Chapter 2 eee 2.1-1 Let us denote the signal in question by g(t) and its energy by By. For parts (a) and (b) te rc sintrdt= 3 fo ae cos 2dt=r+0=m 2), 2 ©) ee [ sinttut= 2 [at-} [costae rt0=% ae Bhp Se 2° eee (a) ef casin 1? ar = a3 ek [corte] = ae soln ae lo 2 Io 2 to Sign change and time shift do not affect the signal energy. Doubling the signal quadruples its energy. In the same way we can show that the energy of kg(t) is k*Ey, 2ae2 (a) Kes [Zar 2. Ey fe(uae+ f2(-1rae = 2 (2)?dt=4. Ex [rans “2 5 0/2 f pas f tora f (ytare o ia m2 a0/2 a Eey= [tars [ores [Cota ee 0 f f Therefore Eazy = Ex ~ Ey (bE, = [ors f 7 Similarly. we can show that Ezy = 44 Therefore Exsy = E. + Ey. We are tempted to conclude that Ext = E,—£y in general. Let us see. o ee [Corns [cntaer ee [ataes seve [ores [omer torn [ome [cote ‘Therefore. in general Exsy # Ex + Ey Lf cheatin snare Sf ec reed [Meteor ona & [econ sana "hh I, dt+ [, cou(aaet +204] = Fete +0) F 2.1+4 This problem is identical to Example 2.26. except that 1 # w2. In this ease, the third integral in Py (see p. 19 is not zero. This integral is given by 2 y= gi, 2 [contort + O:}c08 ait + Ha) at at rie a a eed if onl; —@)dt +f cos(2art +01 +62) dt T Ura “ra " jinn, SY 11 eoaity ~ M9)} + O-= C.Ca costs ~ 2) 121-5 21-6 21-8 2.21 Therefore F + crcecosins - #2) 2 Py [eras cur ®) port (yar = 64/7 a aj a [ (ct Pat = 6407/7 wr=5 f (2t*yPat = 4(64/7) = 256/7 — (€) Pea = Sign change of a signal does not affect its power. Multiplication of a signal by ® constant © increases the power by a factor ©? ani aaron Lf7ss dima ert Poa gin tf nine cars gin $f" SY parrot ra 119 on tam ‘The integrals of the cross:product terms (when & # r) are fnite because the integrands are periodic signals rinade up of sinusoids), ‘These terms. when divided by T — oc. yield zero. The remaining cerms (k=) yield ue * yy um $f Data = De? 71a bem fd (a) Power of a sinusoid of amplitude C is C7/2 Bq, (2.6a)] regardless of its frequency (o # 0) and phase Therefore. in this case P ~ (10)*/2 = 50. (b) Power ofa sum of sinusoid is equal to the sum of the powers of the sinusoids [Eq. (2.6b)}. Therefore, this case P = OME 4 UES = 178. (€) (10 +2 sin 31) cos 101 = 10¢os 101 = sin 13¢ — sin 3¢. Hence from Ea, (2.60) P ay p+ $= 51 (d) 10cos 5¢ cos 10t = 5(cos 5t + cos 18¢. Hence from Eq, (2.6b) @ + SF a8, (e) 10sin 5¢ cos 101 = S(sin 15/ ~ sin 8¢. Hence from Eq, (2.6b) P of 4 opt mas, fetorse 4 ==). Using the esl in Prob. 21-7, we obtain P= (1/4) 40/4) = 17 (f) 0/9! cos.wat = For a real a - cof. rp tim & tonT Jurpe For imaginary a. let a= jr. Then pea nineand [emcee ad [atm 1 ~ 2J ttre) Fig. $2.5-2 Clearly, if is real. ¢7* is neither energy not power signal. However, fa is imaginary, itis @ power signal with power 1 malt) = alt 1) rant 2). galt) salt 1) tout +1). galt) = alt — 08) + sit +05) “The signal qs(1) can be obtained by (i) delaying g(t) by 1 second (replace t with f— 1). (i) then time-expanding by a factor 2 {replace f with #2). (il) then muttiply with 1.5, Thus as(t) = 1.595 2.32 All the signals are shown in Fig. $2.3-2 2.3-3 All the signals are shown in Fig, $2.3-3 4 Ba-4> 4 9 Gs) 3 A = 2 A ° oe -6 t 3 , gars) 4 gu-d 2 4 2 o = Fig. 82.3-3 Fae [anra= [eon e, Exon [cota f° dena ty bane [writen [Pours te Baum [ietarns [Pov 2.34 F y/o bnone [ner oPaaE [doen Bue. Baio [etinieine [doi eat of Pudn ets Een = f fag(t)j? ar 24-1 Using the fact that q(7)6(r) = 9(0)4(7). we have (a) 0 (b) FA(u) Ce) FMA) (4) $A) phate +3) (1) kO(w) (use L’ Hépital’s rule) 12.2 In these problems remember that impulse A(x) is located at x = 0, Thus. an impulse 4(¢—r) is located at and so on. (a) The impulse is located at + and gf) at r =f is a(t). Therefore 32.43 251 25-2 2.83 2.4 f a(r)a(t = r)dr = alt) (b) The impulse A(z) is at 7 =O and g(t ~ 7) at 7 = 0 is g(t). Therefore [i Moae-nar=ato Lning similar arguments. we obtain (e)1 (a0 Ce) (A) 5 (we) 9-1) Ch) << Letting at = 7, we obtain (for a > 0) [stomona= Similarly for a < 0, we show that this integral is -40(0). Therefore ~ gtZyavayde = Lo(0) 1 ™~ 1 [evmanae 20 = 3 [some Therefore 1 sat) = Fr Trivial. Take the derivative of je:? with respect to « and equate it to zero. (a) In this case Ey = fi dt = 