Ứng Dụng Một Bổ Đề Kết Hợp Với Đạo Hàm

ng Thp
Nguyn Tun Anh
NG DNG MT B KT HP VI O HM
TRONG CHNG MINH BT
Ngy 15 thng 10 nm 2016
Tm tt ni dung
Chng minh BT bng phng php nh gi xut hin rt lu, tuy nhin
phng php c mt khuyt im l i vi mi dng bi phi suy on dng BT
ph nh gi. Bi vit trnh by mt b (s lm cu hnh cho nh gi) kt
hp vi phng php o hm nhm to ra mt cch nh gi chung cho mt lp
nh cc bi ton bt ng thc.
Mi ng gp v ti liu xin gi v: anh110004@gmail.com
Xin gi li cm n chn thnh n vi qu Thy C trong t Ton
Nguyn Tun Anh
THPT chuyn Nguyn Quang Diu - ng Thp
Mc lc
1 B v v d m u
1.1
B (V Quc B Cn - Vasile Cirtoaje) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2
B kt hp vi o hm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2 Cc v d p dng
2.1
Cc v d c bn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2
Khai thc thm b i phng php . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10
2.3
Cc v d nng cao . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13
3 Kt lun
18
THPT chuyn Nguyn Quang Diu
ng Thp
Nguyn Tun Anh
B v v d m u
1.1
B (V Quc B Cn - Vasile Cirtoaje)
Vi ba s thc dng a, b, c c tch bng 1 th

1
1
1
+
+
1
a2 + a + 1 b2 + b + 1 c2 + c + 1
Chng minh. V abc = 1 nn tn ti x, y, z > 0 sao cho

a=
yz
zx
xy
;
b
=
;
c
=
x2
y2
z2
Khi BT tr thnh:
y4
z4
x4
+
+
1
y 2z 2 + yzx2 + x4 z 2 x2 + zxy 2 + y 4 x2 y 2 + xyz 2 + z 4
Theo BT Cauchy ta c:
y4
z4
x4
+
+
y 2 z 2 + yzx2 + x4 z 2 x2 + zxy 2 + y 4 x2 y 2 + xyz 2 + z 4
2
x2 + y 2 + z 2
4
x + y 4 + z 4 + x2 y 2 + y 2z 2 + z 2 x2 + xyz (x + y + z)
Vy ta ch cn chng minh:

2
2
2 2
x +y +z
x4 + y 4 + z 4 + x2 y 2 + y 2z 2 + z 2 x2 + xyz (x + y + z)
x2 y 2 + y 2 z 2 + z 2 x2 xyz (x + y + z)
1
1
1
(xy yz)2 + (yz zx)2 + (zx xy)2 0
2
2
2
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c = 1.

B r vy kt hp vi o hm nh th no? Ta xt v d sau y thay cho
li gii thiu phng php.1
1.2
B kt hp vi o hm
V d 1 (L Hu in Khu).
Vi ba s thc dng a, b, c c tch bng 1. Chng minh rng:
3a2
1
1
1
1
1
2 +
2 +
2
2
+ (a 1)
3b + (b 1)
3c + (c 1)2
Trong bi vit, nu khng cn nhn mnh s gi s kt hp ny n gin l B
ng Thp
Nguyn Tun Anh
Phn tch: Qu ging v gi thit v kt lun so vi b nhng khng may ch

1
3a2 + (a 1)2
1
a2 + a + 1
BT ny khng phi lc no cng ng. Vy ta s iu chnh li mt t, ta s t cu

hi ti sao phi l a2 + a + 1? b yu cu l phi c dng a2m + am + 1 l c, vy
th a4 + a2 + 1 c hay a6 + a3 + 1...
Ha ra vn l ta cn c mt nh gi
1
3a2 + (a 1)2
1
a2m + am + 1
ng vi mi a dng, ng ngha chng minh bi ton ta ch vic tm m. Ta s xem

f (a) =
1
3a2 + (a 1)
a2m
1
+ am + 1
l mt hm s theo bin a v nhim v cui cng l tm m sao cho hm s t GTNN

