jaooga q|qgag g.ga.
|aggq|}aa aqa|aa j|aaao j|.co.g.ag g.ga.q|o ja}aqa}
_ggog _|aa @ggaa aggaa aa}e.

_aajaagg _}j Cgoa|a Cga}Cja, gggagjCja @ooao,
jaooga| _C}j|}a gaaaaCq qg|ggg|, gaCaQggo Coag
@gg |ajCj} c_oo| }qoa, _}o|aog gaeq _@gajgga
j|}oaaaj ja}aa qg| Coga.

_gqa} ogg}jj a|aagCjaCgooa jaooga| _C}j|}aa
"Sout h Syr i ans" cag o|}aq|a gqaaaa gaa|aoj jQgg|C
Cjo|qgg @oC}o|a gg}gga oa aaao ggg|@aa
g|}aa}aajjQ, jaooga|}a|a a _aa ggaajjQggjjQ
_q}a_aaaa g|a cag Cjo qg|qgggg.

@gg @eq.jgaagj j|gg ogg gjgqagjqaaj joCqg
gC}ajj| Cgoa|a _}aa j|.co.g.ag g|.a| cag a_aaaao
CoaoojjQ "jaooga|a _gga}q" caa|g _}ja|a @o|aga
g_ag CqCa g|g|gq| Co @}j|gga. gjg _C}aa
_}a, gag q|_jjggag} Cgagaaa @oC}o| _}aag ajj
g|jggaaaa |}oaa gaaqgg q|gg|o j|aa aa}aag
Cgaa|g. gg|jjaa c_oo|j Cj}e||a g_ gg|jj| g|agg|o
jg|aag qgagj 169 _C}j|a gggaga Caggaa @oC}o|a
aaqogag|a}ao Caaoojjag _Qgg, _C}aa aa
_ggaa g _}o|a @oC}o| @g} g|aoa cg|}gga aea
Cg}q|aa @}j|gga. Cqg qg||ooao _C}aa _}a @g Cga}jaa
@oC}aoa aeqggga Qooao, g_ o|o gq|aag ga
g|gggCqeqq_ cag coo}aaa Cogg.

@oC}o _}o|a g|g| @ga} ae|oaa jag|aajj @}j|ggg. g_
q_ aaogg|o aa} 660 |oo|a ao} ggg| @gaao Cag
cag Cja @.j @oC}o _g|aaa _|gga aoq}gqg. @ggj
Cja}aa|aao @oC}o|a aggoa q_aa aggaa g|agCjaag.

_gqa} _C}j|}a|a _aaggj Cja}aaa gq|}qago
Cooaaa QC Coaoo|qgg @oC}o| _}aag @eq.jga c_oo|j
Cj}e|aa caa Coaoo| q_e|jjg cag Cg}ao Cjaag. Cgogg|a
gQCagg aa_ aoggCaa_ Cj}e|aa cjjqg gq|}qago
Cooaa gaa|aojjQgg gq? _g o}qCgo qa g_qg
_jCjag jaooga|o gqCaaeq_ggg cajag aqagg|o
CaaCqeQ.

@eq.jga gaCjggaCaaeq_gg aaogg|Coooa ao} _}a.jgg
j|.co.g.q|a |agaa|g gaoq}a_ ga|q|aq|o _ag| _ggog|o
qagggCaaeq_gga}a. (_gggga Caagoaao Cojaaa|@
_a|_gg g}ggjjQ o|}aq|@ ggoagg qaggg
Caaeq_gga}a.) jaooga|o @_aagqag _}o|o Cg_aaq
_q}a_ag @_ggg. Cq|gaqo @_ggjqgaa jaooga|j
j|}oaaa_agg g} CgqaCaaeq_gga}a. @eq.jgaq|a aggaa
Cqgg|gaa _q}a eQ gaa g|_j qg|Caao|g. _gaqg
goCoa gjjggggaaaa @}jC @gg aa c_oo|j Cj}e|a_
_qgg|a q|aa_gaa. goCoa gjjggggaaaa oagg|a Cg}
@}j|gg j|gggaa j|.co.g.q|a} jaooga g|_j gqggg.

_Cgaa goCoa gjjgg? _Qggj ja}aaCqeqg _ggaa.

gag|. ggg }jCja}} 26 @ao, 2006



80 goCoa gjjgg

g|oCooa }gg - ja. }aaqa

j|.co.g. Cjaag aCj_ Cja}a| @aaa|a gaoq}a
jaooga|CoC @_ggjq Cja}aaa gggqg cajg ogg
@oag aa}. g} @aagag qg| gggqg cajg @ggaaeaaaa
o|aaoaa Caaeg. ggo|o Cja}a|a_agj Cja}jj|go| _|aa
CqeQ. _ggg Coa}aa @, qog|a, e, Cjag| @aa,
jagaajj |a _qo|. @qgagq| gaa|, je. _jjg _}a
@g}. gagg @gj j}agga_aaaa qog|a.

@ga _Qggaa, _}o|o g}a_aaaa @Coaoaaaa
CgCaaqg, Cjoaqa}gaga_aaaa agaag g|gaaj ja}jjg.
ea|CoC _g|o q|_jj|_agaaao gaoq}a_ag
q|QaCaaQag ajaq @_ggaa CqeQ. q|}oaa_ag _goag
jagq CqeQ. gega Cgaaa|o Cgoggag aa_ag gaa
eaqggaaaa Caaaaa|o o|g aggoa CogCaag
gaaag. cooaqgaga aaq@ agogg ajjaaa g|}gg}aa
@_aaCqeQ.

@Cgooa _aaq_ag j}aqaq _oo. j} caga@
g_aaj j}qg oagg||oao.

jaooga|o qo|aa gqag j|.co.g.q|a_ag Cojaa@ o|}a
Qa|q _}o|o _aaaog @g} _|gg, _q}a aggg|}aao
Cooj qg| CogCaaQggg|o Cj} @oo} g|oao. @aao,
_}a.jg gggaga aaq@ _}o|o g}q|ogaa gag _g|a gj|aaa
@_aa|gg cajagg Cgaaa ggo Cq|jjaaag Cg}q|aaaCoC
@_ggq|g|ogaa, Caago j|}oaaaa|q|g.

_}o|o g}aaaa aga cjCjag g|ggCg @_aa|aga cag
qaqa}gag|o Coao@qg Cj}q|qoo. _ag _q} Cgaaa
ggCo Cogqgg|_aa|ga} cagCjag, j|}gaaaa g_ Cja}a|aaCq
_aa aaejjq}, @oC}o| _g|aa}a_@
_aoo}a_@ Cjoaqa}gaga|@ _qqjCjag
=QjQqgg|_aa|ga} cajg jo_ag q|jj|ag q|qaaCq
@_ggg.

gq|}, gaCj ja}ggg Cjao _}a.jgg o}, _q}g _o.jgga
_ajj o}, @}j ggCo Coaqo|ogg|o gj|aaa Caae
gaoq_ @aagaaCq _aa aaejjQ qggag @Ca
aqagg|o CaaCqeQ. g_Cjag ggag gaa|ggg| _}a.jg
gg CgCaaeg|oao.

_q}q|o Cg|qaaCq @_gg|_aa|ga} cagCjag, jaooga|
_C}j|}a_ag _}a.jgg|a _}o|o _qqqaaj j}q|oao cajg,
Cgae@ga|a Cgaaagg|ogaa Cg}qggg.

_}a.jg Qa|q|o @_gg aaogg|o joCqg ogg}jja|o @oC}o|
_g|aa}a_a }ao|j Cjoaqa}gaga ggg||_jjgaag Cg}a|gg.
@qgg|o cg gag g_ q|q}a_a Cq|C q}q|oao. g_ jaa
jaooga g_qg @eq.jga c_oo|j Cja}aa ooagag
Cgaaa|j CjaaCaaeq_aa, gjg @oC}o| _g|aa}a_a _}o|o
g}aaaa Cjoaqa}gag cajagj jaooga|}aao j}ggCaa
gqq|oao.

gagaao|ag g}a|a qg|C g|}gg}g g}aq Cgaaa| ga}qg caa|g
o|ggagggg|o, _}a.jggag gj|aaa eQ. _q}g CajCjoa
qqCaaa @ag gaga a|aaa|aga. @aC}aqaa "g|aag g|aag
g|aag" cag aa }gg|a Caaq|Q _gg _}a.jgagggaa
jaooga| _C}j|}a_agg Cg}. _gg gCqaggag
@jQggaa _q}a @eq.jgaaq aCj_ Cqgg|Cjgg
Cja}aaa @aa|aa}a.

_g|a jqjjg|q|ooag, gaoqa caa Coaaaa@ aQjjaq
_gg aa_ag, _}a.jgg|a @gg _}o|o g}aq Cgaaa| @}j
ggo|a ggo|o j}ao Cjaag|o q|jj|oao. gjjaaa|a QC
_}a.jgagj ja}ggq}a _q}a. @o|q @ao gjjaaa|
aaaCaaagaa cQggaCaaeQ g.ga.agj Cjaa _}a.jg, _q}a_ag
|a jg|q}.

_gaaogaa, @eq.jgaq|a q|aqaa _qaa goCoa gjjgg,
jaooga| _C}j|}a_ag |ajCj} _g|}oo|a
_qgj|aaaa gggg. _qgj|aaa cagao, _}a.jgg|a gaa
_qgj|aaa. a|gg o}jag| jaooga|}a @gg _qgj|aaaag
@ja}a cajg gaa gqag ea. _ae jaoogagg|a
gC} Cj} gaoq}aa _qa}a agjaa Cogja}ggqgg aa_ag,
_qa} g_ ga|o|jao|q Co}aaa g|aaggj ja}jjg|o g|ag
oaa @_gga. _agq|, cCa _}a.jg q|aoCjaq|QqaC}a
caa|g j _g|a @_ggg. _q_ @ooaq|ao ga_ag q|q
g caa|g aqao. jaooga|o Qoo. oa g_qg|@ qo|ggqgg
goo| ogagg|a_ag _qagg|o @gg j @_aaggaa Cogg.

@gg q|q}a|a j|aae||o, ga goCoa gjjggggag gagqg
o}aa @_ag.

@aagag @oaa _}aag q|Qgaoj jo|a_ag @a|o o}o
Cjo| gaqg goog Cogaqaa gqa cag ja}aa|g ga}Cq,
_aagag @oC}@ag jaoog@ag @a|o @jjqaaCga_
_ag| ggo|a CgCaaeg. @aao @aagagj Cjao, _ag
ggg @gg ggo|a, Cq|jjaaa ggo|aaa @oao. agaa,
Qa|q|aq|o @_gg ao} _}a.jggag @oC}o| _g|aa}a_ag
ggg Cjoaqa}gaga a j} }ao|aaCq gaCjgga. @ggg
ga}Cq Q aa}eoo. gC}oao qa} _C}aaa aa}e.

1989-90_a|o|_gCg j|.co.g. @oC}o| _}a }ao|j Cjoaa|o
=QjQqgg|_aa|aga. g} _ag|aaaa oagg| @_aa|gg cajg
Cg}qggCjag, goCoa gjjggggaaaa je|a|o @ga
@}j|gga}a. goCoa cajg ga}Cqq|a gaoga}. _Ca @gg
gjjgg aaC_ggaagao _ggj Cj} qggq|g. _qqgaa.

ggo|o @gg gjjgggg|o aaC_gg|, _}a.jg ga}Cqagj
Cjaaq|oao. _q} _jCjag _C}aaaq|o @_gga}. _C}aa
_g|aa}a_@ g.ga.q|a _g|aa}a_@ Cjoaqa}gag
ggg|aCaaeq_gga}. g|}gg}g g} cajg aqaao oagg||ooag
aa}eggao, o|o gagaao|ag g}aa @_g}jjag Cjagqaa _C}aa
_g|j} j|o a|ea gaaqgga}.

g_ jaa ao} _}a.jg _Ca Cjo|aCaaeq_gg _Cg o, _Ca
Cjojj g}a, g} gjjggaa c_gjjQ ga}Cq|a gaoga}
goCoaq|o aaC_ggaag. j|.co.g.q|a oa}j|o _ag g}aa|
cajq_, @oC}o _}o|a oa}j|o _ga Cq|gg gag _aoo}
q|Caa Cj}o aaC_gg|a}a.

aqa|aa. o}gg|} gaa|ggq qagg @gg gjjgg, }ao|aaCq
Cojjg. ogag _g|q|aajjq|oao. 1998- @eQ @ao
19 _ag @g gggg.

gjjgg cag CojjCg gq|}, jaooga|}a @gaa cjjq
gja}a caa|g ogCga _}a.jggag @_gg|_aa|gg. _gaaogaa,
ja|}aaa gjjgggag _q}aao CgCaa gqq|oao. @aao,
@Cgooa gqaqaa|g q|qoo caa|g aa}egg|aao o}aa cC
g|aa|o (@ao 27) Cq|qggq|g. jgg|}aaa cjjqCa
Cajj j|qgg Cog| Cq||Qq|a.

ggo|o _}a.jgg @oC}o| _g|aa}a_ Cao|gga}a. _jjqCa_
gjjgg gaaCq @oao cag Coaoo|q|Qqga? _oog, @a
gggg cag eaa gjjaCaaqga?

@ggaa ggjj. @aao ga}Cq _}a, @ggg Co gq agaa
Cqea cag Coaoo|, gjjgg aaC_ggaag eagaa cag
ja|}aaa _g|q|ggg.

jaooga|}a Qoo. gQCagg oaC q|jja ja}gg
ojq @g. @eaeQ aaoaaj jaooga|}a|a
q|Qgaoaaaaggaa ao} _}a.jg Cja}aQa|ga}. _q}a_aaaaggaa
@oC}o| _g|aa}a_a Cjoaqa}gag ggg|, g} gjjgg qa}
Cja|_aa|ga}. _jjq @_aaa|o, _ag a }ao|aao
CoCqeQ? aa gg||CoC Cog|_aaoaC?

cagao, aa}e @ooao @oao. g|gaaaaj ja}aaoa. q|q
Cq|C Cg}ggq|g Cqg qg||ooao gjjaCaaCqeqgaag
cag ja}gCgaooqa?

o}gg|} gaa|ggq qagg @gg gjjgggag, gagjjq ja|}aaa
eQ g_ gag Cogaogaa o}aa @_ag cag _C}aa _g|j}
j|o a|ea Coaaaa}.

@aCq, aaC_ggaa|q| gjjgg eQ g_ gag qaq|@ag
cQggo CooojjQ ja|}aaa, qaq|a q|aga_ag cg|C} eQ
aaC_ggaag. @gag @oC}o j|}g} @oaa }aj|@ ao}
_}a.jggC j|o a|ea gaa|ao|o aaC_ggj Cjaa}a.

@jjqCa_ gjjgggag g|agCqgg|ggaaa _g}a, }aj|aaj
j_g|qa}g @gg|, qQag _@jj|aqgga}a. _C}j|}a, ao}
_}a.jgag ogCgagga ja}aa @}j|gga}a.

a_agC ogCgaq g}ag _gg gjjgggg|o _jjq caagaa
@_aa|gg? ja}aaoa.

Decl ar at i on of Pr i nci pl es cag gaojj|jjQ g_ Caaaaj
j|}aaaa Cq||jj @gg gjjgg, Cagg jg|Ca_
j|}aa gaag j|aa|aejjaa Caaeg.

"jaooga aa gg gC} gaoq}aa ao} _}a.jgagggaa
a_ga|ga}a. @aCq, _q_a CogCaajjQ @gg gjjgg,
gQCagg jaooga|}a_@ CogCaa_ gjjggaaa
a_gjjQ" caa|g _g|q|jja @}jag @gg gjjgggg|a
oa}CaaCqagao, j|.co.g.ag @oC}o| _}a o|o @a|o
gaaao| Co }aa qgg cajggaa.

gaaao| caa|g jg, ogCg a|_a|_jj g}oa. ea|o g_
ga}ao| _oog aga}ao|a g|}qa|jjg Cjaag _g|aa}gagggaa
@oC}o _g|o _|gg|_ggg. aaoa gg Cgga aa}|@
Cg}aCaa ga}aa @o| Co _g|aa} _C}j|}a|
_|aajjQ. "jaooga|a _gga}q" caa|g @o|ag _ajj|a
go _q}a _ggj jgg|aa g|}qa|aa CqeQ. ao} _}a.jg
ggo|o jaoog@ag g_ gag "qggCjaa" _@g|aajjQqa}. j|gg
_q} _Ca gqCj} gjaQ CojjQ. j|.co.g.q|a Cga}a
a|a|o gjj|a}aaa @_ag o|o @g Cja}a|a Cgga aa}j
jgg| ga}aa Cg}aCaaag qgg ga}a aaqo je|a CgCaa
_@g|aajjQqa}a. (_gaqg _} Cjaoo.) jagaajj, aaaga},
aoq|, gjao gag @a| gaga jaooga|a _ga}qao
g|}qa|aajjQ. @oC}o| }a@q _ggj jgg|a|o|_gg Caago
Caagoaa q|oaa|aCaajjQ. @aao, aqaa _g gaaag.
"gaaao| _g|aa} Cjgg @a" cag Coaoojja@ _ggj
jgg||o g|oaa g} @ga}aa aQjjQgg _g|aa}
@oC}o _}o|gaa @_ag. gQCagg jagaajjj Cjagjj gg
Cq| q|qaa}g gagj Cjagjj @a|aq @oC}aoo Co}ggCg.

agg| qaaa _qo|C @oao. @}eQ ga}aa g_ ga}ao|g
gaoq}Cjao ao} _}a.jg @oa. _qqgaa. @gggggaa
ga}Cq gaaa. _C}aa @g}. }ao|j Cjoaaa cooa.

_go}. jg|@ag j|.co.g. _q}a_ago CojCjaqg caa?

gag|. ggg }jCja}} 28 @ao, 2006




81 jaooga|a _gga}q ao} _}a.jg

g|oCooa }gg - ja. }aaqa

goCoa gjjggjjq aaoaaq Cg}aCaaaq ggo|o g} gggaeQ
aaoggag g|}qa|ag Cjagjj, _C}j|}a_aga a|aag. gaaao|
_g|aa} caa|g Cj}o _g q_e|aajja@, @oC}o|a
@_aaag j g_ g|ojj}jj|a ggg|o @o|a}aaa
_C}j|}a @_aaoa, @aoa. jg|@ag ao} _}a.jg caa
CoCqeQ?

@g|ogaa _g}a|a gag| Cq|jjg. j|.co.g.aq _C}j|}a|a
gC} _}o|o gaaag gaa ggaCaaqgaa, _gajq ao}
_}a.jgag jaooga| _C}j|}a|a gC} gaoq}aag gaa
_aa}jjgaa, goCoa gjjgggagCaq _C}aaaq|o aqgg
_}a.jgg| Coaaaa}, @oC}o|j j|}g} @oaa }aj|a. @ga
agga _}gg caaCqagao @ao, @ooa|a g|aag |
_ggaa gqag @aaaa @oC}o| _}a ggg|@aa
gg|ggaa q|_ja|gg cajg, _ggg j|.co.g. gq| CoCqeQ
cajgag.

gCaaCq @aao aqgg j|.co.g.aq gg|aa ggo| Cog, _gg
ggo||o Cgaggq}a @oC}o|}a. @jCjag j|.co.g.aq g}
_}o|o @aaaa _aa}gg _q}aaa CaaeQ @ao |
gqag @aaaa gg|aa q|_j|aa}, @oC}o|j j|}g}.
_ggaaaggaa _g}aC a_ cg|}ja}ag qaa|o aaoa gg
Cg}aCaa @o| _g|aa}gag ao} _}a.jggag q|QaCaaQaa
gaqgga}.

@ggg cjjq _}a.jg gjjaCaaoa cajggaa jaooga|
_C}j|}a|a Caq|. @gaa gaaqggggaa _}a.jg @oC}o|
_C}aa ggoo||o q|_gg, q|ao Cjaq|a} cag Cjo
@}j|gga}a.

ea|o goCoa gjjggggag _}a.jg gjjaCaaeggg Cqg o|o
g@aaaa aa}ea eQ.

gaaao| _g|aa} g}ggag qgajjQa|gCgagao, _gg @gg|a
q}oo|j je|a_aCaag ga|C g|g| ggaa|aaCqeQ. @oC}o
_}agaa _ago Cogg}CqeQ. _ggq|}, @o| _g|aa} aaag
qgga gag gqaq _oCgoa| CaQ g|g|gq| Cjgg
_qjja qog|aaa ae|oaa CjQggoa. aaoa, Cg}aCaa
jgg|a|o jaooga|a _gga}q @o|aag jogg|o, |aagga|
aaogg|o _ggj jgg|aa o|gjjaa CjQgg| _aaggg gaga|@
q}oo|g g|a_ag qg|Co jogg|o o}qCgo _}a|o
aqaa aqa Cjg gq. _ag aqgCg jaooga q|Qgaoa
g}gjjQggoa.

@ggaa _}a.jgg|a g|. @agCooa @oC}@ Cao|aaao
@oao. @aa@ _q}a_ag _}a.jgg|a qa|o|_gg g_ Coao
q}Cqeq|_ggg. '@oC}ao _aa}aa|Cga' cag j|.co.g.q|a
oa}j|o _q} g_qa}gag Coaoo|q|ao _g |ajCj} o}gg|}
gaa|ggq qagg ojqaa|q|Q. cgg _}j Cgog _gaag
@oC}ao _aa}aaao @_gg g|ao|o, jaooga q|Qgao @aag
gaoqC} _ag gaCag| CqeQCajggaa @oC}o|a q|_jj.

_ggCaooa _q} gjjaCaa_ jogg|o CgCoaaa aaoa gg
Cg}aCaa jgg|a_agg gaaao| _g|aa} cag g_ o|g
C}aqggea qo|g @oC}o.

_}a.jg @gg qao|o q|_gga}.

aaoa jgg| g|}qaagag jaooga|a _gga}q| gjjajjag gq
2.7 j|oo|a ao} jegag @oC}o g}q|_aa|gg cag c_g|g g_
j|}jo _}j g|ao}j jgg|}aa. _g|aa}_}qaa @gg cee|aaa gg|gg,
@_ g}jj gaa|og}a_ gaqo g Cq||q|oao cagCjag,
gaojjo Cog|aa Cq||jj @ggg Cgaaa jgg| gjj g
Cq|q}q|oao cajag aqa|aa CqeQ. @ggq|} Cgga aa}
ga}aa Cg}aCaaaaaag ga|C 800 |oo|a ao} Cgaaaa
ggaa gjjaCaaeq_jjgaao Cog| Cq|aag.

2.7 j|oo|a, 800 |oo|a cajCgooa |ajCj} Cgaaa.
_C}j|}a_aaaa @ggg Cgaaaa @oC}o ggaga|gg cajg gjCq
gqag ea. @ggaa Cj} Cgaaa ggaajjQa|gCgagao, _q}a
g}jjag Cga Cj}gaa oaj @ooaoa Coqa}a?

@ggo ogCgagaa jaooga| _C}j|}a_ag Cja}a|
@aaa_ag CCoaa| @_gga. _}a.jg cjjq @oC}o|a
g|jggaaa_agj je|oa? Caqo @}eQ ga}a|a @o|
_g|aa}gagj Cjgqggaaaqa @ggaa @eQaaaj
Cja}aqaCaaeq_aa|Cga? cagao, _C}j|}a|a _ae jaooga
aa _qqgaaa?

Caaj. aQ Caaj. ggg|a ggg|g ge|ggCaaeq_gga}a.
_}a.jgag _q}aao ggg|@ g|}aa}aa gqq|oao. _q}g @gg
gjjgggag gjjaCaa gqq|oao. _}a.jg, @oC}o| _}o|
je qaa|aCaaeQ _C}j|}aa agg|q|a} cag o o|o
g}jj|a} |aa aaaa q|}o|aa @}j|gga}a.

@aao @g _qjja|ooag ogCga. _}a.jgg|a Cgaaa, @ggg
gagaao|a gjaqaaoaqg jaooga aa|a g} gaaaa Caago
g|g| a|aagC cajggaa. @oC}o ggag g|g| Qoo. cooa
goojqaa ggg, aaoa, Cg}aCaa jgg||a g|}qaa jaooga
_gga}q qo qggq|Qa|g jogg|o, gjjgggg|o g||_ggjq @oC}o
caa|g Cgogag ao} _}a.jg _aa}ag jogg|o, joCqg _}j
Cgoa_ _C}aaa oaaeqCgq|a _}aa o|o jaoog@ag
g|aga a@gq| Coqggaaa oagg|a |ag Cg|qaag Cg}gga.

aoq|, Cqao qajj, _qjja qagaaag g} cag _aagg
_oa|@ |a j|aga||_gg jaooga _C}j|}a|a qagq|o
g_ go}oo| eaaa, @g g_ o}aa ogg}jjaa @_ag cag
_}a.jg g|aagga}. _gaaogaa @ga|qgg @oC}@a aag@aa
@oC}ao _aa}aa g gaC}ag _g|q|gga}.

g_ Cja}a| @jjqo Coqago oa|aagqao @_aaoa. @aao
aa goa|o _aaag Caae g} _}o|oqag| Coqgaa Cao|ggj
ja}ggao _}a.jg Cogg|o cggg gqg @oao caa|g gqag
q}Cqeq|_ag. _q} gaaa ggaaaa g_ Cja}a|aa
gaa|ggg|qggggaa @Ca j|}oaaaa|q|g. Cja Cja
@oC}@a cjjq _}a.jg aag@aaoa caa|g Caajgaa, _qa}
g} goqag|aaj Cjo, c_g aqag _ag _C}j|}aaa
Caajgg|a oo|aga CaaeQCjaag.

ea|o _}a.jg go Coga} cajggg @agqa} a}a@
q@qaa @ga}aaa aagqq|oao. o|o ogCgaa @_gga.
_aa @_gga. g@g@jja @_gga. }aaa a_gg
CqgjaQa_ aaaojja_ @_gga. jaooga|a _gga}q
@o| _g|aa}gaga aajjgg|, _}a.jg _ga gaoq}aag
Cg}gCgQaajjQ @_ ga}a|a @o|j je|aa CgCaaeCjag,
_aaggj jegag ga aQjjaQagCC aqggaCaaea},
aeag qgag q|qaa}a|o Cq|jjaaa _@ggag @oao
caCgooa gag Coaaaa}a. _q} g_ o}qag|aa}Cjao
gggCaaa|ga} cag Coaaaa}a. @aao a}a@ cag
@e|gg}aa g|_j|aa gqq|oao cajag aqa|aa CqeQ.

@aao @qggao QC _}a.jg Cogg g_ g|a cag
@a|q|ag. jo ooaaeaaaa jaooga| _C}j|}a 1948
gggagg Cga}gg, _ag|aaa o|}aag Cga}@ag ca|jgag
@aaj|g Cgoa_ag Cja qo|aa Cqeqqggg g|aaq|_ag.
_q}a_aCaooa @_gg gC} gj|aaa, caagaaaqg @ggg gaa
eQ a|aag; _jCjag @ggg qagaaaag g|_jj Cjgoa
cajggaa.

goCoa gjjgggg|ajq _}a.jg gggCaag Cgaa|ga q|a
caaCqa|o, _q}a|a aa ga}ggCjaag. @oC}ogaa _g|aa}g
Cgo. jaooga _gga}q cajg, @oC}o|a Coaeaaga
aQjj g} ao| _ajj. ga|ao| _g|aa} cag
Coaoojja@, cgga aegg|@ @oC}o _ag }gg Co
ggg|ag Cga}gg gaaaqggaCaaeq_aa|gg. C@
jaooga|}a|a gC} gj|aaa gogg|}aa j|.co.g., @oC}o|a
@ggg g|ggag gjjaCaaeQ Cooj @}j|ggq|g,
jaooga|}a|a aggg|} gaagagg ge|aaaq @aa cag Cqg
cgC @ooao @a|q|g. @aaog gq|}qag @aa cag
ggg|a} ggg|q|a}a. _q}a geQaqaaoaC gq|}, @oC}@ag
cg|}aa g_ g_ gg ggg gqa cajg ogCgaC. _jjqC
ggg|aa@ cgg Cgog gq|ag q}ag. g_ gq|}qag @aaggag
a} gq| Co q_qa}a?

@a, Cgaaa cggaa }qaagaaCq @_gga@, _}a.jg @oC}o|a
qao|o q|_ggg ea cagaa|q|g. @oC}ao _q}
_aa}aa Cogq|a}. @gggCo cgg gagag aqggaCaaeQ
@eq.jgaaqg Cga_qg?

@aCaa_ q|qgag CoaooCqeQ. @eq.jga aa|}aa
gaCjgg qgg aaogg|o Cagg aa} jg|aaaaa|} _C}j|}aa
@oC}o|a aaqogag o|agjj|qgg _agg aqgg|_ggg. goCoa
gjjggjjq _C}j|}a|a gaaao| }aa _q}a _aa}jjg
eaCagao, go@gq|a _aaaa ggo|o _q}aa q|Qq|jjg
gg|ggooqa Cjo||_aaCqeQ?

@aao _ggj jg|aaaaa|} Cj}a ag| caaCqag aao|qa}
CoaooCq @oao. _}a.jgg _g gg|gga Caq| c_jjq|oao
cajg |a gggoaaCq @_ggqggg.

Cojj} 9, 1998 _ag _}a.jg g_ jgg|}aao Cog| Cq||a}.
@oC}ao _aa}gg Cq||jj ggo _g|aaa _g. gQCagg
jaooga|}a_ aggag ggg|a ggg|g ge|gga}a. @gaag
Cga}gggaa Cojj} 18- Cgg| qaq|a ga}o j|o a|ea
gaa|ao|o gjjgg aaC_ggaag. aaoaaq Cggaaa}|a o|o
jgg|aa jaooga|a _gga}q| gjjajjgaa @oC}o|j
j|}g} _g|q|gga}. aqaa jaooga|a _gga}q|a gaoq}aa
ao} _}a.jg j|.co.g.q|a}ao Cg}gCgQaajja}. }ooaq|o
@_ggjq _q} @o| j}qa} cag _g|q|aajjg.

g_ o|o jaooga|a _gga}q gaa|og}a, @gg _ag|
ajqaaa, gega Cgaaa|o joa g}ggaag cag jaa jaaaaj
Cjo| c_g| qggCjag, Cj_jaoaa j|.co.g.q|a @}ea
g|aog gaoq}a_aCa @gg gjaQ j|qaaq|oao cajg |a
Cq|jjaaag Cg}ggg. gjjgg gqqaaCaC j|.co.g.q|a
Cogg_ gjj|a}aaa @gg ga}q|q cajq_ qa.j|a _o
C@ cajq_ gg Cjagjjaa }ag|aaa Coqgaa
_g|q|gga}a. _q}aag Cga}gg Cqg o|o gaa| j|.co.g.
gaoq}a_ q|a}q|o }ag|aaa Coq|_jjgaaj j}j}jjaaj
Cjojjg.

}ag|aaa Cog @gg, g_ jgg|}aaa} ogg|jj|o '_}a.jg |a
gaa|oaoaa gggCaaa|ga}. jaoog@aaaa ggaajj g|g|a _q}
aaa_ q|g _oogQq|ggg|o @_aa|gg. a}a@C aeaga
Caa gqq|oao, cg Cq|jjaaa @oao' cag
Coaaaa}.

@o| _g|aa} aaag qgg gaeC g|g| q|qaa}a|o gggooaQ
c_ggg|o _}a.jg |a a aggCjaaa}. Cj_jaoaa
jaooga|}a_ag @gg gjaC j|qaaq|oao cajg|@ _q_ag
q_gggaa. _ag||a Cgaaaaa goCoa gjjgggag _q}
a_g|aa}. _ga qg|C cjjqaqg 1967 ggggag gaa},
jaooga| _C}j|}a_aCaag @_gg g|ojj}jaj g_qgaa Q,
g_ aggg|} jaoogaa g|gqCg _q}g aaqaa @_ggg.

_agCooa a_ Cja_jQggg ga}aa @oao. gaqo
_}a.jgg|a Cooqaag ae|oaao o}g Cgaa| _Cg o,
_ag|aaaa Cgajo j}ao _q} q|Caa Cj}o gg @oaa
}aj|@a ja|}ggCaaqa} cag oqqq _a| _g|q|ggg.

@g gggg 1994- @eQ. jaooga|}a @a@ Caaj
Caaea}a. g|aoa C@ Caoaaggaa @}j|ggg.

gag|. ggg }jCja}} 1 Cojj}, 2006



82 _aagag ao} q|agggggaa..

g|oCooa }gg - ja. }aaqa

@oC}@a _ag|j Cjoa. gg cgg _}j Cgog Co
gaq}agqaa|o @oC}ao _aa}jjg. _C}aaaq|o Cja
aa}ggCaaeQ @oC}o| _g|aa}a_a gjjggggaaaa _}qaa
gjaQa Cogg. ga}Cq|o _ag| gjjgg. eQ _C}aaaq|o
_ag gg|jjQggqg. @Cgooa ggg gqggCaC _ag|aaaa
Cgajo j}a. _ag @oC}o|}a @}eQ Cj_a ja|}ggCaaeg.

caa @Cgooa? Coqg a}? ao} _}a.jgga? jaooga|
_C}j|}a|a gC} gj|aaa gogg|} cag q_e|aajjq}a?
cjjq _q}ao @jjqCa_ _}o|o ga Caa gqggg? cgaao
_q} @jjq ag|jCjaaa}? @oC}o a|aaQ, _C}aaaa cjjq
_q}ao Cgaga Caa gqggg? a @gaao Coga}? g_ g|aag
Cja}a| Coaqaqa @Cgooa?

@ggaa jaooga|}a_agj j}q|oao. @ga aa}eaaggaa
_}a.jgag _q}a aQaaa cg|}aa, aejq Cjo
@}j|gga}a. _}.jagg|a @gg gqqaaaaa ogaao cag
q_e|gga}a. 'g_ j}aggaa Cja}a|, q|aoCjaq|a}' cag
Cjo o Cgaa|aa}a.

@aao, ogCg aeaeg g|ggg, ggg _aagag gQg|aoaa
ja}aa gqaaao _}a.jg ogaaq|oao cajg j}. Cog g_
gqgagj j|}aoo|ggaaggaa _q} @qgagCooa Co
gjjaCaaea} cajg j}q_. @agag gaaaaa _ooao
jaooga| _C}j|}a_aaaaggaa _q} Coga} cajg aqagg|o
g.

1991- @eQ gg|a a|gaa|o g_ jo qo|g. jo|a Cj} oga
Coa. =}aaa|a _g|j}. oga Co@ag gagag @|o}a
Caajaq _jjqC @_ggg _jCjag. gg|jjaa, gaQ j|qaa|g
q|qgg|o. =}aagag _ea gaaa gaqgg|a ceCeo Co_a,
_gaao eaa jeoCo_a @a|qggao aq}jj oga,
cjjqaqg gaqgaga aajjgg|q| CqeQCag ga jgq|ag qgg
gaaa g|aaggaCaaeq_gga}. 1991- @eQ _g gggg. o}qCgoo
ogag|o aooa ceCe|a q|ao }qggg gaqgg|a o|o Caaaa
gqagaa aa}e cag oga ggg oaqaa}.

gC} ga. gC} @}. =}aa jaa gaqggag jggga. qo| jo|o
gaqg a@ag ggaagg q|jj. gaqgg|a _}aa @_ggq} |}
j|agaa og| _C}j|aag gqjCjaaa}. @g}qgg @_gg gaqgag
_jjqC cQgg q|_a|, '@a| @ggg Cgo =}aaa|a jgCgaajgaqg
ag|oaa @_ag' cag _g|q|gga} oga Coa.

gqa aaogg|o @jjqCa_ @aa|}|jaj a_C cg|}ja}gg|_aaq|oao.
gQCagg gg|aa|gag _oogg|o @gggg. oga _oo. cCa
gg jajCjaa|gaC}a caa|g aqao. gg|a a|gaaa g_
gC}ajjaqaa, gaaaCa_ @|o}aa a_g|aCaaeQ @aCaa_
oa ggggag qg| Cogq|QqaC}a caa|g j.