1. and [ ainrtoa =} f tar =05 = 0.8 over (0 <1 < 1), and zero outside this intervai, Also Ey (b) Thus, aff) = 0.52(¢). and the error e(t) = and Ee (the energy of the error) are E [vow f Pare1/3 and B= [lu-osra= ina lo fo lo The ervor (1 ~ 0.5) is orthogonal to r(1) because [u-onmase Note that Ey = (2£s + Es. To explain these results in terms of vector concepts we observe from Fig, 218 Ae ihe enice vector e is orthogonal to the component ¢x. Because of this orthogonality, the length-square of fg energy of 9(0) i equal to the sum of the square of the lengths of ox and ¢ (surn of the energies of -7(1) and (| In this case Ey = f2q2(Ndt = [2 fdt = afirmars “thus. 2(t) © 1.S9(f). and the error e(¢) = (1) ~ 1.59(1) = 1 1.5f over (0 <1 < 1). and zero outside this ‘Also Ey (the energy of the error) is Ex = fo (1 ~ 1.8t)?dt = 1/4 mare (a) In thin cose By = [sin 2xtat = 08, and altya(t)at = 1 tsin Qetdt = —1/e (b) Thus. git) = ~(1/n)r(0). and the ervor e(t) = t+ (1/x)sin 2xt over (0 < tS 1). and zero outside this interval. Also Ey and E¢ (the energy of the error) are 425-8 2.5-6 5 1 1 [roa [ Pat=1/3 and Ee 37 i ‘The error [t + (1/n)sin 2nt} is orthogonal to x(t) because [ sin 2nt|t + (1/x)sin 2xf}dt = 0 Note that Ep = «?Ex + Be. To explain these resulte in terms of vector concepts we observe from Fig, 2.15 that sere e vector e ls orthogonal to the component cx. Because of this orthogonality, the length of f (energy of Sin) is equal to the sum ef the square of the lengths of cx and e [sum of the energies of ex(t) and c(t) (a) If +(1) and y(t) are orthogonal. then we can show the energy of x(t) + y(t) is Ex + Fy £ reo sunrar= [~ veto [~ moras [~ sor oae [” ronne a = £ n(n dt + £ iu PRae ® ‘The last result follows from the fact that because of orthogonality, the two integrals of the cross products Tnywt) and 2° (F)y{t) are zero [ore Eq, (2.40)]. Thus the energy of 7(*) + v(t) is equal to that of 2(1) ~ vie) if (0) and 1/(1) are orthogonal. {h) Using similar argument. we can show that the energy of e17(t) +ean(t) is equal to that of et) ~ aut) if x(t) and yi!) are orthogonal. This energy is given by lea|?Ex + lea Ey. (e) If sit) = 7(0) £ u{0), then it follows from Eq, (1) in the above derivation thet Ey = Ex + Ey (Exy + Eve) 1(2.1), ga(1.2). g3(0.—2). g4(2-2). e9(2.1), and aa(3,0). From Fig, $2.6-6. we see that pairs (R-66) {e1-Bs) and (B2-s) ate orthogonal. We can verify this also analytically. aig, $2.5-6 gy-gs = (0x3) +(-2%0)=0 gree = (2x1) + (-12) = (-1x2)4(2x1)=0 We can show that the corresponding signa! pairs are also orthogonal. [stone [° crstnise ia = f atten J erie ~ zane) +210 =0 f atpostnar= J t-n(-+2estnitr +2a09)dt = 0In deriving these results, we used the fact that J™ 2?ut = f™ 23(e)dt-= 1 and J ru(t}za(t)dt = 0 2.6-1 We shall compute rn using Eq. (2.48) for each of the 4 cases. Let us first compute the energies of all the signals. [ sin?artdt = 05 E, In the same way we find E, Using Eq. (2.48), the correlat Eq, = 05. n coefficients for four cases are found as a ates sin Detsin Ant dt = 0 (2) yous [ (sin 2n1)(~sin Int) at , * @) satan [ oorsin 2rtur=0 (4) ganon [ff o.07 sin area [on areas] Laide Signals z(t) and g2(?) provide the maximum protection against noise. 28-1 Here To = 2. s0 that wo = 2n/2 mand lt) = 00+ Srancosnat +qsinnst 1S 4S 1 acy" cosnat dt = Therefore {-1)" i) be SM cose wists 25+ SL GP cont lees Figure $2.61 shows git) = 1? for all and the corresponding Fourier series representing ait) over ‘1. 1). ge) fu) a “iL t> => 4 5%t> Fig. $2.61 ‘The power of a(t) is. Pz = 0.19837. which is greater than 0.198 For N = 1. Pe Thus. N = 3. 2.8-2 Here To = 2n. so that wo = 2n/2x = 1. and 0.1111; for N = 2. Py = 0.19323, For N = a(t) = 40+ San cosnt + by where ans mere a i “saeo, eed [toners Thevfre . gen Svat ests Figure $2.82 shows a(t) = ¢ for allt and the corresponding Fourier se ar) to represent g(t) over (—, 7) eu) = yi Fig. $2.6-2 ‘The power of alt) is 1 tae nok [uted Moreover, from Parseval’s theorem (Eq, (2.90)} myer Sodan eens The power Pe is required to be 080 x 32 = 026?, Therefore a4 Lee Pz = 2.927, which is less than 0.30, For N= 6. Pe = Pee For N= 1, Pe = 2; for N= 2. Py = 25. for N 2.9625. which is greater than 0.3n?. Thus. N = 6. 