l 0 khi a = 1.
Vn cn qu phc tp, ta ang m mm i ch khng phi gii mt bi hn hoi nn
cha cn m bo cn v . Ta s gim nh li, cc tr ti a = 1 th sao? (v c mt
tham s cn 1 phng trnh l gii c) hy vng s l GTNN.
8a + 2
f (a) =
3a2 + (a 1)
+
2 2
2ma2m1 + mam1
(a2m + am + 1)
2 m
+
=0m=2
3
3
f (1) = 0
Vy ta ch cn chng t
1
3a2 + (a 1)
a4
1
+ a2 + 1
Tht vy, BT trn tng ng:
a(a 1)2 (a + 2) 0
LI GII. Ta c nh gi sau (tng t cho b, c):

1
3a2 + (a 1)
V vy:
1
3a2
+ (a 1)
1
3b2
a4
+ (b 1)
a4
1
+ a2 + 1
1
3c2
+ (c 1)2
1
1
1
+ 4
+ 4
2
2
+ a + 1 b + b + 1 c + c2 + 1
3
ng Thp
Nguyn Tun Anh
theo b trn ta c iu phi chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b =

c = 1.
Nhn xt:
Tm ra tham s m c nh gi trn ch l iu kin cn ch cha phi l ,
vy nn cn kim tra li m n gin nht l bin i tng ng.
Cch tm m bng o hm tht s khng mi, tuy nhin s kt hp ca b v
phng php ny tht s s cho mt cch nhn mi hon ton.
ng Thp
Nguyn Tun Anh
Cc v d p dng
2.1
Cc v d c bn
V d 2 ( thi chn i tuyn Anh d thi IMO 2005).

b+3
c+3
a+3
3
2 +
2 +
(a + 1)
(b + 1)
(c + 1)2
Phn tch: Ta s tm m c nh gi
a+3
(a + 1)
Thc hin nh trn ta c m =
LI GII. Ta c:
a+3
(a + 1)
1
a2m + am + 1
3
4
3
3
2
a + a4 + 1
x3 .(x 1)2 . x5 + 2x4 x2 + x + 3
(x4 + 1) (x6 + x3 + 1)
vi x = a 4 , BT hin nhin ng. Vy nn:

a+3
2
(a + 1)
b+3
(b + 1)
c+3
(c + 1)2
3
3
2
3
4
a +a +1
3
3
4
3
2
b +b +1
3
3
2
c + c4 + 1
Theo b trn ta c iu phi chng minh.

ng thc xy ra khi v ch a = b = c = 1.
V d 3 ( thi chn i tuyn Vit Nam d thi IMO 2005).

1
1
1
3
3 +
3 +
3
8
(a + 1)
(b + 1)
(c + 1)
Phn tch: Ta tm m c nh gi:

8
(a + 1)
a2m
3
+ am + 1
v tm c m = 23 .
5
ng Thp
Nguyn Tun Anh
LI GII. Ta c:
8
(a + 1)
vi x =
3
a3
+ a2 + 1
(x 1)2 5x4 + 10x3 + 6a2 + 10a + 5

3
(x2 + 1) (x6 + x3 + 1)
a.
nh gi tng t cho b, c kt hp vi b ta c iu phi chng minh. ng thc

xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c = 1.
Kt thc y hoc tip tc a ra hng lot v d tng t chc chn s lm bn

c cm thy n iu v cha thy hiu qu. Tip n ta s n vi mt s bi ton
m dng ban u kh m ngh n b .
V d 4 (Vasile Cirtoaje - Discrete Inequalities Vol 3).
1
1
1
+
+
1
3
3
a2 + 25a + 1
b2 + 25b + 1
c2 + 25c + 1
Phn tch: Ta vn chn kiu nh gi:
1
a2 + 25a + 1
a2m
1
+ am + 1
2
3
v chn c m = . L do v sao ta mnh dn chn cch nh gi ny xin c gii

thch sau.
LI GII. Ta c:
1
a2 + 25a + 1
2
3
a + a3 + 1

3
2
3
3
3
2
3 a( a 1)
a +4 a+1

3
a2
a+1
3
(a2
+ 35a + 1)
nh gi tng t cho b, c kt hp vi b ta c iu phi chng minh. ng thc

xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c = 1.
V d 5 (MEMO, 2012).
16a2 + 9 +
16b2 + 9 +
16c2 + 9 4 (a + b + c) + 3
ng Thp
Nguyn Tun Anh
Phn tch: Ta tm m c nh gi:

p
16a2 + 9 4a
a2m
3
+ am + 1
4
5
nh trn ta tm c m = . Vn cn li l bin i tng ng chng minh

nh gi va chn l ng.
LI GII. thun li ta t a = x5 ta c:
p
16a2 + 9 4a
9
16x10 + 9 + 4x5
3
4
8
5
a + a5 + 1
3x8 + 3x4 + 3 4x5
3
x8 + x4 + 1
2
16x10 + 9
3x4 (x 1)2 3x10 + 6x9 + 9x8 + 4c7 + 5x6 + 6x5 + 7x4 + 2x2 + 4x + 6 0
Vy nh gi trn lun ng tc:

p
p
16a2 + 9 4a +
16b2 + 9 4b +
3
8
5
4
5
a +a +1
16c2 + 9 4c
3
8
5
4
5
a +a +1
3
8
5
a + a5 + 1
p dng b trn ta c iu phi chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi

a = b = c = 1.
Nhn xt: Bc chng minh nh gi tng i nng v k nng d khng kh

lm. Thy gio V Quc B Cn khc phc n bng cch thc hin 2 bc nh gi
ph c th tm tt nh sau:
p
16a2 + 9 4a
3
2a + 3
8
4
+ 2a + 1
a5 + a5 + 1
2a2

Tip n ta bt u vi cc v d m gi thit khc i dn dn.
V d 6 (Azerbaijan NMO 2015).
1
Vi ba s thc dng a, b, c tha mn abc = . Chng minh rng:
8
a2 + b2 + c2 + a2 b2 + b2 c2 + c2 a2
15
16
ng Thp
Nguyn Tun Anh
Phn tch: c th vn dng b ta thay i gi thit li bng cch t

b
c
a
x = ;y = ;z =
2
2
2
Khi xyz = 1 v BT c vit li l:

2
4 x +y +z
1
1
1
+
+
x2 y 2 z 2
15
n y tng bi ton kh r rng l s dng BT AM - GM, nu vy bi gii

ch dng li . Ta s tm mt li gii da trn b trn nu lm c chc chn
y l mt li gii th v p mt, tc ta cn tm m cho nh gi:
v nhn c m =
LI GII.
4x2 +
1
15
x2
x2m + xm + 1
4x2 +
15
1
12
6
2
x
x 5 +x 5 +1
6
.
5
Ta c:
tht vy,
4x2 +
15
1
12
6
x2
x 5 +x 5 +1
4t10 +
1
15t12
t10
1 + t6 + t12
4t20 + 1
1 + t6 + t12 15t22
Vi t5 = a, BT cui ng theo AM - GM.
nh gi tng t cho cc bin b, c kt hp vi b ta c iu phi chng minh.

1
2
ng thc xy ra khi v ch a = b = c = .
Nhn xt: Qua bi gii ta thy b c th chng minh c c BT c in AM

- GM (ng nhin ang ni l ba bin).
V d 7 (AM - GM 3 bin).
Vi ba s thc dng a, b, c. Chng minh rng:
a+b+c
3
abc
3
Phn tch: Trc ht ta chun ha abc = 1 ( c th vn dng b ) khi BT

cn chng minh l:
a+b+c3
8
ng Thp
Nguyn Tun Anh
nh trn ta s tm mt nh gi
a
a2m
3
+ am + 1
v tm c m = 1. Vic hon thnh bi gii dnh li cho bn c.
Nhn xt: C v nh ta em cng c qu mnh x l mt bi ton n gin,
tuy nhin v d ny l mu cht ca vn gii thch l do ti sao ta mnh dn

chn B lm cu hnh nh gi:
B c chng minh bng BT Cauchy dng phn thc l h qu ca BT
Cauchy, m BT Cauchy th xut pht t ng thc Lagrange nn ta khng h

