Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Su Dung Bat Dang Thuc Cauchy Schawrz Dang Engel
Su Dung Bat Dang Thuc Cauchy Schawrz Dang Engel
NG DNG BT NG THC CAUCHYSCHWARZ DNG ENGEL TRONG CHNG MINH BT NG THC Bt ng thc l mt ch a dng v hp dn vi nhiu bn tr. Ni n bt ng thc nhiu bn trong chng ta thng quan tm ti bt ng thc i s m c nhiu k thut khai thc v chng minh.Bi vit sau y s trnh by mt k thut nh nhng kh hu ch trong vic p dng bt ng thc CauchySchwarz chng minh cc bt ng thc.Nhm gip bn c hiu r hn tng v cch tip cn mi bi ton bt ng thc th i vi mi bi ton ti u phn tch hng tip cn, sau nu tng lm bi v cui cng l li gii chi tit cho bi ton , y chng ta xt vi bt ng thc ba bin, i vi cc bt ng thc nhiu bin hn chng ta lm tng t. Hi vng bi vit s hu ch cho nhiu bn c. Bi vit c xem xt k nhng cng kh trnh khi thiu st.Mi kin ng gp cho bi vit thm phong ph v hon thin hn xin gi v a ch: hoangquan9@gmail.com. H Ni, ngy 25 thng 3 nm 2012 Ngi vit Hong Minh Qun
I.Pht biu v chng minh bt ng thc CauchySchwarz dng Engel. Gi s a1 , a2 , ..., an l cc s thc bt k v b1 , b2 , ..., bn l cc s thc dng.Khi , ta lun c: a2 a2 a2 (a1 + a2 + ... + an )2 1 + 2 + ... + n () b1 b2 bn b1 + b2 + ... + bn a1 a2 an ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi = = ... = b1 b2 bn Chng minh Trc ht chng ta chng minh bt ng thc n gin sau: Cho a, b, x, y l cc s thc v x, y > 0.Khi : a2 b2 (a + b)2 + x y x+y Tht vy, bt ng thc c vit li thnh a2 y(x + y) + b2 x(x + y) (a + b)2 xy (ay bx)2 0 (Lun ng) ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a b = . Vy bt ng thc (1) c x y (1)
chng minh. Vi 6 s a, b, c, x, y, z v x, y, z > 0.p dng bt ng thc (1) hai ln ta c: a2 b2 c2 (a + b)2 c2 (a + b + c)2 + + + x y z x+y z x+y+z Do bng php quy np ton hc vi a1 , a2 , ..., an l cc s thc bt k v b1 , b2 , ..., bn l cc s thc dng.Khi , ta lun c: a2 a2 a2 (a1 + a2 + ... + an )2 1 2 n + + ... + b1 b2 bn b1 + b2 + ... + bn ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a1 a2 an = = ... = b1 b2 bn ()
II.ng dng bt ng thc CauchySchwarz dng Engel vo cc bi ton in hnh Bi ton 1 Cho ba s thc dng x, y, z tha mn x + y + z 3.Chng minh rng: y2 3 x2 z2 + + x + yz y + zx z + xy 2 Phn tch bi ton: Tip cn bi ton chng ta thy v tri ca bt ng thc c dng phn thc, t s ca mi biu thc c dng bnh phng nh vy chng ta ngh ngay ti vic p dng dng bt ng thc Cauchy- Schwarz dng Engel a v bt ng thc n gin hn bit cch lm.Vy ta lm nh sau: Chng minh p dng bt ng thc Cauchy- Schwarz dng Engel, ta c: y2 z2 (x + y + z)2 x2 + + x + yz y + zx z + xy x + y + z + xy + yz + zx Hong Minh Qun 2 THPT Ngc To-H Ni