2.8-3 Revall that FF a 1a) wna] foe (0 ay ond f g(t) cos nwot dt {1b} rena rant el Fle a(t) sin neat dt ue)Deed Recall also that cos nent is an even function and sin nut is an odd function oft. If g(t) is an even function of Fetch at!) cos next is also an even function and a(@)sin nut is an odd function of f- Therefore (see hint) a fr mond f attae (2) pen Oo af a(t)cos nuot dt (2) bea ro) similarly if (t) is an odd function oft, then g(t) cos nugt is an odd function of t and g(t)sin nwot is an even function of t. Therefore a = 4 =0 (3a) 4 RP b= [ a(t) sin nwotdt (ab) fon required to compute the coefficients need be performed over Observe that, because of symmetry. the integré only half the period. (a) To = 4. wo = $f = F Because of even symmetry, all sine terms are 280 att) = 404 5 ances (Ze) 0 (by inspection) Bat Dog ME Leos HE) 275 2 7 2 and we allow Ci 10 take negative values, Figure §2.8-4a shows the plot of Cu {E Because of even symmetry. all the sine terms are 2670 Here bn (b) To = 10.40 = F ait) = 204 590s (21) + basin (31) ok mle) ee dO Se) mae f “sn (Be) et = 0 (ntgrand isan odd function of #) Here by = 0, and we allow Cx to take negative values. Note that Cy = am for m= 0;1,2.3,:-~. Figure $2.8-th shows the plot of Cn (¢) To = 22. wo = 1 git) = 00+ Syanconnt + besinnt with 9 = 05 (by inspection) wae Lyme ! eact [" homnire teed [" Lanntdt=- 2 [ greomnar=o b [fannie —z and Lanne tonee! (sors Hanars Lana omer) ) + Seon (30+ Fvo “STEEL cc 12> %5 6 we 123456 © t t c oa} 5” the an ol} |e 7 (e) oy. ar om ae cf? Pig. $2.84 ‘The reason for vanishing of the cosines terms is that when 0.5 (the de component) is subtracted from 9/). the qemaining function has edd symmetry. Hence, the Fourier series would contain de and sine terms only. Figure $2.8-4c shows the plot of Cy and 4». (4) To = ¥. wo = 2 and y(t) = 4h ao=0 (by inspection). an =0 (n>0) because of odd symmetry. 4 ear 4 ye 4 1 a(t) = Apsin 9 2 singt — go sin 6t — gain t+Figure $2.8-4d shows the plot of Cy and 4p. (0) To = 3. wo = 25/3. Therefore Co = } and oe at (f) To = 6. +0 = 7/3. 00 0.5 (by inspection). Even symmetry; bn = 0. ap. ar nnd f ston than git) 208 ~ Observe that even harmonics vanish. The reason is that if the de (0.5) is subtracted from a(t), the resulting function has half-wave symmetry, (See Prob. 28-6). Figure $2.8-4f shows the plot of Cn 2.8-5 An even function get) and an odd function gg(f) have the property that ~g9e(-1) ay Gelt) = gel—t) and aol) Every signal g(t) can be exptessed as a sum of even and odd components because a(t) = 4 fate) + af—t)} +4 alt) - 9(-) wearer From the definitions in Eq. (1). it can be seen that the first component on the right-hand side is an even function. while the second component is odd. This is readily seen from the fact that replacing f by ~f in the first compotient yields the same function. The same maneuver in the second component yields the negative of that component. To find the odd and the even components of 9(t) = u(t). we have a(t) = gelt) + got) where {from Eq. (1)] wlth = $y emia d and golt) = } u(t) —n(-] = pee “The even and odd components of the signal u(t) are shown Similarly. to find the odd and the even components of ¢(!) a(t) = a(t) + volt) where alt) = 3 [et ulty + etu(~1)] ond 10(cp) Fig. $2.85 elt) = $ [om*tu(t) = eu(—1)] ‘The even and odd components of the signal ¢~*'n(t) are shown in Fig. $2.8-5b, For g(t) =". we have a gel!) taal!) where elt) = 4 [OH and antt) = 4 fet =o] isin t 2.8-6 (a) For half wave symmetry at) = -9 (1+ 8) and nt mek [anenattnn df arcanatars [” gisnate Let + = 1 - To/2 in the second integral. This gives Zl [ nrcnarars [°"o(e+) conn (e+ 3) «] m2 To) -2[f acncosnaata f -a()[-coonanrd] 28 [ [comma] Ina similar way we can show that 4 02 Bhs rsinneatat (b) () To = 8. «0 = F. 00 = 0 (by inspection). Half wave symmetry, Hence uTherefore Similarly and t= Yo ances Et + basin elas. (8) Tp = 27. wo = 1. ao = 0 (by inspection). Half wave symmetry. Hence alt)= So ancosnt + besinnt neta. (n_ odd) and 1° sin melt 2 [sept coason nena” (n oda) 2.91 (a): To = 4.wo = 4/2. Also Do = 0 (by inspection). nf el dts Zain = Inf>1 (b) To On. wo = 2e/10r = 1/5 a= 3 De. wherefF) Fig. $2.0-1 Oy a(t) = Do+ > Dae'™. where. by inspection Do = 05 . F on>o eeitar= 2, sothat [Daim gi, and 2De= 4? |, 2m an Onn sono and Dn =0 amt where Dro’2.02 (e) To = 3.40 ae Smee wns Daa bf te P ate ras [EP +) a] ant Therefore 3_| (oe hen in en oa (Bee cos a=| a4 SE — too BGP - SSP ain P| and Do = tan (AS) \D-! (f) To = 6. 