@ggo ojqgag gg _}j Cgoaaa aaq@ _C}aaa |ag
goo|aa aqa|gg @}aggg. cjjqaqg gg|aa|gaa|o gag
aaoaa joaa ag|aCaaeQ, ceCej jegg|o ga@ Caag|aa
gqa cag ogg}jj ja}ggaCaaeq_ggg _g. C@ j}ja}aa
ceCe cQag Cgag|o|o @_gg gQjgago Co}gg ga}g qaaa}
jqgaa _jCjag _C}aaaq|a _g|j}aa @a||_gga}.

@aCq, _ggg| gaqgag @aa|}|gg =}aa g aqaa Cja}
_g|q|ggg _C}aaa. gaqg _jCjag, @jCjag, cjCjag
_C}aaaq|a gj gaQ cajag @Ca aqagg|o Caa CqeQ.

g_ jaa _C}aaa Cja} _g|q|aa, @aCaa_ jaa gaa| gaQa
oaj =}aaa|a @gg _gggaoa aQaaa cg|}ggga _ooao
=}aagaaaa o}qCgo gq|a_ag ga Cja gjaQa Co
@}j|ggg. _Cgaaa oa g_qgC ogagag cg|}aag g|}eQ
g|ag Cg} _g.

_jjqCagao oa g_qgC _C}aa @g} g|ao cQggga
cagao @oao. _ggo ogg}jjgg|o gaqgag q|_a| =}aa g g_
o}qCgo Cqgjj gjq_ggg cajg ea. _gg Cqgjaj gaago
oagaaaj jajQgg|aCaa, gaqggag gqag _|jjgago
gg|aa|gaa|o ga@a Cq}aaj j}q| _C}aaa g|
gqg.

@jjqCa_ Cg_aaqaa ogg}jjgg|o, ojggC @ooag jaooga|
q|Qgao @aag _ga gaoq}aa ao} _}a.jgg oga
Co@agg ga @g}aqg Cg}q|gga}a. ao} _}a.jg, oga
Coaao ogg|gg jaajj Cq|aa| o}qCgo qaaqa aoaa|g.
@g, j|.co.g.g oa gaQa_ag @_gg Caagoggo _@gajgag
aggaa qg|ggg gagga a_q|a aq|gggq|g.

oagg|a ja}aq|o _aag Cgg||o j|.co.g.g_ Cja}a|
@aagaa. _}o|o gag CaaeCga_ Cja}a| @aa. @aao
oga Coa cajq} g_ oaggaaaa QC _aa
aaejjQaCaaeq_gg Cg} _g. @aagag _ggg| gaqgg|o
gagggq}, gaa cgg Cgogag CqeQaaa@ _jjq
@aa|}|aaaQ caa|g ogCgagg|o cjjqaqg oga|a Caagag
_aa|aa CqeQ cag _ggaa Cj_C g|aagga}a. gao
gqag g_ aa}gag _C}aaa Co gaq_a|gCgagao, _ggg
gq| Cogqaq|a@ gga| g|ag qg|q|QqCg o|gggg cag
_aaggg gaoq}a_ g|aagga}a.

@gago _C}aaa cjjq o|ojo oajaaj ja}aaao q|ag;
@aagag =}aaa||_gg aajjagg| _|ag gaqgag gaa
_C}aaaCq aja} Coga@ @oo}jjQqgga|oao cajgqa}
gg|aa|gaa|a gaoq}a Cao|ggq|a}a.

@aao, oga Coa caa|g Cjag cg|} ggo|o gg|aajjCqeQ
cag _q}a _ggaa Cj_C a_g|gaogaa Cjoao @_gga}a.

_g _jCjag _C}aa _g|j} jq gggCaae q|ggaga
aqa|a. Cg}qaa _C}aaj jaaa =}aaa|o CaaeQqgg
g|gggao, 'a jaaa =}aa coao|o _e|qggg g|ggga'
cag og| _C}j| _}aaga aa @g _C}aaa.

'@g a j|}oaa; gaa gq| CoQC q_a|Cga' cag
Coaooao Coao@ q|g _g.

_gajq og| _}agaa ga@a }a@qgag ggo ggo|o =}aagag
cg|}aa _e|qggg g|ggg|g. _jjggaa _C}aaj Cja} q|aaa
qgg Co}gg qaa|o qaeCqqaaa aa @}j|gga.

@jjqCa_ @aaaa g_egg|o j|.co.g. gag ga}a @g}aq oga
Co@ag _|ggggg caa aa}e cag a_agC j}q|oao.
ao} _}a.jgg|a Cgaaa q|aq|oao. g_Cqa _q} @jjq
g|aagg|_aaoa. =}aaa|a _g|j} oga Coa, gg|a a|gaa|a g_
Cj} oag|aa q}ggCaaeq_aa|ga}. _C}aaaaqC cg|}ag
_ag _q} qooa @_aa|gg ca@Cjag _q}g gajj
Cjgqg jaooga q|Qgaoag g}gjjQgg gqaQ.

@g g_ aa}e. @aCaa_ aa}e, oCaag} goo| Cgoa,
_aagg g_ gg cag q_Cjag ogaa @g}aaggaa q|_j
cag ao} _}a.jg gjjaaeagj Cjag. Cja Cja
_C}aaaag @g}qaa cgg _}j Cgog @_aaag, @aag cag
_q} aj_}qaa gj|aa}.

_}a.jgg|a _}o|o qagq|o gj aCj_ ogaao @g. go
oa}jgg @aaaag ga@a j|.co.g.aq qg|ggg|q}, =}aa
q|qgg|o goo| Cgoa, _C}aaaaq @g}aaag cag ggag
gaaqgg Cao|ggg q|jCj. _ggo ogaa@aga CaaQgg q|aogaa
jaooga q|Qgao caa|g _q}g ggo|ag gj joaa
j|aaa.

g.ga.Cq aaq|Qq|Q ggg|ao gjg. cgg g_ Cgog _jCjag
_}a.jgg|a g|aaa Cao|aag ga}aa @oao. oa gaQa
_aagg Caqo, ogaaj Cjaa @gg a|g} @g}gga}! cag
__q_jja ja}aag Cgaa|a. g agg, _}o|o agg,
gg|aajjCqeqCga_ o}qag|aa}aa QC oga Coaa oa
ja}aa|gg cajag _}a.jg _qgaa|aag gqg|q|a}. _ggaaa
q|aogaa _g!

@a@ c|aaaj j} g} ga}e ja}aaoa. }ag|q aagg|
jQCaaaoag gaa} q|Qgaoj jo|a_ag @gg|aq|o, gg|jjaag
g|gagg|o @_gg @g}aq _@gajgag cee|jja_a.
jo|a_agg g|ga g} @}ea gaaaaCq @_ggqggag
g|aajQgg|j ja_a. @aao, _ggj jQCaaaoagj j|gg g|aoa
_jjqC gaoagaa|j Cjaagooqa?

_gqa} q|Qgao @aaaaCq _g|jjQqgg q|Qgaoj jo|aa,
gQCagg @gg|a gq|}qag @aaaa QC ja}aag
Cgaa|ga aa}e CqCgaaqaa @_aa gq?

Coo. g_ Coo. gC} g_ Coo. _ga q|aa_aaaa q|aogaa
_g. @Cg Cjaagggaa _aagag j|.co.g.ag gj g|aoa.
oga Coaa gaqg gggg|a Cjag _}a.jg @g}ggq|ga
joaaa jaooga q|Qgaoaaaa _gqa} _q} qgggaqgg _ggaa
g|aa oa g|}aa}ggq|g. cgg g_ Cgog cgg g}
_ajj j|.co.g.ag @g}Cqa, _@gajCa Cg}q|aag ga|g.

gag @gj Cja}agagg gagaao|aaaqaqg ggaa|aqggq|Q,
_ag|j Cjoaa|o aqa Co@gg|, gjQq| _qjCja}g
gaggaCaaeaogaa q|Qgaoj Cja}agg|o g} _goaqg
gaCag gq cag _}a.jg gq Coga}. _gaaogaa @oC}o|
_g|aa}a_a _q} }ao|j Cjoaqa}gaga ggg gaqgga}.
ga}Cq|a _ag| gjaQago og Coaaaa}. Cj}
oaj|ooaq|a@ goCoa ajqaaaag gggagaa gq
Coga}. _C}aa _g|j_a aa g@aa|aa}. _ggaa aa}aa
@gagg|a Coga}.

@gg q|q}aa jaooga| _C}j|}a o|gg|ggj ja}aa gggga
q|agaa _}a.jgag gC}aa| cag, q|ao Cjaq|q} cag,
jgq| @ao j|qggq} cag qaojaaqgga.

@aao, @gga gggooaQa cggg _}a.jg aQaaa jg|oaa
g_Cjag gggg|oao. j}ggCaa_a, j}ggCaa_a cag
Caaa agaqagg gq|}, _q} CqCgg Coq|oao.

gaqg gggg|o _q} ogaa @g}ggg g_ q|jgg. ogCga|ooao
q|jgg. _gjgg| q_gg _}a.jggag @gg| qa} @_gg|_aa|gg.
gag ogaaao _q} aj_}qaa gjjaCaaeq_aa|ga}. @aao, _ga
q|aa gag Cgogg|a q|Qgaoaj jag|ggq|aaCg
cajggaaaggaa _q} goCoa ajqaaaag gjjaCaaea}
cajagggaa jaooga|}a ga gggq|a}a.

@oC}@a go@g Cqea; gagggjo Cjo|aCaa_
_aaaqg aa}aa g @_ggaogaa _Qgga agag Cgaaa| ga}
gq cajg _}a.jgg|a gj|aaa. Caa|o, @oC}ao
gg|ggq|Qggaa gaa} cag @g} jaooga| @aaa
Caaq|QaCaaeq_ggagj Cjao _q} Coq|oao. @oC}ao
gg|jjCgajg Cqg a ga}gg QC cajag _q} |a gagaa
_g|gg|_gga}.

@Cagaa g_ Cja}a|ag _}o|o q|gjaa_ag q|gg|ao
q_a|gg. _}a.jg g_ Cja}a|aa Q @_gg|_jjaC}aaao
_q_ _gga agjaaaa @oaaa gaaqgga aee|o j
@aaCooa aQaCaaeCgaa @_gg|_jja}. _q} g_
}agggg|}aa @_gggaogaa _ag|aaaa qaooaa _q}ao
g|gggaqaa gqggg.

_aagag _q} q|agggggaa @aagag aaoaq|o|_gg Cgga
aa}|o|_gg @oC}o|}aa, @oC}o| _}Co Cq|Cgg _agj
joa|aag Cgaa||_aa|gg. _}a.jg @ggggaaogaa @gg
gaCagg oagg|aa||_aa|gg cag @aagag @oC}o| _}a
q|qjj|}oa} Cooa; Coa|gg. ea|o _aagag _ag|j
Cjoa caa|g q|qgag _q} @}j|gg aqaaag|_jjaC}aaao,
Cga}a gg| g_o o|qjjaaCq @jCjag gCqeq|_gg|_ag.

gag|. ggg }jCja}} 4 Cojj}, 2006



88 goCoa gjjgggg|a ooe?

g|oCooa }gg - ja. }aaqa

jaooga q|Qgaoj Cja}a o}gg|}gg|o, goCoa gjjgg |a
gaa|aaCga_ a. Caa|o _ag|a gCgo|ggo Cojj
@gg gjjgg, @_ g}jj|@ aa gg||o, |ajCj} _g|_jg|aC
eaaa|g. @jjq g} gjjgggg|o aaC_ggj Cjaggaaa,
@oC}o|j j|}g}aa @_gg @oaa }aj|aa g_ _gC} Caaao Coga}
(1996). _Qgg qgg CjaggCg}go|o, _g}a |aa aqaaa
jagaqag _g}aa Cjgo|a Cggaa@aq (Benj ami n Net anyahu)j
j|}g}aaa| aa}aqgga}a. g_Cjag _q}, _C}j|}a_ag cgg
_g|aa}gag g}aa} caa|g gj|aaa _g}a_ag @_ggg.

gjg, _}ja g}jj|o ao} _}a.jg g eaa _g|_jg|,
ga_ag ga _g|a}ggaCaaeC Cjaag. goCoa gjjgggg|ajq,
_C}j|}a _g}a|ag gaaggo gggaa}a cag, jg|oaa
Caago Caagoaa Cgga aa} gg aaoa jgg||o|_gg @oC}o
ga@a }a@qgag qajo CjggaCaa_ cag gjaaa||_ggg.

caaa aogg @Coao|aaao gaaa cjjq gjjgggag gaoa
cag _}a.jgaga Caa}a, jaooga| _C}j|}a. gg|jjaa,
_g q|Qgao @aaa _aaggC, @gg gjjggggag
cg|}aaggaa @_gga.

_}a.jg ga oag|ag j _q|o gqCqa_ @aagag
_agggj Cjoaqa}gaga ggg|, gjjgggg|a _qo|gag qo|ggg|j
ja}gga}. g|ao}, Cjagaa|o aoggCaaeQ aa_ag
q|aa|gga}. Caaggaa @|ooao Cjaq|g.

"_g}a g _C}j|}a gaaggo gggaa}a cag
c_g|aCaaQgga aaC_ggj Cja}a _ooqa? @Cga ja_a,"
cag _ag Cgaa|, aoq}a_ gaaggoa_ gj gqag
_ag _g|a}aa @}j|gga.

goCoa gjjggggag @oC}o| _}a og|ggga _qjjaa aa}eC,
@ao | Cja}a| @aaa|a CoojaQaa _}a.jg ggo|
cQgg gaa|aqaaCqeQ cajggaa. @aao cggq|gaa
Cjoaqa}gag o}oa_ag @aaa gggagaag ga}aa @ooag
aa}eggao, jaooga g_qg jqjjqaa qagag _g|a}aag
Cgaa|g.

@oC}o| Cq|gg gag _aooagg|a g} _g|aaa|ajq Cojj}
1998 Cgaa|, Cojj} 2000 qa}|oaa aaoagg|o Cagg 266
@oC}o|}aa _C}j|}a Caaag|_aa|ga}a. @ggg cgga aa}eg
Coaoojjq|oao. g|C}ag aoq} g_. aee|o jq}a g
aga qojjQ. gjj|Caqaao gjjaaa|o gQ. q|_gg oa
aqaa Cga}a gg||o qo| cg|jjQ.

aQjjQggCq gqq|oao. aa|a Caaj coaoggj
Cjaa|aCaaeq_ggg. _}a.jg _q}aao oagaajjQggqggaaa
jaooga g_qg aggjje CgCaaeQ, Cjagaa|o
Cjo|aa}. _gga a|@ aga jgaa @}j|gga. (ea|o
aga jggg ojq |aa gag. __a| jgagaa _g|a jggga.)

_}a.jgg|a aqao caaCqa|o, @jjqa aoq} _g|a}ggaCaaeC
Cjaaao, gjjggjjq @oC}o| }a@q qajo @qg g|aCaaeC
Cjag. g_ agg|o eQ jag g_q agaqg g|gaa qggq|Qqa.
caa Cooa cag Cao|gga}.

@ggo ggg|ao|ogaa @oaa }aj|a jQCaaao CojjQ, Cjgo|a
Cggaa@ @oC}o|a j|}g}aa @aa}. @ggj jg| j|}g}a
gqqaaaa _}a.jggag C@ aqao|gga.

Cggaa@ jgq|CggCaC _g}a|a _j|aagagj Cjgqggaaa,
Cgga aa} gg aaoa jgg|a|o @_gg _ga gq|_jjaa
_g|ajjQggg Cgaa|aa}. @ga _}gg caaCqa|o, caaa}e
CaaeQ _gg @_ jgg|aa @oC}o, _C}j|}a_agg ggga
CaaQggq|ag cajag gg|jjQggqggaa.

gCaaCq 1967 gggag _Qgg, @jjgg|a|o _ga gq|_jja
ae|oaa _qaaajjq_gga. jooa|}aaeaaaa _g}a @Ca @
Cj}gg qgg, _C}j|}a|a gg||o qag @}j|gg|_gga}a.
_q}a_ag g|a}aa cee|aaa|o jg|gaa jooa|}aaeaaaCaaa}
@jjgg|a_ag _@jj| _gg ja}ggg @oC}o.

@g _C}j|}a gg||o _oogag Caajgag eaaa|, _qaaq
aoq}a|o @gag @eqg. "ja}gg}aa, a goCoa
gjjgggg|a ooegag?" cag _}a.jgaga Caa}a.

_}a.jggao jg|o Coaoo gqq|oao. aa}e, _C}j|}a gaaggo|o
=Qjao|_ag jogg|o @oC}o }a@q Caago Caagoaa qajo
qaajjQ caggaa gjjgggg|o @_ggCg gq|}, _C}j|}a qa_
@a|o _ga gq|_jjaa g|gqg gg|gg, _g|o g
gg|jj|jjq_aaq|oao. _g ag caCga, o}CaCga
@_q|gaa gjjgggg|o g @ooag aa}eggao, qgaajjq
q|_jjaa Cg}gg|o, q|_jjaa _q|o, gqCggaa _ajjg
caa|g j}agaaa qgaaggagj jgg_q CaaQggq|a} Cggaa@.

goCoaq|aao eaa||_gg Cqgjaj @gg gjaQ, _g}a gg||o
ogCg ge|aag Cgaa| _Cg o, _C}j|}a g_ qoo|o
aoq}a|o @ggqggg @gg CogCaaeq_gga}a. @ggg
@aCaa_ aa}eg eQ.

jaooga _gga}q oa}j|o _g|j}aa _}a.jgg _q}g g|a
gjj|a}aaa g_ o|g _aoo}aq CjagjCjgg|_ggCjag,
_q}a_ag @o| Coqg|o _@jq @ooag aa}eggao, g|ag
g|}qaaa ggjqa gja. gg|jjaa, jegag g_aaa q|a|ggg|o
j|}gg, Coo Cog Cg}ag aa}eggao, aQ g|g| Cg_aaqag
@aaa}a. gjaa aa, Cja}agaa g_ Cg}g Cgag|o cag
gq Cogq|q_ggjqao q}gga aa, _@qoaa _aagg
cjCjagaqggaa g|ggg|_ag caa|g g|aoa eaag.
Cqao|ooaj j|}oaa _g|a}gg, }aaa _}j @ag}a jg|gaag
gjjaaa| gg @}j|gga}a. @q}a_aga Caaj oq| q|Q je|aj
Cja}a| @aaa ggaCaaea. (_}a.jg jgq|ag qgg ggo q_
@gg||o aa qagaaag g} 80% gaggg, Cqao|ooag
g|ea 61% _g|a}gggaa g_ j| q|q} @_aa|gg.)

@aq _aaggC goCoa gjjgggg|a q|agaa cag gq|}aa
gj|aa}a _C}j|}a. _g Qooao, goCoa gjjgggg|aCjaCg
c_gjjag gjjggaaj jg| gqCgga_ag _}a.jg og
Cg}q|gg|_jja} cag ogCga|gg, _ggaa jg| gqCggaao ga
q|a g|oa_ qa_ @a_ jg|Cjaa|aga cag gggoa
@}j|gga}a.

@aao, @gga gqCgga, _}a.jg ggg|@ cg|}ja}agg.
ea|CoC @_ g}jj _ag|a @oC}o q|_jqgaaggaa _q}
gj|aa}. _ga @}jj j|aaggaa goCoa ajqaaaa _q}
ja}gga}. @aao, @oC}o gag qgaaaa gqCggg g|_q|gaaqj
jaaaaaaaj jajQgg|, _g}aao oagaajjQgg|g|o
ea|CoC _q_ag _g|}oo|gaa.

@aao cjjq cQggo Coaaaao @g j}? aa a_
j}ggCaa_ a g|ao|o @oao. gaa ggg|@
qgo|aajjQq|gaaCq a_g|aa}a. gaqg Cog ga cg|}jaj
|aa aQaaa gag|o jg| Co |a q|_j|aa}a. @g Q
gggao, j|gg o}CoCq gqag _agj j|}oaa _gaaa}aa|q|Q
cag _}a.jg _go|aa}.

@aCq, aa|a aqagagg g|aoagg, _ga gqCggaaa
aQjjQgg Cqg qg|C @ooao, gaCa @}eaqg
@eq.jgaaaaa _agjaj q|Qaag g}aa|gga}.

_ag| gjjgg gjg ea. @aao Cga}gg gaCjg
aa}a cg _ag|a gaCaQggo Cooqgaa @oao cag
_g|q|ggq|Q, _C}j|}a|a e}oo|a @oC}o g|aag gqgqgaaj
Cjo|aa}.

@g, gCg|aCaaeq_gg jaoogaaj jgg|C}o Co q|gaa
q|aaa eaaa @}j|ggg. 1996- @eqo Q @oC}o|o,
aa} gjjg geQCqqjjo ojqa g|aggga. _qgg Co
_q|q|o Cqqgg jo CqqgeQ gag jgCgaajg Cj} |a}a
gqggg, |a gaa|aag. a}o ag ggg @ggo ojqgg|a
Cga}oo|aa, j}o|o aaoa jgg||o g_ ggCaaaog gaaggo
g|agggjjQ @g _g}a jo|aaa}a. eQ C ag Co
_q|q|o g_ joo|o CqqgeQ Cqqgg, gjjg Cj} jo|. _ggo
ojq ggg o|o e| Cg}a_agaa Cg_oCo|o, _Cg jae|
ggCaaaog gaagg@ag ggg Cj} jo|.

caa gaa|gg caCg j}ag ggo gjg. g|aoaaa aQag
CaaeQq}, }a@q gqqaaa |a _qo| cag @oC}o j|}g}
Cggaa@ a_g|aa}. @aao _C}j|a gq|_jja|o }a@q
jgaaao q|a cgg ag|} @aoa. g_ g_g ggggaaaa
oagg|C _jCjag Cg|qaag Cg}gggao ogCg g|gaa aaoa
cag Caoa Coaaag.

@ao, |ag gq|}aao Cooj Cg} _g. g|ao} geQa
Cqqjjg cajag g_ aa Cjaoo Coga}a. Cj_ja@ Cj_gg
g|aoa, a}aCaQa, jaoa, Cgqaoa @a| @a|ogaa
_q}a geQaqgga}a. jgg _oog jaa|}eQ oaga}e
geQCqqjjaa ggg|q|Q, g_ Cj} ggCaaaog gaaggo gggqg
cajag qgaaaaa Caaeq_gga}a.

@ao|a @ggg gq|} gqqaaaa, _C}j|}a gg||o jg|
c_oo|a eaaa|g. g_Cqa ga_ag q|Qgao qaa|g
g}jCjaqCg @aogaCaa cag _q}a g|aaaag Cgaa|aa}a.
gjjg cgC googaaoo cajg Q _}a.jggagj j}ggg.
j|.co.g.aq _q}a ggg|@aa g|}aa}ggq|Qqggg gaaao, gaqg
Cogaogaa eQ cag g|aagga}.

|a Cao|gg, oagajagaaa _oo| @}agg, aao||ogaa _gg
gqaq cQgga}. @aCaa_ @eq.jga.

jaooga|a @}eaqg aa c_oo| cag o}gg|} q_e|ag @gg
@eq.jgaag "_o _aoa @eq.jga" cag Cj}. _gaqg _o
_aoa gg|a jggaaa aa Cja}a. ogCga|ooao @gaag
Cgaa|q} _}a.jg gaa. @aCq @ga q|aqaaj Cj_a| aCj_
}gg Cqggag _qC}gaa Cjagjj.

gag|. ggg }jCja}} 8 Cojj}, 2006



84 _o _aoa gg||a j|aae|

g|oCooa }gg - ja. }aaqa

@ggo o}gg|}gg|a, |a @}j _gg|aa|o CgaQaaaq, g_ |a
gaa|aa j|}oaa|a qaoo|o, @jCjag g|ga|aCga. C Coag,
q|}qaa _oo| @}aCqeq q|q _g. _o _aoa gg|. _gaa
jggaaa jaooga|}a Cgaa| '_o _aoa @eq.jga'aqj
ja}jjggg gaaao, _gg||a j|aae|ag Cg}ggCaaCqeqg
_qo|.

@oC}o - jaooga j|}oaa|a @e|Cq}, @gg @gg|ogaa
@_aa|gg. ogg Cg_a|j ja_a. jgg| c} @gg Cg_jj|a
Cqjjgaa, jaoogaa @|}aeQaaa qaqaCaaeq_aa|gg.


|j. og|g _o _aoaj Cg_oCo ga}o |ajCj}
j|qaoo @g. gQCagg jaooga|CoC, @gaaaaaq@ Cj}
j|qaoo Cqg g a|aag. gC} ogg|o, ga|}ggag
Cgjq}a @Ca _}gg Cgag gq. gag gj||a jag
j _| @gCqajg, goo|a|a gj|aaa. _q}g q|eCegggga
Cga}ja g|o @g.

@gg _o _aoa j|qao@ago ogggg|, @aCaa_ j|qaoo
@_aa|gg. _ga Cj} og|g }. ao.ja } aq j|qaoo
@g.

@gg _o _aoa gg og|g } @a| @_ j|qaooaa
@aegg qaagag, goo|a 'ajggo gaggo' cag _agjja}a.

@gg @gag gaaqggggaa, _g}a_ag _C}j|}a_agaa
j|}oaa @}j|ggg.

_o _aoa j|qaoo @_ag @gg|ogaa, _g}a|a j}agaaa
ja|gggoaa oaoa Cgqao @_ggg cajg @oC}o|}a|a qag.
_ggg @ga}aa _q}a aqaaaQqg, _ggj j|qaoo|a
g_jaao aggo aq}aa @aag |oo|_ag _gg agg aq}.
(Wai l i ng wal l cajjQ __aao aq}. oaoa @o @_ggga
_aa, @ggo aq}gaa cajg _g}a|a a_gg. @ggo aq}o
gagagj jaggg __gjqC _g}a j|}a}ggaa Coqg qgaa.).
_g}a|a qag caaCqa|o, _o _aoa j|qao@ag gag gj|
q|eCeg| ojqggag cggg Cga}j a|aag. _o _aoaago
oggg Cgaaoq|o Dome of t he Rock cajjQ, og|g }
j|qaoo @_gg @gg|o|_gggaa gag q|eCegg Coga}
cajg.


|j. Dome of t he Rock j ga_a @aa_gag __gg g|_ggaa
oa aa gg||o jg|o Coqggaaa, Dome of t he Rock gC-_o
_aoa cag gg|jj|Qqg _g}a|a qgaa. _o _aoa gg|a
@qggq|Qg ga Cgqaogag eQ _Ca c_jjqgggg
CgaoCja_ gag|a gq|a _q}a gaqaa}a.

ea|o _o _aoa Cqg, Dome of t he Rock Cqg. @}eQ ajggo
gaggo caa|g gC} qaagg|o @_ag, @_ Cqg gg|a.

_Cagg| ag|}Cgaa. _g Cgqaoa - oaoa @oC @aa@
o}; cjjqaaa@ gg|a|a aaoggag ggjaqgaa. Caa|o,
@ooagg|a CgaggC aaoggao |a j|gjg. @aao, gg|
@_ag g}gg|ogaa gag j}aga @o @_ggg cag
g|gqggg, _q}a CgCaae ggo|agaa jo q|j}gaa
aa|gaa @_ggg. @ga}a|o Cg|q|ooagg _qgg
ggoaag. _@ggag|o g}Qgga |ggg|_ggg _Qggg. Cjo|g
g}aa Cqeq j|}oaaa, }a@q gqqaaa go g}aa g|aaggg
gagaqg.

j}ae, o}gg|} aaoa Cgaa| |ao ojgg|o 1967- @eQ qa}
@gg gg| qaa, goo|a|a qogaa @_gg|_aa|gg. jaooga
_g}aa Caggaa q|}qqag gg _}o|o Cgaaaggag q@
Co}jjggaaaCq, @oC}o| _}a _o _aoa gg| q|qgaga aa|o
cQgg, _Cagaa oaoa Cgqao @_ggg cag Cga}gg j|}oa}
Cog, aa|a g e}aag @eqq| @}j|ggg.

j|}oaaag CgaoCja_ @ggag|a qo _|ggq|Q, 'ga
cCa CqeQaaa@ Cgaeqj ja_a' cag _@g| _|ggg.

g_ gg| @_aa|gg. aa _Ca g|ao} Cga_gCaaeq_aa|ga}a.
_} aa gq|} oCaa|@|_gg Cg_oCoggag agg|a} q_
goo|a _ggaa Cj_ _gg gg|ag qgg
CjaaCaaeq_aa|ga}a. (goo| oa|a gagaqg |a gaa|aa
qg|jaQggo _g.) @agg@g_a Cga}ja g_ g|aag go
_g. _jjqjj @gg|o Cgaeqj ja}aa _@g| _|jjg cagao,
caa _}gg?

1967- @eQ gggg|aCjag Cg_oCo gaa} g_aaa _g}a
aajjgg|j|gggaa, @Cgooa @}jaag. gggg|o Cqgg| ae
ggaC, @ggaaa je|a Cgaa|q|a. ggo|o j|qaoo|a
Cggj jgg||o jg|aaag } g, @gggagg Cgaeqaa}a.
_Qgg gaga} @eQ aao @aCq||o, _gg @gg|o aa} cejg
} gggagg Cgaeq g} _ag| Cjao @aa|q|a}a.
j|qaoo|a Cggj jgg| qg|C, a_C C Cjaagqagqag
@a|q|g.

gggg|o _C}j|}a Cgagg|_gggao, Cg_oCo ga}o @_gg
goo|a|o Cj_jaoaCaa} _jjgjjQggjjq_gga}a. @aCq,
_o _aoaq|o caa gaa|gg cajCg _q}a_agg gagaaggaa
Cg}qggg. jaggga@ gag Cogqag g|ao|o,
_q}a @_gga}a.

1970- @eQ @gg _agqaj je||a @}ea a Cqaoa
@}ja|a. @gag j|qaoo|a CgaCgg gao|o|_gg Cgae
@}j|gga}a. _a|_gg Cggg g|ao qaoo qa} CgaeqaCaaeC
Cjaaa}a. @jjq _agqaggCjag, |aj j}agaaa o|o aooaga
aeQj|qaajja. (_aaogo caja}a.) _aq, gag gj||a
Cgag}aaa q|a| o|o}a aooaga cajg, goo|a|a gj|aaa.
@ggg @ga}aa goo|a g}jj|o CoaoojjQqg @ggaa.

_g}a|a _agqa}aoo||o gQjj g_ gg|jj| aooag|o, _g
gag gj||a Cgag}a_ g_q}aa jaga @j@ _o oa|g
cajq_ag cajggaaa aoCqQ @ga} @_gg|_aa|gg! @Cg
Cjao @aCaa_ aooag|o, qggag @j@ _qo caa|g CqCga_
gj|gCgag}a Cj} Cjag|aajjq_jjg, aeQj|qaajjq_aa|gg.

aooagaaa aeQj|qggCgaQ, _g}a g|gggq|oao. _ag
aggj ja}ggg|o C oaa aeq_aa|ga}a. @aao,
q|q Cj}gaa|q|aag cag, _ago Coaooao agggq|a}a.
Cgaejj _gg @a|o a_ qgg ja}ggq|ao|_aa, _ggj
jgg|ao agg|@, C@ jg|agag } aggag |ajCj}
_ag|ag Cgaeqq|a}a.

@ggo ojqCooa, c_jga|a Cgaaagg|o ggggaao
CoaoojjQa|gg. goo|aa @ga}a g, _jCjag
Cq|aaq|oao. @aao, j|qaoo|a gagqa|@ag __Ca Cgae
@}j|gg, aa} jgg } @gggag |ajCj} j
_qaaCjag, q|q Cq|C qggq|g. @g gggg 1976-
@eqo.

_gg @gg|a _qqa} qa} _g}a CgaeqaCaaeC Cjaa,
cjjq gg| @qgg q|gggaa Cjaa|gg cag Cog| j}q|q|g.
gqgg c_gga}a, goo|a. aqaa gqqaaaa|o @ga|,
ajggo gaggo qaaC qa.j qa}ggago Coaggaag; _Ca _g
@}aoo|a}a CgaeQqg oq|C}ag cag @ga}aaa aaq,
jagjaQjQ @aq g|ggg|aa}a.

gg|aggg|o @eQaaeaa|o qgag @_ggqggg. qgag g_jg
gggCaaeq_aa, 1981- @eQ _g}a eQ j|qaoaog
Cgaeg Cgaa|aa}a. @gag _q}a_ag, g_ a}ajjaag
_Ca @_ggg Cg}qggg.

a|.j|. 686- @eQ ao.ja } aaogg|o ajj @ggj
j|qaoo|o, cggaaa g_ a}ajjaag _aaajjq_aaaQ
cajggaaa @ga}a g @jCjag @oao. g_ oa}a} a_ggjjq,
} @ggj j|qaoaoa aq aaogg|o a}a cag
_aaaq|oao. agaa, a|.j| 690 - 691 @eQa aaoagg|o, _jgo
ao|a @j@ @|qa cajq} _o _aoa gg|a q|}jQgg|, C@
_gq, Cojja|Cjaggaa j|qaoo|a Cggj jgg||o, @ggo
a}ajjaaga _agga} cag Coaoa|ga}a.

a|.j|. 1099- @eQ Cg_oCo gaa}a a|g|ogq}a aajjgg|Cjag
j|qaoao aajjgg|, a}agag _aggq|a}a. j|aaao
oa}oo qa}a caa|g g_ j|}qq _agqaqa}, @gg gq
a}agaga aeQj|qgggaag Cg}a|gg. (@g gggg a|.j|.1880-
@eQ.) jajaqo @ooag aa}eggao egqa a|gg @ggo
a}agaa, 81- @eQ _g}a|a _agqaq|aCjag _ajjg.

Cog|, qaagj Cjaq|Cjag, _g}a g}jj|o '@ggo a}ajjaag
oaoa @ogg|a g_ jgg|. @oa aQaagg|CoC a}ag
@_ggg' cag Coaoojjg.

@aao, oaoa Cgqao gg|gg q}oaggg gaqoaag g_ cgg g_
@qeg Caa|o c_jjjjCjag, a}a @_ggg jgg| gg|jj
cag g}q|oao cajaga aqa|aa CqeQ. _gQooao,
_g}a|a _agqaq|a q|aqaa, _o _aoa gg| @_gg qaa
|ajCj} _ag| Cjaoaaggaa |ooC gq|}, Cgqao g _g
@_ggggaaa @ga}a a|aaaq|oao.

@g |a @ojaag. oaoa @o ajjQ aa} @}ea|}
@eQa @a|q| g|ao|o, gqa aaogg|o @ga} Cgq, @_aa|g
gg|a @qggj ja}jjg cajg qe Cqao. @g _g}a_agg
Cg}agg|oao. @aao, _gg g} agg aq} g, _q}a_ag
gj|aaagaa @aaa}gag cqq|g a ggg@ @ooao _q}aao
Coaqggg. gq|}, _o _aoa gg|a gaaqgg goo|a
Cg_oCo gaa}o Coagg Caaeaqq|aag caa|g ceeg
@ggaaa gaa|a aa}ea_ gag.

@jjqg CgaeqgCgaeq e cQggg|a q|aqaa, @aagag _o
_aoa j|qaoo|a _qgg |a _jaa}aa g|ao|o
aaeaa|aaa|gg. j|qaoo|a _og|qa}a Cq|C Cg}a|aga. e
qaoaaC @ooao Cqg aga|a g g|ga|gg a. g_ o|g g|o
gQaa gjao , gg| @qgg q|_ggq|Q _ja.

gag|. ggg }jCja}} 11 Cojj}, 2006





86 _aoa gg|a @qaa gag og|a

g|oCooa }gg - ja. }aaqa

@Caaqo o|@aq|o _aggg, Caaoo gg}q| C}ag aaa|a
aaogg|o, _gaqg a|.g. 68-o @}eaqg gagaaj jgjj|gga
ajj oaoa @ogg|a cooaag Cgq, a|.j|. 1967-o|_gg
_g}a _o _aoa gg| qaagg|o, _agqa}aoo| Cog q_qagj
ja}gCga. a|gg @}ea|} q_aaogg |ooaa @ag
_q}a, CgqaCaaeq_aa|ga}a. g} agg aq}gaa _q}ag
@ga}. CgCaaeQ q@qaa @ga}a g a|aaaag aa}eggao,
_o _aoa j|qaoo|a gagqa}, @ooa|}a|a aa aaoaj
j|}g|jo|jjgaa @oao; C @_ag @ea_ aa_, jea
C}aaa| aa aaoj jae||o @_aa|aga caCgooa
Coaaaa}a. _agqa}aoo||o joCqg @ga}a
aeCQaajjq_jjgaa, _qqjCjag gaqo qggCaaeC
@_ag. @aao, _gg @gg|ogaa oaoa Cgqao
@_gg|_aagq cajggaaa gg|aa g} @ga}, @agqa}
Cjgjjq|oao cajCg ea.