Mt khc: x+y+z nn ta c:
xy + yz + zx
y2 z2 (x + y + z)2 x+y+z 3 x2 + = + x + yz y + zx z + xy x+y+z+x+y+z 2 2 ( V gi thit x + y + z 3). ng thc xy ra x = y = z Bi ton 2 Cho ba s thc dng a, b, c.Chng minh rng: a b c + + 1 b + 2c c + 2a a + 2b Phn tch bi ton: Tip cn bi ton, chng ta thy v tri ca bt ng thc c dng phn s, iu gi nh cho chng ta c th s dng bt ng thc Cauchy- Schwarz dng Engel, nhng mun vy t s ca mi phn thc phi l bnh phng ca mt s. Do ta ngh ti vic nhn c t v mu ca mt phn thc vi mt s ta p dng c bt ng thc Cauchy- Schwarz dng Engel.Do chng ta lm nh sau: Chng minh p dng bt ng thc Cauchy- Schwarz dng Engel, ta c: a2 b2 c2 (a + b + c)2 (a + b + c)2 VT = + + =1 a(b + 2c) b(c + 2a) c(a + 2b) 3(ab + bc + ca) (a + b + c)2 ng thc xy ra a = b = c Bi ton 3 Cho cc s thc dng a, b, c.Chng minh rng: a3 b3 c3 a+b+c + 2 + 2 a2 + ab + b2 b + bc + c2 c + ca + a2 3
(1)
Phn tch bi ton: Tip cn bi ton, chng ta thy v tri ca bt ng thc c dng phn s, v quan a3 chng ta thy t s l a3 v chng ta mong st s hng i din chng hn 2 a + ab + b2 mun gim bc i cho d lm.iu ny gi cho chng ta ngh ti s dng bt ng thc Cauchy- Schwarz dng Engel a v chng minh bt ng thc mi n gin hn. Chng minh Ta s tm cch a v tri (1) v dng dng c bt ng thc CauchySchawrz. V T (1) = = b3 c3 a3 + 2 + 2 a2 + ab + b2 b + bc + c2 c + ca + a2
V a3 + b3 + c3 + ab(a + b) + bc(b + c) + ca(c + a) = (a + b + c)(a2 + b2 + c2 ) Nn (a2 + b2 + c2 ) a2 + b2 + c2 V T (1) = (a + b + c)(a2 + b2 + c2 ) a+b+c Ta ch cn chng minh a+b+c a 2 + b 2 + c2 a+b+c 3 Hay a2 + b2 + c2 a + b + c 0 3(a2 + b2 + c2 ) (a + b + c)2 a+b+c 3 tng ng 2a2 + 2b2 + 2c2 2ab 2ac 2bc 0 tng ng (a b)2 + (b c)2 + (c a)2 0 ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c Bi ton 4 (IMO1995)Cho cc s thc dng a, b, c tha mn abc = 1 Chng minh rng: 1 1 1 3 + 3 + 3 3 (b + c) a b (c + a) c (a + b) 2 Phn tch bi ton: Bi ton ny khi tip cn, chng ta thy v tri ca bt ng thc c dng phn s, bc ca mu s ln hn bc ca t s. iu gip chng ta ngh ti bt ng thc Cauchy- Schwarz dng Engel. n y nu p dng trc tip lun, chng ta c: 1 1 1 (1 + 1 + 1)2 + + 3 a3 (b + c) b3 (c + a) c3 (a + b) a (b + c) + b3 (c + a) + c3 (a + b) Khi bi ton tr nn phc tp hn, v d dn ti b tc trong gii quyt. V vy 1 1 a2 mt cht chng ta thy 3 = , lc ny vic p dng bt ng thc a (b + c) a(b + c) Cauchy- Schwarz dng Engel mang li hiu qu r rt. Chng minh Ta c: 1 1 1 + 3 + 3 VT = 3 a (b + c) b (c + a) c (a + b) ( 1 1 1 )2 1 1 1 + + (ab + bc + ca)2 a2 b2 c2 = + + a b c = a(b + c) b(c + a) c(a + b) 2(ab + bc + ca) 2(ab + bc + ca) ab + bc + ca 2 p dng bt ng thc AMGM, ta c: Vy V T 3 ab + bc + ca 3 a 2 b 2 c2 3 VT = =VP 2 2 2 Hong Minh Qun 4 THPT Ngc To-H Ni