20 = 7/3 Do = 05 For a compact trigonometric form. all terms must have cosine form and amplitudes must be positive For this reason, we rewrite g(f) as ait) = Seost + con (se Z~ £) +2008(8'- 5-7) meant con (se = 26) +200 Figure $2.9-2a shows amplitude and phase spectra. (b) By inspection of the trigonometric spectra in Fig. $2.9-2a, we plot the exponential spectra as shown in Fig, §2,9-2b, By inspection of exponential spectra in Fig, $2.9-2s, we obtain aye Bet eer [er sess [ost at gst] + (get) om (eo) e+ Set (Got) ome (em 142.9-3 (a) att) = 2+ Boat =m) + co(st- $) = 2 2cos 2t + sin 3t (b) The exponential spectra are shown in Fig, $2.9-3. (c) By inspection of exponential spectra auiye ae fer vn Ef HON] 224 2eont-0) 400 (st~ 5) (a) Observe that the two expreasions (trigonometric and exponential Fourier series) are equivalent Fig, 82.93 2.964 To)? nen [[ riers [Nosema Tel? 2 If ott) is even. the second term on the right-hand side is zero because its integrand is an odd function of f Hence, Da is real In contrast. if g(f) is odd. the first term on the right-hand side is zero because its integrand is an odd function of ¢. Hence, Dx is imaginary,Chapter 3 a 3.161 Ba-2 31-3 ews fr aye mann [7 gpeoatar—j f at0sinsta If ol") is an even function of. a(t)sinat ip an odd function of t, and the second integral vanishes, Morea", video ie an even function oft. and the frst integral is twice the integral over the interval Oto oe. Thus when ai!) is even ors) =2 f a(t) cost dt a) Similar argument shows that when g(t) is odd Cle) 25 J sensinatar @) If gl?) is also real (in addition to being even), the integral (1) is real. Moreover from (1) ai-w)=2 | atycosseat = Glu) Heuce Gx) is real and even function of 2. Similar arguments can be used to prove the rest of the properties f Gly d= zf- Glaieteee dhe 5 + it iacaniostr + 6terite i f (otasiniot + eho] since 'Glu){ is an oven funetion and 8,(w) is an odd function of w. the integrand in the second integial is an Since 10 (=)1 i an a therefore vanishes. Moreover the integrand in the fist integral is an even function of and therefore a= 2 [icteric + Gl) de ty (t), G(w) = phy. Therefore |G(w)| = 1/VaT a? and 6,(w) = — tan™*(¥). Hence Cotee be Ole [i awemra ohw)= f ™ pene ae = f ayer 16 For 9(!) Gi Therefore and ol8.164 (a) ) 7 7 Ge) f[ te at = f[ lo lo 3.15 (a) 1 2 1 — 908 Gu) forts f arm gt Ader a te lo : je (e) auy= fo temans [tomar Zeleoner + wrsinwr ~ 1) ‘This result could also be derived by observing that g(t) is an even function. Therefore from the result in Prob. 3-1 ow) = 2f eon stat m 2p fconur + ur sinwr — 1) 3.1-6 (a) pot \* 21? — 2) sin wot + 2wot cos. f etace LO 2 ajiat ea] = WBE a Bsns Beet cot ost = Gry 2n a G0? =r fet Fig. $3.16 (b) The derivation ean be simplified by observing that G() can be expressed as a sum of two gate functions Gylw) and Ga(w) as shown in Fig. $3.1-6. Therefore avez fiisw +Gala\ do = {fines otauh = sat 3-7 (a) me) + 5 ae Glu) Application of duality property yields 1 miity+ ee aenl-s) ma wooo) 194 Ee] ee ule (+ Tae (~~) Application of Eq. (3.28} yields [uot mae 1 + uw) 1) +) ue) (») 08 wot =o T|6(w + wo) + Mw — #0)] wo Gor Application of duality property yields [A(t + 00) + A(t — w)] => 2x cos (wou) = 2 £08 (wos!) oa “ao Setting wo = T yields A(t + T)+6(t-T) <=> 200s Tw () gin wot, = jr[Bw + wo) - dw ~ 20)} con Application of duality property yields jit + 0) — A(F ~ s0)] => 2esin(—wow) = -2n sin(wow) one en Bea) Setting wo = T yields 19Olt + T) — (t= 7) ee Bi sin Tw 3.3-2 Fig. (b) o1(t) = 9(-t) and Gilw) = G-w) I 4 je — 1) 1 a Pig. (c) g2(t) = o(t — 1) + oi(t ~ 1). Therefore Galo) = (Gla) + Gi (w]e = [Glw) + G(-w)}e" 2 (coo + wins ~ 1) Fig. (4) an(t) = it~ 1) + al +1) Gao) = Glu)" + G(-w)e™” 1 4 2 “ = Fle - 2eos.e} = Soin? 5 = sine? (3) Fig. (e) ga(t) = o(t - 3) + oult + $), and Gale) = Glw)e™? + (wer? Fig. (1) ostt) can be obtained in three stepe: (i) time-expanding g(t) by a factor 2 (i) then delaying it by 2 ‘seconds. (il) and multiplying it by 1.5 [we may interchange the sequence for steps (i) and (li), The first sten (time-expansion by a factor 2) yields ‘ oye de® 20-4) £(5) 26 (2a) = Fag — JD = 1) Second step of time delay of 2 secs. yields = jdwe!