trng lp khi dng B chng minh cho AM - GM ba bin nh trn.
Ta phi tha nhn BT AM - GM l BT c in c s dng nhiu (chnh
xc l rt nhiu) trong chng minh BT, y vy m b i trn li c th chng

minh c AM - GM. iu cho ta lng tin b i ny c th gii quyt c
rt nhiu dng ton ch khng phi hn ch nhng dng ging B .
Cu hi t ra l mt bi ngu nhin c p dng b i ny c khng? Cu tr li

tht kh ni n ty thuc vo mi ngi gii thy iu ta s vo cc bi ton sau:
ng Thp
2.2
Nguyn Tun Anh
Khai thc thm b i phng php
V d 8 (Vasile Crtoaje, 2012).

25a2 + 144 +
25b2 + 144 +
25c2 + 144 5 (a + b + c) + 24
Phn tch: Ta s tm m cho nh gi

p
5a + 9
25a2 + 144
a2m
3
+ am + 1
nhng tht khng may l khng c m no tha mn l do l khi a tin v 0 th v phi

l mt s m. Gp giy li v kt lun b i phng php v b khng dng c
na ri, nu bn c suy ngh vy th tht l tic. Ta mt cht, l do lm v phi
m l do s 144 trong cn v vy s 9 ng trc khng tr! Vy ti sao phi l 9
thay s khc c khng? bao nhiu l ?
Vi phn tch vy ta tin hnh gii lun, chc chn bn c s chn s 12 thay cho s 9
nh sau:
5a + 12
v tm c m =
25a2 + 144
a2m
12
+ am + 1
10
. Vic cn li l chng minh nh gi nh sau:
13
5a + 12
25a2 + 144
12
20
13
10
+ a 13 + 1
2a 14

20
10
7
5t + 10t 12t + 10 t 25t26 + 144
20 5t30 6t27 + 10t20 12t17 + 10t10 12t7 + 5 0
vi t13 = a. C th dng hm s chng BT trn nhng c v phc tp, y ta s

dng AM - GM vi cch ghp cp cng kh th v:
30
12
27
5t + t 6t
9t20 + 3t8 12t17
Vy ta ch cn chng minh:
8t10 + 4t 12t7
t20 t12 + 2t10 3t8 4t + 5 0
6t20 + 12t10 + 30 6t12 + 18t8 + 24t
ta li ghp cp dng AM - GM:
20
12
6t + 4 10t
12t10 + 2t12 + 4 18t8
2t12 + 22 24t
10
ng Thp
Nguyn Tun Anh
Vy nh gi trn c chng minh. Hon thnh bi gii dnh cho bn c.

Nhn xt: Chc chn bn c cha tha mn vi bi gii trn, ng vy v d ny
c chn khng phi ph din k thut tnh ton. Mt cu hi t ra l vi bi
ton khc th s thm vo l bao nhiu? Chc chn mt iu trc gic s khng ng
v pha chng ta na.
Ta s iu chnh cch nh gi mt t nh l mt cch l gii cho con s 12
p
3 + 3k
2
5a + 9 + k
25a + 144
a2m + am + 1
m bo v phi khng m ta phi chn k 3, khi p dng phng php tm m
nh trn ta c:
10
40
1=k 3
m<0
13m
13
10
Vy bi gii trn may mn chn m =
tng ng vi k = 3. Qua nu ta chn k
13
l s khc ln hn 3 vn c c mt nh gi tuy nhin vic kim chng nh gi c
ng hon ton hay khng, kh l kh v m l s kh xu. Hn na k ch nn chn gn

3 (bin ca iu kin) nu xa ra chc chn nh gi s sai.
thy c vic chn k khng c my mc nh th no ta cn mt v d na nhng

trc ht ta xt v d sau:
V d 9 (Bosnia and Herzegovina TST 2015 day 1 problem 1).
Vi ba s thc dng a, b, c tha mn a + b + c 3. Tm gi tr nh nht ca
b+1
c+1
a+1
+
+
a (a + 2) b (b + 2) c (c + 2)
Phn tch: D dng d on GTNN l 2 v d nht l s dng phng php tip

tuyn lm. Vy l tt khi thi c th nhng ta ang tm ti vi b i phng php
v b nn ta th tm mt li gii th v da trn chng.
Ta s tm m cho nh gi:
a+1
2
2m
a (a + 2)
a + am + 1
5
6
c suy ra l abc 1. Vy nn, vi a, b, c tha gi thit ta chn mt s a a sao cho
v tm c m = . Tuy nhin ta phi khe lo mt t mi dng c b v gi thit
a bc = 1 khi :
b+1
c+1
a + 1
b+1
c+1
a+1
+
+