2
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c = 1 Bi ton 5 Cho cc s thc dng x, y, z tha mn x2 + y 2 + z 2 Chng minh rng: y3 z3 1 x3 + + 2x + 3y + 5z 2y + 3z + 5x 2z + 3x + 5y 30 Phn tch bi ton: Quan st bi ton chng ta thy y l bt dng thc i xng ba bin c dng phn thc, iu gi cho chng ta ngh ti bt ng thc CauchySchawrz dng Engel nhm gim bc ca phn thc gip chng ta c nh gi d dng hn. T tip x3 x4 cn v tri , ta phn tch = p dng bt ng thc 2x + 3y + 5z x(2x + 3y + 5z) CauchySchawrz. Chng ta lm nh sau: Chng minh p dng bt ng thc Cauchy Schawrz dng Engel ta c: VT = y4 z4 x4 + + x(2x + 3y + 5z) y(2y + 3z + 5x) z(2z + 3x + 5y) (x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 2(x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) + 8(xy + yz + zx) Li c: x2 + y 2 + z 2 xy + yz + zx nn (x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) x2 + y 2 + z 2 1 VT = 2 + y2 + z2) 10(x 10 30 ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x = y = z = 1 3
2 2
1 3
Bi ton 6 Cho ba s thc dng a, b, c.tha mn a2 + b2 + c2 = 3abc.Chng minh rng: a b c 9 + 2 2+ 2 2 2 c2 b ca ab a+b+c Phn tch bi ton: Tip cn bi ton chng ta thy v tri ca bt ng thc c dng phn thc,.Nh vy chng ta ngh ti s dng bt ng thc Cauchy- Schwarz dng Engel chng minh.V gi thit bi cho a2 + b2 + c2 = 3abc nn tn dng ti a gi thit ny th chng ta lm cho xut hin a2 + b2 + c2 .iu gii thch cho ti sao chng ta li a4 a a2 a phn tch 2 2 = 3 2 2 ch khng phn tch 2 2 = 2 2 d chng cng a v dng bc abc bc ab c bnh phng t s. Chng minh p dng bt ng thc Cauchy- Schwarz dng Engel, ta c: VT = a4 b4 c4 + 3 2 2+ 3 2 2 a3 b2 c2 b c a cab
2
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c = 1 Bi ton 7 Cho ba s thc dng a, b, c tha mn abc = 1.Chng minh rng: a4 b4 c4 3 + + 2 2 2 8 (a + b) (a + c) (b + c) (b + a) (c + a) (c + b) Phn tch bi ton: Tip cn bi ton chng ta thy , v tri ca bt ng thc c dng phn s, nh vy chng ta c th s dng bt ng thc Cauchy- Schwartz dng Engel chng minh. a4 (a+b)2 a4 mt cht chng ta thy c th vit li thnh v nh 2 cyc (a + b) (a + c) cyc (a + c) vy du hiu s dng bt ng thc Cauchy- Schwarz dng Engel xut hin. Cng vic ca chng ta ch l p dng chng minh. Chng minh p dng bt ng thc Cauchy- Schwarz dng Engel, ta c: ( ) a2 2 a+b a4 cyc (1) 2(a + b + c) (a + b)2 (a + c) cyc Mt khc, p dng bt ng thc Cauchy- Schwarz dng Engel, ta c: a2 (a + b + c)2 a+b+c = (2) a+b 2(a + b + c) 2 cyc T (1) v (2) ta c:
cyc