™ = 1) ‘The third step of multiplying the resulting signal by 1.5 yields sty astt) = 155 (43?) os G0 te ae? a Sane) Ue? cost uit) “cos (tL) ute) = sintuin @> qb Fig. $3.33 3.33 (a) syn (2522) ~ mn (3.4 and Glu) = Tsine (2) [oot eT 2 arsine (22) sin ~#o (4) (b) From Fig. $3.3-3b we verify that a(t) = sint u(t) + sin(t ~ x)u(t - ") Note that sin(t —x)u(t ~ =) is sin f(t) delayed by m. Now. sintu(t) ome $[A(w— 1) — (s+ 1)] + gear and sin(t = n)u(t = 2) = {Flo -1)- bw + D)+ poole Therefore Glo) = LZ lMe = 1) ~ Ble +D)+ deer) T-3 Recall that g(r)#(1 x0) = a(ro)A(z ~ 70). Therefore A(w + 1)(1 +677") = 0. and (c) From Fig. $3.3-3¢ we verify that att) = cost [ut ~ 0 (r= §)] = cosrmte ~ cost But sinit - $) =~ cos? Therefore att) = cosru(t) +sin (rE) u (+ Gla) = Fite - $Me D+ ic Also because g(r)4(7 ~ 70) = alzo)A(z — 70). Blast Ie I? 2 alot eI? = 2 j0(4 1) Therefore (d) alt) = eo" fult) — u(t = 7) Typ TY eT From time-shifting property sy g(t T) > Glu)e Therefore gt ET) + 9(t — T) =o Glue + Gluye*T = 2G(w) cos T We can use this result to derive transforms of signals in Fig, P3.3-4 (a) Here g(t) is a gate pulse as shown in Fig, $3.3-4a. 2ain) = re (£) a aint) Also T = 3. The signal in Fig. P3.3-4a is off +3) + 9(t 3), and g(t +3) +9(t 3) > Asine(u) cond (b) Here 9(t) is a triangular pulse shown in Fig. $3.3-4b. From the Table 3.1 (pair 19) at = (5) sn? (2) Also T = 3. The signal in Fig. P3.3-4b is o(t +3) + 9(¢ ~ 3), and 41149) + (t= 8) me Bein’ (8) conse t) 1 X > t> Fig. $3.5-4 3.35. Frequency-shifting property states that alte**! exe Glo = 40) Therefore alt) sin oo Fie" 4 alten] = Flew = a0) + Glu = 20)} Time-shifting property states that a(t 7) a9 G(e)e2™7 Therefore git =T) = oft 7) e=9 Glu)? = Glee 7 = 2G lw) sin oT and wit + T) = olt - T)) => Glv)sinTw The signal in Fig, P3.3-5 is a(f +3) ~ g(t - 3) where a(t) = rect (5) ee 2sinc() Therefore a(t +3) - off — 8) eo 2j{2sine(s) sin Bu} = 4 sine(w)sin 3s 38-6 Fig. (a) The signal 9) in this case isa triangle pulse A( f,) (Fig. $33-6) multiplied by cos 10¢ att) = A (<-) cos 108 [Also from Table 3.1 (pair 19) A(&) e= © sine?(3#) From the modulation property (3.35), it follows that ct =a (ge) cor tor om § fete FSI] ie [=32}} TThe Fourier transform in this case is a real function and we need only the amplitude spectrum in this case as shown in Fig, $3.3-6a. Fig. (b) The signal g(t) here is the same as the signal in Fig. its Fourier transform is the same as in part (a) multiplied by « delayed by 2x. From time shifting property. 2%) Therefore 223.3-7 7 - (® Fig. $3.3-6 5 fant [25 ane [82220] oe The Fourier transform in this case is the same as that in part (a) multiplied by ¢~/2*~. This multiplying {xctor represents a linear phase spectrum —2rw. Thus we have an amplitude spectrum (same as in part (a); as well as linear phase spectrum 2G(s) = ~2rw as shown in Fig. $3.3-6b. the amplitude spectrum in this case as shown in Fig $3.3-6b Note: In the above solution. we first multiplied the triangle pulse A(-) by cos 101 and then delayed the result be 2m. This means the signal in Fig, (b) is expressed as A(432#) cos 10(t - 2). We could have interchanged the operation in this particular case. thet is, the triangle pulse A( 5) is first delayed be 2r and then the result is multiplied by cos 10t. In this alternate procedure. the signal in Fig, (b) is expressed as M4) cos 101 This inverchange of operation is permissible here only because the sinusoid cos 10t executes integral number of eveles in the interval 2r Because of this both the expressions are equivalent since cos 10(t ~ 2x) = cos 16" Fig. (c) In this case the signal is identical to that in Fig. b. except that the basic pulse is rect (3) instead of a triangle pulse A{zé). Now Cle 1) os oe see (gb) ae Bein) sing me eame argument a for pat (0) bein Glw) = w{sine|x(w + 10)] + sine|r(w - 10)]}e“ (a) Gta) = rect (254) + ree (2$4) Also 2sine(t) =e rect (3) Therefore a(t) = sine(t)eosat (b) Also 23Lancy 4 (2) Therefore a(t) = Ssinc?