@aao @gga aa}eaao _o _aoa gg|a @qggq|Q, _Ca
g_ _g Cgqao c_jjCqeQCaa|g ga q|_jjgag
q|QaCaaQaa, _g}a ga}aa @oao. Cg_oCoC _g}a|a
aQjjaQag @_ag g_ ga}gaa cajgao, _qqjCjag
@aa|}|jj ggo|a gog, @ggaaa Cqaoaa
gQaa|q|q_aa|ga}a.

1967 _ gggg|o @oC}o Cqag CaC, gg| qaagg|o
_agqa}aoo|aaaa gqqaaaa @}ja|a cag, Coag
_gg|agg|o ja}gCga. _CgaQ @aCaa_ aa}gag _q}a
Coga}a. _gg @eQ @ao 16- Cgg|, qCoaaa}a caa|g _g
g g_ g_q}, g_ o|g jaag (_}oaajjagaa) ga@a
jagaajjaaaa gjaQ CogCaaeQ, _o _aoa gg| qaaggag
qgg, _Ca _g gagjjqaa j|}a}ggaa gg _aga|o =Qjg
Cgaa|aa}.

qCoaaa}a, gag Coagg gqq|aCj}ogaa @ggj j|}a}ggaaao
Coga} cag @oC}o g}jj|o Coaoojja@, _g, _}a
_@g||ag| ggg|_aao oagg||oao cajg |a Cq|jja.

goo|a_ag caa CoqCgag j}q|oao. _jCjaggaa _q}a
gggg|o Cgaggg gqeq_gga}a. Cg_oCo gaa} q|Q _q}a
ggg|@aa ggqggg, gg| _q}a aaaq|Qj
Cjaq|QCjao|_ggg. gaaggo gqqaaaa|o =Qjq_gg Cja}a|
@aaggq}a a_, _jCjag _Ca @oao. g_ g_ga gaCjgg
@ggj j|}a}ggaa|a Cga}oo|aa, gg| q|a}q|o @qaajjQ, _Ca
jag oaoa @o eQ c_jjjjQ caa|g gj|aaaa
_g}a_ag q|agggq|Q, qQCjao Co}gga}, _gg gg_. (_q}g
_gg ge|ooo |aa gqqaaaaaaa, _gg q_ g_qg @oC}o|a
joCqg ga}a|o, _q_agj ja}aQaa gggaqa.)

g_ jaa _agqa}aoo|j je|a @}jaa| gaCjggaCaaeq_aa,
_g|o gj|aaa @ooag o|o gq|} _g}a gg|a CqqgeQ aqggg
ga}jjg, gaqgg c}jjg, joCao}aaa CaaeQqgg @qjjg cag,
joCqg gg|aaj j}oo|aag Cgaa|aa}a.

gg| qaagg|o, cggq|gaa _gggoaa _@g|aa gqag
cag @oC}o _}a Coaaaa@, 1969- @eQ g_ gaqjjo ojq
_Ca gaaggaa Cogg. ag|ao o}|ooagqa cag, j|aaao
@oC}o gg|ag oaag|gg _|ggq| _o| Ca|o caa|g g_
_gg gq|}qag|, j|qaoo|a g_ jgg||o CjC}ao gg|g gaqggaa.
ae|oaa Cog. _ggj jgg||o @_gg o|o goo| @ag}a
aQaaaj Cja}aq, @ggg ga _aegga}a. @gg|qa} gaejj
qeqa cg q}Cq|oao.

_}ag g}jj|o|_gg cggq|gaa gg}qagg @ooag g|ao|o,
goo|a gaaaaCq g_ g_aq gjaQ Cog, _o _aoa
gg|ao agg| jgg|a|o qagaqgg, gg|aj jagaaag
je||o =QjQgg gq Coga}a.

@g|o q|Caag caaCqagao, ggg|@ @oC}o _}o|a aQjjaqo
@_gg gg|ag, _jCjag goo|a a_ Cjaq}gqag. Caao,
_agqa}aoo|j je|aaa aa}e Coaoo|q|Qqa}a.
_agqa}aoo|aaa}}a cjCjag Cgae @}j|gg, cjCjag qQagj
Cjaaa@, Ca a}aqg gg|ag ga}aa qggq|Qqa}a. gg|ag
Cq|C aeq|g|gga aaqo aagg g|gaCqeqg Q, goo|a.

_g gg_ qCoaaa}a, ggo ggo|o _o _aoaago Coag, _g
go ogaa g|agCqgg|q|Q qggga Cga}oo|aa, _Qgg
gaaaagg q_a|o Cagg gag gag, @Cg Cjaag ggo|a_
_Ca CgCaajjq_aa|aga. gqCqa_ gag goo|
@ag}a, _q}aa qg|g|ggg gQgg g|ggg|g g|_jj| _@jj
Cqeq|_ggg.

@gaao, _g}a @ggj j|}oaaa gg|agggag cQggo Coaga}a.
gega @_ggqgg @gg qgaa|o, 1976- q_ g_ g}jj
qgajjg. '@jCjag gg| @_aa|gCgaga@ cjCjaCga Cgqao
@_gg @gaa _g cag _g}a gjqgao, _q}a_ _Ca
j|}a}ggaa|o =Qjg ga|oao' cajg g}jj.

aqa|aa. _agqa}aoo|g gag|a} gg gqaa g_aaa
Cq|jjQggq|oao. _Ca @}ea|} q_a_ag ggag _g
Cgqao @_ggg g|_j|aajjq_aaq|oao. j|}oaaag} @gg|o
@_ oggq_ j|}a}ggaa Cooa cag gg|ag gg}q|ga
Cgaaa, |a Cq|jjaaag. _g}a g_ aCj_ aoq}gag
gCgo|aa|ga}a cag _og|aa}a, _C}j|}a.

aag CaaQgga Caa a_|ooag aa}eggao, _o _aoa gg|
qaaggag _qaaq _g}a q}g Cgaa|aa}a. @gaao cgga
aeg _Ca gaaoq}a g_ _ja gjg. ogg|o,
qjaaaaCq @ggaaeaaaa _g}a (Cj_ja@ @gg _e|a|o
aaqogag|aC} @_gggaa goo|a|a o|o @aegga
Cg}q|aa|aga. @aao Cjag| @ga}a a|aaaq|oao.) Caggaa
gg|ag gaggg, _g go ogaao Co @}j|jja}a.
gaaeaa|o @ggo oga gqgeQ. _jCjaCgooa,
_agqa}aoo|g gag|a} q|Qjj cQggaCaaeQ Cjaq|Qqa}a.

@ag|}aa g_ea|o, _ggj jgg||o aoq} gqg
oaga}eaa|jCjaag. goo|a, _g}aag gaagqa}a. jg|@ag
_g}a goo|aag gaagqa}a. aaa aqaa gjjQ.
aga jgag. jaqoa|o _agg CjC}ao, qaa|o jggg aq}o
Cag| Cqqag. cjjq g}_q} |a} q|Qqa}a. jo}
aaaqa}a. a|gg, @g g_ g|ao} gqqaaaaa|j Cjaag.
ja|gaa ga} cag q_e|aajjQ Cg_oCo, oa|a @jgg |ggg
ga}a|o gagaa @a|jCjaag.

@g|o ooa ojq gag eQ. _o _aoa gg| qaagg|a
__Ca, g_ j|a eQ. _g}a|a gj j|a _g.
g|C}ag _ggj j|agag Cqq_gga a|aaa agg|q|a}a.
gC} @}q|o oa}a|o CqqCja_aaa CaaeQqgg, _Ca
g|}jj|aa}a. g_ o|g Cqqq|jgag 'eaaa|aao' j Cjag. gg|
@_gg @, _aa Cg}ao _agaoggq|Q _ja
gjg.

@gaao aoq}agg goo|a, aqaa _ggj j|agg|o
@_ag CqqCja_aa _jjgjjQgga Caa}, Cja}agg|o
@ga|aa}a. @ggj Cja}agag, g_ aoq}aaa aeaa|o
cQggaCaae @oC}o aaqogag, aoq}gag _agqgaa Cj}o,
gg||a g Cga}gg gjjaaa|o gQ g|aggg @}j|ggg. @g|o
gg||o jo jgg|a Coga|a. g_ o|o |}aaj jo| qaa|, o|o
ag gaaoaa gaojjQgg|, aa} cQ } j}jjag gg|o
aqa} @qggg g|ga, @gga aoq} _aao gqqaaa, g_
gqag qggg. j|a CqqgeQa _jjgjjQggjjQ cag
gg||ggq|Q gga|jCjaaa}a. (j|gg _gg geQa cjCjag
_jjgjjQggjja cajg Cg}q|oao. @aao @}eQ
ogg}jja|o j|a @_gg g|ao|o|_gg, gg|a Cgaaa|
CqqgeQa qojjq_aa|aga. @aao Cog|oao.)

1982- @eQagj j|gg, @ggj j|qaoo ga}jj ggo|a,
jgjj}ae Cjgga. gagggg qa} g_gagaqg, _ggj jgg||o
geQqoa ojq gaCjg @}j|ggg. qaaaa|o qgg @ga|
gg|a Cgaaa| geQ qaqg gq|}, @} Cg}a|o }ao|aa,
_ggg| C jggg, CqqgeQaa aqggq|Qj Cjaqg
ggg|_aa|gg. q|j gag|o goo|a q|g|gg|_gg, @ggo ojqa
_ojaq|gaaa|q|ao gQjjggaaaa aaqo|o =Qja}a.

_jjqa aaqo|o =Qjq}a g gaaggoa ggga. 1982-
@eQ Cgaa| 86 qa}|oaa aaoagg|o, _o _aoa aaqo
je||o =Qjq_gg goo| @ag}a|o Cagg 28 Cj}, _g}a|a
gaagg@ag jo|aa||_aa|ga}a. (goo|a g|_jj|ggaaa|g|o, @Cg
ogg}jja|o, @Cg aaoagg|o 16 _g}a_ jo|aa||_aa|ga}a.)

@g|o, aoq}gag _agqgaao Coaoo|aCaaeQ, }a@q C
jgggga q|aqaa @gggq}a ga|. ea|o aoq}aaa}}aaa
aaq@, }a@qgg|a} CgCaae gqqaaa|aaogaa gg|
_g|aaaj jag|aajjg. _ga jo jgg|a @qgg o|aaaj|aaa|a.

82- q_ j|j}q} ag Coo} caa|g _g} g_q}, gag
Cjg Cgoqa goo|aaa aqaCaaeQ, a|g Cqqgeaa,
ja|}aaa _o _aoaag gaggga}. goo|a aQaaaj
Cja}aq, _qa} _jjgjjQgg|aa}a. @ggo ojq eaaa|
jag|jj|o, _Qgg q_C gq|} _g}a _a| g_q|a} (aa} gjg
Cj} Caae g_), @CgCjao a|g CqqgeQaaa g_ ga _g|aaao
gg|ag gaggga}a.

_g|aaaoj j|}a}ggaaaaaa _ggj jaa qgg o|o goo|a,
_q}aaj ja}ggq|Qo Coag gQaa, _jCjag c_gg aCj}gg|o
_ggaa Cj_C qggCjaaa}a. gooCqaaa, gg| gjj|ggg.

1984- @eQ g_ _g gg_, gg| qaagg|o _ggg| gaggg,
gg||a CCo g|, _Ca _g Cgo|a Caaqaj jgaaq|a}. @ggo
ojq |ajCj} aoq}ggaaaa @eQgoaa _aggg. _gg _g
gg_, ag|ao o}|ooagq} cag @oC}o| gg|ag
Coaoo|q|aga aeqgg, oCag goo|a Caajag}o
c_jj|aa}a. Cg_oCo g_qg qo|ggqgg goo|a aoq}gg|o
@ga, Cjaoo gqq, gjjaaa|o gQ cag ga}C }eaaag.
@_jg Cj} @ggga}a. _gjgg|C_ Cj} jQaaagga}a.

1990- @eQ oaoa @ogag, gg| qaagg|o c_jj|C
g_Cqa cag, _qaao gaQ ojq gag gaCjggg.
gQaajCjaa aa} @_@gagjg goo|a, qaagg|CoC jQCaaao
Cojja}a.

@gga aoq}a|a ooaa, 2000- @eQ CojCj}o o|o gaa|
ojqa gaCjgga. 27- Cgg| Cq| j|} (Davi d Bi r i ) caa|g _g
gg_aqo o|o goo|a Co}gg Caaaga}a. @g, @aCaa_
@eq.jgaq|a @}j cag @oC}o ggag gq Cogq|g.
@ggo ojq ggg @_jgggaag e| Cg}ggag, @aCaa_
_g|}oo|a}aa ojq, Cggaaa} ga}aa aoa|oaq|o gaCjggg.
@oC}o| aaqogag|a_a @aegg, }aaaqo je||o
=Qjq_gg jaooga|a aaqo} g_q}, gg oa _ga aaqo}
g_qa}g gjjaaa|ao aQaCaaaga}.

cjjq aoq} gggaa Cjaa|gg cag cg|}ja}gg, _jCjaag
@oC}o| cg|}aao|g gaoq}aa @_gg, }o qC}aa, _}o|o
aa}eaa gCgo|gg, _o _aoa gg|ag g_ q|o| Coga}.

@g |ajCj} j|}oaaag q|gg|Qq|g. gq|} _g}aa }o qC}aa,
_o _aoa gg|ag gagqag Cg_oCo ga}gg goo|a
q|_jq|oao. gCaaCq j|}oaaa o|gg j|}agg| _g. }o
qC}aa _Ca q_jogg|o g|oo q|j}g gag cag
g|aaggq}a, _q_ag cg|}jjg Cg}q|gg, C q|aCa cag
qg|g|gg g|aga}a.

}o qC}aa gg|ag gagqggg, @oC}o| aaqogag jagaajj
_|ggg. qC}aa gg|ag gaggga}. Cq|C aoq} Cqqggg.

gag|. ggg }jCja}} 16 Cojj}, 2006



86 }o qC}aa ggg| g}a gaa

g|oCooa }gg - ja. }aaqa

}a@qg gjg|aa gg|Caa ja}gg|_gga@ _qjja|o }o
qC}aa, cjCjagC _}o|oqag|gaa. j|}g}aqggg gaj, _q}g
_}o|o cjjq @_ggg cajag, g_ q}|o q|aa|q|oa. _q}
@oC}o|a oa@ j|}oag agq. _g|}qa_agj Cj}Cjaaq}. gagaa
Coa}gg|o g|aaggaCaaeao Cj}e|, }qo cag
_}aajjQgg|q|Qqg, _q}g @ojaa @_ggg. Cj} _q|o -
|ajCj} _q|o g} _}o|o j}j}jaj gjQggqggaaa, _q}
gq g|gaa, _o _aoa gg|ag gagqg cajg.

_gago _g}a|a gag|jaj __gggg|_ggaaj Cjgqg, _ag
_qjjaaa aqgCg @oC}o|a j|}g}aa|q|Qqg caa|g _q}g aa,
_oajj|oaao jo|ggag g|aaq|o CaaCqeQ. @aao, _aagag
_ggo ojq eaaa| jag|jj, jaooga o}gg|}gg|o
_g|aagqagCga_ aCj_ aagaa|jCjaag ea.

}o qC}aa, _o _aoaag q_aa g}g g||q_gg g|agg|o,
gQCagg Cg_oCo aa_ _ggj j|}agg|gg|o g|aggg
gq|ggq|a}a. gCaaCq, _}aag q|eejj|gg, 'gagjjq' _@g|
Cjggggaa _q} _ggg 'g}ggagg|a}'a CgCaaeq_gga}. @aCq,
gaagaaCq gggg jagaajj gjaQa Cojjq_gga. gag
_}ea Cjao ga}a aaqo ja|a}, gae }a@qj ja|a},
Caoa j j|}q|a o|gjja aaqo _g|aa}a gg|ao gggg
aaqo aaaa, }o qC}aa _Ca qgg Co}gga}.

@ga|q_ag, ggo|o a|aggg g_ aooq. ca|_gg cjjqj jggg
qggg cag @}aoo| CoCqooa Cg}|oao. g_ ao. gC} g_ ao.
_qqgaa. o}aa _q}g aaoq|o qgg q|_ggg. gagg|o
jq_agCa caaCqa. @aao, gaaggo @}jaa|q|gaa,
aaqogag|a} ggaajj ggggag @ggaa, _gCq Cjagaagaa
@_ggg.

g|agjCj} agjjaCaaq aaqaa}a. qC}a@ag cg|}aa
Caaq|a}a. gQjjaa g| qgg, _qa}g gQgg g|ggg ggo|
Coga}a. @aao, aaqogag|a} aa} __Ca Cg_a
q|q|oao. @g, goo|a|a Caajgag |a a|g|q|g. qagag
Cggaag aqggj _q, Cgaaoq|o g|agjqC joaoa
aqggaCaaeq_gga}a.

'gaa qj Co q}q|oao; _aaj q|agaaCq qgCga' cag
aq|ggqaaj Cjo| aago CjggaCaaea} }o qC}aa.

_q}g q_aa|a eaaa Cgaaa, _aj q|agjjCgooa @oao.
_o _aoa gg| qaa _g}a_ago Coaggaaggaa; ga g|aaggao
cjCjag CqeQaaa@ gg|a @qggq|Q, gg Cgqaogaga
aqq|oa cag Coaooao Coao@qggaa! Cg_oCo g_aaa,
@oC}o|a aQjjaqogaa @_aa|gg cajag, _g}a_agj
j}aqjjggaaaggaa _q} _gg ggo|a CgCaaea}.

}o qC}aa caa|g g_ a|g}, aa} jg|aagg g||a ggg|,
_gg g}a gaaggagj jagaaqo}aaa qgg|_ggq}a|a cee|aaa,
Cagg @|}gg @_@g. ja}aqa}aaa Cjagaa|a cee|aaa
a|gg c_jgaggga|} Cj}.

qC}aa qgg g|_jqa} _gaqg, _ggj jg|aagg @_jg g||a
qa}, _Ca cgg q|j}gg gaaq|oao cajggaa ea.
aaqo}a |ag g|gaaao CoojQ, g_ cgja a|C
q}gqagjqgaa ja}ggaCaaea}a.

@aao, _q} g|_j| gaeC Cg_oCo jgg|aCaag
Cgaa|q|g. _qj jo|aaa }ao|aaa qj Cjo|aa}a,
goo|a. ja|gaa _o _aoa gg| qaagag CqeQCaCg
aajjQggqggaaaCq, }o qC}aa _g qgg Cjaaa} cajg|o,
_q}a_ag @}eaqg a_gCg @oao. @g|aa oag|ag jag|aajj
q}aagg|a_ag, aao aaoaa ggg q_ gggg|a _Qgg
j}ae, _gga aegg|o g|agoa cajg Cjaoo ggo
CaoaggCaaeq_ggg.

goo|a, cggg gaoa ggo|o _jCjaa|ga}a _oog cgga
a|}agg|o jggg, gaqaajCjaa|ga}a cajggaa Caq|. jg|o
cjCjag a|aag cag oaC ae @aaaao
ja}ggaCaaeq_ggCjaggaa, _g gggg..

ggo |a} _g}aC jg|gga}a.

cjjq goo|a gaaaggaa Cjaa|ga}a caa|g cg|}ja}jj|o,
gaaC ggg|aCaaeao, Coggaga aQjjQgg gq cag g|aagg
Cg_oCo ga} _g}a, _a|_gg goo| gq|_jja|ag, ogg
cg|}ja}aq|gaag gaaggaog Cgaa|q|a}a. aga jggga.
gjjgga jagg Coag jgg|aCaaea. aga @qgg
aaajjQ, qQa _aagg gagajja.
gjj|Caqq}aaj j|qgg @_gg, a_gag _ggga}a. o|o}
aaggjjaaa|ao aa}a.

aee|aag Cg}ggag cooa gggg. _a} ga Cja_ggaa.
aoq} Ca ggggg Cg}. goo|a gg aoq}gag ca|_gg
Cgagqa}a cag _aaq_ Cao|ggaCaaeq_agCjag, _g}a
_gaa @}j|ggaqggCgaQ Qooao, _ag @}agaaCq
@ggaaeaaaa goo|aa }gg CoaoCoag gaoCgg|aa
gaqgga}a. _jjg gggggaa, CCo Coaaa gaqjj
@gg|ag|a.

@ggaa gggCjag, aaqo}a a_ _Ca q}q|oao cajag
aqa|aa CqeQ. cooa gqgg ga}C aa_|aaa
aao||ggCjaggaa, ggo Cjaoo qeq qgg g|agg. jg|Ca_
g||a j|}gaa a}aCaqo gjjag g_ q|oa}ae gggg.

Caag|ggq|g goo| oa. _ag|}Cq g}aa|gg, gga aaaoC
gg cg|}jajj jg|Co q|gaaa aeaj Cj}e|ag gjaQ
Coga}a. @Ca Cgga aa}|o g_ Cj}e|. _Ca aaoaq|o g_
Cj}e|.

Cgagaa _aagg|a, g@g _o g}a caa|g jaa|}eC qgaa
o|gqa g_q@ _qag ggag, @oC}o }a@qgg|a_ag jaooga
Cja}a|a_ag @a|o gaCjgg g_ o|g gjjaaa|o oea|a
ggaCa Cja aqaCaaeQq|, o|gqa jo|aa|j Cjaaaa.

@g, goo|a|a @gg|}gag _g|ajjQgg|g. jaooga|o
Qoo. oa|o gQCagg goo| ogagg|aa},
CqgeCgo Cog ojq _g.

@ga Cga}oo|aaggaa, oaga}e aeaj Cj}e|aag Cgaa|
_gg '_o _aoa @eq.jga', g_ aCj_ aoq} }aa|a
Cgaaajj| @ag. ca|_gggaa goo|a_aga aga
a|aggaCqa Cg}q|oao. Cj}e|Cg agaC jggga. aee|o
j _ggaa @oC}o|a aaqo}aa _qgga}a. g}gg|g g}gg|
_qgga}a. jaqoa|o CjC}ao g|}jj|j jggaqggg @aa|g @aa|
qo|aa}a. _ga aaa, aoq| g|aoa, qQa cag _q}a
q|Qaqaaq|oao. Cjaa|g qg||Coooa, ggg|a} jg|ggaCaaeC
Cjaaa}a.

@ggaaag, goo|a g}jj|o @gjja _gag |a _g|aaa
@_ggg. @eq.jga Cgaa| ggo @g g|aa|CoC, aa}
_gjgaggg Cja} @oC}o| aaqogag|a} aQaCaaag|_gga}a.
@q}a gq|}, aa} 2,700 Cj} gaaa gqag _aga
aQaaag gaaajja}. qg|Cg }gga aaga @ggaaeaaaa
goo|a q|_gga|gg aao|aa, o}qCgo qa a} o|}gaga
g|j}jj|g.

_aCaj} 12- Cgg| @}eQ @oC}o| Cjaooa}, o|q|o|a a|o
}ooa ga_ag jggga}a. _q}aa _aa aeQCaae
jaooga _gga}q aaqo}a, aqaaa aag Cog o|ag|o
g|aa}a. @ggo ojq, Cgga aa}|o gjjaga aaqo}a caa|g
Cj_a, Cja_gCjaaa|aCaaeq_gg goo| @ag}a o|o_ag,
|ggg oo|jaj Cqgjaj eaaa|a. _q}a, aaqo
g|aoggag jggg _Ca je||o @_gg @oC}o|a aaqo}a
_ggaa Cja} aQaCaaag, j|eaag gaaC @aa| qgg
qg||o qo| cg|gga}a.

ggCooaa, _ggj jaa jCQggaCaaeq_gg g_ @ggao| q.q|.
g_q|a}, @gga aao|aj jCQgg g|j}jj|q|, gQCagg
_ggoggq_, jaooga _C}j|}aa gg|ggaa,
q}ggaqaCaaeQ, agg|o gg|gga}. g|aoa aQaaaao
Cjaq|Q _ja Cg}q}Cq, @oC}o _}a, jaooga _gga}q
@o| j} Cgga aa} gg aaoa jgg|a|o, q|aag gaaggo
ggg gq Cogg.

@gga aCj}a gggCaaeq_gg aaogg|o, @oC}o|o CjaggCg}go
qggg. q_ 2001, j|j}q} ag.

Cgag|oa} ao|g gaoq} =@g ja}a, jagCjgg aa gaoq}.
cjjq _q} gaoa|oaa @o|gaa _a cag oa
cg|}ja}ggaCaaeq_aa, ogg gjgqagjq o|gg ao||a
Cqja}aa g|gggjj }o qC}aa _Caaaa qaaga
q|gg|aogg|o Cqgg| Cjgg j|}g} @aa}.

cooa, _q} _o _aoa gg|ag jggg ggg| _}o|o gaagg|a
q|a. _g}a|a Cgq@gC} _q}gaa cajg Cjao, g||Q
j|}oa} Cojjg _jCjag. _g}a @ggg g oaoa
Cgqaogag eQ aCqeQCagao, Cg_oCogag _q}a
g|}gg}aag ga aa @aa|aCaa CqeQCagao, }o
qC}aaa @o||o _}gg|aao QC gq cag j|}oa}
Cojjq_ggg.

qC}a@ |ag Cg|qaao Coaoo||_gga}. 'caag a} g
_@gaja g|oao. @oC}o aa_aaaa QC gaa g}o
CaaQjCja, Cja}aQCqa.''

Cjagag? j|}g}aa|q|a}.

C ag 7- Cgg| g_ ojq gggg. gggCaaeq_gg
ojqa_aCaooa, o|a}aaCga_ ojq.

jaooga _gga}q Cjagjj|o @_gg aaoa jgg||a ao coaoag
'ogCga}a|' caCga_ ajjo qggCaaeq_ggg. _gga ajjao
@oC}o|a agja _g|aa}a, agg| qaggo Coagaa Cjaa}a.
}aaa @ga_ Cqq_gga_ _g|o|_gg aeCQaajja.
_aq _aagg, 'Popul ar Fr ont f or t he Li ber at i on of Pal est i ne -
Gener al Command (PFLP - GC)' caa|g _ajj|a gaoq}aa _@g
g|j}o cajq}a @}}a Cj}o, aaoa gaggaggag
qggCaaeq_gg @ga. _qgg|a Cagg g|jj jgg |oo|a
_C}aa ao}a cag, g|jj| _g|aa}a Cg}q|gga}a.

aaoa gaggaggago ogggg| ggagjjgaa ao jgg||o ajjao
g|ggg|, jga go _qgag cQggo Coag jaooga _gga}q
_g|aa}a| Co}jj|aa, gg} @_gggaaj joaa _g|aa}a
Cg}q|gga}a.

|a Cq|jjaaao Coao@qCgagao, ao} _}a.jg, @oC}@ag
cg|}aaCga_ g_g ggggag @gg CogCaaeq_aa|ga} cajCg
@ga Cja_.

@ag jaooga|}aC gjaa}a. _}a.jg, caagag
jaooga _gga}q|a gaoq}aa|, Cgga aa} ga}aa
aaoaaq @g Cgaa|aaC}a, _ag|o|_gCg gg Cja}a|
gagaga aggg| aqggq|a} cajggaa, jaooga|}a|a
j|}gaaaa gggooaQ. @aao, @gg q|qgg|o @oC}o| agja
_g|aa}a Coaaa gaqo, ggg|@ Cqg ag|}aa _ooqa @_aa|gg?

@oC}o Cqg gaqg og|gg| gQa|gga caa? a_ag _jCjag
j}q|oao.

gag|. ggg }jCja}} 18 Cojj}, 2006




87 gggaa cag g}aaaa|q|g

g|oCooa }gg - ja. }aaqa

jaooga _C}j|}a|a gC} _}o|o j|}g|g|g|aa, ao} _}a.jgag
@oC}o ggaCaaeggaaa _}o|o aa}eaa q|aa _qo|C
@oao. gaCj ja}gggCjao, _}a.jgg o}, _q}g @aag o}...
ggag gaaqgg gg CgCaaeg|oao cajg gag. @}eaqg,
@ao Cjaag @aaa_a Cjoaqa}gag ggg|, @aaaao,
gagaao|a gjjgga CogCaaqg cajg oagg||ooag q|q.
aa}gg Cjaqggg, Cg@ g} ajqaaaag gggq}aq gC}
gj}, _}a.jg. @gaaogaa _q_a goCoa gjjgg CogCaaeQ,
jaooga _gga}q|a gaoajCjagjCjgg, Cgga aa}a
aaoaaq g|}qa|aa _@g| _|gga}aC gq|}, ea|CoC
jaooga caa|g ga| gaa _qaaa|g g_a|g ceeCooa,
@oC}@ag cgga aaogg|@ @_ggg|oao.

_}a.jgg|a aggg|} jaooga j|}aaCa, _q}g gaoa|o
gaCjgg @o|Ca, jaooga aa gg||o Cj} c_oo| cag
eaaaq|oao. @}eQ ga}a|a @o| _g|aa} aaqo|_jjg,
jaooga q|Qgao caa|g ge@} @oagag, cgg qaa|@ q@
Co}aajCjaqg|oao caCg, _q}a a_g|aa}a.

goo| @aggq}a @gg _j|jj|}agag, @oC}o _}a |aa aqaaa
gg Cgaaa|qggg. Cj_jaoaa jaooga goo|a _}a.jgagggaa
gg gaoq}aa ggaCaaeq_gga}a cagCjag, _q}a_ag
gC}oao qa} _q}g _g|_jg| @_aaCq Cogg cajggaa,
@oC}o g gag|a g}aa. @ggaaa, }aaa a|}ag
gaoq}a, oga Coqa}a, Cjag _ggqaa aa}a, j|
@o|}}a, q|aja}a @a| g}jj|o }ao|aa, q|oa}jjg Cg}ao
q|oa}gg, gaqo Coa}gg, |ajCj} _g|aaaC ga}ggg Caoa.

@oC}o g gag|a gq caaCqagao, _}a.jg g
_}ja_ag _g|_jg|gaa. @aCq, _qa}a gg|aqggg gaaggo
Cgaa|aa@ Cj} jag|jja @_aaag. @a@ j}jq
Coao@qCgagao, _}a.jg, jaooga|a aagaqaa @_gg
aaoCooa aoCg|q|g; _q_ g_ oaga}e _}o|oqag|gaa;
@aCq, _}a caaq|gaa gqqaaa CqeQaaa@ cQaag
gaCqea!

@gggj j|gggaa, @ga aggo q|qaa}a|o _}a.jgag
ojggjjQgg gq Cogg @oC}o _}a.

aaoa gaggaggag __Ca, j|qaajj @ga ajjo q|qaa}, g_
jaa gQj|qggaCaaeq_aa, _Cg Cjaag CqCga_ ojqg
aqaa _}Cag|g.

gaq}, 2002- @eQ, =}aa|o|_gg }ao|aa jaooga ao
coaoag jggg g_ Cj} jaa, @oC}o| aaeCaj jaj
j|}qaa q|18 (Shayet et - 18. @oC}o|a |a gaa|aa gag
jajj|}a_ ggaaaag @g.) qg|g|gg, j}Coag|ggg. _ggj
ja|a Cj} aa}a . (Kar i ne a|) ja|o @_ggq}a|o o|o}, ao|o
gg|gg gjj|ggq|, gag|}eQ Cj} Q aqaCaaea}. jaaj
j}Coag|ggg|o, }aaa gqa @ga_ Cqq_gg gaa_
_g|o @_aaa aea}. Cjqj Cjqaa Cgoqa goo|a,
aaggjjaaa|a, gaa|a|g gjjaaa|a, }aaCa oagoo}a cag,
_ggj jg g_qg @ga _Qaajjq_gga.

ja|o qggq}a|o, gjj|ggq}a Cjaa |go| g}_q} ggg|
q|oa}ae|o, @}eQ q|qa Cg}qgga. ggoaqg, =}aa|o|_gg
agg|q}jj _gg @ga _aagg, jaooga q|Qgao @aaj
Cja}a|a_agggaa Cjaa|aga. @}eaqg, @gga aggo
gqqaaa|o, jaooga _gga}q } _g|aa}a o|o_ag,
Cg_aaaa Cga}j @_aa|gg.

ja|o aag Cojjq}a||_gg Cjgjj @gg qaaggogg|a
_qjja|o, @oC}o _}a g} _g|aaa ga}ggg. _ga oa}
@ggaa.

'jaooga _gga}q, g} _g|aa}_}q _}o|o _ajjaa @_gg,
Cggaaa}a aaoaaq @eQqggCjag|@, gag jag
gq|}qag gagag @a@ Cgaaoggq|q|oao. ajjo ajjoaa
@ga agg|o Coa}aa|ga}a cagao, cjjq Cj} _q|o g_
ggggagg ga}aa|aCaaeq_aa|ga}a caggaa _}gg. ao}
_}a.jgg|a gaoa|o @g g_ o|g _ajjaa jaooga
_gga}q|a |a ggg gjj|a}aC, @g|o Cg}qaao
ojggjjq_aa|ga}a ca@Cjag, _}a.jg g ogCga c_qg
gq|}aa gqaggaa|gg.''

gag @gg gqaq @oC}o _}a, ggo|o _C}aa _g|j_ag
_@jj|aqggg. aa}e, goCoa gjjgggag _}a.jg ga|ga} cag,
_C}aa _g|j} qaao ggo|o Coaooaqaa CqeQCajggaa.

gCaaCq, CojCj} 11, 2001 _ag oa q}gga aa
aa g, Cjeaa }a@qg gaoaa g, goaa
j|aCoa|a _o Caaga @aagg|a} g|aggg| gaaggo|o,
g|aogaogg Cja|_ggg _C}aaa. gq|}qagggag cg|}aa,
oaaq| gggag @}j|ggaqgg, @jaa g =}aa g aqa
gq|gg|_ggg. '@ooa|g gq|}qag' caa|g j|}Caagag _qaaa|,
cooaq|gaa gq|}qago Cooa_ag q@aaaaa, g_ g
_aagago Co}gg, _}o|o @ @g Cgaa||_ggg.

@aCq, gag gj gaaa @oC}o q|qgg|o Q q|QaCaaQaa,
_C}aa _g|j} jq ga}aa @oao. aqaa @oC}o|a a_gagg
ga @Cag|jjgaa _g|q|gga}. jaooga|o @ooa|g gq|}qag|aa
gQaa|C @aCqeQ, gjjgg gjjQqag _@g|aa gqag cag
Coaaaa}.

ggo ga qa} gooa}jgg gaaa Cja}a|aa, gooa}jgg @gga
_}o|o gaoq}aa q_e|aajjQaCaaeq_gg ao} _}a.jg, _gga
ae ggCo '@ooa|g gq|}qag|'a|a gaoq} @a|jCjaaa}!

g_ jg, _o _aoa @eq.jga gQj|qggaCaaeq_aa, gjg,
jaooga Cja}a| @aagago Co}ggq}a, g_ qoo|o @oC}@ag
cg|}aa gaaggoaa Cgagqggg, @gCq @aCaa_ Cgaaaj
j|aa|jCjaag.

a}o ag 27- Cgg| Cggaa caa|g @gg|o, 'ja}a' caa|g go|a
joCq||o, aa} 260 Cj} q q|_gg oajj|QaCaaeq_gga}a.
Passover q|_gg cag _gggj Cj}. _ag, g_ _g q|Qgag g|a.
go ogaCaQ aogg Caaeaa gag.

_jjqCa_ q|_ggaggag g_ @ao Cja}a|, Cjg
CqqgeQaaa aqaCaaeQ Cja Cqqaao Cog, ga@ @ggg,
_a|_ggq}a_ gjjg Cja} Caaagaa.