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c = 1 Bi ton 8 Cho ba s thc dng a, b, c.Chng minh rng: a3 b3 c3 + + 1 a3 + abc + b3 b3 + abc + c3 c3 + abc + a3 Phn tch bi ton: Tip cn bi ton chng ta thy , v tri ca bt ng thc c dng phn s, nh vy chng ta c th s dng bt ng thc Cauchy- Schwartz dng Engel chng minh. Tuy nhin quan st chng ta li thy bc ca t s v mu s ca mi phn thc u cng bc ba. Do y l bt ng thc thun nht n gin chng ta c th chun ha abc = 1.Vi vic chun ha abc = 1, chng ta s dng php th thch hp a bt ng thc cho v bt ng thc n gin hn m chng ta d nhn ra vic p dng c bt ng thc Cauchy- Schwarz dng Engel chng minh. Chng minh Bt ng thc thun nht nn ta chun ha abc = 1 . x y z 3 3 ,b = ,c = 3 Vi x, y, z > 0 t a = y z x Ta c: x a3 x2 y = x = 2 z a3 + abc + b3 +1+ x x + xy + yz y Hong Minh Qun 6 THPT Ngc To-H Ni
Khi bt ng thc cn chng minh tr thnh: x2 y2 z2 + 2 + 2 1 x2 + xy + yz y + yz + zx z + zx + xy p dng bt ng thc Cauchy- Schwarz dng Engel, ta c: y2 z2 (x + y + z)2 x2 + + 2 x2 + xy + yz y 2 + yz + zx z 2 + zx + xy x + y 2 + z 2 + 2(xy + yz + zx) Hay x2 y2 z2 (x + y + z)2 + 2 + 2 =1 x2 + xy + yz y + yz + zx z + zx + xy (x + y + z)2 ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x = y = z = 1 hay a = b = c = 1. Bi ton 9 Cho ba s thc dng a, b, c .Chng minh rng: a2 + b2 b2 + c2 c2 + a2 + + a+b+c a+b b+c c+a Phn tch bi ton: Quan st bi ton chng ta thy bt ng thc ca bi ra nhn kh phc tp v cha c du hiu g cho vic s dng c bt ng thc Cauchy- Schwartz nhng bng vic nm chc s dng Cauchy- Schwarz dng Engel th chng ta c th tch ra c cc phn thc c t s l dng bnh phng. Bi ton n y tr nn d dng hn ri. Chng minh Ta c: a2 + b2 b2 + c2 c2 + a2 a2 b2 b2 c2 c2 a2 + + = + + + + + a+b b+c c+a a+b a+b b+c b+c c+a c+a p dng bt ng thc Cauchy- Schwartz dng Engel, ta c: a2 b2 b2 c2 c2 a2 [2(a + b + c)]2 + + + + + =a+b+c a+b a+b b+c b+c c+a c+a 4(a + b + c) (iu phi chng minh)ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c. Bi ton 10 (USAMO 2003)Cho ba s thc dng a, b, c .Chng minh rng: (2b + c + a)2 (2c + a + b)2 (2a + b + c)2 + + 8 2a2 + (b + c)2 2b2 + (c + a)2 2c2 + (a + b)2 Phn tch bi ton: y l mt bi ton kh hay trong k thi hc sinh gii nc M nm 2003, bi ton ny c kh nhiu cch chng minh v tht th v chng ta c th gii bng cch s cp l p dng bt ng thc Cauchy- Schwarz dng Engel. Khi giagr dy gio vin phn tch cho hc sinh hiu ti sao chng ta ngh ra c cch gii ny. Tip cn bi ton chng ta thy v tri ca bt ng thc c dng phn thc, d t s ca mi phn s u c dng bnh phng .iu gi cho chng ta ngh ti s dng bt ng thc Cauchy- Schwarz dng Engel nhng chng ta cha th s dng ngay c v du ca bt ng thc cho l du . Vy ta tm cch a v bt Hong Minh Qun 7 THPT Ngc To-H Ni