(t) cost 3.3-6 From the frequency convolution property. we obtain F(t) = LGw)+ Gl) 2 ‘The width property of convolution states that if c1(z) ca(z) = w(z), then the width of y(z) is equal to the sum of the widths of r(r) and r2(x). Hence, the width of G(u) + G(w) is twice the width of G(). Repeated application of this argument shows that the bandwidth of ¢”(t) is nB Hz (n times the bandwidth of 9(t)) 33-0 (a) ows f wean [eit arm Bi con at= Hast (F) (bo) aed Gl) = Tsine (4) [ete — @o 07/2 w inane (22) = 400 () (e) = A(t 7) ~ 26(0) + 90-7) ‘The Fourier transform of this equation yields eT ab MP aft cont] = tein? (22 jwG(w) = eT 24 21 | = ~4sin? (22) ‘Therefore 3.3-10 A basic demodulator is shown in Fig. $3.3-10a. The product of the modulated signal 9(t)coswot with 2cos of yields a(t) coswot * 208 wot = 2a(t) cos? wot = 9(t)[1 + cos 2uot] = 9(t} + 9(t) cos 2u0t ‘The product contains the desired 9(f) (whose spectrum is centered at w = 0) and the unwanted signal g(t) cos 2o! with spectrum 3{G(u-+2v0]+G(u~20o!. which is centered at +2. The two spertra are nonoverlapping because 2434-1 gltjeosa,t glt> GAO) 2goreT Ww -29500T Fig. $3.4-1 \s < wo (See Fig, $3.3-10b). We can suppress the unwanted signal by passing the product through lowpass filter as shown in Fig, $3.3-102, Gifs) = sine gp) and Gale Figure $3.4-1 shows Gi(«). G2(w). Hi(w) and Hi). Now Vale) = Gao) Ai(w) Ya(w) = Galw) Halu) ‘The spectra Yi(w) and Ys(w) are also shown in Fig. $3.4-1. Because v(t) = 1n(t)va(t), the frequency convalbtion property yields ¥(a) = Yi(u) + Ya(w). From the width property of convolution, it follows that the bandwidth of Ye) is the sum of bandwidths of ¥i(w) and Ya(w). Because the bandwidths of Yi(w) and Ya(w) are 10 kHz. > kiz. respectively. the bandwidth of ¥(w) is 15 kHz. Ho) = ie Using pair 22 (Table 3.1) and time-shifting property, we get centeP4e MO) = Jae ‘This is noncausal. Hence the filter is unrealizable. Also ™ fini (wt) ~ hk? WnlA Gl 2 [~ BY a = 00 f at Of oeT 235-3 3.54 Figure $3.5-1 Hence the filter is noncausal and therefore unrealizable. Since h(t) ia a Gaussian fonction delayed by to it looks serveur in the adjacent figure. Choosing to = 3V2K. h(0) = e~*® = 0.011 or 1.1% ofits peak value, Hence tow 3V3E is a reasonable choice to make the filter approximately realizable 2x10 -juto e108 From pair 3, Table 3.1 and time-shifting property, we get Hw)= A(t) = enters The impulse response is noncausal. and the filter is unrealizable. Figure $3.5-2 The exponential delays to 1.8% at 4 times constants. Hence to = 4/a = 4.x 10°* = 40us is @ reasonable choice to make this filter approximately realizable. From the results in Example 3.16 a 1 Los WON= yee = RC 1. Hence if w; is the frequency where the amplitude response drops to 0.95. then weni= Jats 107 Moreover. the time delay is given by (see Example 3.16) Also Hi = 0.95 => ws = 328.684 0-8 telw) = Seige tO) = i = If.ay is the frequency where the time delay drops to 0.98% of its value at «= 0. then 108 -« = 7. taw2) = qe = 0.98 x 1078 => wy = 142,857 We select the amaller of w and w2. that is w = 142,857, where both the specifications are satisfied. This vields 1a frequency of 22.7364 Hz. ‘There is a typo in this example. The time delay tolerance should be 4% instead of 1%. sc SFI 2000 centered at w = 10° represents the frequency range from 0.99 x 10° to 1.01 x 10°, Let us consider the gains and the time delays at the band edges. From Example 3.16 rr 1a tal At the edges of the band 261H (0.99 x 10° = Seeger = 10 «107%, and (0.01 « 10°)| = Jepgedigrraes = 9:90) «107 “The gain vasiation over the band is only 1.99%. Similarly, we find the time delays atthe band edges as 1410.99 x 10°) = ooerlrsrer = oor and ta(1.01 10°) = orci sre = ronbaor “The time delay variation over the band is 4%. Hence, the transmission may be considered distortionless, The Zignal is tranemitted with a gain and time delay at the center of the band, thet ig © 10°, We also find TH(0*) = 0.01 and t4(10°) = 17. Hence, if g(t) is the input. the corresponding output i= u(t) = 0.01 a(t ~ 