@ag g_ 'o|ggg' Cgaaaaaa a_g| _aaggj Cja}a| @aaa_
g jgag, @aaCa geQ Cqqaag Cgaa|q|, _gg @eQ
j}o ag g_qg, @oC}o|o }aaa Cqqo ojqa
_}Cag|a. g|ao}, gagggg jggj Cj}aqg jo|aaa}a. cg
ja}gga@ jgg| c}ggCaaeq_ggg. _}aa aa g|} g|C}ag
ga}aajja. j|j Cj_gga gaqgga Caa_ggjja.
gggaga, Cjea, @ea, gg|Ca} cag CqgjQgg|j ja}aaCq
@oao. a|agg gqCqa_ ogg}jjgg|@, Cja}a|a gaaggo g|agggg
gqgCq|oao.

@ga q|a, j}o|o Q @oC}o|o Cagg 180 o|q|o|aa
Caaoojja}a.

}o qC}aa Cao|gga}. aQaaa gqqaaa gogaa @gaaa
aQjjQgg gq cag g}aa|gg, Cgga aa}j jgg||o g_
Cqagg|o, }a@q gqqaaa @}jaa gg}q|a}.

Oper at i on Def ensi ve Shi el d cag Cj}jj @gg }a@q gqqaaa,
ja}a go ojq ggg gqgg @_jgg gagaqg e| Cg}gg|o
@}jaag. CgoCg, aqaa _qo} g|aoj j|}aa
CojjQ, @_jga|} }o}q aaqo ja|a}, Cgga aa}|o
CaaeQ gq|aajja}.

jaooga o}gg|}gg|o, @ggaa Cj} ja Cgga aa}|o @ggg
gaj gq|aajjg|oao. 1967- @eQ gaCjgg @gga
gggg|aCjag , @gg cee|aaa @oao. gQCagg jaooga
_C}j|}aa gg|ggaaQ Cqagga _ga aaqo}a_, gae
}a@qj jaj j|}q|a_ _Ca q gggaa|Q g|aga}a.

gaagaa, }o qC}aa, 'Cgo'(Knesset - @oC}o ja}a_ag)
_qo}a gaaga q, Cgga aa}|o gq|aajjq_ag
jaa_agg ga _|gg aaa gg|gg g} a}agg|aa}.

1. @ooa|g gq|}qag|a_ag, _aaao g_ _ggaa ga}aa
a|}aaa, gggaa| CqeQ.

2. gqggqa} gq|}qag|aaa aag CoCqeQ. gq|}aa gqao
Cjaaao, aQaCaaoooa.

8. gq|}qag|a_agj je gq|, @g gq|, gg| gq|a
CoCqa_ gq|}qag|aaaCq a_gjjQ, aag Cojj CqeQ.

4. gq|}qag|a|a @ga a|gaaa aeQj|qgg gg|aa CqeQ.
@ga _aagg jg|ggo Cojj CqeQ.

6. Cjagaa_ag cggj jag|jj @ooao, @gg gqqaaaa
CgCaajj CqeQ.

Cjagaa_ag jag|jj ag cag Coaoojja@, gQCagg
jaooga _C}j|}aaC @oC}o| _}a, gq|}qag|a jqo|ogaa
Co}gg|_ggg cajag aqagg|o Caa CqeQ.

CjgoC@, Cga|a, gjoo, }ooa. @gg gaag ga}agaa
@oC}o|j ja|a ggo @oaaaa @_ggg. C@j}aa, Cg}aCaa
ga}aa caa aa}egg|aaCoa, _q}a gq|}gg|_gga}a.
(Cg}aCaaq|o @ooa|a g|aag Cja}a| @aagg|a_agj joaa
Cq}a eQ.)

cooa ga}. cooa_ ga}. gggaa cag g}aaaa|q|g.
gaQ gg. @oC}o|g g}jj|o @g 'gq|}qag gg|jj' cag
QC Coaoojjg. jaooga|}aaj Cjagggqa} @g, @aCaa_
aggg|}j Cja}.

_}a.jg _jCjag }ooaq|ogaa @_gga}. gaaao @agqa}
_ag|aaaaa g}o CaaQggj ja}gga}. @oC}o| }a@qgg|a
eaaa Cgaaa, gaaaa aagCoqggaa cajg _q_agg
Cg}. _q_ag gag qg|a @_gga. gag, Cq| gaQagj
Cjaq|Qqg. _oog _CaC @_gg gg Coqg. gagaqg, gg
Cog eQ gaaaCa_ Cja}a|aa Cq|jjQggao, _ag|
gqqaaa|a Cga}oo|aag gaaaa aag Co _@g|jjg!

Cq|gaQagj Cjaq|Qqg gag j|}agaa aa} @oao. gq|},
g_ Cja}a| @aag gaoq} _jjq Cq|gaqo ga||_gg
Cja}agag gggqg gag jg| q|qoo. _}a.jgCg ga
qagq|a Cj_jgg|a _jjqa ag|ggq}gaa. goCoa gjjggggag
gaj, o|}aq|@ Cojaaa|@ ga|q|aq|@gaa, _q}
j|go|gaaa ggg|aCaaeQ, jaooga Cja}agag gaCaQggo
CoagCaaeq_gga}.

}ooaq|CoC ga||_gg, Cja}a|a_ag @g}qaa _q_ gjjaaa|
gg||_ggao, gQCagg jaooga|}a_ _q} g Caaeq_gg
aojjaa gggq|Q, _}a.jgag g_ agga @g}aa
gaq_qa}a.

@gg @}ea Coao, j|}oaaa _}o|o }g||CoC _@gqg,
_gaqg aag Co qggao, g}eQ j|qaaao og|jjg caa|g
gqaq cQggao aa gja}aa cajg ogCgaC caga@,
@gg|qa}, CgCaae gg|a gag g_ Cg}aaa _}o|o
gaoq}aa _aa aaejjoa.

gag qg|a. _}a.jg Cao|gga}. _q} Cao|aag CgagCjaCg,
Cq|C @oC}o| }a@qgg|a} qgg gq| @}j|gg|_gga}a.

gag|. ggg }jCja}} 22 Cojj}, 2006



88 jaooga|a ggag ao} _}a.jg

g|oCooa }gg - ja. }aaqa

ao} _}a.jgag, 'jaooga|a ggag' cag gaao Coaoogq.
jaooga q|Qgaoaaaa _q} cQgg ggo|a, j o|}a,
CogCaae o}oa, q|QaCaaQgg ojqa, Cago|a ggaq
g_ea, CqgeC_gg Cgagq e}oo| aa aao|a
cooa, aeag qgaa|ooagaq. @aao gagg Cg}gg 'Cgogggag'
jqgga, _}a.jgag gjj|gqag.

@gggj jo g@aaaa aa}ea eQ. ggo|o aagg|aj Cjao,
_}a.jg, g} _@|aoqag| _oo. _q} @gjCja}a|. qgaa
aaogg|ogaa, _q} Cjoaqa}gaga|o _aaag aaqaa}. @}eaqg,
aagg| jgq|a cg|@ _}ggq}oo}. aggg|} _agg g|agg|o
qaaa aoq}a_ag g|qa}e Cgq, gqaa| agg|a} CjaaaC}
gq|}, Coo||o CaaqCgg|, |a oajj| aqjqa|o, _q}
aoggCaaq|oao. gagaqg |a gaa|aagaa aa}e,
aagg||a qagaaa g_ g|ggg jggaaa @_ggg. goog Cag
cgqaaa@, _agg Cg}q|ggq|Qggaa, _q} g qQaCa
Coaoqa}. _}a.jgg|a qagaaa, }ao|aaoaag. _q}g jo
gqqaaaa gg|gg, @agqa} o}aa, @ga}_}qaa gaqoa
a|aag.

@ggaa q|gg|aoa @_gga@, _q_ Cgogggaggaa. @a@
j|gaaag, caCga g_ga j|gaajCjaa|g, g_ Cgogg|a ggag.

@gg gjjQ @Ca CojjQqggg, g_ aa}e eQ.
@}ea|}aqg @eQ j|gggj|gggaa jaooga j|}oaa, g_
jgjj}ae cQggg. g|ag |}gjja_, aoq}a_, gaqjjo
ojqa_, aoqoa aqjqa_ g|ao} gaag Cgaa|a. 2001
a}o ag, 'ja}a' go|o gaCjgg ggCaaaog gaaggo ojqgagg
Cga}gg gj aoq}a, @oC}o _}a g_qoo|o _C}j|}aa
_agqggaaa _@jj| }a@qgg|a Cqg|ggaaa Cqa, _jCjag
aagaa }aaa _}ja|a Caaj, _ga q|j}g q|aa
@aqCooa, @gggga oa o}gg|}gg|o, CqCggC ggg|}agaq.

_jjqCa_ aCj} gggCaaeq_ggCjag, jaooga _C}j|}a|a
gC} _}o|o gaaa, _}a.jgg|a gqqaaaa cgC,
Cq|jjaaa @oao cajg q_ggaa ea.

g_ jaa, _ag|aaaag Cga}gg g}o CaaQggaCaaeCgaa
@_gga}. gjaa, @oC}o|j jaa_ag cg|}aa
o@aaqaCaaeq_gg jaooga q|Qgao @aaa_ag gaoaa
gq|aa, _q} CogCaaeC @_gga}. @g, _aaq_agC Cg}
cagCjag, Cga}gg _q} gg Cja}a| @aa @g} g|ao gg|gg,
gjjg Cg}q|gg qggg, Cja_ggaCoC @_ggqggg. _q}
Cq|jjaaaCq, @oC}@ag cg|}aa Cg}q gggagg gaoagaa|
gggoaC caggaa _}joa Cag. _}a.jg, _gggj jg|o
Coaooao Cga}gg Ca aagg qggggg, gC} g_ aa}egaa.

g_Cqa _ag|j Cjoaaa go gaqg goog gaa
qajj|_agaaao, _ag a CaQggaCaaCqeQ cajggaa
_g.

goog gaa CqeQ cajggaa, _q}g Cgaaa cajg|o c
ogCgag @oao. @aao, _ggaaa qg| @ggaa cag Cg|qaa,
g}aaaa _q}ao g_ jaagag Cg}gCgQaa gqao Cjaag
g}g|_q.

@ooaq|ao goCoa gjjggjjq _ag|ag @g} Cg}q|ggq|Q,
jaooga _gga}q|a gaoq}aaj CjagjCjgg, Cgga aa}a
aaoaaq g_ jaa @eQCaaeQ, @aCaa_ jaa, Cja}a|
@aaa_ag gq| Co cjjq gq?

_q}, Cja}a| @aaa_ag @g}qaao Cooja} cag,
@oC}ogaCa ggg oaqg cag Caaoa.

g_ ojq gggg. _ggaa cooaqgag CqCq|ooaaa|g.
@eQ 2002. _gg @eQg Cgaaagg|o|_gCg, _}a.jgg|a '_o
.jgga', _o .jggaq|a ggCaaaoj jaj j|}qaa '_o _aoa
a}a}o j|}CaQ' |aggq|}aa @gg gaaggoa|o =Qjg
Cgaa|a. aqa|aa. @aCoa, @g} _ajjaCa _oo.
_}a.jgg|a Cg}qa aQjjaqa ag @g Cja}a| @aaa.

@ao, @ooa|a g|aag Cjaag @aaa|a gaaggoaaa aaq@,
_o .jggaq|a gaaggoa |ag gq|}aaaq; aQjag|jjaa
gjQggqooaq. @ggg, o}gg|}gg|o @ggaaeaaaa ga}ea
eQ. @gg _ajja|a gaaggo|o g|ao}, gagggg jgg|_jg
@oC}o| @oagaaqg gaoaa|aCaaeq_gga. gQCagg jaoog@
q|jja ja}gg ojq _g.

Caa|o, _}a.jg _ag|, _ag| cag Cjo @}j|gg|_ggg|o ogCg
gj|aaa @ggg Cja|_gga}, jaooga|}a. @aao _o.jgga
@aaggq}a, |a Cq|jjaaa, @oC}o| }a@qgg|aa}a ae
@gg|Coooa gqo Co @}j|ggagj ja}ggg _}a.jg,
eQ ggggagg ga}aa|q|a} caCg Cjo @}j|gga}a.

_}a.jg @gaa ggg _g|aaa Cq||q|oao. _Cgo, '@a,
gaa eQ gjjaaa| gg|q|Ca' cag Coaooq|oao.

@g o}qCgo _}a|o |ajCj} ggjjgag q|aq|ggg. _}a.jgg|a
g|aojjaQ caa cajg, |ajCj} Caq|agg|aa @_ggg.

@gga ggjjggag @a@ q@ Co}agq|gaa, _gqa} _}a.jgag
|aa aQaaa q|}o|gg qgg @ao gg @ooa|a g|aag Cjaag
jaooga q|Qgao @aaa, 2002- @eqa Cgaaagg|o|_gCg,
_}a.jgag qaaaqj jag @}j|gga. _q}gaa o|
CaaQaajCjaa|ga} caCg @ao g_gag Coaaag.

@jCjag ggCga, @Cag|gCga _}a.jg jg|o g Coaooq|oao.
g_ q|qgg|o _q} Cg|qaaggaa @_gg|_aa|ga}. Cg}qaag gaCa
gjjaaa| gg| gg j}qg|oao. _Cgo, _C}j|}a|a
@aa_ gagaa|q| gjjaaa|a, caa Coga@ gaaao @gaa|
aqaa gqjCjaqg|oao cajgao, Cja}a|a_ag cg|}aa g
Coao @_ggq|Qqg. gqgg _ag _q}a_ag gq| Coj
ja}jjg. gqagCjag, Cjoao @_ggq|Qqg.

@Cgooa _}o|o|o |a oaga}eaa q|qagaa cajag
q|aag Cgaq|oao. @aao, aggg|}j Cja}a caa|g ja|gaa
e}q|o, @gg _}o|o qaoaa aoagCjaggaa, g}e|jjg|o o|}
gjQa|gg.

@jjqaaCga_ ggjj |aa j|aae|a, _}a.jg oaqgg
aaogg|ogaa, }ooa ga_ag @oC}o| }a@q jgggg. _jCjag
_}a.jg, 'Cjooa qa_a' caggaa Coaaaa}. @aao, _q}g
a|aaag Cq|C, @oC}o| }a@qgg|a_a gjjaaa| gg
j}ggCaaeq_ggq}aa, _q} aQjjQgg ggo| CgCaaq|oao
cajag aqa|aa CqeQ.

ao Cjao Cj_aCaQgg qgg|_gg @oC}o|j jaa_ag, }ooaq|o
_}a.jg ga||_gg a|aaaa aaqo aaggq}a, Cqg
Caaaaaaaggaa Cg}gg|_aa CqeQ. |ao aojgg|o _q}a
a|aaa gaa} qojjQgg|q|a}a. _a|_gg _ggaa
_C}j|j Cja}a|aa aag Cog _@jj|q|Q, gaa}o agg|,
ggo|o jogg aaqo Cjaa}a. _}a.jgg|a a|aaao agg|,
ga|C g_ agg }a@qa aaqo g|gggjjg.

qaq|Q _q} Cq|C q}gqagjq, Cq||o|_gg
}a@qgg|a_agg Cg}agjq a_ C Cjaagqagjq
aqaaa gjaQ Cogq|Q, _q}g a|aaag }a@q gagggg.

Coagaa.

g} @eQ @Qag q|ao, _jjqqCa_ Coagaa Cjaa}a.
_}a.jgg|a qqo|_gg _ggaa @qeaa, aqgaa,
aeag qgag CgaQjjggaaa cQgg aqggaCaaeQ, aee|o
q|aCaeCe q|QaCaaeQ @}aoo| Cog Cgaa|aa}a.

_aagag ja}ggaCaaeQ _}a.jg jaaaaa aa}gg|_gga}.
_q_ag |a Cg_aaaa gag|}eQ oaaaa QC __Ca @_aa,
_@g|aajja}. CgaaoCjo|g Cga}ja gaajja.
Cgaaoaaao|, qaCaao| Cjaag oagaa jajQggqag
_@g|aa gggq|a}a.

_}a.jggao cgC Cogqag g|ao gjg. caCaaa
@qeaa _q}a cQgg|_aa|ga}a, cag gaa|aagaaa
a_ga|ga}a, cg oaga}e cag a_gjjg? cgC _q_agg
Cg}ag. g} _ag|o _q} @_aa _@g|aajja}. _gg
_agagCC jag_ @_gggao Cq|C q}Cqeq _qo|
@oao cag Coaoojjg. _jjqC q_qCgaga@, Cq @}eQ
}a@q q}}a_ gjjaaa| gg| q_qa}a. _g|ajo ga@a
qqa j|g _aga_ag _q}ao Cjaa gq. _qqgaa. Caa
aqagaj Cjaaaag cag gaq|g|gg|_gga}a.

@agggaa qQoo|ag caja}a. g} _}o|o gaoq_agg g}Cqeq
}aag|o cgga gag @oao. @aao, }aag gaag
aqggaCaaeQ gag oag|aa gqag caa|g g|aoa.

@ggo Coagaa, o|o qa}a gqgga. (gag aga qa} Coagaa
gggg cag o|o a_gga @_aa|aga. aao _q|o goo|aa
gaqoa a|aaaq|oao.)

Coagaaa gqggq|Q, a|agg q|q}aa _a|_ggjqC
}a@qgg|a} Co _q|ag _@jj|aa}a. _ga _qjja|o, 2002-
@eQ C ag 6- Cgg| @oC}o _}a g} _g|aaa Cq||g.
_gg _g|aaa|o, Cja}a| @aaa_agj Cjag| g|g| gq| _|aa,
_}a.jg aaC_ggj CjaQaCaaQgg _@g|a aqg gag,
o|aa||_jjgaag Cg}q|aajjg. @ga} gaao @oC}o _}a
Cq||g. @g gq|}, o|o gaa| @qea aajjggjjgaa
_g|q|aajjg. @aao q|q}a Cq||jjq|oao.

@g, o}qCgo _q|o |ajCj} jag|jaj eaaaaq _g|aaa
cag a_g| _}j oa, _qo} _qo}aa g} _ag| gjjggggagj
j|aa} ag| Cjag. @gga gggg|a Cjag, aag Cog
jaooga goo|aa @oC}o q|Qgao CoCqeQ. _}a.jgg|a
jaooga _gga}q _ajaj g_aaa _aa}aa CqeQ.
Cga}gg _C}j|}a|a @o|, Cgga aa} gg aaoaq|o
gaCjgg ga Coaooaag. jg|@ag _}j oa, @oC}o ca@
Cgogag, _g|aa}_}qaa _aa}ag.

@agqa}|@C @oC}ao, cgg g} _}j Cgog
_aa}aaq|oao cajag, g|aaq|o Caa CqeQ. _aag
ggg|ao|o, _q}a_ag _jjqqCa_ g|}jjgg @_ggg. _}a.jgag
g_ Cja} cag g|gqgggg gaaaoaa _ggaa ggo|aa
@oC}o cQggaCaaeq_ggg. _q}g qqo aeCQaajjgaa
_g|q|gg @qea , @oC}o| _ajCj
_qaaa||_aaaq Cjao| @qeagaa cagj Cjo|aa}a.
caCaaaCqa Coaoo|jja}gga}a, Cog ja}gga}a.

@oC}o CajgaaCq @oao. _}a.jg Cga}gg qQoo|ag|ogaa
@_ggaa CqeQ caa|g g|aoa _qaag. _Cgo, _q}
_gga qa} @ggg|_gg aa Cooqaag ca@ g|jj|aa j,
eQ _q_aga a|aaag Cgaa|g.

gag|. ggg }jCja}} 26 Cojj}, 2006









89 Caa.j| _aaa|a oa}gg|aa _g|aaa

g|oCooa }gg - ja. }aaqa

}o qC}a@ag gaj, @oC}o|a j|}g}aa @_gg =@g ja}aga
ao} _}a.jggag, _}o|o }g||o gj o|o a_gg Cagoa, o|o
gagaao|a _ag|j Cjoaqa}gaga|o gj Cgaoq|, }o qC}aa,
_o _aoa gg|ag gaggg, _}o|o gaa g|aggg|g
@a|aqgaa @}eaqg @eq.jgaq|a @}j cajagj ja}gCga.
ao} _}a.jgag @oC}o }a@q qQo o|ag|o aqggg, @ggj
Cja}aggag aqaa g_ o}qCgo aqa _|ggg. oa
_q|o, gQCagg goo| ogagg|a_ _g|}oo| @gg|}g
_agg, @oC}@ag cg|}aa aea _g|aaaaa Cq||g
Cgaa|aa}a. gg|a a|gaa|@ _ggaa _}j Cgoa_
g|aoa|a gq|}gagg ge|aa, caa Coqg cag Cg}ao
q|g|ggaCaaeq_aa, @aaCa, o|ooagg gq|}qaga
j}ggCaaeq_gg }aaa _qjjaqag @aaa, gg aqagag
aqaaj jaooga g gq|aa @}j|gga.

gggaa cag gqqaa|q|j|gg, jaooga Cja}a| @aaa
a_a aaaaaa aagg|_aaao, Cggaaa}|@ aaoaq|@
qgg gq|gg|_gg @oC}o|j jaa_ag cg|}aa, |ag gq|}aaj
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gagagg}a a|}|aoaCjao q|oa}aajjQ, }aaa q|q}a
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joCqg _}j Cgoa|o _ag|aaao agg|g g|}ggCaaeq_aa|ga}a.
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Cja}a cag @ga|q|a}a.

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aqaa g_ Cjaga. aoqoaa_a q aee}a aae
_g.

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ojgg|ooag @aaa o|oqgg|a @g}aqj Cjgg, g_ g_
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_ajj Caoa g_ }ao| _g|aaa _@jj|g.

g.ga.q|a CjagoCooa} Caa.j| _aaa, @oC}aoa aeqgg g}
_g|aaa Cq||a}. Caago oa}gg|aa _g|aaa _g.

ao} _}a.jgag qQoo|ag|o aqgg @oC}o
q|oa}ggaCaaeq_ggg jgg|, _gg _g|aaa|o Cg}qa aea cg
@oao. agaa, 'ao} _}a.jggag q|g|aajjQ aQjjaQaaa
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cggag|}aa gqaq cQjjg cajg|o @_gg ggjj, gaa, j
gg jjjj.

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cag, _qggo Coaoo|aCaaeq_ggg @oC}o| _}a. _gaaogaa
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jaooga ga}a|o gq|}qag @oagaa Cgaaa|g gaaggo
ggg|q_qgaa, _q}a Coaaaa}a.

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j}a Cjggq}aa _q}, g_Cjag @aaa_ago oa}j g|ao
cQaaaa} cag ja|}aaa gjjaCaa, a_ag a q}q|oao.

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ggjjgg|a ooa _g!

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g} _g|aaa Cq||a}. 'jaooga _gga}qa Cjoaqa}gagag
gaa cjCjag ga}aaggaa @_gg qgg|_aa|Cga. @aao,
@jCjaag ggg|ao, jj|Q aa}aqgg _ag| gg|ggj Cja
q|gaa @oao. _ ga. Cqg _ga @oC}o| ga} cg gag|@
geQCqqaaao @_aaQ ggo|o. _gaj|gg _q}aCaQ Cjaqg
jgg| gq Cooa' cag Coaaaa} _q}.

_ggagj Cja}a| @aaa_ _Ca
}eajjQgg|aCaaeq_ggag gg|jj|aa CqeQ.

2002_ @eQ a}o, j}o g_qg @Cg aaggaa. C ag qaaa|o
_}a.jgg|a qao agg|j Cjajjq_gg aaqo, Caago
q|oaa|aCaajjQqg Cjaag ggo gjg. _}a.jg jaoaa|ag
qgg aaaq aao|a, oag Cgaaoaaao|a g|j}jj|a.
g|aoa Caago o}agCjaogaa Cg}ggg.

@ggga aa}e, |a c|aaag. @oC}@aga Caago _qaao
Cqeq|_ggg. gag }a@qgag eQ g|}q, jgge}oo|a
Cja} _@jj g|aagga} qC}aa. o|o g|aaaqg _q}a_ag g
CqeQ cag a_g|aa}a.

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Cg}ggao, Cja}a|a Caago _ag|aoa, Cjagaa_
Caago _ag|aajja}a cag g|aaggggaa @gaao Coga}a.

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Cgaa|gC @oC}o| aga, @}CqaQ @}qaa, }ooa ga_ag
gag @}j|ggq|a. }aaCaQa @oag g|}e|aajjQ, Cg}aa
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gaoq}a @}eQCja}, @Cg Cjaag }aaCa gaaggoa go
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cajCg @oao cag _qggo Coaaaa}, }o qC}aa.

ao} _}a.jg, jgq| q|oaCqeQ. gg _jjao Cjaag g}
'g|aog}a' a}aqg @o|jCjagjaj gaCqeQ. _C}aaa
gaa|ag qa}gg|gg|_gg 'C}a Cj' gg|gg Cjoaqa}gagaag
Cgaa, @ggqaqg @}j o}aa @_ggaogaa Cjoaqa}gag
oagg|. @aao _}a.jg jgq| q|oaaa}. @aCq, _qa}g gaaa|
_g|jjagg gq|}, gaag Cqg qg||oao cag qC}aa Coaoo|q|a}.

g9a 10_ Cgg| g|aa|ga. }ooa ga} g_qg @oC}o| }a@q
gq|aajjQq|g. g|} Cg}gg|o aa aqgg oaaoa|o
_g|q|ggjq, }a@q gj gag gqg. ''g gg} q_qa},
Cjagaa a_ qg|ag q}Cqea. qaj _qaCaaeQ
CC @_aa.''

@gg _g|q|jj Cq|aa _Qgg gagaqg g||gg|o, aaaga a|g|ag
ojg gag Cag. _}a.jg ga||_gg a|aa|a aggoaq}a g_
jgg|, joCao} CaaeQ @qaajjQ ogg _g.

j|aaaCoC @aCaa_ ojgg Cag. ca|_gCga og|qgg
a|aa|a Co ggg|o Cag| g_ }aaCa geqa ojg.

gag|. ggg }jCja}} 29 Cojj}, 2006



90 _}a.jgag |_a q|Qaqaa aa}a

g|oCooa }gg - ja. }aaqa

aaq| gggag j|}aao|o @_gga}a. cjCjag a @_ag
ggg _o .jgga gjj|a}a gaaaagg Cj},
gaoagqaa||_gga}a. jo}, aag Cojjq_gga}a. a}, a}
aag Cojjq_aa|ga}a, a} Cq|C @_aa|ga}a cajCg
Cg}ag ggg|ao g|oq|g. _}a.jgg|a qqo Cqao
ja}ggaCaaeq_gg je|a}a _ggaa Cja}, @}jgg|CoC
aag Cog CaaeQCjaq|a}a. aaq@ag g|ag q}}a g_gg}
q|ao, gaagaao aQaCaaoojjq_aa, gag }ooa a|aa|o
_}a.jg ga|Ca_ gj}aa, qa g|ggg Cjaqggg g_ oaa @ooao,
@_aa Cqeqgaag. Cq|oga _q} Cga}jCaaqggg, cgg
qg| @ooao, a|aa|a Cgaaog Cga}ja _ggaa
geqaajja. g_ geQaaaa|g, Cjao|o @ooagqag ae@
a_ggaag Cgqg gagCgQggq|a}a.

@}eaqg gagaa, _}a.jgag qQaaaqo|o aqjjggg, @ggaa
aa}aao CoCqeq|_ggg. @aao, @oC}o }a@q q}}a,
@ggg _g|a _qaao cQggaCaaq|oao. g} @}. g_ jao.
_qqgaa.

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j|}Cgo. _}a.jg _Ca @_jjg Q aa}eoo, Cj_jaoaa
Cja}a| @aaa|a Coo _@qoaa _Cagaa @_gga.
j|ag| gaQ Coa}, _q}a_ag _Ca @_ggg. jaooga
_gga}q aaqo}agaa _Ca Cj_jaaa cajgao, Cja}a|a
gaa|ag| caa CqeQaaa@ Cogqggg. jg|@ag ga}a aaqo
je||o _q}a_, aaqo}a_agg gaoaa _ggaa gq|aa
CogCaaeq_gga}a.

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ga}gg aa_ cjCjag _oo|ag|C qagggCaaeq_gga}a.

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@_gga}a.

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aggaCaaeQ gaCag, cjjq gagggg @g|o|_gg cQ
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gj|aa}.

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caggaa, _q}a CaQaCaaeq_gga}a.

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jajQgg|aCaaj ja}ggg.

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Caaq|g Cgaa|aa} }o qC}aa. qC}a@ag @}j ggCo
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gaa gga|aCaaeao, gggag g|ggg|q|Q Cjoaqa}gag|o _}oa
cag, qC}aa ja|}aaaCq _g|q|gga}.

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jaooga _gga}q _ajjag_ jaaooaoa a|jj|g.

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Coag gee| ja}aaao aggg|}ggaaaaj Cja}aqaCaaeq_aa|Cga.
cgg g_ agg|@ _C}j|}a_ag goog Coq|ggg|o @oC}o
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'g_Cqa gaa jgq| q|oaCqeq q_aaao, gaag _Qgg _@g
gC} (Ahmed Qur ei ) @o|ag q}CqeQ cajggaa _}a.jgg|a
q|_jj' cajgaa, jaooga g_qg g_ qggg| j}q|aCaaeq_ggg.
@g _jjaoag _@g gC}ag @a|o, g_q|gaa
@gaagagCqg eaaa|q|q_ggg.

ggg gaoq}a _aaq_, @qqagaa oaa|o _ajjQ,
@_aCaa_ gao|o @_gg g_egg|ogaa, _}a.jgag qQaaaqo|o
aqjjggg @oC}o gag }a@qgag _@jj|g.

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_aoo}a jo}, CjagjCjga @_gga}a. jag _aoo}a o|o}a
jgq|a_ aggjjq|_gga. jg| Caj|aqa ggo .

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_aoo}a _ggaaCj_ @oC}ao oaQCa|agg g|q _g|aaaq|
@}j|gga}a. 'jaooga _gga}qa joqajjQggqg, jaooga
aaa _oogqj ja}jjggaa @oC}o|a Cgaaa. _ggaaaggaa,
}ooaaqa gg|aqgg|_aa|ga}a' caga}, _}a.jg _aoo}aq|a
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@oao' cag, agg|g g}gga}.

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_gga}q|a}, @jjq _g|aaa q|QaCaaeq_aa, gjaa,
ogg|ooao _ggaa gaa|og}aa aag Co je|a @oC}o
@}j|ggg. cgga aag Cq|C Cg}aag cag g}aaaa,
gg}q|q_gga}a. aag CojjQjq}a, cCa
CaaeQCooojjQa|ga}a cajg }ao|aaCq aqaajjq_ggg.

_}o|o gaoq}aaa aag Coqg g_ jaa @_aa, }ooaq|@
_ga aggjjgg|a|@ @_gg _ggaa Cja}a| @aagago
Co}ggq}aa Cgqjj|qgga aag Coqg _oog Caaag gg|jjg
cag Coog| qggg, @}CqaQ @}qaa _qaa @}j|gga}a.

}ooa g_qg }a@q aga gqa. cgga agqaqg g|ggg|_ggao,
aeaegqaCaaeQ a @}j|ggq|Qqa}a. }g gg} _o|o
@_ggg. Cja}a|a cgCqeQaaa@ jga|aCaaeQ gaaggo
gggoa cajgao, @oC}o }a@qgg|a}, gq|_jjj jgg|a|o
coo}aaaa gggCaaea}a. cggg gao aee|o ja@
aa}a. gggaga, qgaaq} caCgooa j ja}aaq|oao.
}aaCaQaao _}a.jgg|a a|aa g gaaggo ggg|jqC,
joCao}aa Coo ga}gg|jCja, cg|}jj aa _aagag
@qggjqC _q}g a|aa|a j|ajg Cjao Co}gga}a.

@a|o ggg gaaggo|o, @_jggg|@ }aaCaa} @gggCjaag,
g_qa} ag|ggj jgg|}aao Cog|aa qggg.

Cja}a|a| q}g Caajg @_gg _ag, Cja} Cg}gg| @oao
cajg, |ajCj} gagaa @_ggg. j|ggq|aajj @oC}o
}a@qgg|a joggag ga, _q}aao _g|a Cg} gaagj j|qaa
gqq|oao. gq|} }a@qgg|a} @_gg _ag, gqa
@ga_ Cja}a|a| @oao. aaeg gQjj j}a|
@_ggaCoag| }ooa a|aaaa aaaagqag cajg
Cg}ggCaC, Cja}a|a gg||o Coa} eaa|q|g.

_q}a Cao|jjgggaa a|aa @qgg Cgagaajjg. gC} g_
jgg|a Q |oo aqggq|Q, _}a.jgg|a qqa Cj_jaoaa
jgg|aa @qggg ga}aaa|q|a}, @oC}o|}a. a}aj jaag,
}ao| qg| cag cg @_gga@ @_aaoa cajCg @ga aa}e.
ga|aj jQggqg cag gq Cogq|jqao, _ag g_aaao
CogaaCqeQ cag, _q}a q|_j|aa}a. g_ =, Caaa
_qa} Cg_agqagjq, agg| qagga aaqo g|aga}a.

aeqjjaa @gag q|j}ggaa cag gQCagg jaooga|}a_
gq Coga}a. _}a.jgag |_a q|Qaqaa aa}a caCg,
_q}a g|aagga}a. cgg ggo| cQaa qg||ooao, aaCgg|j
j|}a}ggaa Co @}j|gga}a.

gag|. ggg }jCja}} 2 _aCaj}, 2006



91 Caj Cq| _ag|j Cjoaqa}gag

g|oCooa }gg - ja. }aaqa

gg _jjaao gga@ gCja, _}a.jgag gaaCa cag
@oC}o ggagaaao|o g|agggga aa}e caaCqag ja}ggq|Qqg
goog. gg _jjao cajq}, aa gaoq} _oo}. _}a.jg
|_a @_gg aaogg|o, g_ Cg}go|o _q} ga|gg g|agao g_
gQ q|_a cajg, ogCgagaa. _q} _}a.jgg|a oaa. _o
.jggaq|a @}jaao ggo, a @_gg q_jq}. g} |gqag|
cag Coaoooa. _qqgaa.

_}a.jggagj jg|oaa @aCaa_q} qgggaa g}CqeQCagao, _g
a}aa @_aaoa cag Coaoqggga aeqjjaa, jaooga|}a
Cao|aaCq Coqa}a. Caa|o, _q}a_agg gaoq} cagao,
_}a.jg g_q}gaa. _}a.jgCg g_qa}a aaaaq, '@q}gaa
@a|Co' cag Coaaaao, aeae gqaCaaeQ gjg|o, _q}a_ag
cggo oag @oao. agaa, ga_agg gaoq}aa q}jCjaa|gqa}
@oC}o o|ja}a Coa|gg cajag, jaooga|}aao g}e|aaa
gqq|oao.

@g @oC}o _}aag gagaag Cg}. _jjq @_gg, _}a.jgag
q|oaa|q|Q @aCaa_q} qggaogaa _ag| cag _q}a _
j|qagag, _jjqCaa _}a.jg g Cqgjj?

aa}e @_aa|gg.

_C}aaaq|a _g|j}aa j|o a|ea @_ggCjag, 2000_ @eQ
g9ao aggg|o, jaooga j|}oaaag g_ g} aa@ Caoaaa,
@_g}jj _ag|j Cjoaqa}gag gagag gjaQ Coga}. Caj Cq|
caa|g @gg|o aa} @}eQ qa} aao gaCjgg @ggj
Cjoaqa}gag|o, jaooga _gga}q oa}j|o ao} _}a.jgg
@oC}o|a oa}j|o, _jCjaag @oC}o|j j|}g}aa @_gg =@g
ja}ag aoggCaaea}a.

goCoa _ag|j Cjoaqa}gag goo q|aaag g_ cag
cg|}ja}gg CjaggjCjaa aa}eggao, @gag |aa aqaaag
g|a ga}gg aqgg|_gga} j|o a|ea. @_ g}jj|a_
ggaCaa_ jogg|o, _Qgg gggaeQa|o (_gaqg 2006_ @gg
@eQ!) jaooga j|}oaaag agaaaCga_ g|}gg}g g}
aeQq|gq cajg _q}g aeag.

_C}aaaag, jaooga g _jjqCaa _aaag? caa|g
Caq|ag, gC} g_ jg|ogaa. _aag Cgg||o, gg|a a|gag gaQa
cg gag@ _C}aaaago aga gq|oao. caaqg
g}gg|oaqg goog gjjggg, gaa aa}eaa @_jjg, ga|jj
gag|o ga@a @Cag }ggqggg _C}aa Cgogg|a
g|jaj gg|a a|gaa|o _g|a}jjggg jajQ cag a|ea
g|aagga}. _gaaogaa Caj Cq| _ag|j Cjoaqa}gagag gjaQ
Coga}.

a|ea|a g| caa?

