Pearls of Electrical Machines By Er. A.K.

Gaba

COMPARISON BETWEEN WOUND AND CAGE ROTOR INDUCTION MOTORS

Wound rotor (slip ring) motor 1. Starting Torque: - It is possible to get high starting torque by introduction of resistances in rotor circuit. 2. Starting Current: - Starting current is comparatively less and it is 2 to 2.5 times fullload current or even less, if required. 3. Speed Control: - Speed control is possible by varying the resistances in external circuit of the rotor. 4. Starting Method: - The motor can be started directon-line (DOL) without the necessary of starters, because of the low starting current of the motor. 5. Maintenance: - It requires higher degree of maintenance. Squirrel cage motor 1. Starting Torque: - By using a double cage rotor, it is possible to obtain higher starting torque. Still its starting torque is comparatively low. 2. Starting Current: - Starting current is about 6 to 8 times full-load current.

3. Speed Control: - Speed-control can be done by Pole-changing.

4. Starting Method: - Because of the high starting current, it is requires a starting device like auto-transformer or star delta starter. 5. Maintenance: - It requires minimum degree of maintenance because of trouble free performance. 6. Efficiency:- It has lightly higher efficiency than wound rotor because losses are relatively less.

6. Efficiency:- It has lower efficiency because of losses by way of heat dissipation in external resistors, especially when run at reduced speed below rated speed. 7. Cost: - It has higher cost. 8. Moving Contacts:- It has moving contacts like slip rings. 9. Applications:- It is capable starting with load, demanding a high torque, as in fans, pumps, compressors, hoists, conveyors, cranes, lifts and so on.

7. Cost: - It has cheaper cost. 8. Moving Contacts:- It has no moving contacts like slip rings. 9. Applications:- It cannot be used in cases where it requires considerable load torque. It is used lathes, drills, printing machines, blowers etc.

Pearls of Electrical Machines By Er. A.K. Gaba 10. Speed:-Speed decreases with load more rapidly than in squirrel cage motor. 11. Power-factor:-Its Power Factor is high (about 0.8 to 0.9). 10. Speed:- Here, Speed is almost constant, but it decreases slightly with increase in load. 11. Power-Factor:-Its Power Factor is low (0.7 to 0.8).

Pearls of Electrical Machines By Er. A.K. Gaba

COMPARISON BETWEEN SYNCHRONOUS AND INDUCTION MOTORS Synchronous Motor

1. Construction: - It has complicated construction. 2. Starting:- It has not inherent self-starting torque, therefore some external means must be used to start it. 3. Excitation:- It requires both a.c. and d.c., i.e. synchronous machines is a double excited machine. 4. Speed Control:- Under normal circumstance, synchronous motor works with no speed control. 5. Maximum Torque:- Its maximum torque is proportional to supply voltage. 6. Operating Power Factor:- It can operate both at leading and lagging power factor. 7. Cost:- Synchronous motor with speeds below 500 r.p.m. and rating above 40kW or with medium speeds from 500 to 1000 r.p.m. and rating above about 500 kW are less costly than induction motors. 8. Running Speed:- It runs at a constant synchronous speed at all possible loads. 9. Maintenance:- It needs frequent maintenance. 10. Air Gap:- Its Air gap is greater than induction motor. 11. Types:- It is of two types:Salient Pole type & Cylindrical type.

Induction Motor
1. Construction: - It has Simple Construction particularly in case of cage motor. 2. Starting:- It has inherent selfstarting torque.

3. Excitation:- It requires no d.c. excitation, i.e., it is a singly excited machine. 4. Speed Control:- Speed control is possible.

5. Maximum Torque:- Its maximum torque is proportional to square of the supply voltage. 6. Operating Power Factor:- It can operate only at lagging power factor. 7. Cost:- Induction motors with speeds above 500 r.p.m. and ratings below 500 r.p.m. and rating below about 120 kW are cheaper than synchronous motors.

8. Running Speed:- Its speed falls with increase of load. It can never run at synchronous speed. 9. Maintenance:- It is almost maintenance free, particularly in squirrel cage induction motor. 10. Air Gap:- Its Air gap is relatively less. 11. Types:- It is of two types:- Wound Phase & Squirrel cage induction motor.