+
+
a (a + 2) b (b + 2) c (c + 2)
a (a + 2) b (b + 2) c (c + 2)
Kt hp nh gi trn cho ba bin a , b, c ta hon thnh bi ton.

Nhn xt: Ta c mt kt qu cht hn lm kh c phng php tip tuyn l:
11
ng Thp
Nguyn Tun Anh
Vi ba s thc dng a, b, c c tch bng 1. Chng minh rng

b+1
c+1
a+1
+
+
2
a (a + 2) b (b + 2) c (c + 2)
Quay li vic chn k ta xt v d sau:

V d 10 (Tuymaada Olympiad 2014).
Vi ba s thc dng a, b, c tha mn
1
a3
1 1 1
+ + = 3. Chng minh rng:
a b c
+1
1
1
3
+
3
+1
c +1
2
b3
LI GII. Ta c:
a3
a3
2
3

3
+1
2 a3 + a 2 + 1
2
a +4
a3
+1 0
Vy vi abc 1 tha gi thit ta lun chn c a a sao cho a bc = 1 khi :

r
r
r
r
3
a3
2
3
+
+1 2
3

2
b3
2
3
+
+1 2
2
3
+
3
a +1 2
3
3
2
2 a3 + a
+1
b3
2
3
+
+1 2
2
3
+
3
b +1 2
+
23
2 b3 + b
+1
2
+1
c3
c3
2
+1
+
2 c3 + c
23
+1
3
2
Nhn xt:
Bi ton c th lm mnh hn bng cch thay gi thit
1 1 1
+ + = 3 bng abc = 1.
a b c
c c nh gi nh trn ta kt hp c 2 k nng ca 2 v d phn tch
rt k bn trn tc chn ng thi k, m cho nh gi:

r
1+k
vi k
a3
3k
2
2m
+1
a + am + 1
2 1 v n gin ta chn k =
1
3
tng ng m = . Bn c hy
2
2
th tm vi k = 1 s thy khng c m mc d k tha mn iu kin, iu chng

t chn k phi gn bin ca iu kin mi c hy vng nh gi cht.
Tip tc ta s im qua mt s bi ton thy tnh hiu qu ca B i trn:
12
ng Thp
2.3
Nguyn Tun Anh
Cc v d nng cao
V d 11 (JBMO TST - Macedonia 2013).

Vi ba s thc dng a, b, c tha mn abc = 1. Chng minh rng:

1
1
1
1
+
+
3
a + b + c +
2
1+a
1+b
1+c
1
3
1
HNG DN. S dng nh gi:
a+
0
=1
2
1+a
a + a0 + 1
(do gi thit abc = 1 l tha cha dng.)
V d 12 (Zdravko Cvetkovski).
a2
b
c
a
+ 2
+ 2
1
+2 b +2 c +2

M rng:
1
a
1
1
2
+
2
3 a +2 9
3 (a + a + 1)
Vi k = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 v a, b, c l cc s thc dng c tch bng 1 th BT sau lun ng:

a2
b
c
3
a
+ 2
+ 2
+k b +k c +k
k+1
V d 13 (V Quc B Cn).