92 ogq|a|g Cggaaa} g|ojj}jj|o|_gg, 100 ogq|a|g aaoa
jgg||o|_gg, @oC}o| }a@q q|oaa|aCaajjQ.

jaooga _gga}q @qggaaa, @oC}o _|gg ggCjaag
Cggaaa}j jgg| gg aaoaa @a@ g}_ ga}aa @_
}a, jaooga _gga}qag qgajjQ.

Cggaaa}j jgg||a coaoCa} _agg @oC}o|a gq|_jjj
jgg|a|o, cQ ogq|a|g g|ojj}jj @oC}@a @ae. _jjgg|,
jaooga _gga}q @o| coaoag q}ag. _gaqg, @oC}o|a
gq|_jja _agg jgg|aa @oC}Co @_. jaooga
_gga}q @o|agj j|g jgg|a|o, qo|ag _g}a, jqjjqaag
g|_j _agggaCaajjQqa}a.

ggo jaooga|}a gagCq gqagjq @_ag a|gag
Cg_oCogg|a g_ jgg|a, jaooga _gga}q, gag gaoga}aa
_g|q|ggaCaa }a qgajjQ. _Cgo, Cg_oCo
g_qgaa, jaooga|}a_ago Coagg cag @a|q|ag. gg
gggq}a_ _Ca qo|aaoa. qg|jaQo aggg|}, _aaq_ag
Cjagqaagaa, g|aog|gggjjQ.

jaooga _ag|a caa|g Cj}o, gg|a a|gag g_qg j}q| qo|gg
q_Cqa} gaa g|_j q|qgg|o, @oC}o o|oqgag
q|QaCaaQag. _q}a jaooga _gga}q @o|jCjagjj|o
@_ag jgg|a_ag q_qg|o, ga|_aaag. o}qCgo _q|o g_ g_
_agg, _ag|a Cgo g|_j q|qgg|o, gg|aaCga_ gqaq
q|a}q|o cQaaoa.

a|ea|a _ag|g g|gg|a oa} @ggaa. @gaa =@g ja}a
gaa|ao|o ao} _}a.jgg| jqggaaaq, 'caa Coaoa|g}a?'
cag, a|ea Caa}.

_}a.jg o|g|g Cg} Cao|ggq|Q , 'aa|aa. gjjaCaa
gqag' cag Coaoo|q|a}.

=@g ja}a _g|}oo|agga}. @ggaa Qgo _g|aa}a }a
qgg g| gaag, a|ea CaaeQq_qa} cag _qC}
cg|}ja}aaq|oao. @oC}o| aa_ag, gaa caa jg|o oagaa
Coaoogq caggaa Cao|ggaCaaeq_gga}.

@aao _}a.jg, ggg|@aa @gg|gag g|}aa}ggq|g|o a|ea,
ja}a @_q_agC g}ag _g|}oo|, q|jj. 'a aaa
g|ojj}jaj |a Caoaa g_ gg@ag ga g||_aa|g}a'
cag, ja|}aaaa ggg oaqaa} a|ea.

_}a.jg jg|Co Coaooq|oao. aaaga _ g|ojj}jaj
_|ggq|Q, aaaq q|aoCja _ag|j Cjoaqa}gaga|a q|a
caaqaa @_ag cajag, goCoa gjjgggg|aCjaCg _q} Cg|qaa
e}gg|_gga}. jaooga _gga}q caa|g _ajaj agaa
_qaaa gjjaCaaeCaCa cag q_gg|aCaaeq_ggq_ag, @gg
_ag| gjjgggg|o a|goo| Caaggaa cgg g} _og aee|o
jao Cjaag|o q|jj|oao.

_}a.jg @gaa gjjaCaaeq_ggao, jaooga|}aC _qa}a
Caaag|_aaaQ. Caa|o, aggg|} jaooga caa|g ggag
Caa}aaaag gq|}, Cqg cg gaagC g|aaggjja}ag g|ao|o,
a_C @oao cajggaa ea.

ga|jj gag|o _}a.jggaCa, ogq|a|ga aeaga|o gj|aaa
@ooao Cjaq|q_ggg. a|aggao g_ jaooga. @ooaq|ao
g_aaa Cja}a. @gg @}eag gq|}, @aCaaaago
o|gg|aaaag cajg|o, _q} Cg|qaa @_gga}.

_gaaogaa a|ea|a _ag|gg|gag, @}jgg|CoC
g|}aa}ggq|a} _}a.jg..

=@g ja}agaga aQ Caaj. jgg|}aaa}aaa jj|Q,
_}a.jgaga a|g|a|g| cag a|g|gg cQgg qgggq|a}.

'caa a|g} @q}! cagoCoaaaa@ 'Cga, Cga' cag ggag
qa}gag|o jg|o Coaojq} cjjq _ag|jCjoa oagg|?
Cjoaqa}gag|o _q_ag @}qC @oao. gaaqaajj g| cg
gaag j}oo|aaaCoC gjjg Cg}q|ggaCaaeC qgga}. gaa
Cjaga|a coaoaCa Cjaq|Ca. }oajaoaa cg
gggq|aaCg cajggaaaggaa _ag| aagCga' cag, g|_a}a
ao jgg|}aaag _|gg CjqCaag|o, =@g ja}a
Coaoo||_aa|ga}. (j}o, 2001)

ja}aa|a a_ggjjq, _}a.jg gg _q}g @g}qa}a_ag gC}
Cgaaagaa. _}e aggg|} g_aaa jaooga. _gaqg
@oC}o caCga_ CgoC ag. g|ojj}jj g_qg jaoogagaa.

'gaa gagago oagg|g Caoaaaa gaaqaa|Cga.
_q}a gaaCq gqag q|qggaaaaj Cja}a g|aaaa|ga}a'
caga} ja}a.

Cjoaqa}gag gaCjgg g|aa_, g_ga aao oaqj Cja|_gg
ja}a, cg|C} _}a.jg q_qagj ja}gg, jaaaa Coga}. _aggaa
Cj| e cag _g}aao _agaajjQ, ajggo gaggo
qaagg|@ } gg| gg|ggj Cjo||_gga}a. a|gag Cg_oCo|a
g_ jgg|a, jaooga _gga}q gag gaoga}aa _g|q|ggaCaa,
_@g| _|jjg jgg| Cjoaqa}gag _g.

gg|o, _}a.jg 'Cga' Coaoo|q|Q c_gg Cja|_aa, @gg aaoo
ogg|jj|aCjag, ja}a eQ _ggj CjoCoQggCjag, '_Ca Caa|Co
@_ggg a|aag. ga a g|_jgg|_j _ag 'Cj| e'
cag gg|jj|Qa|g}a?' cag Cagaa, ja}a gag Cjq|o
gg|jj|Qa|ga}.

'|o} _}a.jg, oaoa Cgqao _Cagaa @_ggg cajg,
_g}a|a gj|aaaaa @_aaoa. ga|jj gag|o, ga@ _ag
gja|Cga. _agqa}aoo|a }aaa oaagaag g_a|agaCq'
cag, j|o a|ea Coaoo||_aa|ga}.

_}a.jg jaaaa Coga}. '_agggg _g}a. _g|q|ggg, _g _}a.
a|aggg caaCqag @gqa} Cqg a_ag cQgga
aaq|_aa|g}a? a|gag Cg_oCogg|o ga ca_agj jg
CaaQjjCgagao, ajggo gaggo g_aaa jaooga|}a|a
aQjjaQag q_qCgagao QC og.'

ja}aa|a Caaj C@ _g|a}ggggg, @g |a gaa|a aa}e.
Caa|o, a|gag Cg_oCogg|o g_ jgg|a _C}j|}a_ag
q|QaCaaQaa _q} ga}aa @_ggaC} gq|}, gg| qaagag
q|Qq|jjg jgg|, g|aaggaj ja}aaq|oao _q}. _jjqo Cogao,
@oC}o|}a _qa}j jgq||o|_gg @gagqg Qoo,. aqaqgg
c}gCg q|Qqa}a.

@g @jjq @_aa, '@oaa }aj|a aaogg|o gaCjgg goCoa _ag|
gjjgggg|o aeq_ggjq, @oC}o caa|g Cgogag jaooga|}a_,
jaooga caa|g '_ajaj' @oC}@ j}oj} gjjaCaaeQ,
_ag|aaaa _Qgga aaao cQgg aqaa CqeQ cajggaa,
ca@a q|_jj' cag Coaaa ja}a, _}a.jggag _gg cee
g|a @oao cag ggg oaqaa}.

ea|o, g|gaaCq _ag| g}aq cgg g_ g|gag
g|}aa}ag ag|ao|o, _}a.jg _jCjag @oao. @aao _ag|o
ggo gjQggqgCjaog Cgagg aaq, _qq|o aaaqaaaq
g|aaggaa _q} cg|}gga}.

g_ goo qajj jg|Cjaq| Caaj, j|o a|e@ag. _}a.jg
@_agqa} g_ aoaoa ga}gg| aqaa gqag caa|g aQjj,
=@g ja}agag.

@aCq, _C}aaaq|o|_gg g|_j|a, Cjoaqa}gag Cgaoq|
_aggggg g_ggo aa}e _}a.jgggaa cag g|_jgg|_j
_ggaa aa|@ Cjo|aCaaeC @_gga}.

@ggo ojqgaa @oC}o|}a gg||o _}a.jg g, |aa aQaaa
Cqgjajg Cgaggq|aaa aa}eaa _aggg. gg aa|a e}oo|ag
g|jj|ag q|gaaggaa =@g ja}agag _Qgg qgg }o
qC}aa, '_}a.jgag gaa|q|Q CqCga_qa}j jaooga _gga}q|a
gaoq}aa g||a' cag, Caaq|g Cgaa|aa}.

@gCqgaa _}a.jgg|a o}gga|gg @Cag jaooga|}a gg||o,
eQ |a }gg|o @aa| g|ggg aa}eaa _aggg




92 jqq|a oao, gg _jjao

g|oCooa }gg - ja. }aaqa

Caj Cq| Cjoaqa}gag ggo| _agg Cgaoq|, j|o a|e@agg
ga|jj gag|o }aaa jag|jjaa eaaa|g. _q}g
_}o|o cg|}aa, cjCjag cga oaag cag aee|o
q|aCaeCe q|QaCaaeQ, q|g|jja ja}ggaCaaeq_gg ga}g
jq, @ggj Cjoaqa}gagg Cgaoq|a g_ |ajCj} o}qaa
gaaqgg, _C}aaaCqg a|e@ag cg|}aa _g|_jg| _aoa
_qaagqg|o, |a gq|}aaj je|aggg Cgaa|aa}.

Cqg jo aa}ea_aaaa a|ea|a g|_gg g|jj o}g
Cgaa||_gg Cg}. Cgagaa, g_ |a gaa|aa o}qCgoj j|}oaa|o
_C}aaa gao|Q, _jjqaa g} cg aae gqao
Cjaag, gg|a a|gaa|o _C}aaaq|a Cooqaaaaa ae|oaaa
gagag cag jq ggg oaqaa}. gaa jgq|ag qggao, aeqjjaa
jaooga j|}oaaag g_ agag g} aaegq cag _qggo
Coaaaa}.

@aao, Cj_jaoaa _}o|o qo@g}a, jaooga q|qgg|o
_C}aaa gao|Qqggaaa Cg} qq}q|oao caggaa _jCjag
Coaoo|aCaaeq_gga}a. j|}oaaa g_aaa a_C
j}ggCaaq|oao cag g|_jgg|_j c_g| Cjo| qgga}a.
jq, _agCooa Cja_jQggq|oao. aeqjjaag gaaao g_
o}aa g}aq gaaqaa gq cag _qggo Coaaaa}.

_g caa g}?

_agCooa Cg|ggao ja}ggaCaaoa caggaa, ea|o
_q} _jCjag g|aagga}. qaaggg|a _|jjg|o j|}oaa caa?
ga}aaa caa CqeQaaa@ _| qgag gaC @oao.
@o|ag qggj|a g|gaaaaj ja}ggaCaaeao Cjaa|gg.

@aao, jqq|a @Coaoa}a, gg q|qa Cjao jaooga
j|}oaa|o _oo| aaCqea cag g|_jgg|_j
qo|ggg|ga q|aqaa, jaooga j|}oaaag g|}gg}g g} aa@
g| gaag jq qggga}. gaagaa, _C}aag g}jj|o gCaaCq
_qaaajjQ, gqao a|gg gag|}eQ jag g|aa (Ca
jaa cag _agaajj g_ g|. |Cqo }jCja} caCga_
_g|aaa Cjaagaq. @aq _aaggC gaa} ja}gg gagaao|ag
g}a|CoC, o|o aggaa Q Coao@ g|a. gg|jj|ggaa
_oa g @qgg|o a|aag.) @a gq cQgg gj}ooaa
Cog ja}gg, cgC goo q|aaag g}aqaq _oo cag
gg| Cog @aa|j CjaQq|Qggaa, jq gag g|ggag g_
qqq CaaQgga}.

gag g| caaCqajag ggo|o Coaooao, 2002- @eQ g9a
24- Cgg| jaooga aa_ag g_ Cog|a Cq||a}. 'caa|
g_ g| ga}. aeqjjaa a j|}oaaag g}aaaq g|
@g. _}o|o oaja cag ja}ao g_aa g_aaj jaooga
_ag| cajag QC Cgaaaaa aqgg qa}jj g|. @aao,
@ggg g| caaCqajag caaao ao} _}a.jgga aa}gg
Cjogqag. gq|}qaggg|a g|go j jqag g_qa}, a
gaoq}aa ggo|o Cg}gCgQgg}aCagao _q_a aa}gg gaa
Cjaa|Cga. _q} gagaagg|o gj|aaa Caaeq}aa @_aaCqeQ.
ca@a oao, gg _jjao. caa Coaoa|g}a?' cag Caa}.

@ggj ja|}a CqeQCaaCooa gaqC g||jjQ, @oC}o
j|}g} }o qC}a@a aogg Cjo|q|Qo Cojjggaa cajago
CoaooCqeqg|oao.

@g|o aqa|aa Cqeq q|q caaCqa|o, _}a.jg _jCjag qQo
o|ag|o @_gga}. cjCjag _q} q|Qq|aajjQqa} cag a_ag
Cg}q|oao. _q} jgq| q|oa|ggaa @aCqeQ cag, gCaaCq
@oC}o |ag gq|}aa qo|ggg|aCaaeq_ggg. Cgga aa} gg
aaoa jgg|a|o Cga}gg }a@q gqqaaa CgCaajjQ, g|ao}
@ggaaeaaaa jaooga Cja}a|a
aagCojjQaCaaeq_gga}a. gaCg Cg_aaq g|ao j|}aa
CojjQ, jo ga}a|o }g gg} _ojQggjjq_ggg.

gQCagg _C}j|} jgg|aa g|}gojjQgg|q|Qggaa @oC}o
g cag oaC cg|}ja}ggaCaaeq_ggCjag, _C}aa _g|j}
Cq|| @ggj 'jg| g|' _g|q|jj, jaooga|}a gg||o
oCag g} @}qgag eaaa|g.

g_Cqa, _jjqaa Cg@ @_agCa?

@aao _}a.jg, jgq| q|oa|aaogaa qaaC g|gjCja caa|gaC}?
@g eaa _oog _}a.jgag gg|jjggaaao CojjQ og|a?

@g g_ ogCga. @aCaa_ ogCga, joCqg gggooaQa_agg
Cga}gg @aa|qgg ao} _}a.jg, ea|CoC jaooga
aa|a goaa g|aajjq}a, _oog - @oC}o CoaoqgCjao - jgq|
@ao q}gaaa cajag gg|jjQgg|aCaa g_ qajj.

ea|o, _}a.jggag _jCjag Cqg qg||oao caggaa
CoaooCqeQ. _o _aoa gg| jaaaa ggCaaaoj jajj|}
gag @ga qagqggaaa, @_jga|} ao} Cgaaaa, _}a.jg
qga|ggaaa @ga}a, gaa| @_jjgaa _jCjag @oC}o
_g|q|ggg. _}a.jg gaaa gaqgg _ag gjjaCaaaq|ao,
aa gg||o @ga}aao o}jj|aag ga} cag qC}aa
_g|q|gga}.

g|aoa |a Caoaa|a Caaeq_aaCq, Cqg qg||ooao _}a.jg,
gg _jjaao jaooga _gga}q|a j|}g}aa _g|q|aa
Cqeqqggg. @g gggg 2008- @eQ a}o 18- Cgg|.

_C}aaa @ag gaaga a|agg |ajCj} Cqgg|aaa a_g|g. ga}g
jq aqaa gg _jjaao qaq|@ag _aggga}. eQ
@_g}jj Cjoaqa}gagaag Cgagqggaaa ggo gjq_jjgaa,
o}qCgo qa ga Cg}q|gga}.

g9ao 26- Cgg| gg _jjao qaq|@agj Cjaaa}. jqqa
Cjoaqa}gag ggg|aa}. gaag ga @aCq||o jq, }o
qC}aaa _aggg 29- Cgg| Cjo|aa}.

@_ gaoq}a_a ga|gga|j Cjoaqa}gaga gggjj j|gg,
_aaq_ Co}gg Cjaqggaaa gjaQaa q|a}qaao Coga}. gag
'C}a Cj'aj gaaqggj Cjoaqa}gaga jq Cgaa|aa}.

jaooga j|}oaaag agag g} gj, _C}aa _g|j} ga}g jq
qa}gg|gg 'C}a Cj' (Road Map), gag a gqqaaaaa
aa|gaa @_ggg. g_ ga|o _oog g_ aggg|o,
oagg|aa|q|aq g| _oo _g. Cjagaaa, g|gaaaa,
_aaaga ggj j}oo|ag jogg|o, gega Cgaaa|o g|}gg}
_ag|aaaa oagg|aa, _g _qo| qgg cag ga}g jq
Coaaaa}. o}gg|} gaa|ggq qagg @qeaa ga}g jqq|a _gg
'C}a Cj' gg|gg q|q}aag Cg}ggCaa Cqeqg _qo|.

ga}g jqq|a g|, gaCj CoaaagCjao, gag aaaa
_ojQggjj Cqeqg. @oC}o jaooga caa|g @_ ga|gga|
Cgoa_aaaa _qo|gag oagg|gag gaaqgg qa}jjg.
'gqCqa_ aj je|a g_aaao CoojQgga|g jogg|o, 2006-
@eQag j|}oaaag g_ g|}gg}g g} aeQq|oa' cag jq
Coaaaa}.

@g 2006- @eQ. a|gg gqjCjaa|g @eQ . @jCjag
jaooga j|}oaa @_ggaCaaeQgaa @_aa|gg cajag agg|o
CaaeQ @ggg g|gag _@gqg goog.

ggo a . gq|}qaggag gqaga CaaeQq_qg, jaooga
aa|a @oj qagaaaa CQjjg, jCaaaa jg|
_ajjaa g|gq|j je|aag g}gjjQggqg.

@g|o jaooga _gga}q|a Cjagjja @aq.

gq|}qaggag cooa qaa|@ gQgg g|gggqg. _ggaaa
Cq|jjaaa ggo|aa CgCaa CqeQ.

gq|}qago Cooa|o =QjQCqaa}a aagCo, _aagg q|gaa
gqqaaaaa CgCaa CqeQ. @qq|qgg|o g||,
Cq|jjaaa CoojaQ Cgaq.

jgjj|aajj jaooga jagaajjj ja|a_ @oC}o| }a@qg
gggaa Cooj CqeQ.

jaooga caa|g Cgogag _qaagqggg _qjjag Cgaqaa
_}o|o _ajjo ogg|a j|}g|a, aqaa _qaaa CqeQ.
(aeqjjaa gagaa Cgoaa QC _g _a.)

ja}ajjaaaa je|aag g|gaaa g}gaa Coaq jg|
_aoo}aa g||aa CqeQ.

_g|aa} agga_aaaa @}j gqqaaaa CgaajjCqeQ.
oo o}g|_gga Cgaqjjao aqaa CgCaajjCqeQ.

@oC}o _}o|a Cjagjja @aq .

jaooga|}a_ag cg|}aa gaaggo gqqaaaa, aag gqqaaaa,
@aa|}|jja, gq|_jjaa @qjjg Cjaag aa}a aqaa
g|gggjj CqeQ.

Cojj} 28, 2000- @eQ Cgaa|, g|gqjj _ggg|
gq|_jjaa jqjjqaaa aao| Cog, _Ca gq}ggjj
_g}aag g|_j _agggaCaa CqeQ.

jaooga _g|aa}a, _aoo}a, @oC}@ag aojaa qgg Cjaa,
_@g| qga CqeQ.

a|g }aa |a Caoaaj jag|aajjq_ag jgg|a|o, g|aoa
o}aa aqaa } gqqaaaa cQaa CqeQ.

a}o 2001-agj j|gg gjQggjj, _ggg| _ga gq|_jjaa
aqaa gaa CqeQ.

gqCgg Cga}jaa _ggaa gqqaaaaa, _jjq _jjqC
g|ggg|q| CqeQ. _}jj j|}Cgoa|o jg| _ga gqCgga
_ajjCga, @_ag gqCggj jgg|a|o _g|a aaao Co}jjCga,
_q}ag @_jajo o_}qaaa ggo|a CgCaaqCga ag.

@aq o}aa gaCjga|g jogg|o, jaooga|a _ea gaQaaa
ca|jg gg Cga}@a @aegg, jagaajjj je|aa _C}aa
}a@q gaqgg ggaCaa_.

jaooga gq|}qag|a_agj j|g _}j Cgoa qga| q_ @g},
ggg|@aa g|gggjj CqeQ. _ag|aaaa q|_jj _ggaa
Cgoa_ @gaa agqgg Coggaa CqeQ.

jg| Cgoaa _aCaajCjaa|g jaooga|a Cgag|o q}oo|aaaag
ga|a}gag aajjQggjjQ. @ggg o}qCgo _q|o gaCaaa
g|}jj CqeQ.

@ggaa ga}g jqq|a 'C}a Cj' q|q}ag ggo a gqqaaaa.
@a@ @}eQ aa @_aa|aga. _aq _Qgg @gg|o.

gag|. ggg }jCja}} 9 _aCaj}, 2006




98 ga}g jq qa}gg 'C}a Cj'

g|oCooa }gg - ja. }aaqa

ga}g jqq|a 'C}a Cj' q_e|gg ggo a _ag| ggo|a
jgg|j ja}gCga. @ga @}ea ag g|a, _g|aa}_}qaa
jaooga caa|g ga| gaa _qaagqggaaa, ggoa
gqqaaaa jgg|o Coao@a|aga.

@g q|qgg|o jaooga _gga}qag @_ag Cjagjja @aq.

q@qaa, aQaCaajj gaoag jagaajj gjaQaao CoCqeQ.
_ojaq|ga cgg qaa|@ _@g|aajjaag. @oC}o _}aa
g_aaa gggagjjag gg}qag g}CqeQ. @g oagg|aa|g
jogg|o, CjaggCg}g@aaaa gqqaaaa CgCaajjQ. _}j
_ajja, ao|a, _}a oa}ag CgaeQ g|gqaa, aa
j|}g|g|g|a @a|Ca}a gjjg@a, jg| gagaa _}aaaaa _}o|o
_ajjo o _qaaajj CqeQ. g_aaa, q@|aa Caj|a
gag g|gqjjCqeQ. gagaao|a coaoa_a q, jaooga
gq}a @gaj|a g|gqjjQ.

@oC}o _}aag Cjagjja.

_ea gaaa _aq|_ag jaoog@a, _g|ajo go@gaaaa,
@ggg ga qa}jj _ggaa gjjggaa g|gg gaa
CqeQ.

jaooga _qaqgggg Cgaqaa, _ggaa ga ggo|aa
cQjjg|@ gggagaa CqeQ.

j|g Cgoa_ag Cjagjja.

gagaao|a coaoa_a _aq|_ag jg| Cgoaa jaooga|o,
CjaggCg}go gaCjgg j|gg, jaooga q|qaaj CjaqggCaa g_
o}qCgo agaQ jjCqeQ. _g|o, jg| Cgoggaaaa g|g|
@ga}aa qggg|aa CqeQ. _ea gaQa, j|g Cgoa a
jaoog@ag g|g|gq| _|aa gaq}CqeQ.

_}j Cgoa a @eq.jgaag gaa} @oC}@a cggaa
g aqgg|_ggaCqa, _ggj jag gaqg Cga}CqeQ.

gqg}, aggoggo, Cja_aga} CjaQ, _ag|a j|}oaa, @ga
aQjjaQa Cjaag q|qa|o, joCqg _g|aa} a|o
(mul t i l at er al engagement ) Cjoaqa}gag ggg|, gq aaejj
CqeQ.

@gg @}eQ a gqqaaaa Cqgg|a}aao CoojQggjj j|gg,
gagaqg gg @gg|aa gqqaaaa CgCaajjQ.

gagaqg a jaoogaa g|}gg}aa _aa}ggo. @oC}o,
jaooga j|}oaaag g|}gg}g g}..

jaooga _gga}q|a Cjagjja.

g|}gg}g g}agg gaaq|oaa @ggaa g_aaao Cogq|
CqeQ.

|a q@qaa jagaajj gjaQa_agj CjagjCjga CqeQ.

jaooga _gga}q, @oC}o _}a @}eQ CoCqeqaq.

a|.j|. 2006_o g|}gg}g g} caa|g @oaaa gaaqgg, jaooga
_ag|a q|qgg|o, oagg|g g}aaaa gqqaaaaa CgCaa
CqeQ.

Cg_oCo q|qgg|o, _}o|o gg o }g||o o|aaoa g
q}ao, g_a|aegg g_ gqCqQaa gaq}CqeQ.

@oC}o, jaooga @}eQ j|}oaa|ag|, gga|ag| _ag|a
ggg qg|aaj ja}ggaCaa, gg}qag qgaCqeQ.

o}qCgoj ja|jj.

2004_ @eQ @}eaqg Q agaQ gggjjQ. gagaao|a
coaoa_a g|gqjjQ jaooga gq}aag, _jCjag _aagg
Cgoa_ _aaa} qgaCqeQ.

2006_ @eQ g|}gg} _ag| caa|g @oaaa Cgaaa|, _aagg
Cgoa_ gaoaa gq|aa qga|, g|gag gaCaQggo Cooo
qg| CoCqeQ.

@ggo CoojaQa _aagg, gg|a a|gagg Cgoa _aaggag
qjjaagaa, _g gg j|}oaaaa a_gg|oCaaeQ
_aqgaa @_aa CqeQ.

_}j Cgoa, g_ agga @oC}ao gg _aa}aa CqeQ.

@ggaa ga}g jq qa}gg 'C}a Cj'j|a g_ q}o a_aaa. @g,
cgg qaa|o @ggg ggag _ag|g g|a|o|_gg CqgjQa|gg?
_oog ea|CoC @g CqgjQggaa @_aa|gga?

1979_o Caj Cq|qo g_ Cjoaqa}gag ggg g_ g|
gjjg. j|gg, 1991_o C}qo g} _ag| gjaQ. 1998_o
goCoa ajqaaa. _gggj j|gg |qo }jCja}. _gaj|a
Ca jaa. _jjg eQ Caj Cq| Cjoaqa}gag, a|ea
gaa|ag ggg|g.

@ggaaagj j|gg qgg|_ag @gg ga}g jqq|a g|gg|a o|gjj
caa?

ggoaqg, jaooga caa|g ga|Ca_ Cgo _aqg gg|gg, ggo
ggo|o @g} _aaa}g Cg}q|gg qa}jj g| @ggaa.
@ggg ga qa}jj cgg g_ g|g goCoa ajqaaa
j, aggg|} jaooga gg|ggo o|gg|aaCq @oao cajaga
aqagg|o Caa CqeQ.

_Qggg, jaooga g}jj|o gq|}qagg gQjj gg|gg qaaaa
qo|ggg _Cg o, @oC}o }a@qgg|a}a _gggoaa
gg|jj|Q, _qgag g|gggo Coaoqg; a}o 2001_agj j|gaaa _ga
gqCggaa qajo Cjgo Coaoqg Cjaag _oa aqa|aag
gaaaq. @ggg ga g| gq _ggaa Cj_, jaoog@ago o|o
oaja j|oaoaaa a|ajjg Cjaag Cgagggag _qaagqg|o
aqaa|_aa, @gg 'C}aCj' Qgaa jaooga, @oC}o caa|g
@_ Cgoaa o _ggog|o aqggj Cjaqgaa _agg|_aa|gg. _g
Qooao, j|}oaa|a gaa|ggqgaga a_gg|o CaaeQ, ga@a
gg|ogaa Q _ooao, o}qCgo agaQa ggg|, gaa|
q|qa|o gqCqQaa _agjjga go, _aaggg Cgoa_ag
@g|o Cjagjj aqag CqeQ cajago aqaaaQ q|gaa
@g _agg|_aa|gg.

_Cg o, @g|o o|o gaga_ @ooao @oao. ga}eaa,
gqCggaa gagqg, }a@q gqqaaaa_ag gggjj| aqjjg
Cjaag @oC}o CoCqeq aa}aaa, _C}aaa gaaqag
q|qa |a gaa|aa j|}oaaa. @qgag @oC}o o}aao
Coa|gga _oog Coa cajggg cqq|g gg}qagg @oao.
'CoCqeQ' caggaa Coaoojjq_aa|gCg gq|}, o}aao
Coa|ga}aa cag aeaae|aa cgg _ajjaCaa, g|gqaggaCaa
Cjagjj cg qgajjq|oao.

o}qCgo agaQa jjQ q|qag|aa Cqeq q|qa cag
aqaaajjQjaq _aagg, jaooga j|}oaa Cga}jaaaq.
@oC}o cQaa Cqeq gqqaaaa_ag Cgja}aq a|aag cajg,
|a _jaa}aag. @g g|oo jaooga _gga}q|a_ag
_g|_jg| g}aqg.

@}eaqg j|}oaa, Cg_oCo Cga}jaag. @oC}o-jaooga
j|}oaa|a CqC} Cg_oCo|ogaa @_aa|gg. @_g}jj _}o|o g_
jaa @_aa, _qjja|o _g aa|a g e} Cga}jaa
q|q. _C}j|}a_ o}; _g}a_ o}. gag qg|jaQ
}aaaCa, qg|jaQg go Cga}jaa }aaCa
q|QaCaaQaa, g_Cjag og|aajCjaqg|oao.

cjjq _C}j|}a_ag, ajggo gaggo qaa, gag gj|a
Cg}qaao ojggjj g_ ja|gg goCa, _Cg Cjao, _gg
@gg|ogaa oaoa Cgqao @_ggg caa|g jo @ggaeQ
gj|aaaa, _g}a_ q|QaCaaQaa aa}a.

_agqa}aoo|, @ga}o Coa}jj, o}gg|} g|aa, oaao g|aa
cooaC gaa|gaa. @aao, aa|a gj|aaaaa
Caq|agaag cggq|gaa gqqaaa, Cgaoq||ogaa gq
cajgggo o|ggg ga}e _g.

_jjqjj c} j|}oaa|o, g|aa g} cag ga}g jqq|a
g| gaaqaaq|oao. agaa, @_ Cgoa_ qjCjo| g_ gqag
q}CqeQ cag Coaoqg, _}ggC @ooag q|q. caa
Cjo|aa@, @_ g}jj|a_ cag q|QaCaaQaaj Cjaqg|oao
cajg _aaq_ag Cg}ggCg.

gC} Cgogg|o @_ggjq _qggaCaajq}a, jaooga _qaaj|gg,
_ea Cgoo oeaaa @gaag Cga}gg gaCaQggo Cooqa}a
cajggaa ea.

gagaqg o|aao, gq|}qag gg|jj Cga}jaag. @g g_ agjaaqag
_@ggag. gagggjo jaoogaaj Cjagggqa}|oaqg.

jaooga _gga}qgaa, jaooga aa|a _aa}aajj gC}
_}o|o ga cag, @oC}@ _C}aaa ggaCaaea@ g_
@aaoCa, @ooa|a g|aag _ajajCa, _o .jggaaqCa
g|}aa}ggq|Q, cggq|gaa _}o|o g}aa jaooga|o
CoojQggqg oagg||oao. gaCj ja}ggg Cjao, Cgagg|
gaQa|a ja}aq|o, @aq gq|}qag @aaaaa @_jj|@ jaooga
aa|a ja}aq|o, @aq Cja}a| @aaa QC. Cja}a|
@aaggag gq|}qag @aaggag Cj}q|o Cgaa|, o|ggagg
_qjja qa} @ggaaeaaaa q|gg|aoa eQ.

@ao, @ooa|a g|aag Cjaag _ajja_, jaooga|a
q|Qgaoaaaaggaa Cja}aqaCaaeq_aa|aga. ggCjag, _}o|o ga
Cjggq| jaooga _gga}q|a_ g_ aaogg|o @q}a_a
@aegggaa Cja}agag gaCaQggo CoagCaaeq_gga}a.
jaooga _gga}qag @_ag @g}qa}a _aCa _Ca
@ao9ag @g}qa}a eQ.

@jjqjj ggo|o, gq|}qag gg|jaj, jaooga _gga}q|a
Cjagjjaag g|e|gg, CgCoaaa @aaaa gQaa gqqaaa cQaao
CoaoqCgajg, |ajCj} q|j}gggag qg| qgag cajg|o
ogCga|oao. gq|}, eaao CoaoqCgagao, }a@q }g||o
jaooga _gga}qaa aaq@, @ggj Cja}a| @aaa
q@qaaaq. j|go|Cjgg g}aa }a@q @gg _ajja_ag eQ.

gq|}qag gg|jj caa|g Cj}o jaooga _gga}q, @q}a g Cja}
CgaQagaaao, gC} @aggq} gag _qggaCaaeQ aqgaaj
Cja gq. @gg q|qgg|o, jaooga _gga}qag _C}aaaCqa
_oog Cqg aC}a, cgg qaa|o gqgq cajg jgg| jqq|a
g|gg|o gg|jja g|oao cajag aqa|aa CqeQ.

@Cgooa, @gg|gg|a Cq|jjaaa gaga. @aao,
@agCooa g| ga}g jqq|a g| _jjqaa gaggaa.
aa}e |a c|aaag. gaCj ja}gggCjao, Cqg a_C
gaaqaaag, aggg|} jaooga caa|g, @ggaeQaaoa aaag @g g_
ag g|gaa|ggooqa?

gag|. ggg }jCja}} 18 _aCaj}, 2006




94 jaooga _gga}qaa _ag gC}

g|oCooa }gg - ja. }aaqa

@_ gaQa ojggjj g_ j|}oaa|o gagaqgaa g_ gaQ
gao|Q, _ag|aaaa ggo| CgCaaqg|o, o|o cg|}ja}ag
oaa q_qggaaa qajja @_aa|aga. @aao, _agj
Cjo|gg}ggaCaa gq. gC} Cgoggag @_ g}jj|a} @aC
j|}oaa cag q_Cjag, gagaq} gao|Qqg, o|aaao
_g|aaaa|C g_ cajgggo o}gg|} CgQa }aaa ga}ea
a.

gag gag Cg}gg @oaaa gjjCgaaa| @ag _@a|aao
c|aaaj j}. @oaa|o qo|ag g|g}a ga| gaQ
Caa|ga}a. g_ aaogg|o _Ca g|g aa}a @eq_aa|ga}a.
j|aaao o|aj Cj_jaaa|a}a @aa|}|jjaao oa|aa
gqao, g|g}a _a|jCjaa Cqeqqggg. _aggag |a
_g|a}ggg. g|g} jgg|a|o gqCggaa g|gq|, _oogqaa}a.
g|g}a|a }aa gaajja. @aCq, _q}a Cjaa| c_gg
Cja}agagg Cgaa|aa}a. ggo|o _ag|j Cja}a; j|gg
@gj Cja}a. @ag qa} @g Cga}a|gg. Cja}a, oa|aa
gqag g|aoagj CjagCjag, Cja} g|gggggaaaa qajja
@_aa|gga cag ja}aa|ga}a. _ag|j Cjoa caa|ga}a. Caago
goa q|QaCaaeQ eQ Cja} Cgaa|q|Qa|ga}a.