107 git) t> Fig. 83.6-1 3.61 ¥ (a) = G(w) rect (3)° detotkomeT) x Gla) rect (72) Ib ~ sk sinsT} ‘This follows fiom the fart that ef & 1-47 when + € 1, Moreover, Glu)rect (gp) = OCH) hecause GI) is bandlimited to B He. Hence ¥ (a) = Gla) 2"? = jkG(w) sin wT oS Moreover, we can show that (see Prob. 3.3-5) Plott +7) ~ ake TH Ge Hence ut) = oft = to) + Eigtt = to 7) ~ alt= 19+ 7) Figure $3.6-1 shows 9(f) and u(t) 4.62 Recall that the transfer function of an ideal time delay of 7 seconds is ¢"/“7. Hence, the transfer function of the equalizer in Fig. P3.6-2 is Heq(w) = 90+ aye age Pet ane 2meOt Ideally, we require the equalizer to have 1 Wal laesves = TER wang gta eB gh PMB Lt ‘The equalizer in Fig. P3.6-2 approximates this expression if we select ao = 1 a1 = —a. 02 (-1)"o" 23.71 [Ufone Letting £ = dy and consequently dt = yd egg [rte Ee Ey = Va Sagas = Fave Also from pair 22 (Table 3.1) Aut Gu) £ [awe a Lerting au: = Jp and consequently da = hyde Bl are vie} El. a= Tava OVE 3.7-2 Consider a signal alt) =sinc(kt) and Glu) = Zrect (#) sine?(ki) dt = 3.763 Recall that [eater ae and f alter dt = Or) Therefore f au(tgalt) dt = af a(t) oe «| dt = [om if ate «4 dan [eut-epoaterae Interchanging the roles of g:(t) and a(t) in the above development. we can show that [atone = & f_overanaree 3.7-4 In the generalized Parseval's theorem in Prob. 37-3, if we identify ox(t) = sine (2#Bt — mz) and on(t) = sinc (2eBt - nz), then Gala) = Ayreet (qq) HR. and Gate f{ au(thar(tydt = | < 2B. and is 0 otherwise, Hence Therefore am [b= (aa) OF But rect (zp) = 1 for 28[-ncooxnar= ae [ee fem OE In evaluating the integral. we used the fact that #7" = 1 when k is an integer. 3.7-5 Application of duality property (Eq. (3.24)] to pair 3 (Table 3.1) yields weg ‘The signal energy is given by & if fare ™ ho The energy contained within the band (0 to W’ ) is Bente [ede BHM If Ew = 0.996y. then 2.3028 001 me W = 28 aie 0.366 He 3.76 14 92) ea A(w). then the output (2) = A(c)H (w). where H(w) is the lowpass filter transfer function (Fig. $3 7-6). Because this filter band Af — 0, we may express it as an impulse function of area 4nA/. Thus. [Ars ]Ae) and ¥ (w) & [4m A(w)As]O(e) = A ACO}ALIN) Here we used the property 9(7)8(r) = 9(0)4(2) {Eq. (2.23a)]. This yields ylt)= 2A(O)AS Next. because q2(1) <=> A(z). we have Atey= [O o%ner"ar ao that a= [~ Pinan es, Hence. »(t) = 2E,Af. a Rao> Tag $/2D rap = af o> al o> Fig. 83.7-6 3.81 Let glt) = ou(t) + aa(t). Then 7. Ry(r) = firm if [ault) + gatt)jion(t +7) + galt + r)}ut am T Sena 191 (7) + Regal 7) + Roaga(T) + Reass (7) where . ym Rested = gin 3 [stones a 293.82 If we let gi(t) = Cr cos(wit + 41) and ga(t) = C2cos(wat + 42). then 17a Ramtri jin # [ cxcreatnt + yer +t + fet Tm -7/2 According tothe argument uted in Example22b. the integral on the right-hand side sae, Hence Ryin(7) = 0 Sing the same argument, we have Ryyy(*) = 0. Therefore Ralt) ‘This result can be extended to a sum of any number of sinusoids as long as the frequency of each sinusoid is distinct. hence. if Rost) + Ryle) = Gecorurr + Peosuat olt) = So Cn cosinst +8) then Ralr) = eG coomvor Moreover, for go(t) = Co, Reo(T) = C3, and ranici= din, # [Tceicaten suerte ‘Thus. we can generalize the resuit as follows. If alt) =Cot Si Cacostnsot +6) then Ral) 8+. F coenor and Syl) = 2 CBA(e) + FS CHo(w — nwo) + Ole + nve)] Eat Figuve $3.8-20 shows the waveforms 1(t) and z(1~ 1) for 7 < To/2. Let T = NTs. On the scrate there are An ulate in the waveform of duration 7. The area under the product 7(t)z(t ~ 7) is N/2 times (Ba ryes shown in Fig. $3.8-2b. Therefore vn 3 [arene toa T Sra For 3 < jr] < To. there is no overlap between pulses, and R.