5
5
5
a
3
b
c
+ 3
+ 3
5
3
a +1
b +1
c +1
2
1
a
3
5
2
a +1
5
1
3
6 10
6
2
2 (a
+ a5 + 1)
V d 14 (Crux Mathematicorum - Mihaly Bencze).

a2
b
c
1
1
1
a
+ 2
+ 2
+
+
+a+1 b +b+1 c +c+1
a+2 b+2 c+2
1
a
1
1
2
+
a+2 a +a+1 9
3 (a2 + a + 1)
Cui cng ta s n vi cc bi ton t gi thit n dng ton u khc hon ton

vi b , th nhng khi ta s b i b v phng php trong bi vo th c kt
qu hon ton bt ng (xin nhc li nim tin ta thc hin bc nh gi ny l b
rt cht v khi khi kt hp vi phng php trn c th chng minh c BT AM GM).
13
ng Thp
Nguyn Tun Anh
V d 15 (Vasile Cirtoaje, GM - B, 9 - 10, 1992).

r
r
r
2a
2b
2c
+
+
3
a+b
b+c
c+a
HNG DN. Ta chng minh bi ton tng ng vi gi thit xyz = 1:

r
2
+
x+1
2
+
y+1
2
3
z+1
S dng nh gi:
1
2
1
3

+
1
x+1 2
1
2
2 x +x +1
V d 16 (IMO - 2001, Problem 2).

a2
a
b
c
+
+
1
2
2
b + 8ca
c + 8ab
+ 8bc
HNG DN. Chun ha abc = 1 ta cn chng minh:

a
a2
8
a
+q
b
b2
8
b
c
+q
c2 +
8
c
S dng nh gi:
a
a2 +
8
a
1 1
1
+ 8
4
3 3
a 3 +a 3 +1
V d 17 (Jedaihan - Trch BT v nhng li gii hay).

r
r
r
a4 + 2b2 c2
b4 + 2c2 a2
c4 + 2a2 b2
+
+
a+b+c
a2 + 2bc
b2 + 2ca
c2 + 2ab
HNG DN. Chun ha abc = 1 ta cn chng minh:

r
a6 + 2
+
a4 + 2a
b6 + 2
+
b4 + 2b
c6 + 2
a+b+c
c4 + 2c
S dng nh gi:
r
3
a6 + 2
a
+
1
a4 + 2a
a2 + a + 1

14
ng Thp
Nguyn Tun Anh
V d 18 (THTT - T9/460).
Vi ba s thc dng a, b, c tha abc 1. Chng minh rng:
a2 b2 c4
3
a4 b2 c2 a2 b4 c2
+
+
bc + 1 ca + 1 ab + 1
2
HNG DN. Vi mi a, b, c tha gi thit ta lun chn c a a tha mn
a bc = 1. Khi BT tr thnh:
a3
b3
c3
3
+
+
a +1 b+1 c+1
2
S dng nh gi:
1 1
3
b3

+
5
b+1 2 2
5
2 b +b 2 +1
V d 19 (THTT - T8/454 ).

2
2
2

a
a
b
c
5
b
c
+
+
+
+
+3
a+b
b+c
c+a
2 a+b b+c c+a
HNG DN. Ta chng minh bi ton tng ng vi gi thit xyz = 1 sau:

1 2
x+1
1
y+1
2
1 2
z+1
5
+3
2
1
1
1
+
+
x+1 y+1 z+1
S dng nh gi:
1 2
x+1
+1
1
3
5

+ 3
3
2 (x + 1) 2
2 x 2 +x 4 +1

V d 20 (China Northern Mathematical Olympiad 2006).
Vi ba s thc dng a, b, c c tng bng 3. Chng minh rng:
b2 + 9
a2 + 9
c2 + 9
+
+
5
2a2 + (b + c)2 2b2 + (c + a) 2c2 + (a + b)
LI GII. Bi ton tng ng vi:

5
a2 + 9
b2 + 9
5
c2 + 9
5
+
0
3 2a2 + (3 a)2 3 2b2 + (3 b) 3 2c2 + (3 c)
15
ng Thp
Nguyn Tun Anh
Vi mi a, b, c tha gi thit, khng mt tnh tng qut ta xem a = min {a, b, c}. Khi
tn ti a tha a a 1 sao cho a bc = 1. Khi :
a2 + 9
b2 + 9
c2 + 9
5
5
5
+
+
3 2a2 + (3 a)2 3 2b2 + (3 b)2 3 2c2 + (3 c)2
5
5
a2 + 9
b2 + 9
c2 + 9
5
+
+
3 2a2 + (3 a )2 3 2b2 + (3 b)2 3 2c2 + (3 c)2
n y ta ch cn s dng nh gi sau:
5
1
b2 + 9
1
+
3 2b2 + (3 b)2 21
7 (b14 + b7 + 1)