@g, aao aaoaag Cga}gg _Ca ggg q_a|gg. @a|o @_
g}jjag agg _ag|gg|gag qggg|aa, ga}Cq gaqgg
Cjoaqa}gaga gaa|aga. @aao caa j|}Caga? @jCjag
CjaggCg}gao cg|}Cgaaa||_ag @oaa _}o|oqag|a, gQaaaa
_ag| ggo|aa CqC}aQ j|Qa| cg|g ga}aaj Cjo
@}j|ggq|a}a. g|g}a_agg ga| gaQ caa|g CjoaaCa
@|oao caa|g _}gggg|o, @oaa j|}g} @|gg }agjC
Caaaa}ggaCaaeq_aa|ga}.

ga}Cq caa Co? g|g}agaa caa Coqa}a? }agjCgaa
_Ca @jCjag @_ao||a _g|j} Cqja}. Cg}go|o Cg|jjg
gaggaa _q}g Cgaaa. g|g}aaj jgg| _q_ag caa aqao?
_oog j|}oaa Ca g}ggaa CqeQ cajggaa caa aa?
cooa j|gg ja}ggaCaaoa. ggo|o Cg|aa CqeQ.
_qqgaa.

j}a|ggooqa? @ggaa jaooga q|qgg|@ gggg. @oaa|o
o|aq}a Cj_jaaa aa; g|g}a o|gjaaa|a}. _q}a
}aagj Cja}aQa|ga}a. jaooga|o @a@ Caoaa g|aoa.
_Ca Cj_jaaa|a}aa @_gg _C}j|}aa _qggg g}gg|,
gg|aa|gag g_qg _ag|aaa _aoq|Q, _g}a gaaa
aajjgg|, @oC}o cag Cja} agg|, oCaa|@ qo|ag _g}aa
q}qaggg, gaagaa Cj_jaaa|a} cag
aeagaaaqq|a}a. @ggg eaeg g|_jj Cjgqggaaaggaa
jaooga goo|a Cja}aqaCaaeq_aa|ga}a.

@ggo ggg|ao|o, goo|a|a @aq|ag Cja}aggag g_ g}
a|ajjg Cjaag ggg|ao _qaqag, @oC}o aaao cjjqo
oa|ggaCaa gq? _oog @oC}o _}o|oqag|aaogaa cjjqj
j|aggg|_aa gq?

jaooga caa|g ga| gaa _aa}ggggaa @aCqeQ caa|g
_}gggg|o, _C}aa _g|j} jq qggg g|, ogCga|ooao g_
aoao. @gggga a_ jaoogaa g_ ga|g Cgoaaa a_g|j
Cjo|Cg @oao. Cga}gg Cja}aqaCaaeq_aa|gq}a_agg gagaao|a
ogCgaqaa, g}_ ga}aag ggg @o Coaoooa caa|g
_agggaa, _q}aao o|gg|aa gqgg|_aa|gCg gq|}, Cao gaQa
cg jaoogaag ga|g Cgoaa _aa}ggg|oao. _q}ag
qa}ja|o jaooga caCga_ Cgo @_aaCq @_aaag. (@gg|a,
jaoogaa _aa}gg|_aa|gg. gaj Cjagggqa}, jaooga g_
ga| gaQgaa.)

@aCq, _C}aaaCq gaaqgg g| caga@ gjggg _g}a
g}eQ j|qgga}a. gq|} Cg_oCo g_ g}aajjag _
g}aagqag j|}oaaaa @a@ Cga}ggCaaeq_ag g|ao|o,
jaooga|a a}agg|gag _aa}jjg C@ C@ ggggagggaa
qg| qgag cag _q}a a_g|aa}a.

@ga q|a, _ag|aaaa oagg| Cgaj _gg @ao ag
(2008) Cgaaagg|CoC Cq|jj @}j|ggq|g. @gaCgg| aaao
_ag Cog| Caq}a Caago q|jjagga}a. _ag| ggo||a
ggo a gqqaaaaa, @oC}o o|ag|o qaQ 800 _C}j|}aa
q|Qq|aa gq Cog|_jjgaa, }o qC}aa _g|q|gga}. @Cgooa
Cqg aag; aegajj cag Ca Cja}a|a g}jj|o 'jg|o
}aag' Cg}q|aajj, Cgga aa}j jgg| ga}aa C@j}aa|o, g_
Cja}a| @aagago Co}gg gaa|g gaoq} g_qa}, @oC}o| }a@q
q}}a aQaCaaaga}a.

@aa@ Cjaga aagga}, jaooga|a jg| j|}g}aaj
CjagjCjgg|_gg gg _jjao. @oC}o g}jj|o 800 aag|aa
q|Qq|jjgaa _g|j} Cg}q|gg|_gga} _ooqa? _gggj jg|oaa, gaa}
Cg_oCo ga}o gaCjgg g_ geQCqqjjo ojqgg|o Cga}ja
_ggaa Cja}a|aa aag Co gg}q|a}. @g gggg
@ao 20 _ag.

800 Cja} q|Qgao Co qC}aa gg}q|g, @oC}o|}a_agj
j|qaaq|oao; Cg_oCo geQCqqjj|o ojggjj Cja}a|aaa
aag Co _jjao gg}q|g, jaooga|}a_agj j|qaaq|oao.
@a, @_ g}jj|@ aa_ag qjj|ooag gqqaaaaag gaoq}a
CgCaa Cqeq qggg. @gg _ag| ggo| gqaa qajCj @oao
cag, _ggaa Cj_C gaj j|gaa|aa}a.

@ggaaag _jjaoag gq| Co qaa|o @ao _jCjag
Cja} g|ggggag _g|q|gg|_ggg (46 ga Cja} g|ggg). @aao, a}
caa ggo| Coga@ joa|oao caa|g g|aoaa Cgaaa|
|aggq|}aa gaCag @}j|ggg q|g|. 21_ Cgg| g_ ggg @ao
gaoqa}, @oC}o }a@q }aaCa qo|a Caaagg. aqaa @ao
_g|q|gg|_gg Cja} g|ggg qajo CjgjjQ ggg|ao _qaa|q|g.

@oa|o __ qaj caa|g _gg ggg gaoq}a @gg| }qo,
gga aaoaq|o gaCjggCjag ogg gjgqag qaa|o, jgga|}
Cj} _g|o aoggCaa qgg gq|ggq|a}a. @g @oC}o _}aag
|ggg _oogag q|aq|ggg. Cja}a|a_aaaa aa @g} ogg
gagjag g|ao|o, _jjao _}a caa ggo| cQgga@ _q}aa
ggg|@aag gQgg g|ggg gqjCjaqg|oao cag }o qC}aa
g|aagga}.

@ag C@ C@ gg|jjQggqgCjao, _Qgg o|o g|aa|o Cgo
g_qg @aaCa, g|}j jQCaaaoa_ gaqjja_ aoq}a_
geQCqqjja_ gaa @}j|gga. _ggaaag goo|agaa
aa}e cag qC}aa Coaaaa}. @oC}o|g g}jj|o g} |}a j
Cja|_aaag g|ao|o, cjjq ga caaa gag Coaoooa?
aoq}gagg @eQqg Cgaa|aqjjg _g}agaa cag gg
_jjao ggg oaqaa}.

@a, eQ _qggaCaa @}j|gga}a.

@gga|a|o, _jjao jgq| q|oa CqeQ caa|g Caaqg
aqaa cg @}j|ggq|g. _}a.jgg|a gq|} @g}qa}a_ag
_jjao j|}g}aa @_jjg|o g|a q|_jj|oao. ga gaoq}a
g_oog|ooao, _C}aa g|}jjgggg|aCj}o j|}g}aaajj
g_q}, oa Cja}a| @aaggq}aaa aag Co _agj
Cjaq|a} cagao, _qa} @a@ @o||o
aa}aqggaCaaeq_jjg|o _}gg|oao cag, gaoag gao
Ca _aggj Cjo @}j|ggq|a}a.

_qjja|o, _jjao Caago oag. _q_ag _}o|o Cg}C gq|},
@g}qa} joCooa a|aag. @oCoaaaao @qa}. qQagj
CjaaoCoaaaao Cjaq|Qqa}. _qqgaa.

ao} _}a.jggag, |a g}oaaa g|aoa _g. _jjao g
_q_agg ga|jj Cqgjja g a|aag. @aao, gg aa|a
q|_jjggag g}eaa, _C}aaa aqaaaQ qg||o _q} @o|
Coqg, _q_agj j|qaaq|oao. gg|jjaa, Cja}a|aaa aag Co
q|qgag _q} |aa aQaaa cg|}gga}. Cq|jjaaa _q}ao
@agj Cjogqq|oaoC gq|}, _jjao|a _ag| gqqaaaa
g|oo q|j}g q|aaaggaa eaag cag _q} g|aa
gj|aa}.

_g|j} caa|g gag|o, _q}ao _jjao|a gqqaaaaaa
aQjjQgg gqgaa. @aao, gjjgggag gqgaa @a|q|Q.
_C}aag g|, @oC}o|a gggagjaj cggaa @} gjoa cag
Cg}ag ggg|ao|o, Cga}gg Cja}a| @aaa|a _g|_jg|ao
ojag|ggaCaaeQ, caa ag|}aa _ag|a gjgg|
Cogq|gq cag _q} g|aagga}.

@aCq, _jjaaoa jj|Qg gg _g|_jg|a gagaaaag Cg}q|gga}.
_jjaoag g}oagaa. jaooga|}a _gqa} g_ 'j|}g}a'
@o|aj ja}ggg|oao. _g|j}gaa. o}qag|aa}gaa. _}a.jgg|a
ggag gqaga aQjjQggaa _q}a_agj jgaa. @gg ag|}
j|}g}, _aoo}a, Caj|a , qaaCaQjj qaagaaaCooa
_q}a_agj jgaa|oao. gq|}, _}a.jgag g} aq q|Q, g}
@ _g _jjaoaaCq @_aaQ, gqa cQggo CoojQggqag
aa ggg|@ q|_jq|oao cajag _q} e}gg|_gga}.

@aCq, _}a.jgg|a aCg je|agg gqag ggo gjQ, ga jgq|
q|ogqagg gq|}, Cqg qg||oao caa|g gqag qgga}. aCj_
gaoq}aa _}a.jgga g|}gg}a aojjag qg| CgqaCaaao,
gooq|gaa gga|a CaaeQq|QqCg gag goog cag g|aagga}.

_Qggg a}? cag Caq| qggCjag, _}a.jgg|a @g}qa}a
gQCaggaa _ag gC}aqa aaaaqaa}a. gCaaCq,
_}a.jggao gg _}o|o qa}oaa aggaaa _g|q|aajjq} _q}.
@aao, _ag gC}aq _C}aaa gga cajg ogCga. _q}
_jjaaoj Cjao |gqag| _oo}. @oC}@a o}o ggo|a
CgCaaqg|o cjCjag ogCga q}.

_ag gC}agj jgq|a gjg|o j|}oaa g|oao. @aao,
_C}aaa gC}ajj| gaQa_ gag g_ @g} _|jjgaao
Coaaaao QC, gao jgq| ga gq cag, @oC}o gag
Cga} gaaggo gqqaaaaa g|ggg|aao QC, @o|
CogqCag g_ Cjoaago Coaoo|q|Q, Cojj}o jaooga
_gga}q|a j|}g}aaj CjagjCjggaCaaea}.

_qqgaa. @oC}o jagjq ga Cqaoa @}j|ggq|g.
Cgga aa}j jgg||o gag _ga gq|_jjaaa
aajjaggqgaao Coaoo|aCaaeQ, Cgga aa}aC @}eaaj j|}ag
q|ggg|o, g_ gQjjo aq} c_jj @}j|ggq|a}a.

aq} c_jj je|a @}j|gg _Cg ga (Cojj} 10) aaoaq|o,
g_ @ao gaoqa} }aaCa gaaggo ggg|a Caaoo ggo| Cog
Cgagg, _gg Cqgjj|o jg|aagg jaooga|}aa @oC}o| q}}a
aQaCaaaga}a.

goo|a eQ @eq.jgaaqg gq|}aagqg jgg| Cao|aa
@}j|aa, }o qC}aa _ag jaa|}ea Cgg| g} _g|aaa
Cq||a}. 'ao} _}a.jg @_ag qa} @Ca _ag| oagg|C
@oao. _qa} gaa gq Cogq|Ca!'' cajCg _gg _g|aaa|a
oa}.

gagqg cagao? jaooga|o @_gga, oagg|o|_gCgqa? gQCagg
goo| oaggag @gga Caq|gaa c_ggg. Caa|o, @oC}o
_gaj|gg cQaa @}j|gg gqqaaaa _jjqjjaq.

gag|. ggg }jCja}} 16 _aCaj}, 2006



96 ao|a gg }eqo|a Caaaga}a

g|oCooa }gg - ja. }aaqa

g} _ag| ggo|, g_ agaao |_a @_aa oagg||oao
cagao, _gg Cgogg|a ggg|ao cjjqjjgaa @_ag cag
Cao|ggj ja_a.

ao} _}a.jgag gg|jjCg gag @oag cag @oC}o _g|q|gg
gaeC jaooga|o jagjq g_Cqagg|o Cja}a Cgaa|q|g
caggaa CoaooCqeQ.

_aCaj} 4, 2008 _ag a@.jaq|o C}oa}e gag|o,
(Cao| C}oa}e cag Cj}) g_ ggCaaaojjaj Cja}a|
jggg, geQ Cqqaao Cogg|o, 21 _g}a gogg|CoC
Caaoojja}a. CqgeC_gg @oC}o _}a, =}aa gg o|}aq|a
@o}qaggga @ooa|a g|aag gg @|ojooa _ajja
@aegg, @ggg gaaggaoo Coggaaa ggg oaqg.

@gggj jg|o gqqaaaaa, o|}aq|a coaoj jgg||o ga -
o@|j (Ei n Saheb) caa|g @gg|o _agg|_gg g_ Cja}a|a j|go|
gaa|a g, @oC}o| q|aajja gaaggaog Cgaa|g. q|q
gq|}aqga Cgaaa @g. Caa|o, jaoog@ag @oC}o caa
Coga@, _g gaQ q|qaa}. o|} coaoagj jgg||o
_ggg|g gaaggo gggqCgajg, q@ooeaagj Cjaa|g aa}.

gaaggo gggjj @ ea|CoC gq|}qagj j|go|
gaagaaa, _ago o|}a _}a @g}aaggaa Coa|gga caCgooa
_QggQgg ajj Caq|a q_. g_qa}Ca_q} qaaaaa
ggg oaqaCaaeQ @gg||o Cag @}j|ggao, eQ }eaag.
Caaaaq|o _aagg _}j Cgoa_ jaooga Cja}a|
@aaa_ag @g}q|gg q_qg gq| Cog q_qg eaC
caga@, g|C}ag @jjq coao gaeqo Coag gaaggo
gggqCgajg, _gga qa} _C}aaa QC Cog qgg g_
_gggo gqqaaa. oa|o CqCggg Cgog _ag|} Coag.
=}aa, @jaa j|}oaaa|o _C}aaa gggCaae q|g cjjqCa,
_jjqggaa @g.

_ea Cgogga g_ j|}oaa cagao, ggo|o gagjjq gag
gggooaa _@jjCqeQ. jg|o q_a|gga cag ja}aaCqeQ.
jg|o|o g|a @_aa|gga cajg _Qggjqaa. gaa| }
@ga}a @_aa|gCgagao _qgago o}jj|aa CqeQ. _gggCo
o}qCgo coaoaa g|gg gag ga}aa aa... @gg|ag|a.
cgC gqag caa|g g|ao q_aaao QC, gg.

@aao, @oC}o cQgg cQjj|o coaogaeqo Coag gaaggo ggg
q|aajjajj|} gaag _@jj|aqaa, o|}a Caaj Caaeg.
@a@ gq|}aaj Cja}a|a_ag gq| Cog Cgaa|g.

@ga, je, _ggjCja_a, c}Cja_ cag caCaaa
CgaqCa, _aagag }ao| qg|a|o _@jj @}j|ggg.
gaCajCjag @ooag _ag, o|}a @g} a|aggg|o
a|goo|agg jaooga Cja}a| @aaa, gg gaaggoaa
@a@ gq|}aa gaCaQggo Cooo @}j|gga.

Cja}a| @aaa_ag gq|a q_ qg|, Cj_ja@ Cgga aa}j
jgg||o @oao. aaoa qg|aaggaa _q}a_agg Cgaqaa
Cja_a qgg Co_. ao jaagg|o @_aa|g Coa} cajg g_
jg|_aa, @gaa|CoC aaoa, Cja}a|a_ag |a
jagaajjaaCga_ jgg|. agq|a (gaaa, a}a qg|a) _Ca
}a. gq|}, aa_ |a}aCaaQgg _q}aa _aaajja}a.

@ag gaag|gg @oC}o }a@q, gag aqagag, aaoaq|a g
gq|ggg. ggo|o, caCaaa Cja_a agg|q}jjQa|aga cag g_
jqo ga} Coga}a. @ga ggoaqg. _Qggg _gg|o
Cooaqe|. gagaqgaa, Cjaagj Cja_a. gaaaaqgaa, ge|e|a.
@aq Cj_ja@ ca|jg|o|_gggaa qggCaaeq_gga. @jCjag
o|}aq|o|_gg q}g Cgaa|g|o, @oC}o }a@q q|g|ggaCaaeQ
Cqao ja}aa @}j|ggg.

aaoa g_qg oooa CjaQg gagg, Cagg Cgae@gg
@}eQ a}a qg|aa @qgg gg|gga}a. @qgg|o Cj_jaoaaaq
ca|jg|o|_gg q_ a}ajjaaga. cjCjag @ggaa a}ajjaagaa
_agga}a, cggaa @|} Cj} @ggaaaj jaQjq_aaCqeQ
caCgooa cee|j ja}gg, q|jj|a oo|aCa Cjaaa}a, @oC}o|
}a@q q}}a. _g g_ =, aaaaaagg Cg}ao Cqaoa
ggg|_aa|aga! @ggaaeaaaa aoa gggago a}a
_ajjCgajg, Cj}, Cj} _}oaaaC g|aagga@ _ggaa
aojgg|o oagg|aaa qgoo. jaooga Cja}a|a_ag _g
oagg|aa||_aa|gg. _g gag|}eoo. a|gg @g a}aa!

@jjqo a}aaaa aeg|gg _g|jjgaao Coaoo|aCaaeQ,
@ggaaeaaaa _jjaq| a|}a aa|a qQaa @qggg
ga}aaa|g gggg. @g gg|gga Caq| c_ggCjag, '_gg
qQaCooa gq|}qag|aao @aa|}|aajjQ, _q}a|a jgg
@aaa @_ggaq. _gaaogaa _g|gCga' cag, g_ q}|o jg|o
Coaoo|q|a}, qC}aa.

ea|o gq|}qag Cqa caa|g Cj}o aaoa jgg| aa|aC
g|}gg}aaCga_ _oogag gjQgg|, _q}aaaCq @gag
aao|jee|aCaaeQ Cjaqggaaao Cojj aa}C _g. cgg
Cg}gg|o, cgga a|}agg|o }a@q gag caCg Coaoogqag.
g|C}ag a}o agg|@ }a@q gjja qo q_. aa qQaa
_aggaCaaeQ C |a}a aa|o j|qggaCaaeQ
aagg|_jja}a. }a@q gagCjag ggo|o g_ coo}aaa
q|Qjja}a. aa _aaq_ Cq|Cg|q| CqeQ. g| a}
@_gga@ _q}a |_ag gg}qag|oao.

@jjqC @|}aaeaaaa _C}j|}a a} aao|jee|aCaaeQ,
_ag|aaa Cq|Cg Cqeq g|aoa eaag. aaoaq|a
Cgggjjgg| a|}aa, g_o|o ga}a @gg qaa|o a|gg
g_aaaa aao|aa|q|a caggaa CoaooCqeQ. @g gggg
2004- @eQ Cgaaagg|o.

@ggo Coo, Cja}a| @aaggq}aa |ggg Caaj Caao Co,
aeae gqaCaaeQ _q}a ggCaaaog gaaggo gqqaaaa|o
|ag gq|}aa @ga @}j|gga}a. Co _q|q ga}o o}ao}aa g_
gaaag @}eQ @a|o geQCqqjjo ojqa gaa
@}j|gga.

ga}g jqqaga Caaj qggg. gag _ag|gg| gaoaag Q
aa}eoo. }o qC}aa|a gqqaaaa a|gg _aaggg
Cgoa|a Ca _j|jj|}agag g_Ca Cjg @}j|gg|_gga.
@Cgaa aaao| cag coCoa_ a aaogg|o @oC}aoj ja}gg
Cqgjja CjogCgaa||_gga}a. @g @oC}@ag googoo cajg
Qoo; =}aa q|qaa}ggao oaq|o _C}aaaq|a @Cg |a
Caoaa|aCaaeq_gg Cg}gg|o, _C}aaaaq ae|oaaj jag|aaCq
Co cag g|aagg jq, aqaa gaqg CogaaCqeq
aa @oC}@ag @_jjgaa, }o qC}aaa coo}gga}.

ggag ga qa} 'C}a Cj' CjaQaCaaQgg g|aa _jjqC
_oajj|oaao aajj|qgg qggq}Cjao, aaoaq|o|_gg @oC}o|a
gq|_jjaa _jjgjjQggqggaaa Cg} qggq|gaa _q_
_g|q|gga}.

@gaa g_ 'jj|o|q oe' cag a|eoqgga, @oC}o
cg|}aao|a. g_Cqa @g gagaaao, ga @g}jjgaa @oC}o
Cgag|gao| Coaaag. @aao, qC}aa|a _aoo}aq|o
@Cjgg|_gg gq|} qogoa}a ao|aa .jgao (Maf dal ) gg Cgo|
_a|a (Nat i onal Uni on) Cjaag o|o ao|a, 'g_Cqa qC}aa
_jjqo CoqaC}aaao aeqjjaag gaa _aoo}aq|o|_gg
q|oa|q|QCqa' cag ja|}aaa |}g Cgaa|a.

@g|o @oo}jjggaa _o caaCqa|o, goCoa _ag| gjjgg
gja aa}ea|_ggq_, @oC}o _}o|a |a ggg _}o|o
@Coaoa_aa Cao| Cjo|a (Yossi Bei l i n) cajqC} qC}aa|a
@gg qajo _g|q|jaja aQaaa cg|}ggggaa!

Cjo|a @gggo Coaaa aa}e, '@_ g}jjag Cjagqaa gaqg g}
gjjgg CogCaaao, _g}aaa aaoaq|o|_gg qajo
CjgqCgajg, _Ca eQ gq|}qag Cj_aggaa qg| Co.''

cggaa gjjgga! cggaa _ag| ggo|a!

cooaC _gggg ogg}jja|a gag ge|jjggaaao
CojjaqgaCa gq|}, g|}gg}aa _ag|a Cgaaa| g_
aoaoa a_ cQgg ga}gg| aqaaq|oao cajggaa ea.

@a, }o qC}aa|a @gg _g|q|jj Cq|qgg Cqagg|CoC |a}
q|g. gQCaggg Cgog g|}eQ gaag cg|}aag Cgagqq|QCa
caa|g _oogg|o aqaa, qajo Cjgqgaao Coaaaag qajo
CjggaCaaeQ, Cga @}eQ ggCaaaog gaaggo gqqaaaagj
jg|oaao CoojCqeq g|}jjgg gaag gjq_jjgaao
Coaoo|q|Q, aaoa jgg||o gaaaaaaq@ gq|}aag gq|}qag
gg|jj gqqaaa|o @gag gag }a@qggag gg}q|a} qC}aa.

_C}aaaq|a Cjoaoa CaQ aaoaq|o|_gg @oC}o|a
gq|_jjaaa aao| Co gg}q|Qqgaao Coaaaq}, oCag
j|aqaa|ggaaa q@qaa aa}e CqeQooqa? @aCq, @gag
gag }a@qggagj joaa gg}aqj j|gjj|gg|_gga}. ae|oaa
_q|o _a|_gg Cja}a|aaa aag CoCqeQ. qaga
_q}aa g|ggg|, gao ceeo Coaoo|, gaa j|aqaa|ga aa}e
o}gaa; aaoaq|o @a@ gq|}qag gagaaggaa Coa|gg cag
g|_j|aaCqeQ cag g|aagga}.

_gajq @} jaoaa @oC}o }a@q aaoaq|o oooa CjaQg
CggCgaa|g. @ggaaeaaaa _jjaq|j Cjagaa @gaao
qqgggj Cjaaa}a. aaa _aagg @_gg gjja. }g
gg}q|a Coa}gg|o }a@q gaC}g }eajjQgg|g. gao
gQaCaooa Cgq, Cagg c_jg @ao Cja}a|aaa aag Cog
@_ggqgga}a.

@gg gqqaaa|aCjaggaa _q}a_ag @ao @aagg|a ggg
gaoq}a|a _aga gqqaaaa jgg| o|o gaqoa a|agga.
cggaa _qo}j je| @_gga@, caagaa Cg_aaq @_gga@
_q}a g_ga gqgao Cga_aaag gg|ago Cooqa}a cajg
Cg} qggg @ggo ogg}jjgg|ogaa.

Ca @oC}o _ajjaa Caoa g_ g| gqg.
gjaaa o|o CgeQaa, aaoaq|o _ggaa gg|
qaaa|@ oq q|Q, a}, a} cjCjag cCa q_a|ga}a?
cag aeaae|ggg.

_jjqggaa @ao|a gaoq} Cqa gag ao|a cjCjag cgg
gg|agg Cga_aaag q_qa} caa|g q|q} _q}a_aga a|aggg.
qa}aaeaa|o aeaae|gg, jagaajj gjaQaa }ao|aaj
jojjQgg|aCaaeQ, Cgaaoq|o|_gg }aaCa gaaggo ggg|, gg|a
q|Q oaa} gagaao||o _q} Cq|C qggCjag Caaao Coga}a.
(a}o 22, 2004)

@gjgg| q|q}aa gaCj ja}gg|_aa|Cga. ao|a jQCaaaoagj
j|gg, @ao|a _Qgg gaoq}aaj CjagjCjgg _j|g _o _g|o
}eqo| cajqa}, @CgCjao Cga_aa gqgg qgg ogg|o
C@o|aaj}o|_gg geQqo|a Caaagag ja}gg|_aa|Cga.

g} ooa gg Cgaa|q|gaaCq jaooga|}a g|aagga}a.
_gg @eqa C ag Cgaa|Cjag, aaoa ga} g_qg
aa_| Cjaoa aao||ggg. gg, gg, gg cag _gg g_
ogggagg gq|} _Ca CqCggC Caaq|oao.

gag|. ggg }jCja}} 20 _aCaj}, 2006



96 aggg|}ggaaaaj Cja}aqq_ g} @a

g|oCooa }gg - ja. }aaqa

gg g_ jaa @_gga@ @o| @aCaa_ jaa @_gggaCa
@aCqeQ? @}ea|}aqg @eQagj j|gg, cjjq @oC}o _
jaooga j|}oaa jgjj}ae Cjgg, gag ggggag qg|qgggCga,
_CgCjao, jaooga _gga}q|a @o| gag gg|gg }aaa
q|}oaa q}gCgaa|a.

_}e aggg|} caa|g Caa}aaaa gaaqgg, jaooga|}a
@oC}@a Cja}aqaCaaeq_gga@, a|agg @gg|o (Cggaaa}
gg aaoa) _q}a ggg| @o|, _ggaa Coaoo|aCaa_jqaa
@oao cajag gg|jj|ggaa CqeQ.

ggo|o, _g|aa} a cg cajg|CoC ggjj @_ggg. _}a.jg
jag gqao @_gga@ _q}gaa _g|j}. j|}g} gogaa
@o| gaaCqeQ cag g|jggaa @_gga@ _g|ja}a Caaao
j|}g} cg Cogqag. @eQ jCgqo, CoCqeq je|a
cag jqo|Q ggaajjQ Cgaaa|o, Cj_jgg| cg Cjaa|gg
cag a_agC Cg}ag ggg|ao. _oog, Cg}gg Cq|jjQgg
gqag ggg|ao. q_Cgag Cj} Cgaaa gag, _o .jggaq|a
ggCaaaoj jajj|}qaa _o _aoa jj jaagj
CjaaCaaeq_jjgaa _aaq_C }ao|aaj Cjo|aCaaeq_gga}a.

_}a.jg @ag ggg|@aa ggga@, g_ agg|o _aaq_agC
@g g_ Cj} q|q @oao cajgCjaoaa|q|g.

@ggo ggg|ao|o, 2008- @eqa @gg||o, j|}o|gg|j Cjgg
.Cja}jo jgg|}aa (For bes) _gg @eqa oa|a aCj_
jeaaa}}a jqo|o _}a.jgago Co}gg|_ggg!

@g, a|e@ago Cojjg cag a_ a_g|q|gqagjq,
_}a.jgg|a Coagg g|jj Cagg gg@g |oo|a ao} cag
Coaaaga g|gggao, cgCggg @aa|o _q} Coaggo
Co}gg|_aa|ga} caCga_ jqao @aegg Cq||g. @g,
gQCagg jaooga|}aa _g|}oo||a oo|aCa CaaeQ Coagg.

Caa|o, jaooga _C}j|}a|o Cj_jaaaaCaa} aga.
qgaaCaaQaga aCgC jo gaogagaaa qo|gg q_jq}a.
@|}, oo, Caaq cajCgooa _q}a_agg Cg}Cq Cg}ag.
@gg|ao|o, gaaaa @} jao ja}ao, Coagg oajaaa a_gao,
e gaagagaj Cja_jQggao Cja}aqaCaaeq_ag g_
gaoq}, @ggaa Coaggo Co}gg|_aa|ga} cag, g_ j|}jo jgg|}aa
j| q|q}gga Cog| Cq||ao?

aa_aaaa ggaajjQ jeCooa aaaj CjaoCo_qg|oao
cag, Cga}gg @oC}o g}jj|o gjjQ qgga@, _ggj
jeCooa Cja}a| @aaa_agggaa Cjaqgaa _q}a gj|,
_ag|aagg qgga}a. _g @oao; _ggaa jeg _}a.jgg|a
j|}aao aaq||gaa Cjao Co}gg Caaeq_aa|gg cag
Cg}qggao?

a|gg @Cg aaoagg|o, @oC}o| ggag _C}aa
ggag @aegg g} '@}aoo|'a CgCaaeQ, _}a.jgg|a
Coagg g|jj aa} gag j|oo|a ao}a cag g_ aeaaa
Cq||g. @gggg Cgagaa, g.c.c.j caa|g (I nt er nat i onal
Moni t ar y Fund) }aoo g|g| g|gqa gag, jaooga _gga}q|a
@eQ jCgqo, Qgoaa cQ ogq|a|g g|g| (_gaqg aa} 186
|oo|a ao}) gqCqa_ @eQ Cqeq|_aa|gg; @aao, @jje
cgCjaa|gg cajg _}a.jg g_qa}g gq|}, Cqg a_ag
Cg}q|oao cag g} _g|aaa Cq||g.

@Cgooa gq|}, }ooaq|o g|gqjj CaaCaa_Caaoa g|gqagg|a
jae gag|o _}a.jg }ao|aa, ae|oaa ggoQ Cog|_aa|ga}
cag, Qa|q|aaqo Co}gg CooCjaa aCja| gag|@ _q} jga
aqgg|_aa|ga} cag, _C}aaa gg Caa ga|o, joCqg
ga|a} g|gqaa|@ _q_aga ae|oaa jga
@_aa|agaCqag joCqg g}jja|o|_gg j|q|q}a
qggCaaeC @_gga.

@Cgooa, jaooga|}a gg||o Cj_ aoaagag gjQgg|a.
gag qg|o, ogo o}|ooao _}a.jg gag }ooa
a|aaa q|Q Cq|C j Cjaagqao @_gg o _g.
@jjqjj gggooaQaa _q}ga cQggo Coag, jg|o Cjga
oagg|gg g|ao.

@aao, @ggj je q|qaa} Qgaa jaooga _gga}q|a gaga
cagao, _g @oao. Cqg jo q|qa|@ jaooga
_gga}q|a @o|gag, gaa|aao Coaqgaa @_gg|_aa|gg.

ga}eaa, q|}oaaaj Cjagaa CaQj jg|o Coaoqg
caa|g ge, jaooga @o|a}a| @_ggg|oao. a}
q|}o|gga@ aqaa _q} aagCojjQqg, qaqaaaaa
@_ggg.

g@q|a _o o} cajq}, jaooga @o| aga g_q|o g}
gjj|a}. _}a.jg g @q_agj joCqg q|}oaa @_gga.
_q}g gqqaaaa cg Cq|jjaaa @oao cajg _g|o
ggaaaag. je q|qaa}a|o _}a.jgag _g|a gjgqag
cag, _qaaq Coaoo|qggq} @q}. g_ o, @q} g_ Cga}a
g|ao}j jgg|}aaag _|gg Cjq|o, @gg q|qaaj jgg| 'a
g|ggg' Cjo|q|, ggaC .jggaaqo Co}gg o|o}, g_ g_qaa _qa}o
ggggCaaeQ, aooao _qgg qggg|, gag gag aa}a!

@Cgooa, Cgae}a e}oo|qojjQo Co CooagaCa gq|},
jaooga _gga}qag @ggg ojgg|oao cag Coaoo|q|Qqg
qgaa. @aao, g_gag @_gag _oo. jogag @ggaa gaaggo
ojqa jaooga|o gaCjgg|_aa|aga.

_Qggjqaa, jgg|}aao aggg|}. jaooga|}a|a g}Ca,
_q}a|a _}jje|jje}a Cja}aCa ogCgaggag
@|ooagaq. _g|o, _}a.jgg|a ja|jj ae|oaag cajg|@
ogCga a|aag. @aao, jaooga _gga}q|a @o| _g|aa}ggag
j aaoa gg Cggaaa}j jgg|a|o, cggj jgg|}aaCa,
Cgaaoaaao|Ca jaooga _gga}qa q|}o|ag Cgaaa|o, gaqg
g_ q|qgag c_g|Ca, Cjo|Caq|ao Cjag. gga _q}a
Cooj gqag. jgg|}aa Cq|q}gqagjq Cogq|Qqa}a.

'ca g}aa c_ga; caa q|}o|aaag}a' cajg
jaooga _gga}q|a aCoaaa CjaoCq @_ggg.

Cojj} 11, 2001- @eQ, _C}aaaq|o oa q}gga
agg|a g, _oCaaga _ajj gaaggo ggg| qggg|aga
CaaeaQ q|ggg|o, jaooga qg|a|o aa @qjjaqj jaa
CqqggaCaaeq_gga}a. oaC jagggaCaaeq_ggCjag, @jjqa
g} _g|o ojqgaga CaaeaQqa}a caa|g q|jja, a|g| Cog|
g|gqagg|a g|jjg|qa} g_q}, _aaao|aaj
jj|qggaCaaeq_gga}.

@agj Cja}a| @aaggq}a o|o} ja}gg, aqaa _qa}a
agg|aCaaeQCjaq|a}a. _ggo Cog|a} cCa Cjaaa} caCg
a_ag Cg}ag g|ao|o, jaooga _gga}q|a jagaajjggag
_@qoagg|o _q} o|agaqaajjq_ag gaqo, @}eQga ag|ggg
Cg}qggg. _qa} q|Qq|agjq Cog| g|gqa Caggg,
'ojggjj qqCa j g|j}jjjjQaaao _q}g |_ag
gg}qag|oao' cag jaooga _gga}q|a Caj|a Coa}},
ja|}aaa |}o q|Qgga}.