(r) = 0. For Ty < |ri S 3B. pulses again overlap. Bee erage. only half pulses overlap. Hence. Rq(r) repeats every Tp seconds, bur only half the Pragnitude, ax shown in Fig. S28-2¢. We can express Rx(r) a8 a sum of two componen's. shown in Fig. $38.24. This, Re(r) = Ralr) + Ralr)- The PSD is the sum of the Fourier transforms of Ra(r) and Ral). Hence Suu) = B sine? (22) + 5214) where Solu) is the Fourier transform of the periodic triangle function, shown in Fig. $3.8-2d. We find the ‘exponential Fourier series for this per fiodic signal to be S Damn an Ralr)= > Dae’ ae E Using Eq. (2.80). we find Dy = zysine*( 4). Hence, according to Eq (3.41) sed= = sine? (SE) Mo —man) 30i (a Cg ie Area T Ber (>) * Me % % we Me “2% 35 GH BU 3 2 TH : eb 3 ae (eo? ¢ Rte) “bin Tit te "s RTD Sy m= = 30 se Sf BF Br Bez (dy $0) -or vat ca a a Fig. $3.8-2 Therefore sats) = Bin? (2B) + YS sine? (3) ae- me) a= z 3.8-3 112) = aby and |Ht2)!? = A @) Fnwe (be) P= wo Fak [Cuenta , aif plang 0 8.8-4 The ideal differentiator transfer function is jv. Hence. the transfer function of the entire system is 2 we me (Aq) w= Ba and WIP = + 32Chapter 4 SS ‘cos 1000 4.241 (i) For mit 1 (t) e08 10,000t = cos 1000¥ cos 10, 000t 1 = }leo=90004 + cos 10001) Be Use, Posnsel!) (ii) For m1) = 2cos 10007 + cos 2000" (t) = m(t) cos 10.0004 = {2 e0s 10001 + cos 2000!| cos 10.0001 059000! + cos 11.000! + 3 feos 8000t + cos 12, 0001 = {cos 90001 + 3 cos 80001] + [eos 1.0008 + cos 12.0004) —_——_—L ——- Te rs Lait) For 1/1) = cs 10004 €0s 30001 ) = m(t}.c0s 10,0001 = Z{cos 2000¢ + cos 4000t] cos 10,000" ¥nsesclt = }[eos8000r + cos 12.0001} + 3 feos 6000 + eas 14, 0004 enor ose + fe 0 + 4.08 18 ose ‘This information is summarized in a table below. Figure S4.2-1 shows various spectra. Modulated signal stechum wal =a “6K Fig. 94.244 33Cb 2 @) a) a § Me) 2200-5 {aco «20> THieo UsB je 2B 13-5] vee =lo0 (oo ~igce0 oO a igore (ip MQ) a) . & (6) &(e> 2 wel usb LB a ue use oO = =19,£0 8 Oo 8 igeoo =iqoe< Fig. $4.2-2 Fig. $4.23 case] Baseband frequency] DSB frequency | LSB frequency | USB frequency 000 | —.000 | i 1000 000 and 11,000 | i 1000 ‘3000 and 11,0001 9000 | ‘11,000 2000" 8000 and 12.000 8000" 12,000 2000 8000 and 12.000 ‘8000 12,000 4000 GOO and 14,0007 6000 | ~14.000~—~«| 4.2-2 The relevant plots are shown in Fig. $4.2-2 4.2-3 The relevant plots are shown in Fig. $4.2-3. 4.2-4 (a) The signal at point bis : oan) dal?) = m{t) cos* wet Sed = nt) [Scosat + Fone 34425 42-6 “The term Jin(t)coswet is the desired modulated signal. whose spectrum is centered at vz. The remaining term Yiv()}eoadex! is the unwanted term, which represents the modulated signal with carrier reavency Se: Sih shectram centered at #3.c as shown in Fig, $4.2-4, The bandpass filter centered at ve allows to pass the desired term fin(t) cose, but suppresses the unwanted term t(t)cosGuct. Hence. this eystem works as desined with the output 31n(t) cos ve. (b) Figure $4.2-4 shows the spectra at points b and c. {¢) The minimum useble value of we is 2B in order to avoid spectral folding at de rc) tn(t) C08? wet = oo [1 + cos 2uet) 1 1 Jm(r) + $m(t)con duet ‘The signal st point b consists of the baseband signal Jrn(t) and a modulated signal 3rm(‘) cos 2ucs which has @ carrier frequency 2we not the desired value we. Both the components will be suppressed by the filter. whose Center center frequency is we. Hence, this system will not do the desired job. fc) The reader may verify that the identity for cos must contains a term cosuet when n is odd. This is not true shen 1 is even, Hence. the system works for a carrier cos” wet only when n is odd. ' at @ Fig. S4.2-4 We use the ring modulator shown in Fig. 4.6 with the carrier frequency fe = 100 kHz (< = 200% x 10°), and the output bandpass filter centered at fe = 300 kHz. The output 1(t) is found in Eq. (4.7b) as tthe dfmttneon se = Emineoe a.t+ b(n Boe] The outpr ondpas fer uppenes all he terme exept the one centered at SEO Ms coreaponding 19th carrier Sit). Hence. the filter output is 4 me w(t) = 'm(t) cos B2ct ‘This is the desired output kin(?) cosizet with k = -4/3n. “The resistance of each diode is » ohms while conducting. and co when off. When the cartier cos." is positive the diodes conduct (during the entire positive half cycle). and when the carrier is negative the diodes are open (during the entite negative half cycle). Thus, during the positive half cycle, the voltage 9; 0(") appeais across iach of the secistors Zt, During the negative half cycle. the output voltage is zero. Therefore, the diodes act ss f gate in the circuit that is basically a voltage divider with a gain 27/(R +r). The output is therefore an oem) colt The period of w(t) is To = 2n/we. Hence, from Eq, (2.75)