V d 21 ( chn i tuyn Tnh Ngh An nm 2015 - 2016).
r
r
r
b
c
a
a
b
c
+
+
+
+
+
3
b+c c+a a+b
2b + 2c
2c + 2a
2a + 2b
Phn tch: C th tip cn bi ton bng Cauchy (tng t nh chng minh cho
BT Nesbitt). y ta c s kt hp vi b cho ra mt li gii mi. Trc tin
ta chun ha a + b + c = 3 (khng chun ha abc = 1 v khi BT khng tch bin).
Khi BT cn chng minh l:
a
b
c
+
+
+
3a 3b 3c
a
+
6 2a
b
+
6 2b
c
3
6 2c
n y c 2 vn pht sinh:
Gi thit a + b + c = 3 khng dng c B .
Nu lm nh cc bi trn ta s nh gi a a vi hy vng a bc = 1 v:
a
+
3a
a
a
+
6 2a
3 a
a
Tuy nhin hm s f (a) =
+
3a
dng c.
a
6 2a
a
l hm tng v vy nh gi ny khng
6 2a
Loay hoay mi cui bi vit mi nhn ra mt iu rt n gin l B khng ch

ng vi abc = 1 m ng vi c a + b + c = 3, ab + bc + ca = 3. Vy th 2 kh khn trn
v c nhng kh khn phi lch i bng hm tng gim u c gii quyt mt cch
nh nhng.
16
ng Thp
Nguyn Tun Anh
LI GII. Ta s dng nh gi:

a
+
3a
a
3
9
9
6 2a
a 4 +a 8 +1
Tng t vi b, c. Kt hp vi B (ng nhin ang ni trong trng hp a+b+c = 3)

ta c iu phi chng minh.
17
ng Thp
Nguyn Tun Anh
Kt lun
B i B trn rt hiu qu vi cc bi ton tch bin vi gi thit abc l hng s,

khng nhng vy vi c nhng bi khng tch bin ta c th chun ha a v dng
tch bin cng c th p dng c. c bit vi mt s bi c gi thit tng a + b + c
hoc ab + bc + ca l hng s nu kho lo vn c th p dng c hin nhin y khng
phi l vn nng nn s c nhng bi khng p dng c n c nh bi ton n
gin sau:
Romania 2005
Vi ba s thc dng a, b, c c tng bng 3. Chng minh rng:
1
1
1
+ 2 + 2 a2 + b2 + c2
2
a
b
c
Khng th dng c k thut trong bi l do:

Nu lm mnh gi thit ln l abc = 1 th BT trn khng cn ng na.
Nu dng B vi gi thit a + b + c = 3,
th khng tm c m.
Qua bi vit bn c c th la chn mnh mt B khc (lu B phi tht

s cht v mnh) p dng km vi phng php trong bi nht nh s xut hin mt
cng c, mt li gii p.
Xin nhc li khi B vn cn ng
18
ng Thp
Nguyn Tun Anh
BI TP NGH
Bi tp 1 (Algebraic Inequalities).
a2
b2
c2
+
+
1
a2 + ab + b2 b2 + bc + c2 c2 + ca + a2
HNG DN. Kt qu trc tip ca B .
Bi tp 2 (V nh Qu).
a2
1
1
1
+ 2
+ 2
3
a+1 b b+1 c c+1
HNG DN. S dng nh gi: 1
a2
1
3
1
+
4
a+1 2
2 (a + a2 + 1)
Bi tp 3 (Trn Quc Lut, V Quc B Cn).

b
c
a
+ 3
+ 3
1
+ 1 2b + 1 2c + 1
2a3
1
a
1
1
3
+
4
3 2a + 1 6
2 (a + a2 + 1)
Bi tp 4 (Discrete vol 3).

a2 a + 1 +
b2 b + 1 +
c2 c + 1 a + b + c
a2 a + 1 a +
1
3
2
2
2 (a + a + 1)
Bi tp 5 ( chn i tuyn Tnh k Lk ln 1 nm 2016 - 2017).