@ggo ogg}jjgg|Coooa, ao} _}a.jg a_gg g Coaooao
_ag| aaggag gg|jj|aa CqeQ.

jaooga _gga}q|a @o||o gg|jj|Cqeq @aCaa_ _o,
gq|}qag @g} g|aojjaQ. @ggg|gg, gCaaCq ja}ggq|Ca
cagCjag gaga|a jqo|o @g |a gaa|aaCgajgao, @gg
@gg|o Co}ggaa Cqeq|_aa|gg.

gagaa }g||o @o| gggqgCjao g_ Cgagggag gjQgg|q|Q,
_ag |ag gq|}aaj Cja}a| @aaaa @g}gg
goaajjQgg| g|g| gq| CogCaaeQ @_ggggaa, ao}_}a.jg
gaoa|oaa _}o|ag gj|aaa q}ao Cogggg |a gaa|a
aa}e.

jaooga Cja}a| @aaa cggaa gaa|aaaq, _aq
@ooaq|ao, jaooga aaao @ggaga
goaq|QaCaaeq_aa gqgg|_aaag cajCgooa eagaa.
@aao, C@ag oagaag gagaag Cjo|aCaaeQ, _ag
@gg @aaaa @g}jjg caa|g @}a g|aojjaa _}a.jg
cQggg |ajCj} gqgaa|j Cjaag. gag, @ao @ooa|a g|aag,
@|ojooa Cjaag @aaa_a Cjo|, _q}aa _}a.jg _ag|
qg|agg g|_jj||_aa CqeQ. _oog _gg @aaa_aaa
Cga}jaa ggg|@aag geqgga Caaeq_aa CqeQ.
_g|ooaq|ao, gg jag Cja}a| gagagC @gg|qa}
agggao _e|gg Caaeq_aa CqeQ. @gg gag qg||@
Coooao, jg|gaa g_ jaaga _q} Cg}gCgQgggaaogaa, Cgagg|
gaQa @agqa}|@C jaooga|}aao ogCgaa ae@a
ja}aa|aga.

gg @gg|aaaogg|o _}a.jg, .jggaq|a ggCaaaoj jajj|}qaa
_o _aoa a}a}o j}CaQag (Al aqsa Mar t yr s ' Br i gade) }aaa
Cja__gq| Cog|_aa|ga}. 2008_ @eqa @gg||o, j|.j|.o|. Cog|
g|gqagg|a g_ gg|jj| joaaj j|}j jgg|}aaa}a, @g
q|qaag Cgaeqgg_q| @}aoo| Cogga joaaa, @gg @aaggag
.jggaq|a go ag gqgao 60,000 ao} Cgaaa CjaoCo}
_}a.jg gjaQ Cog|_gg q|q} Cq|ooggag qggg.

@gg @aagg|a @gg Cgaqa, _ggqg Cgaqa, jegCgaqa
caCaaa cag jCg CjaQ, Co}C@qo c_g| _}a.jggag
_@jjqg, _}a.jg _q}a Cag jeggag _@g| _|gga
aaC_ggj CjaQ _@jjqg, joaaoaa gggqgg|_jjag,
@oC}o| jagaajjj ja _g|aa}a, gggg @ga}a_a
aeQj|qgg _jojjQgg|aa}a.

g_ agg|o, _o _aoa ggCaaaoj ja|a_ag .jgga
@aaggag cggo ojggg @oao cajgaaa g_ qggg|a
g||Qj j}jjj ja}gga}a. (@g|o jaooga _gga}q
_g|aa}a_aga ae|oaa jgeQ.) @aao, a}o 14, 2002 _ag
.co.. QCag Cjq|gg _o _aoa ggCaaaoj j|}q|a
gaoq}, gaa a} cajag |agCg|qaa Cq|jjQgg|q|a}.

'gaa _o .jggaaqo Co}ggq}agaa. @aao, .jggaq|a Cj}o
gaa @gqg|oao. .jggaq|a @gj j|}q|a} gaa. ca_ag
.jggaq|o|_gggaa gg}a q_. ca_ag ao} _}a.jgagg
gq|}, Cqg a_ aae}a a|aag.''

@jjqCa_ gjjgo qaaggoggagj j|gg, a} caa Cogq?

j|}g} gg _jjaoa a_gg CqgjaQ, _qaaq _qa}
gQgo, CqgggjCja _qC} jgq| q|og _ago ggg|aoa
Caoaaa|g, Cja}a| @aaa_ag g je||o gg}aa
@_ggq|Q, aa|a _qjjag Cgaqaaag g}gg aqaaao
@_ggg, jaooga j|aj ja @oa|o @oC}o caCga_
Cgogag @_qjjo Cog, @oC}o g q|C}ag q}ag q|gaa
q}aa g||Qo Co}ggg (c_jga|o jaa|ogaa j|a|o @gg
qgaa eQ. j|jja @oa|o f or Enemy cag c_g| cg|C} g}
@gg|}a j qa}jjq_ag!), Cgag|o q}oo|ag, q|qoa
q}oo|ag _jjqaa g|a cag gao q|g cag
jaooga _gga}q|a @o|aaaoa gagaaj jqo|ao, _g
geQCaaeCgaa Cjag.

@aao, @agCooa aa}eaa aqgg, jaooga aggg|}ggag
CqQaqaa g|aaaagqag. gjgaeQ aaoggag Coaa
aggg|}ggaaaaj Cja}aqq_ g} @a; aoq||Coa Cja_aga}gg|Coa
q}oo| aaeag @a, Cga}gg jag|aajjQaCaaeC qgg|_ag
@a, gg cajag g|ao}a aaaa cee|C
CoojQaCaaeq_gg @a, gq| Coqggg g_q} gaq}ag
g|ao|o, gaagg Cg}gg qg|a|o Cja}agag gaCaQggo
CoagCaaeq_ag @a caa|g }g||o a_aeagaa ja}ggaa
CqeQ.

gag|. ggg }jCja}} 28 _aCaj}, 2006


97 }o qC}aa _go| gC} a|g}

g|oCooa }gg - ja. }aaqa

gag|ooag a|g}a @oao. g} _}o|oqag|aa ao} _}a.jgg|a
o}aa, ogaaoaaj ja}ag _Cg ogg|o, g_ Cja}a|aa _q}
g|ag oag|ggaq cg g|aaq|o|_gg gjjCq gjjag. _}a.jg
caCga_ a|g} jaooga|o Cgaagao Cja|_ggao, @aagag ga
Cjaqggg 'jaooga' caCga_ Cja_ @_gg|_aga cajg
ogCgagaa. aoq| _g|q|o |a j|aga| jaooga|}aa
gagg|}q, _q}a_ago aggg|} gaagag gjQgg|, Cja}ao
Coaoo|aCaaQgg, gaCa gaoa gaa|, Cgg|jjQgg|, jaooga
j|}oaaa ggoggo|o o}qCgo aqaggag cQggo Coag,
Cja}agagg Cga}ggjqC, q|ao _ag| ggo|a_ag @g}
CaaQgg qgga}.

_q}g jae| Caago jg|}gaa. @aa@, _q}g _}o|o jae|gaa
@oC}o q|qgg|o cQjaqgaa @_ggg. _ooagjogg|o,
gQCagg jaooga aaa 'jaooga _ag|aa'aa| oCag
oqq|q_jja}a. _}a.jg caa|g g_ gj_agggaa @oC}o|
_g|aa}a jgga}a. }o qC}aa _go|g _q}
g_q_agggaa. _}a.jgaga Caaagq|ao ga@a j|}oaaa
g_ caCg _q} a_g|, Cq|jjQgg||_aa|ga}. _}a.jg g
_QggQgg go gggooaQaao agg|, _qaaq _q}g qqo
CgQgo Cqa ggg|, _qa} qQo o|ag|o aqgg, Cq|C
}aaCa gaaggo ggg| cjjqCooa gqCa _jjqCooa
_oogqj ja}gga}a. _q}aa caaqg gqjCjaaaog Cgqao
cag g|aagga}a.

_aoggCaaQaaq|oao _q}. Cja}a| @aaa_ag g|g|gq| _|gga}
caa|g g_ gggooaag gq|}, _}a.jg g aggjj cgga
gggooaQ @ga}_}qaa g|_j|aajjg|oao cajag aqagg|o
Caa CqeQ. _q} g_ o}qag|aa} cag gggoaqaa}a. _g|o
ogCgaCaa? _q} o}qag|aa}gaa. g_ Cja}a| @aag gaoq},
@o| _g|aa}gaga aa|o cQagCjag, gagaaqag|aa cjjqa
aao g_qa} cag cg|}ja}aaoa? _q}g _ag|j Cjoaqa}gag
ggo|a, _q_ag _jjqCa_ Cgagg _|ggag gaagqag.
@aao _}a.jg, g_Cjag gaaa g_ gagaa _}o|oqag|aao
Coaoo|aCaaeg|oao. cjjq _q} gaaa g_ o}qag|aa}aa
Coaoo|aCaaq|oaoCa, _jjq!

_}ajjegag, _q} gg Coagg jCaaggag cQggaCaaea},
aaq| Cj}o g|ag Coagg Co}ggq|a} caa|g
gggooaQa_aCaooa @ga} a|aag. joCj} joCqg
ogg}jja|o @agggooaQaa gaaqgg|_aa|ga}a cajg
eagaa. @aao, gg|aa @ga}a cggg @oao cajg
ea. _}a.jgg|a qqo jogag Coagaa| @oC}o jagaajjj
ja|a}, _a|_gg Cja}a| @aaa_ag _q} c_g| aqga,
_@jj| jeggaaaa }og Cjaagqgagggaa aajjgg|aa}aC gq|},
CaaCaaCaaoa g|gqagg|Coa, Caajo Cjaa g|gqagg|Coa _q_ag
@_gggaao Coaoojj jga_aaaa jgg|}aa _oo.

@Cgooa jaooga|}a_ag gagaag Cg}. @aa@, _q}a
_}a.jg g aggaao Caaegggj joCqg aa}ea eQ.
Cga}gg qa _q}g agg| gggooaQa, j|}oaa g_ gqag
q}ao @_ggaCaaeC Cjaqg jgg| c}ooo, gag qg|o
_}a.jg CogCaae g|_e, jaooga _gga}q _ajjag
gj _g|aa}j Cjaq, cgga gggooaQag jg|o Coaooao @_gg
_q}g q|Cgagaa Ca cag jqo|oa. gaa|a aa}e,
@oC}@a _ag|j Cjoa caa|g g_ q|qgag _q}gaa
@}j|ggaqgga} cajg. @g jaooga|}a_ago aggaaj j|qaaag
g_ q|q. _ag|j Cjoaag @oC}o oaaa|ooag g_ Cgo cajg,
_q}a|a g}aaaa gq. _}a.jg, _ggaaa ggo|aa
CgCaaeg _q}a_ag Cqgq|gaa ogCgaaaa a|jj|q|g.

g_ jaa _q}g Coagga jgg| ja} qggg|a q} @}j|aa,
gjaa _q} @oC}@a _ag| Cjo|aCaaeq_aa, cCa ga
gaoq} q|aoCjaq|aC}a cag, _q}a aggag ogCgajj
@}j|ggq|a}a. @ggaa j|}oaa. @ggaa o|aao. gQq|o o|oaao
_}a.jgg|a @Cg Cgaga|ggaaa aa}e @ggaa.

@aao, ogo o}|ooao jQaaa|o a|gg _}a.jgag @oC}o
qQo o|ag|o aqggq|Q, Cggaaa} g_qg|@ CgQgo Cqa
ggg|, gq|_jjaa gao Cog, oaaaao }aaCa qo|g gaaag
Cgaa|CjaCg, _}a.jg g _q}a_ag _@gaj j|gggq|g.
ga gaoq} |_ag @jgg caa|g cee cjCjag _q}a_ag
ggoggo|o Cgaag|Cga, _jCjaCg jag aojjaa ggg _qa}a
aajjagg gq Cog, gQCagg jaooga|_ Cja}agg|o
gg|gga}.

_}a.jg gaa _q}a|a _aj cggaag cajggg gCggg
ga}egago Coao@qaga aaq@ _q}g }e g_ |aoo|ggg
ga}eaa @_aa gq.

CojCj} 2004_o|CoC _}a.jgg|a ogoa |a Caoaaj
jag|aajjQq|q_ggg. _q_ag caa j|}oaa cajg jgg| a_ag
o}aag Cg}q|oao. qgaa j|}oaagaa cag Cjagqaao
Coaoo|aCaaeq_gga}a. ea|o, }gg ojggaa o|o
Caaaga _q_ag @_gga. g}jgg}oo| Cga @_gg|_aa|gg.
_aCaj} ag @gg||o _q}g og|ao ggg|@ o}gaogg
o|a|oaoaaaa _q} ja}aaga CaaeQCooojjCjaCg jaooga|}a
j}ggCaaeQq|a}a. |ajCj} gaaggo gqqaaaa
CgCaajjCjaCgooa }ooaaq q|Q ga}ao @_gg _}a.jg,
@jCjag ja}aagg '@aa|o CooojjQa|ga}' cag Caq|jjCjaCg,
_q}aao caa gaajCjaa|gg cajagj j}ggCaagqggg.

gaagqao _jCjaCg qg|ag qgg _g @}j|ggq|a}a.
gaa _gaagaaaa|q|Qg ga gaoq} Cjaq|jCjaa|ga} caa|g
_oogg|o _q}a __ga}a. @a| a} ga_ag o||jja}a
cag aaCgg|g Cga_ga}a.

@aao, _}a.jgag ja}aag _agggo CoagCjaCg, gaoq}a_ag
q|q j}ggq|g. o|a|oao cg _q_ag gqag _|aaag
cajg _aaq_agC Cg}ggq|g. ja}o|o Cj}o| }a@q
_ggqaa|o _q} Co}aajja}. Cjoa a|aag. goa Q
Cooaa qggCaaeq_ggg. Caaa g|aoag _q} CjaaCaaeq_jjgaa
aa}a Coaaaa}a. _g|o|_gg gqa cag Cg}ag cag
Coaaaa}a.

a|gg g_ qa}aao @ggj Cja}a @_ggg. g_ agg|o @a|
_qa} aCq gqag cag aa}a aaq|}ggq|, jaooga
_}o|oqag|a, ga aeqa}a Caaagq| gq Cogq|gaa,
ja}o|o @_gg _}a.jgg|a aaq| a@a g_ gggooaa
gaaqgga}.

a_aeaCaaao gg|gg Cjoaaa c_gg|_aaoa. qajj|_aa|gg.
@aao, _Cgooa _aagaa. gg|aa _jjq a_ Cjo|ggaaa
@ga}a a|aag. gq|} _}a.jg Cjaag g_ aa gaoq}
q|qgg|o _q}g _aoo}a _jjqCooa _g|}q gq
cQggq| aa}a. g_Cqa aa}aC _ago o|ja}a
Cog|_jja}a cag Coaaaa}a. @ggg @ga} a|aag.

|ajCj} Cja}aggagj j|gg, gqj} 11_ Cgg| (2004) _g|aaao
4.80 e|ag ao} _}a.jg @gggq|gaa Cj}o| }a@q _ggqaa
aa}a _g|aa}_}qaag Cg}q|gga}a.

_q}g qagaaaaj CjaoCq, _q}g }eg Caq|agg|a_agaa
@_aa|gg! ea|o _q} gaCj @ggg|_aa CqeQ; o ja}gg
_g|q|jjggaaaggaa aao agg|aa}a cag joaa qggg| c_ggg.
jaooga|o|_gg _qa} ja}aag _agggo CoagCjaCg _q}
@ggg|_aaaQ cag g_ qggg| eQ. Coagg q|q}a gg|gg
@gg| gqaa cQjjggaaa, jaooga _gga}q|a _Qgg gaoq}
a} cajg gg|gg g_|gg gqag q_qggaaaC @gga aaogag
CqeQCaCg Cojjg cag Coaaaa}a. cooa qggg|a!

_}a.jgg|a }eo Cog|a Cgga aa}|o _q}g gq|a} gCj
_jggg@ cajq} _g|q|gga}. q|_gg @|}aaeaaaa aa_
agg|aa}a. Cggo|o _qggaCaaeQ __ga}a. jaooga ga}a|o
qo|gg gqCqa_ ga ga@a aa @ggggaaa a_g| __ga}a.
gqCqa_ Cje@ ga@a oCaag}} @gggq|gaa g|aaggg
Cgj|aa}a. gqCqa_ @ea@ ga @gaaqg
Cgaaoggq|gaaa a_g|a agg|aa}a.

cjCj}jj @gjj _g! jaooga caa|g g_ aa Cgogg|a gaaa
_ooqa @_gga} _q}? jaooga aa|aC aggg|}a aaao g|
q}jjggaaaCq ga qagga g_qag _}jje|ggq}ooqa _q}?
@|} Cgaoq|a, oo gggooaQa, Caaqaaeaaaa _qaaa
ja@ ga CagagC ga gaq}aaa CaaeQ, Cja}a
gaagg gq|} CqCgaaago o|gg|aaaCoC qaggg agggq}ooqa
_q}?

_gjaa @|} gggooaQa gaaqgg g_q}g Cja}a
CaQaaoa. caa Coga@, gjgaeQ aaoaaj Cja}agag
gaa|ag ggg|, jaooga|a ggag caa|g Cja}j Cjggqa} _gg
aa|a agg|o|_gg ggg|@aa _g|gg gg|ggq| gqa caa?

_}a.jgg|a @gg| }qogg|o aoggCaae ooaaeaaaa aa|a
gaa|o j}gg|_gg Coaa, @a@Ca_ @ggaeQ aaoggag g
aeaa q|Q ga}jCjaqg|oao cajg g|oo. _q}a aggao
Cgaaoaaao||o ja}gCgaC? gaaaqga _gga aao|?

@aao, _}a.jgg|a }eo Cog| Cq|aaCaC _C}aa _g|j}
ga}g jq g} _g|aaa Cq||a}. 'jaooga j|}oaa @a| |a
q|a}q|o aga g|aoa Cgaaa| ga_. q|a}q|o g} aaejjQ' cag
Coaaaa}.

@ga _}gg, _}a.jg g_q}gaa _ag|agg gaaa @_gga}
cajggaa! _gaqg _ag|aaaa Cgajo j}ao @oC}o|j j|}g}
@oaa }aj|@a @aegg Cjgg _}a.jg! gjjaaa| gg| a}a|o
@o|q @ao gg| g.ga. oajago Coag a}agg| _}a.jg! gaaga
Ca Cj} qgga@ j}qa|oao; gg aa_ago aggg|}
a|aaaaga caa|g gC} cg|}ja}jja goCoa ajqaaa|o
aaC_gg|Q, gg Coagg aaaCoC @g|ggj Cjojj _}a.jg!
Cja}a| @aaa_ag gq| Coqg g_ jaa @_gga@
_ag|aaaa agaa cjCjag g|ggCg aqgg|_gg _}a.jg!

ga}g jqq|a _g|aaa q|q}gag _g|gg _ggaa jaooga|}a_
Caaa aggag gqgga}a. @jjqaqa g_ a|g} @_aa
gq? g_ aCj_ gaoq}a }eg g_egg|o qa qa
aagq?

@ggo ojqgaa @aao _jCjag joaao oeqg. _}a.jg
@gggq|a}. @a| _ag| g|_j|q|Q cag _C}aa _g|j}
Coaoa|ga}. @a, _jjqggaa cag }o qC}aa jg|o jaQ
jaQa|ga}. ja}ggaCaaeQ aa @_jja}aa?

_aag g|aC @ao g} _g|aaa Cq||g. '@oC}o gaa
ca ja|gjCjaa} _}a.jgg|a }e @a@ gq|}jjQgga|gg.
gaaggo Cga_. @a@ q@qaa.''

gaCg q}a. CqoCqoggq|g @oC}o.

gag|. ggg }jCja}} 27 _aCaj}, 2006



98 aaoaq|o @ao|a Cooqaag

g|oCooa }gg - ja. }aaqa

ao} _}a.jgg|a }e, o}qCgo _q|o _qaaa| aqa =}jj
gg gaagagg gaeq gag gaa| q|aa_aga aa}eaag.

ggoaqg, _}a.jggagj j|gg, jaooga _gga}q|a gaoaj
Cjagjjagg Cg} Cojj gg _jjao, cjjaQjaqg
jaooga|o _ag|aa CaaeQqgCg g}Cqeq aaggag
@jg;

@}eaqg, _}a.jggaa _ag|ag q|ooaaa @_aa|ga} cag
Cga}gg Cjo|qgg @oC}o, @a| gaqg CoCg @aCqeQ caa|g
o}qCgo Cg_aaqag aag;

gagaqg, _}a.jg @gggg _C}aa _g|j} gg @oC}o|j
j|}g} @gg| a}a gg Cq|| _g|aaaaao oejj
@ao, gg @gj Cja}agag gaaaaaaq@ jag
gq|}jjQgg gq Cogg.

ggo @}eQ q|aa_ag @gg gagaqg q|a, Cj_ cg|}.
gg _jjaCoa, @oC}o| _}Coa @aaoa aQjjQggqCgajg,
@oag aa}. gq|} @ao gag @}eQ Cj_ gaoq}aa
_jCjaggaa }aaCa gaagg@ag jo|CaaQgg|_ggg. _gga Caajg
a Co}gg|_ggg.

@aCq, cgg }aaCa gaaggo|o gag ga|jCj_ gaoq}aa
@ggga}aCa, _Cg }aaCa gaaggo go @oC}ao g|aogaoo
Coqg cag, @ao gq Cogg. ao (Qassam) ca@ gag
j|}gCa }aaCaQaa q|, @oC}o| @oagaa _g|aag
g}aa|ggg.


@gga ao }aaCaQag g_ o}gg|} eQ. g_ Cja}a| @aa,
gaaCaa ga|Ca_ }aaCa Cgag|ogjgaga aeQj|qgg, Cqgg|a}aa
}aaCaQaa _qaaa|j jajQggoa cag, ogag ggo ggo|o
Cog aaqg @aogaa. CCoaaa ja}aqag ao
}aaCaQa |ao oaga}eaaaq. }aaCa qqq Cq|jjg; C
_aaajj Cqq_gga cajggaa ggg|}. @aao, @g|o gag
q|gaa }aaCaQaa _q}a ga}gga}a. gga| @oagaag
gagj jggg gaag }a, ogCg ge@} @oagaag gaaaqoo }a,
Cqa _g|a}aajj, gQCq g|aoagg|o Co@ggggaa gaa|a| }a
gag.

@aao, @gg gag q|g }aaCaQa_ag q|aaj jggaCa, ga}jja
aaCCa a|aag. @ao|a |ao o|o ggg g|je}a_ag QC
@gg }aaCaQaa _qaaag Cg}. _g 2004_ @eQagj
j|gggaa.

_ggg ga, ao }aaCaa _qaaa| Cgag|ogj qo@g} _aaa
_o Cao (Adnan al Ghoul ) cajq_ag Qgaa _gg }aaCa
ga Cg}. gC} g_ gq|aa} aqggaCaaeQ, jooaeQ
aao @}aoo| Cog, @aoaCaag j|}gCaaa @gg }aaCaa
_qaaa|g gggq} _q}. 2004__aCaj}o _q} @oC}o|j
ja|a}ao CaaoojjQqggg |ao o|o qa}a gaa}gaa cggg
@_aaQ cag }aaCa Cgag|ogjgag @ao|a o|o ggg
Cjag||o qo@g}a_ag _q} agj|gg|_gga}!

ao }aaCaQaa @ao, Cj_ja@ aaoa jgg|a|ogaa
jajQgg|g. _gg }aaCaQaag ga}ag Cgag|goaao
aaoaq|ogaa @_ggg. Cgga aa}j jgg|agg ga} a}aaaa, _ag
cQggo Cooqg|o @_gg j|}oaaa aa}eaa, ao }aaCaQa
aaoaq|a j|}gCa @gaaCq a_gjjQ qggg.

_aaa _o Cao, cjjqaqg aaoaq|o q|aao Co _q|q qa}
Cja Cqqaaaq q|ggg|o @gg }aaCa Cgag|ogjgag
CjQgg|q| CqeQ caggaa @gg|qa} jaQja}. @aao, _g
gaaq|oao.

@ao|a ao _qaaa| 'jag|jj|o' jaooga|o j|g
Cja}a|ag_aa_ gaCaa j|}gCaaa }aaCa Cgag|ogjgag
q}ggaCaaj Cj_jaQ ja. ao Cjao, ggg|@aa aCgo|
Cgag|ogjgg|o ga}aa gqq|oao. caga@, _q}a_ g}
joa g}ggaa }aaCaQaag gaCaa _qaaaCq Coga}a.

ga}eaa, jaooga @ooa|a g|aag Cja}a| @aa, g_
}aaCaa _qaaa|, _ggg _o ao (Al -quds) cag Cj}g.
jajjo} C}o|oe a|q _ajj, _o goo} (Al -Nasser )
caCga_ }aaCaag gaaCaa ga}ggaCaaeg. .jgga
_ajj|a}, a.ja (Kaf ah) caCga_ }aaCaaj jajQgg|a}.
aao| _ajj|a}, Co}a (Ser aya) caa|g }aaCaaj
jajQgg|a}.

g_ gaaggo ggggqggj|gg, gaaggaoo Cogq}a a}? cajaga
aeg|, @ggj j|}gCa }aaCaQagaa, @oC}o|j jagaajjj
ja|a_ag gq| Coga.

@ao|a 'ao' }aaCaQa, gagggjo 6.6 a|Coa ca
_g|ajo 90 a|Coa ca aq. @gg }aaCaQa,
gag|o|_gg jgg a|Coa CqqCja_aao agg Coag Cqqaao
Coqooaq. _g|ajo jgg a|Coa} @} qa} @aq jggg
Coag gaag. j|g @aaa|a }aaCa Cgag|ogj, ao
}aaCaQa gjj|a gqagaq. _g|ajo _gg }aaCaQa o|o
@g }a qa} QC jgag.

_}a.jg @ggg gg|aC @ao ga@a gggagg Cgaa|q|g.
g@o gg (Nahal Oz) , a'.j} gC}a (K'f ar Dar om) cag @_ @oC}o|
@oagaaa gg|aqgg, @ggaaeaaaa }aaCaQaa qo
@}j|gga}a. @g|o, a.j} gC}a jgg||o @_gg g_ a|e}aa}a
j|a, |aa aQaaa Cogggag aag. jo aa
@qgg ga}a|a. ga}a |aoa}g Cga}j ggg|@aag
geqaajjg. aa Cq|C qggao, |_ag gg}qag|oao
caa|g g|aoa.

@oC}o }a@qggao, @ao|a @gg _a}g gaaggaog
gQaagqq|oao. ca|_gg }aaCaQa q_a|aga cag g|aoag
g}aa|jjCg Cj} j|}oaaaa @_ggg. ggo gagaa @ao
q}}a, ga @_ag @gag Cq|jjQgg|aCaaao,
gaoajga|o|_gg }aaCaQaa Q oo|aaao Co@gg|aCaaeC
@_gga}a.

jaooga _gga}q|a gaoq}aaj CjagjCjgg, @_jgggaag e|
Cg} @a||}ag g|ao|o, gg _jjao, @ao|a @gga Caajg
gaeqgaga aeQ |a aqao Caaea}. _}a.jgg|a }e
g|aggg gCaQ jaooga j|}oaaag g_ g|}gg}g g} aeQq|
gqggaogaa eQ; @ooaq|ao, @a@ jooaeQa aeaa|o @g
@_ggaCaaeCgaa Cjag cag _q} g|aagga}.

@aCq, _C}aaa gaa} CjaQaCaaQgg C}a Cjj|a
_qjja|CoC, _ag|aaaa oagg|aa eQ aa}gg Cjo|,
@_ g}jjag og g}ggaag g}aq Cgaaa| ga_qCg, gag ggo
je| cag _q} gCgo|gg|_gga}. @aao, @ao|a aa|}gaeq,
@gg _ag| ggo| _ggaaa gQqg||o gq|ggaqgg Cjaa|a
Caaeaqa g|}aaggq|Q Cjao|_ggg.

@aCq, _ggaa Cqaoaa q|Qq|Q, _}a.jgg|a @gg| }qo
gggggg ggaC, _jjao o|}aagj jggga}. o|}aq|a
coaojjgg||o gaa _aggg ga||_gg @ao gaoq}aao
ogg|gg, 'gaaggao gCog g|ggga' cag, aao|o q|gag
gagaaa Cago|aa}. @aao, @ao _ggg Coq|oaaaq|oao.

'' 'j|}oaaag _ag|gg}' cag @gg|qa} Coaoo|aCaaeq_gg
_}a.jg agggq|a}. _ag| gjagggga aa}eC _}a.jggaa'
cag, _C}aa _g|j} Coao@a|ga}. _ggaa _Caaa|}a_a
ga caa _ag| ajqaaa CogCaajCjaa|g}a? @gqa}
CogCaae ajqaaaa, cjCjagaqg gega Cgaaa|o joa
g}ggaagaa @_gg|_aa|agaqa? _q}a_aaaa ga a qgg
ca| Cagaa|g}a?''

Caq|a _aaggC g|aaaaqgaa cajg _jjaoagg
Cg}gg|_ggg. @aao, jaooga _gga}q|a gaoaj Cjagjaj gg
g_q}, @g g|a cag gjjaCaa gqag. _ag| gqqaaa cg
@}jaqCgaga@ ggo jq Cja}a| @aaaag gQgg
g|gggqgaa Cja}a|aaa aag Coqgaa QC @_ag.

@g @ao gaoq}a_ag Cg}. @aao, gaaggao g|gggaCaa}
qgg _jjao g, _jCjag _q}a_aga Caaj QC qggg.
'gCog Cjaq|Qa' caggaa Coaaaa}a. Cqg qg||ooao,
_jjao Cgaoq|a g|_jCqeqgaa|q|g.

_jjao qgg Cjaaga Cga}oo|aa qoj} 12_ Cgg| @ao g_
|ajCj} gaagg@aaaa @ggaa aqaao Cogg. aaoa
gaa|o, ca|jg coaoCa} _agg }.ja caa|g @gg|o g_
a}ajjaag|o 1.6 a|Coa ca CqqCja_aaa CaaeQ
Co}gg, __a|@ @oC}o| }a@q gaaag gaag ceegga
Cqqaao Coga}a.

gag q}}a jo|. _agaaaq@ Cj} jag|jj, _ggo a}aC
gaoaa|q|g. jo aa aQ Cogggaga|a. geQCqqjj
_g|}oo||o|_gg @oC}o }a@qgg|a} qgggaaCq, gjjaaa|g
gaaggao Cgaa|, aee|o j _ggaa q}}aa ag
Cgaa|aa}a. jo|aag @}eQCj}gaa caga@, }aaaq}a
Caoaa gaagg@ag a|a}.

@ao, @ggg gaaggao .jgga _ajja @aegg
CgCaaegaaj j|aaao Cg}qggg. 'ao} _}a.jg @gaaq|oao.
_q}agaa 'Caaag'q|a}a. _gggj jg|g}aaCq @ggaaggao
g|aggg|Caa' cag __ gag caa|g .jggaq|a Cjooa} g_q}
g|aa}.

g|aoa, C@ Caoag Cgaa|g. @ao|a Caaj aa
jaooga Cja}a| @aaa_ag j}q, g_ g_g gg
Cgagqggaaa _ggaa oagg|a_ |a Cq|jjaaag Cgaj
@}j|gga. gg _jjao aqao Caaea}. aa}e, 2006_
@eQ gaq} j|ggggC (9_ Cgg|) jaooga _gga}qagj
CjaggCg}go g||jjq_ggg. gagaao|a _g|j}aa @_gg gg
_jjaao, gagjjq Cg}go goC jaooga _gga}q|a gaoq}aa
g||gg, j|}oaaag g}ag q|ggg|o, gaqg gqqaaa
CgCaaeaa Cqeq Cg_aaq @oC}@ag @_ggg.

@aao, Cg}go g_aaa gaCjga cajg |ajCj} Caq|agg|aa
@_ggg. g_ jaa @aaoo oagaajjQgg| _q}aa gagaa
_}o|@ag @_jjggaaa ggo|a gggCaaeq_aa, @aCaa_
jaa 'aagaa| o|ag|o @_gg jo jaooga Cja}a|aa
q|Qq|ggaogaa a_aga aag CaaQaaqaqg CoCqa' cag @ao
g}eQj|qaa, @}eQ jaag aqaCaaeQ gg|j|ga|aCaaeq_gga}
_jjao.

_ag| cag @a| cjCjag Cjaqgaa @_gga@, @gqa} aag Cog
_ggaa Cja}a|aa q|Qq|ggq|Qggaa CjoCqeQ cag
g}aaaao Coaaag @ao. _gg q|qgg|o, gaqg agg Cqao
Cooa cag g|aaggao, aaoaq|o a_ gQjCja q}aa}a
cag coo}gga}a. g| Cg}go gagaaao, @ao oa}j|o
aa}aqg Cjaq| aqjCja cag coo}gga}a.

@ao Cg}go|o Cjaq| gqCogq|gaa _}gg|oao @ggg.
oaao|o gggCjag cggj j}Cgo|aaqg j|qgg, @ao ga@a
@g} _q_agggaa cag Coaoo| Cg}go|o g|gaaqgga@, aaoaq|o
_q_agggaa gQ q|_! cg|}gg g|gjg gg _jjaoaaCq
@_gga@ Cjao| a|aaaag!

aaoaq|o @ao|a Cooqaag _ggaag. Cggaaa}|o @g
oagg||oao caga@, aaoaq|o Q Cg}go o}gaogga@
CjagC? _g g} gaggaa. ogCga|ooao gaggaa. _ggg
a|gag g_ oa}a}g Cgg @aCaa_ oa}a}g @_ggggaa
q|q.

caa Cooa cag Cao|gga} _jjao.

gag|. ggg }jCja}} 80 _aCaj}, 2006



99 @oC}o _}a g|_gg|q|ga?

g|oCooa }gg - ja. }aaqa

@|}gCgQ j|}oaaa @_gga@ g||jq, gaq} 9_ Cgg|
jaooga _g|j} Cg}go gaaggaa Cogg; gg _jjao _g|j}aag
Cg}gCgQaajjQqg|o j|}oaa g q}q|oao. @ao|a Caaj,
_}gg|ooaggoo. cCa eQ gg aa aggjjj
Cjaa|ga}aCa caa|g jagjj|o qgg Caaj _g. @aao, jaooga
_gga}q|a_ j|g Cja}a| @aaa_ 'Cg}go ggo|o g_aaa
gaaQ; ggqgagj j|gg Cjo|aCaaoa' cag @ao
gaoq}a| cQggo Coaoo| oagaajjQgg|ga q|aqaa, Cg}go
gggg.

Cqgg|Cjgg aaCaQ, _jjao, @ao | _ggaaj Cja}a|
@aaa_ag g_ Caa}aaa aqgga}. gCog gjjaaa|aaa aCg
CjaQa. gggag g|ggga. @oC}o|j ja||_gg aaa
aajjaggqg ca@a Cjagjj. _CgCjao, j|}oaaag g_ g|}gg}g
g} aa@qggg gaCa Cjagjj.

@gga Caa}aaa @oC}@agj j|qaaq|oao. Cja}a|a| _jjao
Cagaa|ga} cag q|}o|ggg. aag Cog C g_a cag
agg|g. _gQooao, _o _aoa ggCaaaoj ja|a} gg
@ao gaoq}a_a _jjao @_jjg Cjaag jag
jaajjaag CgqCQgg, _jjao gq|}qag @aaa_a
aqgg|_ag Cga}j aqao|aa|gg cag Cjo|aa} }o qC}aa.
qC}aa|a @ggj jg| aqaoag _C}aaaq|o|_gg aao|a jaCqo
jaaqagg| qao|gga}.

_ag|a Cgaaa| Cjoaqa}gaga @}jaqggg } gjaQaao
Coa. _ag q|Qq|Q, gq|}qag|a_a Caago|a
Caaeq_aaag}a caga} _q}.

Coaoo|aqggag|} gaq} 18_ Cgg| aaoa gaa|o g_
ggCaaaojjag gaaggo gaCjggg. @g _g}a jo|aa _ggo
ojqgaga aa}eaa aqgg, }o qC}aa |aa aQaaa _g|aaa
gaag Cq||a}. '@a| caaa}e CaaeQ jaooga _gga}qa
Cjoaqa}gag @oao. gq|}qaggag _jjao g_aaaa
aQjjQgg|aaCoag| _ag|jCjoa oagg||oao. jaooga
_gga}qaaa _ggaa Cga}jaa _jjq _jjqC g|ggg|
aqaa|Cga' cag Coaoo|q|a}.