Pearls of Electrical Machines By Er. A.K. Gaba 12. Applications:- It can be used for delivering mechanical loads and for improving the system power factor as a synchronous condenser. 13. Sensitivity to load changes:Hunting starts with changing of load because the motor is more sensitive to load changes. 12. Applications:- It can be used to supply mechanical loads only.

13. Sensitivity to load changes:- Since it is less sensitive to load changes, the hunting is absent.

14. Need of synchronization:It has to be synchronized.

14. Need of synchronization:It has not to be synchronized.

Pearls of Electrical Machines By Er. A.K. Gaba

COMPARISON BETWEEN SALIENT POLE TYPE AND CYLINDRICAL POLE TYPE SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE SALIENT POLE TYPE
1. Air Gap Reluctance:-Air gap reluctance offered to the magnetic flux ix nonuniform.

CYLINDRICAL POLE TYPE

1. Air Gap Reluctance:-Air gap reluctance offered to the magnetic flux is uniform throughout.

2. Flux Distribution:- The magnetic flux distribution is non-uniform.

2. Flux Distribution:- The magnetic flux distribution is uniform.

3. No. of Poles:-The number of poles varies from 6 to 120.

3. No. of Poles:-The number of poles are either 2or 4.

4. Shape of Poles:-The shapes of the poles are projected radially outwards from a steel core carried on spider.

4. Shape of Poles:-The shape of the poles is as usual.

5. Cross-sectional area:-This type of the machines is having large diameters.

5. Cross-sectional area:- This type of the machines is having small diameters.

6. Axial-length:- It has the small axiallength.

6. Axial-length:-The axial-length of this type of machine is about 5 times the diameter.

7. Speed:- These are low speed machines having the speeds 50 rpm to 500 rpm for vertical configuration and 100 to 1000rpm for horizontal configuration. 8. Short circuit ratio:-The short circuit ratio is around unity.

7. Speed:-These are high speed machines having the speeds 3000 rpm or 1500 rpm for 50 Hz systems.

8. Short circuit ratio:- The short circuit ratio is 0.4 to 0.6.

Pearls of Electrical Machines By Er. A.K. Gaba 9. Configuration:-These may have horizontal as well as vertical configuration. 10. Cooling system:-These types are air cooled. 11. Application:-These types of machine are used in hydro generators. 12. Rating:-These types of machines are available up to 750Mw. 13. Machine Reactances:. Direct axis reactance:-0.6 to 1.5 p.u. Quadrature axis reactance:-0.4 to 0.8 p.u Sub transient axis reactance: - 0.15 to 0.4 p.u. Transient axis reactance:-0.2 to 0.5 p.u. Negative axis reactance:-0.15 to 0.7 p.u. Zero axis reactance:-0.05 to 0.2 p.u. 9. Configuration:-These have horizontal configuration. Only. 10. Cooling system:-These types are air cooled for small rating and hydrogen cooling for large and medium rating. 11. 11.Application:-These types of machines are used in turbo generators. 12. Rating:-These types of machines are available up to 1000Mw and onwards. 13. Machine Reactances:. Synchronous reactance:-1.5 to 2.5p.u Sub transient axis reactance: - 0.15 to 0.35 p.u. Transient axis reactance:-0.15 to 0.35 p.u. Negative axis reactance:-0.1 to 0.15 p.u. Zero axis reactance:-0.02 to 0.15 p.u.

Pearls of Electrical Machines By Er. A.K. Gaba

COMPARISON BETWEEN INDUCTION MOTOR AND TRANSFORMER INDUCTION MOTOR

1. Air Gap :-Induction-motor is a rotating machine.So,it has air-gap between the stator and rotor.

TRANSFORMER
1. Air Gap :-It is a static device.So,it has no air-gap.