1
1
1
+
+
1
2+a 2+b 2+c
1
1
1
1

+ 4
2
3 2+a 6
3
3
2 a +a +1
19

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ng Thp

Nguyn Tun Anh

B (V Quc B Cn - Vasile Cirtoaje) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Khai thc thm b i phng php . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

THPT chuyn Nguyn Quang Diu

Nguyn Tun Anh

B (V Quc B Cn - Vasile Cirtoaje)

Vi ba s thc dng a, b, c c tch bng 1 th

Chng minh. V abc = 1 nn tn ti x, y, z > 0 sao cho

ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c = 1.

Trong bi vit, nu khng cn nhn mnh s gi s kt hp ny n gin l B

THPT chuyn Nguyn Quang Diu

Nguyn Tun Anh

Phn tch: Qu ging v gi thit v kt lun so vi b nhng khng may ch

BT ny khng phi lc no cng ng. Vy ta s iu chnh li mt t, ta s t cu

ng vi mi a dng, ng ngha chng minh bi ton ta ch vic tm m. Ta s xem

l mt hm s theo bin a v nhim v cui cng l tm m sao cho hm s t GTNN

Tht vy, BT trn tng ng:

LI GII. Ta c nh gi sau (tng t cho b, c):

THPT chuyn Nguyn Quang Diu

Nguyn Tun Anh

theo b trn ta c iu phi chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b =

vy nn cn kim tra li m n gin nht l bin i tng ng.

Cch tm m bng o hm tht s khng mi, tuy nhin s kt hp ca b v

phng php ny tht s s cho mt cch nhn mi hon ton.

THPT chuyn Nguyn Quang Diu

Nguyn Tun Anh

V d 2 ( thi chn i tuyn Anh d thi IMO 2005).

Thc hin nh trn ta c m =

x3 .(x 1)2 . x5 + 2x4 x2 + x + 3

vi x = a 4 , BT hin nhin ng. Vy nn:

Theo b trn ta c iu phi chng minh.

V d 3 ( thi chn i tuyn Vit Nam d thi IMO 2005).

Phn tch: Ta tm m c nh gi:

THPT chuyn Nguyn Quang Diu

Nguyn Tun Anh

(x 1)2 5x4 + 10x3 + 6a2 + 10a + 5

nh gi tng t cho b, c kt hp vi b ta c iu phi chng minh. ng thc

Kt thc y hoc tip tc a ra hng lot v d tng t chc chn s lm bn

Phn tch: Ta vn chn kiu nh gi:

v chn c m = . L do v sao ta mnh dn chn cch nh gi ny xin c gii

nh gi tng t cho b, c kt hp vi b ta c iu phi chng minh. ng thc

THPT chuyn Nguyn Quang Diu

Nguyn Tun Anh

Phn tch: Ta tm m c nh gi:

nh trn ta tm c m = . Vn cn li l bin i tng ng chng minh

3x8 + 3x4 + 3 4x5

Vy nh gi trn lun ng tc:

p dng b trn ta c iu phi chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi

Nhn xt: Bc chng minh nh gi tng i nng v k nng d khng kh

THPT chuyn Nguyn Quang Diu

Nguyn Tun Anh

Phn tch: c th vn dng b ta thay i gi thit li bng cch t

Khi xyz = 1 v BT c vit li l:

n y tng bi ton kh r rng l s dng BT AM - GM, nu vy bi gii

Vi t5 = a, BT cui ng theo AM - GM.

nh gi tng t cho cc bin b, c kt hp vi b ta c iu phi chng minh.

Nhn xt: Qua bi gii ta thy b c th chng minh c c BT c in AM

Phn tch: Trc ht ta chun ha abc = 1 ( c th vn dng b ) khi BT

THPT chuyn Nguyn Quang Diu

Nguyn Tun Anh

v tm c m = 1. Vic hon thnh bi gii dnh li cho bn c.

Nhn xt: C v nh ta em cng c qu mnh x l mt bi ton n gin,

tuy nhin v d ny l mu cht ca vn gii thch l do ti sao ta mnh dn