@Cgooa cjCj}jj gaaoaaq! _g|j}aag Cg}qaa gg _jjao,
@a@ g_ ga ja}a_ag Coag, gqqaaa cag
Cgaa||_aaq|oao _jCjag! _ggg gaq gg|ggaCaa g_
oaag. gaa jgq| gjggg gaagaaCq, Cja}a| @aaaa _ag|
aaaa CqeQCaa q|Qgg _jjaoag @a@ _ggaaa jg|o
q}q|oao. _q}g Caa}aaa, @ao | @aaa|a
gaoq}a|a a}a_agj Cjao Co}gg|_aga cajg o ogCgaC.
(_ggaa gaoq}a_ o|}aq|o @_gga}a. Cg}go|o Cqagggg
gga aao _gaqg, jggaCgg| aao _jjao _g|aaa
Cq||a}. jg|gaga Cgg| @ggg ggCaaaojjag gaaggo
gaCjggg. g_Cqa @g gaaCC g||jjq_aaoa. _oog
_jjao|a _g|aaaagj j|gCa g g}aa|aajjq_aaoa. o}aa
q|q} Cg}q|oao.)

g_ qa} _qaao g g}ao g gg| cag _g|q|ggao, caa
_}gg? @aa@ _jjao gaaaoaa _ggaa ggo|aa
aqaa CgCaaea}. jaooga _gga}q|a aaqo gag|aa},
Caggaag g|}q aaoaag ggo|o _@jj|aa}. _g _ga
gq|_jja_ag q@qaa aaqo gjaQaa ggo|o Cogq|Q,
Cja}a| @aaa|a }aaCa gaagg@agg gQjj _}ea gjQgg|,
}aaCa cg|}jj j}a|aa _Ca CaaeQ g|gggo Coaaaa}.

@qgago Cog aaCaQ Cja}a| @aaa|a gaoq}a_ag
_aaaa CqeQCaa q|Qgga}. gCog _ag| aaaaCqeQ.
caago ogg _qaao CaaQa. gaqg goog gaga caggaa
ga@ ja}aa|Cga. a gggagjjagaa cgC oagg| cag
Cago|aa}. @oC}o caa a|eo Coga@, cggaa
_qaajjQgg|aa@ @aaa|a gggagjj @ooao jaooga|o
_ag| @oao cajg _jjaoagg Cg}.

_jjao|a @gg ggo|a g} joa|gga caggaa CoaooCqeQ.
cgg _j joa cagao, }o qC}aa Caago @ga|qgg,
'@a, ga _ag|aaaa ggo|aa cQaaggaa Coa|g}a,
a_a aa}gg Cjooa cag gq Cog|_aa|Cga' cag
Coao@ _ag.

2006 j|j}q} 8_ Cgg| ca|jg|o qa _o Cqa (Shar m al
Shei kh) caa|g @gg|o _ggj j|}o|gg| Cjgg _ag| agaQ
gaCjggg. ca|jg _g|j} C@ao|a| gja}a, Cga}a aa}
@}ea _jgooa @a|Ca} gaa|ao|o }o qC}a@ gg
_jjao aag@aa|aCaaeQ g} gjjgg CogCaaea}a.

@gaa _ag| gjjgg cag Coaoqaga aaq@ Cja} g|ggg
gjjgg cag Coaoqggaa o}aa @_ag. jaooga g}jj|o,
_aaggj Cja}a| @aaa_ @oC}o| @oaga g gaaggo
gggqag g|ggg cag _jjao, _Cg Cjao, jaooga| @oaga
g @oC}o jagaajjjja @a| gaaggo gggag cag }o
qC}a@, g_q_aCaa_q} gg|Cag| _|gga}a.

@ggj Cja}g|ggg ajqaaa gja aa}eaa @_ggq}, ca|jg
_g|j} C@ao|a| gja}a. ggaC oCag ga|gga @ggo
ojqggag o|gjj| CaaQgg, ggo jaagg|o Cj} _q|o j|}a}gg
ogCgaqjja. g_ qg|aa, jaoog@ag _ag| qggq|g cag
@a|jj CaaQgga Caaeaqaa}a. }o qC}a@ _jjao
aqjj|qgg Cjao CaaQggq|Q, gja}aga aag@aa|q|Q }
Cjao Co}gga}a.

ea|o gggg caaCqajg, agg cQ agaao ojqaaa
aqaaaj j|ajgg| q_ _aaq_agC Cg}!

jaooga Cjaag o|aao |aa j|}agg|gg|o, Cja}a| @aaaaa
aoggaCoao|aaao _}oaaa cQag cgg gqqa@
j|}Caga|oao cajggaa, _gCgogg|a agg gjgaeQaao
o}gg|} aqaaaq qgg|_aa|gg. @ao, @ooa|a g|aag Cjaag
_ajjaag gq|}qag @aaa cag @gaaao ggaa|q|Q,
gaaa g_ gqCqQaaoa cag g|aajjg, ea|CoC
gagaaag. Caagao, _gg _ajja_ag @_ag aa
@g} _Ca @_ q}aagg|a_aga a|aag cajag,
gjgqaq|a@ g}e|ggggaa @aCqeQ.

Cgjq Cja} g|ggg gjjgg gggCaC @g gg|gga a_ggg
Cg}q|gg @ao, '@gg gjjgggag @oC}o| }a@qC Cj}gaa
cQggaCaaq|oao; gaa cggaaa @agj Cja_jQgg CqeQ?'
cag Cag.

}o qC}aa @gaa aqaa ggga@ j|aa} ggg ojqa,
@agggaa ea cag g|_j|gga. g_ jaa @oC}o _}a cggg
gaaggo gqqaaa gaCjgq|oao cag
Coaoo|aCaaeq_agCjaCg, aaoaq|o o|o gq|_jjj jgg|a
gaaajjQ. @Ca Cggaaa}j jgg||o, qg|CaQ Cjag a}aqg
ga@ jaooga|}aa, @_gg aqgga aq aggga aag
CogCaaeQ Cjaq|Qqa}a. _ggo Cog| qgg gaeC @ggo
Cog| Co}gg q_!

@gg _jgga gaoq}a_agggaa agaaq|oaoC gq|}, gjjgg
aaC_ggaaCaC @jjqggaa gag cag @ao Coaoo|q|g!

@aoa _o.j caa|g @ao|a ggg gaoq} g_q}, _o go}a
Cgaaoaaao|ag g_ Cjq|gga}. _ggj Cjq|o, '_jjao|a Cja}
g|ggg _ag| gqqaaaa gaa cg|}aaq|oao. qqa}
gggagjj _|aaggaa ja}jCja. @aao, jaooga|}a g
cCaooa gaaggo gaa|gCga, _Caooa @ao @oC}o|}a g
gaaggo gggg gaag' cag Coaaaa}.

_jjqggaa Cgaa|g. gag aga. C, g9a aga|o 'jg|
gjaQ'aCooa ggaa|aqaajjQ, jagjq @_g}jj|@
_qggaCaag Cgaa|q|a}a. jagjqC, g_qa}Ca_q}
ggg oaqaCaaeQ, jagjqC @aa|}|jja CogCaaeQ,
jagjqC ggCaaaojjag gaaggoa ggg|, jagjqC jo
geQa aqgg..

_}a.jg @gggao _ag| cag Coaaa @oC}o @jCjag caa
Coaoa|gg?

@agggaa oa Cag. @oC}o|a |}gCgagaaa _C}aaaCq
Cag. g.ga.q|a jagaajj aao|o Cag. _ggaa goo|
Cgoa_ Caa. _ag|aaaa agaQ q qja aaj| CaaQgg,
aag@aa| _@jj|aqgg C@ao|a| gja}a Caa}.

cooaqggag Coaa, @oC}o|o gaajCjaa|g CjaggCg}go
CaQaCaaeq_ag Caa Caq| @ggaa. caa
CojCjaa|ga}a?

gaqg Coggaa @aCqeQ. @aao, g|}gg}g g}aCaooa
@jCjag oagg||oao. _gaqg q|_jj|oao. @aCq, gagaao|aaa
_ag|aa CaaeQq_qggg qC}aa g} ja Coga}.

jag gjjggaa cQgg, @o| gqj jqggj ja}gga}. gaag
aqaa gooCj} CaaeQqgg Co}aaaq aa} cgqaa
@_ag cag Cao|gga}. Cqg qg||oao. jaooga _gga}q|a
_g|aa} coaoagj @a|o @_ag _ga gq|_jjaaCooa
aao| Cogq|Qa|Cga cag _g|q|ggq|Q, Cqaoa @}j|gga}.

_ja}aa gqgaa. _ag|aaaa |ajCj} ggo| . ogCgaC
@oao. agg @ao aggg|o|_gg @ggo Cog|a _qaaq
Cog|ggaa|o jqggaCaaeQ Cgaaoaaao|a|o ja}ggaCaaeQ
@_gg|_jj}a. @gga aaoagg|o, jaooga|o Cja}a| @aaa|a
gaaggo gqqaaaa_ ae|oaaa gaggg|_jjag
aqa|gg|_aaoa.

g|C}ag, @oC}o @jjqCa_ gqqaaa cQaaa aa}e caa?
jooaeQaaa g}gg|o qo|ggaCaaeq_ag gg aaa, _g
_ggg| gqCggC cagCjag|@, _jjqo Cogg @oC}o
_}agaa cag Cjag|@ - q@aaaaa Cq|Cgg|, a}
aao|jee|aCaaeQ Cjaao Coao@ag, @oC}o _}a
g|_gg|q|ga? ea|CoC _ag|a Cgaaa| ga}
@}j|ggq|a}aa? aggg|} jaooga ae@aCaQ @}gg|ogaa
@_aa|gga? @ggaa @eQaaoj Cja}aCooa g_ gqag
q}jCjaa|gga?

gag|. ggg }jCja}} 8 gqj}, 2006



100 jaooga j|}oaaagg g}gaa caa?

g|oCooa }gg - ja. }aaqa

Cgga aa} gg aaoa jgg|a|o 1977_ @eQ Cgaa|
g|gqjj _ggg| _ga gq|_jjaa @oC}o @jCjag aao| Co
gq Cog gqqaaa CgCaaeg. @g o}qCgo _q|o aqa
Cjggag, _aaggg g}jj|a_ }o qC}aaaj ja}aQqag
ja}gCga.

_C}j|}a qa_ jgg|a|o qo|gg qgg _g}a _ggaa Cja}
q@aaaaa Cq|Cggqgago, _C}j|}a|a g|ojjgg|
_q}a_aCa Coagg cajgaa @oC}o gjjaCaaqgaa|gg. _ag|
gqqaaa @Cg }g||o _Qgg agag Cgaaa| ga_aaao, aaoa
jgg||o cjCjag aeaae|jjj je||o =Qjq_ag @oC}o|
}a@q, _Qggjqaa g_qgaa q|oaa|aCaajjQ. aaoaaq
gq ao coaoa_ jaooga _gga}q|a g_aaQjjaQag
_Qggjqaa qgg Co_.

_gggCo gag|oao. _}e aggg|}gaa.

_qqgaaa? @gaa Cgaaa|ggaa @oC}o CjaaCaaeq_aa|gga?
cagao, @jCjaagag jg|o '@oao' cajggaa.

gqCggaaa aao| CoqCgag @oC}o cQgg gq gagaao|a
gqqaaagaa. @oC}o|o q|a}q|o CjaggCg}go gaCjgq|_aa|g
ggg|ao|o jaooga Cja}a| @aaaao ogCg _ag|jjQgg|
aqaa CgCaajj gqqaaaC @g. |a _g|a q|ao
CaaQggggaa @oC}o @gg gqqaaaa cQgg|_aa|gg cajg|o
ogCga|oao. @aao, cjCjag Cgaqjja@ jaooga coaoag
g|_j gag _g|aa} Coag|aagag g|gq|aCaa gq caa|g
gj|aaa|o Cojj aa}gaa @g.

Caa|o gjjg gagjg q_aaa, gC} @gg|o qo|ggqgg
@|}aaeaaaa aaa, gagagj j|Qa| gQqg Cjaoj
j|Qa|aCaaeQCja Cqg|gg|o qago Coao@qCgajg _g}a gg||o
|ajCj} _oogag _qaaa|C g_. @ggaaa _}o|o g|aa
}o qC}a@ag @_aaoa. @oC}o aa_ag @g|o cgg g|ag
Cg}qggg g|a|oao!

_}oaagaa _q}a_ag qQ aqaCaaQgga CaaeQCja Cgga
aa}|@ aaoaq|@ gqaqggg. _Cg _}a @jCjag q@aaaaa
Cq|Cgg|, gq|_jjaa @qggg ga}aaa| @_aa|gg.
jaooga|}a|a _ag|aaaag ga _ag| jg|Cjaqag _g}a
g_Cjag og|aaaa}a.

Cja}a| @aaa _ag| aagg, @oC}o CjaggCg}go CqeQaaao
j|}oaa|ooao gaaoa. @aao, @oC}o|}a _Qgg
_ajCjag _}ao g|g|aa @_aaq|aa}a.

@jjqjj ggg|ao|o cggaaa qC}aa @jjqCa_ aa}
CoCqeQ cag Caao, _ggg gC} jg|ogaa. gaaC} ga
ja}ggq| jg|@ . _}a.jggagj j|gg _ag|! _ag
g|_j|jjggaaao Cojj aa}C gq|} Cqg|oao.

cagao, jaooga j|}oaaagg g}gaa caa?

gaaaa|} @eQa_ag Coaa joCqg q|gaa qqqa|o _Ca
oq|aCaaeq_jjg j|}oaa gaggaCa gq|}, _ag| _oo. oaao
gagg Cg}a|gg. o}gg|}gagj jqggg Cg}ggCaaa|Cga. j}aea
aag qqq|o a|aaa|aga. cgga aaogg|@ j|}oaa Q
gagCjaoCqgaa @_ggqgg|_aa|gg.

gaoq}a agoa, @o| agoa, _g|aa} agoa. _qqjCjag
_ag| gjjgga _}Cagoa. g|}gg}g g} caa|g aCj_ aa
gaqaqggg cggaa gaaa @_aa|gg?

ggoaqg aa}e, @oC}o| @o|a}a. _qjja|o _q}a_ag
jaoogaa g_ aggg|} Cgoaa qagq|Qqg|o q|_jj @oao.
_C}j|}aao _g}a_ag cjCjag @jgggaa cajg _q}ag
a_gg. _aa|aqgg|_ag qa}gaa gq|gg|_aa gq cajg _g}a
gagggaCa qgggaCaaeQq| o|ggagg. o}gg|} g_qg gga
g}|ooao Cgo Cgoaa gqaCaaeq_gg @a _g. cggaaCa
Cja}aq, cqqCqa ggoo|a Cog, j|oao cQgg, Cago|a ggaq,
jagjaQ jQ 1948_ @eQ @oC}o caa|g g_ _g Cgogag
_q}a gagg gaC _qaaa|aCaaea}a. _jjq _qaaggg
_q}a jaooga _C}j|}aaggaa ajjo|aaa
CaaQaaCqeq|_ggg.

@|} _ag| Cjo|aa@ @gg _qjjaj jaa @_ g}jjag cgga
aaogg|@ agg|o|_gg _g|jCjaqg|oao. @aCq, @jCjag
jaoog@ag aggg|} qga|q|ao g|}gg} _eagaQo oea
cagaa|q|Q. gq|} aggg|}agg jaooga, j|g _}j Cgoa_a
@aegg @oC}aog gaaaoa. aggg|}, ga| gaQ caa|g ogCgaq,
g_ Cgogg aa_ag cggaa aaoa jo g_ cajggg @oC}o
j|gggCjag ae aCj_ Cqgg|aC oao|. _gg qajajggaa
_q}a @jCjag jaoog@agg g_qgggg gga|ga}a.

_Qggjqaa jaoog@ag aggg|} cag Cjo|aao, Cg_oCo
a_ag caa|g Caq|ag ggo|o jg|o aeQj|qggaa CqeQ.
gg|jjaa _gg gg| qaa.

jaj} caa|g g_ aa} aq gg|a @Ca @qggq|Q @ag
qa}|@ ga cg|}CaaCqeq|_ag o|aaoaa cee|j
ja}aaoa. Cg_oCogg|o @_ag gg| jaja}jCjao g_ aa}
Cga}jag _oo. @ooagagg Cgaggq|ggq}aa gag gj|a
Cg}qaao ojgggg. gqCqa_ @ooa|_ag _g g_
ja|gggo. Caaaq|o a'_jaag _Qggjqaa Cg_oCo
gg|gaa _q}a_ag.

_jjqjj gogag @qgg _agqa}aoo| Cog _Ca @}ea|}
@eQa_ag gaa} oaoa aa} aq Caa|o @_aa|gga cag
ja}aa g|aajjag cgg goo|a@ oa|ggaCaagqag. @gqa}
Cojj @}aoo|a|o _jjqaa g} @ga}g _ajjag
g|ao|o Cga}gg _Ca @oC}o| _}a _agqa}aoo| CgCaa
g|aajjg _}o|Co _ooao Cqgoo. |a} q|ao
g|agCaaeq_ag g} agg ggagoaq}gaa _g}a|a @ga}.
_ggo aq} oaoa aa} c_jj| @ogg|a aggoaq} cag
_q}a Coaoa|ga}a.

cggaa @ggaeQaaaa@ @ggj j|}oaaag g_ g} a|aag.
@aCq Cg_oCo g_ g|}gg}j j|}oaa _|aa|gg. @gg|ao|o
g_Cqa _}e aggg|}C a|agga@ Cg_oCo _ooag aggg|}gag
goo|a agqgg gjg oagg|C @oao. Cg_oCogag aaa
aqgg _Qggjqaa gg @}jag. CoaoojCjaaao @gqa}
gggqgaga aaq@ aa|}a qajja _g|a.

@}eaqg ga, Cja}a| @aaa|a CoojaQ. gqa oa|o @ag
@gjCja}aa Cqgg| _aqggaaa oagg|a |aa gag.
@g gaa|q}aa oa cjCjag _oogga QC ja}ag.
Cg_a|j Cjog ggqa}a. Cja}a|aa q|oaa|q|Q,
_ag|jCjoaqa}gag gggCq Cj_jaoaa _}aa q|_ja|aga.
jaooga Cjaag Cgogg|o _g oagg||oao cag Cg}gga@C
Cga}gg _agC a Cogq_a|ga}a cag Cao|ggj ja}aaoa.
gagaao|aaaqaqg @aaa Cja} g|ggg _g|q|ggq|Q _ag|j
Cjoaag ajao g} g|aaa joaaa cg|}ja}aa gq.

ao} _}a.jg _ag|agj joaoaCaaq aaq _Cg ogg}jjgg|o
@ao _q_agg Cga CaaQgg|_ggao g|aoa Cqg
q|gaa||_ag. @ao g} _}o|o @aaoo cajag g_
aa}eaao Coaoo gqag. jaoogaaj Cjagggqa} _}o|o
Cgaa| _ag| qa} g}aa|ag |ajCj} oag| _g. @aao,
_q}a Coq|oao. @ggg aa}a gag Coaoo gq?

jaooga j|}oaaagg g} aaeg gaaa @_ag gagaqg _o,
_}j gaQa|a ggga|aa. ogg Cao|ggj ja_a. @oC}o
cajg |ao o|g|Cga_ Cgo. _g @a cajg gjjq|o
|aagagqaa cee|aaaC Caae aaao @ag. _q}aao
gggaaao CoojQg gaCaa g_ Cgogag _qaaa|aCaa
gqgg|_aa|gg. @aao jo Caaqaaeaaaa aa_a oa|a
@}eaqg Cj} g caa|g Cj_a q|g @ooagago
Co}ggq}aao a gg @a aa_ag gq| Co gqq|oao?

oa|o qo|ag goo|a_ Cj_jaaaaCaa} gg|a a|gaa|ogaa
@_aa|ga}a. gg|a a|gaa|o @oC}o gq|} gg _aagg Cgoa_C
@ooa| Cgoagaa. _q}a gag Co}gg jaooga j|}oaaag
g_ gq aae gqaga? _ag|g g}aqa q|Qq|oa. 1948
Cgaa| cggaa gga _Ca ggg|_aa|aga! cgg g_ gggg|@
a jaooga|}aao Cqgg| Cjg gqq|oao? oCaag} Cgoa
cooa _jCjag caa CogCaaeq_gga?

_}j Cgoa|a ajj @_aa|gg. _qaaq q agaQ ggg|
@gga qa} caa oag|gga}a cag a gagg gaC _q}a
CaQaCaaq|oao? ea|o jaooga aggg|}gg|o _q}a_ag
q|_jjaqg @_aa|gga @oaoa?

@ggaaa o}aa aa}e Cja_aga} ojggjjg. Coaaaao
qo|ag caga@ Coaooao @_aa gqag. gg _aagg
_}jCgoa_a gjj|Cq gqag _ag jaooga g_ ag gaQ.
_Ca CjC}ao a|ajjg|oao. @ag gCaaCq ja}gg|_aa|Cga.
C@ @eQaaeaa|o Cja}agg|o qagaaaaa ag|gg aa.
_qjja qog|a a|aag. q|qoa Coggq|g. aoq|g|
ogq|a|g gag. Cqao qajja gag. Cgag|o Cgaa| ggg
oagg|a gag. Cq|Cgog Cgag|o g|gqaa jaooga|o ggoQ
CoqCgajg |a |aa gag. qog| qajjagg, g|ao} gg
gaa|g g_ Cgo _g. Coagg @aC caga@ @g} Cg}q|ggq|Qj
j|aaao a} _}qaegg q}jjg caa|g jgao ajjaaa
_aagg _}j Cgoa_ag eQ. @gaaCoC jaooga
j|}oaaag gag Cga}j|ooagg Cjao _q}a aao aaoaa
gggCaaeQ q_a|ga}a.

j|}oaaagg g} aaejg|o gaaaaqg ga, _ag|a. 1948_
@eQ Cgaa| @ag qa} jo ooaaeaaaa jaooga|}a qag
qg||ooao gg|a a|gag g_qg _ag|aaao
agg|aCaaeq_aa|ga}a. aggg|} cag q_aaao _ggaa Cj_
jaoogaa Cgaaa|ggaa qgg Co_qa}a. @gg gjgaeQaaaj
Cj_a| aa Cgaaaaga a|gg o _q|o _ag|a|a
cee|aaa @_ag. aggg|} jaooga|a coaoag j
g|ojj}jj aa gaaao gaQ. @aCq coaoa|o Q_qo
gag. _g oeaag qg| qgag. jaooga|}a|a cee|aaa
_g|a}jjg @oC}o|a jagaajjaga CaQ cag @oC}o @o|a}a
a_ga|ga}a. @a }g||o gagaaq}aag Cgo| _aa }g||@
gag Co}gg gC} @gg|o qo|aa _@g|jjg gag gao|o gaCa e
_|jCjaQaCaaqgggo o cag @oC}o a_ga|gg.

gggaqg ga, q|q}aaCq _qo||ooag =Caa j|}oaa. @g @oC}o|
@o|a}a gg|o Qooao _g aa|gg|@ @gaa
CqC}aq|_jjggaa Cqgaa|a oo. gjgaeQ aaoaa jaooga
_C}j|}aa _aa| @eQCaaeq_gg @eq, _ggaa aojgg|o
_q}aa q|Q @ga gaa|gg. ggg @gjja_
jgaaaa|q|jqao g_qa} g_q} _g|ggaCaa_ Caajaq
QC CCoaa||_aa|gg. o}gg|} ga_agg gC}aa @agggag
@ag qa} gaaag _g}a, oCaag} _C}j|}a_agg gaa
@agjjg gC}aagaa cajag cee|j ja}aa gaa|ga}a.

@gga aa}eaaogaa @|} gag _ag| gqqaaaa
CgCaajja@ jaooga j|}oaa @agqa} g}ag gagaaCq
@_gg q_a|gg.

gag|. ggg }jCja}} 6 gqj}, 2006



101 jaooga aggg|} oagg|aaCg

g|oCooa }gg - ja. }aaqa

cooa jaaoqaa|@ cjCjagaqg g_ga ag Cjag|ggaa
Co cag g_ jgCag| @_aa|gg. jaooga aggg|} cajg
oagg|aaCg.

_g|q|o, Cgag|ogj Cjaag gaga|o @oC}o @ag Cjgg|_ag
_j}|gaa q}oo|, oa gaQa gg||o @oC}o|g
Cgag|ogja_ag @_ag g|jj, }aag @a|qgga gjj|Qj
ja}agCjag, @gg @ao oeaa @a@ Cga}qg _gCgogg|a
|ajCj} _qaaC.

jaooga Cja}a| @aaa_a Cja}Qqggaaa @oC}o Cooq|Q
Cgaaa cggaa cag Cg}ggao _g|}oo|aq}a. @eQ q}
Cooa aeaa|o o}ao}aa gaaa|o g_ jaa _q}a @gggo
Cooq|QaCaaeq_aa|ga}a. o|g|g Cj}gaa cggaa gga,
cqq @gjja?

jaooga|a aggg|}gag gg|jjQgg| q|Q, Cgga aa}j jgg|aa
aaoaaq ggg|@aa _q}a qo _|gg q|Q @oC}o
q|aCjggaCaaeQ,q|ao, _gCgogg|a q}oo| ogq|a|g @a@
_g|aag cajg|o ogCgaC @oao. @ago Co _q}aag
gQjjaq caCaaa cajagggaa ggag _gg|agg|o ja}gCga.
@aao, @gaao Coggaa @aCqeQ caa|g ggg|ao @a@
ggg|o|_gg _ @eQa_ag qgCg g_ caCga_ ae|jj
@_aa|gg.

@_jga @ggaeqa ggjgg| qa} _g}a_ag @_gg @_jj|o oa}gg
j|}oaaa_ jggga_ @jCjag _gCq @oao. oa g_ Cj}
a|}aaa|q| ggg|ao|o _q}aao cg Cja gg @_jaj
ogaj|ggaCaa gq. g, @a _aaa j|agjjQ,
g|ga @_jjqa j|agggaCaaqaa caa|g Cjagqaa oagg|gg|o
oa @ag Cgaa|q|g. @gg|ao|o, @ao oeaa|o
qagaaaa qeaaa|aCaaeq_aa, _g}a q|_jaa}a.

@aao, @gg aagg g}}q|o q}aqgoo. Caago Caagoaa
q_. qgCg g_. _gqa} _ag| aaaaCqeq _qo|
jaooga|}a_ag @_aa|gg. Cga} ggaao @gqa} gaa
oag|ggCgaa cag _q}a_ Cao|ggj ja}ggaa Cqeq|_aa|gg.
_ag|j Cjoaqa}gaga|o jgCaaoa cag _}a.jg gq
Cog j|gggaa, g}_ ga}aaqg _C}j|}a @qggga a|agga.
_Cg _ag|j Cjoaaa gg _jjao gaCaQggo Coagga
q|aqaaggaa @aagag Cggaaa} gg aaoa jgg|a|o|_gg _ga
gq|_jja ggg|@aa _aggjjq_aa|aga.

@aao @gj Cja}a @gqa} oag|ggg caa? @eq@
@eq}a_ aaq| g|ao|o @ggagggaa gjCqeQ cag
_aa a_g|aga gag Coaoogqag. @aao, @gaaa
aaq@ Cjoaqa}gaga qo|a|aaaq cajag o}gg|} Cga}gg
g|_j|gg qgg|_jjag _q}a aeaa|o cQggaCaaeaa
Cqeq|_aa|gg. @_jgCgaga @ggaeqo @gj Cja}a
oag|aaaqaqaa oa|o g|_jjgaag Cg}q|oao.

ea|o jaooga aggg|}ggag gaaao _Ca g|ag Cqao
qajjaa _qaaaCqeq aa _jjaoag @_aa|gg. _g
gaggaa @ag}aa @gCggq|ao gQag. g_ jg| Cgogaga
aQqCgajg oaga}e aa}oo. Cgo j|gaaQ, j|gg
ja}ggaCaaoa cag @_aaao @gg q|qgg|o Q _jjao
@oC}aoC g_ ga@ga}eaaa CaaeQ Coojoa, gjj|oao.

gjg @eQa|o jaooga _C}j|}a cggaa Cja}aaa
cg|}Caaea}aCa, _Cg _ Cja}aaa @oC}@
ogg|gg|_aa|gg. _gaao @oC}o|a q}oo| jag|aajjq_aa|gga?
@oao _ooqa? jaooga|}a Q a @a@ gg|a a|gaa|a
Cgagoaa gggagaaaCq @_aa|ga}a?

@oC}o g_ Cgo; jaooga g_ aa cag @gggj jg|o Coaoooa.
@aao aa gaqaajCjaa|g ga Cqg@}gg|o @oao cajag
agg|o CaaeQ @a|aqg @aa_}qaa ggo|aa CgCaa
jaooga|}a aggq|o ga}aaCqeQ. jaoog@ag gqag
oa gaQa _aagg gg aaaa g|aaggo Coojaa
CqeQ. g_ @g jaaaQ g|gqaa jaooga|o gC} ogg|o
a|a g|gggao gaaaq gooqgago ogg Cao|ggj ja_a.
@ggg a a_ ggo| cQaaq|oao?

Cg_oCo. @gaa q|oaa|q|Q jaooga j|}oaa gg|ggj CjoCq
gqag cajg cggaa eaCa, _Cg _ ea Cg_oCo
gg|gg j|}oaaag g}aa gqag cajg.

g.ga.q|a o|gjja aeaae|jj|a ag @_ag @ggaa}j
jagaaaajjCqeq, j}aga ga}aa o|gjj aqaggagj
aggoaggoaa, ggggq_ qgg qea|q|Qo Coooaq
qg|jaQg goaa, _aaq_ag Cjagqaa Cgaoo|o ga}aa @aa|,
j}a}jjj Cjagjaj g|}gg}aa gaa| gaQa oajC gjg gaggaa
qg|.

@oC}Coa, jg|gaa o}q|_ag jaoogCaa, jaagg Cgoaa
Cga}Caa CqCggg CgoCa Cg_oCogago Coagg Caaeaqaao
cjCjag j|}oaagaa. @g|o a|gag Cg_oCo, Cgg Cg_oCo
caa|g j|}q|aaa j j|}oaaag qg|qgaaaqggaa.

Cg_oCo a_ag caa|g Caq| @_ag qa} jaoog@ag
_ag| a|aag. aggq|o _aaq_ e}gg @gg eaao
Coo _q|@ aajj|qaa @_ g}jj|a_ ga}aa|q|ao, jaooga
aggg|} aaaCaQ @}gaa.

gag|. ggg }jCja}} 10 gqj}, 2006



g|oCooa }gg - ja.}a- g|aga}

aggag CgC} Coag @}aoo| Cog c_g @qaa _oo gaa.
_ggaaa qog| qajja_|Ca @oao. jggaa gg @qea
g_ Cog|a|a _qjja|o QC @gg q}oag c_gjjq_aa|gg.
o|o qo@g}a _qqjCjag j|ag g|_gg| gq||_aa|ga}a cajag
gg|jj| q|_ja|Cga.

@a|, ggg }jCja}} @gg|o Cq|aa @ga}a|a jqo gg
gag|a gg|jj.

gq| @oa|a jqo.

1. j}agg Cqgaa (ajj| Coaaoq @.j @gg|a Cq|Q)
2. The Hol y Qur - An - Engl i sh Tr ansl at i on of t he Meani ngs and
comment ar y - The Pr esi dency of I sl ami c Resear ches , I FTA, Soudi Ar abi a
Cq|Q.
The Year Hi st or y of t he Jewi sh Peopl e a 8. ' 6000 nd Thei r Fai t h .
(a}qa a|oj}, Phoeni x Cq|Q)
4. A Hi st or ey of t he Mi ddl e East - Pet er Mansf i el d , Cjg|a
Cq|Q.
The Pol i t i cs of Di spossessi on 6. - Edwar d Sai d
Peace and i t s Di scont ent s 6. - Edwar d Sai d
Muhammad Hi s l i f e based on t he e 7. . ar l i est sour ces - Mar t i n Li ngs
8. }@a, o.j|} }@aa (Cag|Cj}jj. . g} Cq}.j, ga_o
@ga, Coaaa 1 Cq|Q.)
O Jer usal em 9. , - Lar r y Col l i ns Domi ni que Lapi er r e ,
The Mi ddl e East Yest er day and Today 10. . - Edi t ed by Davi d W Mi l l er . ,
Cl ar k D Moor e Bant om Books . ( )
Umar The Gr eat 11. - Al l amah Shi bl i Nu mani Muhammad Ashr af Paki st an ' ( , )
12. gg|a a|gaa|a o|gjj q}oag - _. oaa Cq}j, g|ggaQj
ja@o g|gqa
I sr ael and t he Ar abs 18. - I sr ael Communi cat i ons Jer usal em ,
Mi nu 14. 90 t es at Ent ebbe Wi l l i am St evenson Bant am Books New Yor k , ( , )
16. gj|a gaa, _jgg g@ (_a|q}oo jj|q}o, Coaaa)
16. @ooa g} c| _g|ga - ga} _| (a|gag jg|jja,
Coaaa)
17. .jooga goo|a _ag|aaa q}oag, g. goa g@g
(@oaa|o Coaao, Coaaa 600 008)
18. jaooga q}oag (jaa 1), c.C@o. gqa@|_ooa@
(jgCga|jjg|jja, Coaaa 600 001)
Cr oss Roads t o I sr ael Chr i st opher Sykes col l i ns UK 19. , ( , )
St at e of Pal est i ne Esam Shashaa 20. ,
Pal est i ne Ref ugees Esam Sha 21. , shaa
I n t he ar ms of a Fat her Haneen al 22. , - Far
UN Repor t I nt i f ada Uni t ed Nat i ons Publ i cat i on 28. , ,
Anci ent Hi st or y of Pal est i ne Abu Shar ar 24. ,

o|o Coaga.

CgCoaaa jggaa gq|} @ggaaeaaaa o|g Cq|Qa, }aaa
@aegga|a gaqo gq|a @ooao @gCga}
oagg|aa||_aa gqag.

g|oCooa }gg Cgaa} c_g @}j|ggg|o|_gg, _gg|a Cgag
@ga gaqoaao o}ja}gg, } g|_gga CoggggCgaQ
Qooao, caag |a Cgaqjj jo __}qaa @oaa
_|gg gq|q} Cj}ao|}}, c_gga} ga} _|. (o@_o @
ao@}, @_}.) @ggg Cga_aaaa _q_agj jo @aa|ooag
@}aa qga||_aa|Cga. Cjagaa gq|a j}gg _q_ag
ca gag|.

Coaaa @ooa|a .jeCqa q}o _ajj o}o ag @gg|a
@o|}} o|}ago @oa _q}a_ o|o gaa|aa jggaaa qga|
gq|aa}a. caag gaj|a _g|ga|ooag }aaa qaoa _aj}a
jaooga Cga}jaag g| @_gg _ggaa jggaaa o|g
Cq|Qaa @gg g_ q_aaog caag _@jj|aCaaeC
@_gg _ajag gag| Coaooa aajjq_aa|Cga.

gg|jjaa ga}ao Co}gg qaoa}a . gaa} gg @aa; Coaaa
gaCao Co}gg qaoa} CqaCoa, q }aa|CQ jgg|ao
Co}gg qaoa} Cgqoaa, Caaaqao Co}gg gag aa| @a|Ca}a
@}qgagg ga|C gg|jj| q|_ja|Cga. jaooga j|}oaa Cga}jaa
@gaag @gg|aq|o Cq|aa| _ggaa jgg|}aaa gg|jja,
Cjqa, aQa}a, @a gg|jjaa cCaa|_gCga Cgq
gaCoQgg caag _@jj|aCaaeC @_ggq}a @q}a. @ggg
Cga}, o}qCgog g|g qaoa}a _ggaa Cja} CoagaCqeQ
caa|g Cgaaa|o, }jCja}}o Cq|aaCaC gqCqa_ qa}g
j|}g|CQgg, goa Cog, }jCja}_ag gag| Coaoo|g gag
j|}gg|Ca qaojjg|q|o Cq||Qqgg agqaaao Co}gg }jCja}}
qaoa} a|g|oCa j} gaa (ht t p.//chr i st opher _j ohn.bl ogspot .com/)
_q}a_ag ca _aj.

@ggj je| @gg _q|o oagg|aaggg Cg}qaa aggaaa
gq|a j}gg _ggaa Cj_ag eQ ca aj_}qaa
gag|aag Cg}q|ggaCaaa|Cga. @}qga qao|gg, _qqjCjag
aqga gog |aagoo gog CgaaoCjo| gog goaagq
qaoaj Cj_aa_ag.

ja. }aaqa.