Probability and Statistics Probability and Statistics

Formula Sheet Formula Sheet

I. Descriptive Statistics
Sample Mean Sample Mean Depth of Median Midrange Range
(List of Data) (Freq. Distrib.)

x
x
n

xf
x
f

1
( )
2
n
d x
+

2
H L
Midrange
+
R H L
Sample Variance Pop. Variance Sample St. Deviation Pop. St. Deviation
(List of Data) (List of Data) (List of Data) (List of Data)
( )
2
2
1
x x
s
n

( )
2
2
x
N

( )
2
1
x x
s
n

( )
2
x
N

Variance St. Deviation
(Grouped Data) (Grouped Data)
( )
2
2
2
1
m
m
f x
f x
n
s
n
_



,

( )
2
2
1
m
m
f x
f x
n
s
n
_



,

Chebyshevs Standard Score Percentile of a Piece of Data k th Percentile Interquartile

Theorem z -score Range
2
1
1 at least
k

x
z

number of values below+0.5

percentile= 100
total number of values


100
k
nk
P
3 1
IQR Q Q
II. Probability
Permutation Rule: The arrangement of n objects in a specific order using r objects at a time is called a permutation of n objects taken r
objects at a time. It is written
n r
P
and the formula is
!
( )!
n r
n
P
n r

Combination Rule: The number of combinations of r objects selected from n objects is denoted by
n r
C
, or
n
r
_

,
, and is given by the
formula
!
!( )!
n r
n
C
r n r

.
Empirical Theoretical Complement General Special Addition Rule
Probability Probability Rule Addition Rule Mutually Exclusive Events
( )
( )
n A
P A
n

( )
( )
( )
n A
P A
n S

( ) 1 ( ) P A P A
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) P Aor B P A P B P Aand B +

( ... ) ( ) ( ) ... ( ) P Aor Bor D P A P B P D + + +
General Special Multiplication Rule Conditional
Multiplication Rule for Independent Events Probability
( ) ( ) ( | ) P Aand B P A P B A ( ... ) ( ) ( ) ... ( ) P Aand Band and D P A P B P D
( )
( | )
( )
P Aand B
P AB
P B

Mean of a Variance of a St. Deviation of a Binomial

Prob. Distribution Prob. Distribution Prob. Distribution Prob. Function
[ ] ( ) x P x
2 2 2
( ) x P x 1
]
2 2
( ) x P x 1
]
( ) 0,1,2,...
x n x
n
P x p q for x
x

_


,
Mean of a Variance of a Standard Deviation of a
Binomial Random Variable Binomial Random Variable Binomial Random Variable
np
2
npq npq
III. Inferential Statistics
z-score z-score Standard Error Confidence Interval Sample Size Needed for an
(Piece of Data) (Sample Mean) of the Mean Estimate for

, (

Known) Interval Estimate of Pop. Mean

x
z

x
x
x
z

x
n

2
x z
n

t
2
2
z
n
E
_


,
Confidence Interval Confidence Iterval Sample Size Needed for an
Estimate for

, (

Unknown) Estimate for p Interval Estimate of Pop. Proportion

2
s
x t
n
t

2

pq
p z
n
t
2
2

z
n pq
E

_


,
Test Statistic Mean Test Statistic Mean Test Statistic Proportions
(

Known) (

Unknown)

* x
x
z
n

*
withdf 1
x
x
t n
s
n



*

with
p p x
z p
n pq
n

Equation for Slope for y-intercept for Pearsons Product
Line of Best Fit Line of Best Fit Line of Best Fit Moment r

0 1
y b b x +
( ) ( )
( )
1 2
x x y y
b
x x

0 1
b y b x
1
1
x y
x x y y
r
n s s
_ _

, ,
Test Statistic Confidence Interval Confidence Interval
Variance or St. Deviation Variance Standard Deviation
2
2
2
( 1)
withdf 1
n s
n

2 2
2
2 2
larger smaller
( 1) ( 1) n s n s

< <

2 2
2 2
larger smaller
( 1) ( 1) n s n s

< <
Goodness-of-Fit Chi-Square
Chi-Square Test Test for Independence
2
2
( ) O E
E

2
2
( ) O E
E

df = # categories 1 df = (rows - 1)(columns 1)

expected value =
rowsumcolumnsum
grand total