2. No Load Current:- The no-load current in induction-motor is about 30% to 50% of the full load current.

2. No Load Current:- The no-load current in transformer is about 2% to 6% of the full load current.

3. Types:-Induction motor is of two types:Squirrel cage and Wound phase induction motor.

3. Types:-Transformer is of many types depending upon the need.

4. Winding:-It uses distributed/rotating winding. That is why; winding factors are used in voltage transfer ratios.

4. Winding:-It uses concentrated/stationary winding. That is why; winding factors are used in voltage transfer ratios.

5. Efficiency:-It has lower efficiency of 40% to 50% due to higher losses.

5. Efficiency:-It has the higher efficiency of 90% to 95% due to lower losses.

6. Application:- It is an electromechanical energy conversion device i.e. it converts electrical energy into mechanical energy of the rotation of the rotor. 7. Rating: - Its rating is in Kw.

6. Application:- It converts electrical energy of one level into electrical energy of another level.

7. Rating;- Its rating is in Kva. 8. E.M.F.Equation:- In the emf equation of the transformer, the maximum value of the core flux is used. 9 Operating Power Factor:-Its operating power factor is lagging and very low. 8. E.M.F.Equation:- In the emf equation of the induction motor, the average value of the core flux is used. 9. Operating Power Factor:-Its operating power factor depends upon the power

Pearls of Electrical Machines By Er. A.K. Gaba factor of the load.

Pearls of Electrical Machines By Er. A.K. Gaba

COMPARISON BETWEEN CORE TYPE AND SHELL TYPE TRANSFORMERS Core type transformers Shell type transformers
1. Relative position of the winding and core:- The windings surround a considerable part of the core. 2. Windings:- Windings are of formwound, and are of cylindrical-type. 1. Relative position of the winding and core:- The core surrounds a considerable portion of the windings. 2. Windings:- Windings are of sandwitcttype.The coils are first wound in the form of pancakes, and complete windings consists of stacked discs. 3. Mean length of coil turn:- is longer. 4. Core:- Core is either rectangular or cylindrical or spiral in shape. 5. Application: - These are more suitable for low voltage transformers. 6. Cooling:- Here, natural cooling is not possible. 7. Construction:- It has three limbs.

3. Mean length of coil turn:- is shorter. 4. Core:- Core is either circular or rectangular or oval, but large transformer cores are cylindrical in shape. 5. Application: - These are more suitable for high voltage transformers. 6. Cooling:- Here, natural cooling is possible. 7. Construction:- It has two limbs.

Pearls of Electrical Machines By Er. A.K. Gaba

COMPARISON BETWEEN POWER TRANSFORMER AND DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER Power Transformer Distribution Transformer
1) Rating:- Transformers having rating above 200 kva. 2) Application: - These are used in generating stations and substations at each end of a power transmission line for stepping up or stepping down the voltage. 3) Operation hours: - These are kept in operation during load periods and are disconnected during light load periods. 4) Maximum efficiency: - These are designed to have maximum efficiency at near or full load. 5) Leakage reactance:- These are designed to have higher leakage reactance. 6) Voltage regulation: - Here, voltage regulation is less important. 7) All day efficiency: - These have not good all day efficiency. 1) Rating:- Transformers having rating up to 200 kva. 2) Application: - These are used to step down the distribution voltage to a standard service voltage or from transmission voltage to distribution voltage. 3) Operation hours: - These are kept in operation all the 24 hours whether they are carrying load or not. 4) Maximum efficiency: - These are designed to have maximum efficiency at load much lower than full load. 5) Leakage reactance:- These are designed to have small value leakage reactance. 6) Voltage regulation: - Here, voltage regulation is very important. 7) All day efficiency: - These have good all day efficiency.

Pearls of Electrical Machines By Er. A.K. Gaba

COMPARISON BETWEEN RACTICAL TRANSFORMER AND IDEAL TRANSFORMER Practical Transformer Ideal Transformer
1) 1) Coefficient of coupling: - Here, 1) Coefficient of coupling: - Here, coefficient of coupling is less than coefficient of coupling is unity. unity. 2) Leakage flux: - There is leakage of flux. 2) Leakage flux: - There is no leakage of flux. 3) Voltage regulation: - Voltage 3) 3) Voltage regulation: regulation is never zero %. Voltage regulation is zero 4 %. 4)