ng thc m c th s dng tt bt ng thc Cauchy- Schwartz dng Engel.Khi (2a + b + c)2 2(b + c a)2 = chng ta thy :3 2a2 + (b + c)2 2a2 + (b + c)2 Do : (2b + c + a)2 (2c + a + b)2 (2a + b + c)2 + + 8 2a2 + (b + c)2 2b2 + (c + a)2 2c2 + (a + b)2 tng ng 2(b + c a)2 2(c + a b)2 2(a + b c)2 + + 1 2a2 + (b + c)2 2b2 + (c + a)2 2c2 + (a + b)2 n y vic s dng bt ng thc Cauchy- Schwartz dng Engel l d dng.Chng ta lm bi ny nh sau: Chng minh (2a + b + c)2 2(b + c a)2 = Ta c nhn xt sau: 3 2a2 + (b + c)2 2a2 + (b + c)2 Do bt ng thc cho c vit li. 2(b + c a)2 2(c + a b)2 2(a + b c)2 + + 1 2a2 + (b + c)2 2b2 + (c + a)2 2c2 + (a + b)2 By gi chng ta chng minh Bt ng thc (1). p dng bt ng thc CauchySchwarz dng Engel ta c: a2 + b2 ta c: (a + b)2 2(a2 + b2 ), (b + c)2 2(b2 + c2 ), (a + c)2 2(a2 + c2 ) nn V T (1) = 2(b + c a)2 2(c + a b)2 2(a + b c)2 + + 2a2 + (b + c)2 2b2 + (c + a)2 2c2 + (a + b)2 (a + b)2 t 2 (1)
2(c + a b)2 2(a + b c)2 2(b + c a)2 + + 2(a2 + b2 + c2 ) 2(a2 + b2 + c2 ) 2(a2 + b2 + c2 ) (b + c a)2 + (c + a b)2 + (a + b c)2 Vy ta cn chng minh 1 tc l ta ch cn a2 + b2 + c2 chng minh (b + c a)2 + (c + a b)2 + (a + b c)2 a2 + b2 + c2 tng ng a2 + b2 + c2 (ab + bc + ca) 0 (ng) . Vy ta c iu phi chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c. Nh vy qua vic phn tch v cch gii 10 bi ton trn cho nhiu tnh hung khc nhau. Hi vng bn c s nm c tng ca vic p dng bt ng thc Cauchy Schawrz vo vic chng minh cc bi ton bt ng thc.Sau y l mt s bi ton mi bn c t gii cng c thm k nng lm bi: Bi ton 11 (Nebits)Cho ba s thc dng a, b, c.Chng minh rng: b c 3 a + + b+c c+a a+b 2 Bi ton 12 (Croatia 2004) Cho ba s thc dng a, b, c.Chng minh rng: y2 z2 3 x2 + + (x + y)(x + z) (y + z)(y + x) (z + x)(z + y) 4
Bi ton 13 (Rumani 2004) Cho ba s thc dng a, b, c. Chng minh rng: a b c 27 + + bc(c + a) ca(a + b) ab(b + c) 2(a + b + c) Bi ton 14 (Vasc)Cho ba s thc a, b, c khng m v hai trong ba s khng ng thi bng 0.Chng minh rng: 1 1 1 1 1 + 2 + 2 + 4a2 + b2 + c2 4b + c2 + a2 4c + a2 + b2 2(a2 + b2 + c2 ) ab + bc + ca Bi ton 15 (Hong Minh Qun)Cho cc s thc a, b, c > 0 tha mn ab + bc + ca = 1.Chng minh rng: b c 9 a + + 3 3 3 (3b + 5c) (3c + 5a) (3a + 5b) 512 TI LIU THAM KHO 1. Phm Kim Hng, Sng to bt ng thc, NXB H Ni. 2. Phm Vn Thun, L V, Bt ng thc suy lun v khm ph, NXB HQG H Ni. 3. V Quc B Cn,Trn Quc Anh , Bt ng thc v nhng li gii hay, NXB H Ni,2009. 4. T.Andreescu,V.Cirtoaje, G.Dospinescu, M.Lascu.Old and New Inequalities, Gil publishing House 5. http://forum.mathscope.org/index.php; http://onluyentoan.vn/index.php; http://diendantoanhoc.net/forum/index.php?act=idx