Quantitative Research Data Collection and Analysis

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 (QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH)
Quarter 2 - Week 4-7
TOPICS:
 COLLECTS DATA USING APPROPRIATE INSTRUMENTS
 PRESENTS AND INTERPRETS DATA IN TABULAR OR GRAPHICAL FORMS AND USES
STATISTICAL TECHNIQUES TO ANALYZE DATA- STUDY OF DIFFERENCES AND
RELATIONSHIPS LIMITED OR BIVARIATE ANALYSIS
I.CONNECT AND LEARN
In your previous module, we talked about the different types of a quantitative research design, describes
sampling procedures and sample, constructs an instrument and establishes its validity and reliability, describe
intervention (if applicable) and presents written research methodology.
In this module, you will collect data using appropriate instruments, presents and interprets data in tabular or
graphical forms and use statistical techniques to analyze data – study of differences and relationships limited for
bivariate analysis.
II. MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING COMPETENCIES (MELCS)
1. Collects data using appropriate instruments (CS_RS12-IId-g-1).

2. Presents and interprets data in tabular or graphical forms. (CS_RS12-IId-g-2).
3. Uses statistical techniques to analyze data – study of differences and relationships limited for bivariate
analysis. (CS_RS12-IId-g--3).
III. Objectives:
In this lesson, you will learn:
a. Discuss what data collection is;
b. Identify data collection procedures and skills using varied instruments;
c. Identify statistical methodologies;
d. Presents and interprets data in tabular or graphical forms;
e. Explain quantitative data analysis; and
f. Identify the steps in quantitative data analysis.
IV. DISCUSSION:
COLLECTS DATA USING APPROPRIATE INSTRUMENTS
Data collection is the process of gathering and measuring information on variables of interest, in an
established systematic fashion that enables one to answer stated research questions, test hypotheses, and evaluate
outcomes (Most et al, 2003). On the other hand, according to Babbie (2004), the data collection component of
research is common to all fields of study including physical and social sciences, humanities, business, etc. While
methods vary by discipline, the emphasis on ensuring accurate and honest collection remains the same.
DATA COLLECTION INSTRUMENTS

 Accurate and systematic data collection is critical to conducting scientific research.
 Data collection allows us to collect information that we want to collect about our study objects
 Depending on research type, methods of data collection include: documents review, observation, questioning,
measuring, or a combination of different methods.
Data Collection Procedures and Skills Using Varied Instruments

We can gather quantitative data in a variety of ways and from a number of different sources. Many of these
are similar to sources of qualitative data, for example:
1. Questionnaires - a series of questions and other prompts for the purpose of gathering information from
respondents. According to (Abawi, 2014) a questionnaire is a data collection instrument consistent of a series of
questions and other prompts for the purpose of gathering information from respondents. The questionnaire was
invented by Sir Francis Galton.
Steps required to design and administer a questionnaire
1. Defining the objectives of the Study
2. Define the target respondents and methods to reach them.
3. Questionnaire design
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4. Pilot testing
5. Questionnaire administration
6. Results interpretation
Defining the Objectives of the Study

 A questionnaire should allow us to collect the most complete and accurate data in a logical flow.
– This is done in order to reach reliable conclusions from what we are planning to observe.
 A well-designed questionnaire should meet the research goal and objectives and minimize unanswered
questions, a common problem bound to many surveys.
2. Interviews - a conversation between two or more people (the interviewer and the interviewee) where questions
are asked by the interviewer to obtain information from the interviewee - a more structured approach would be
used to gather quantitative data.
 Interviews consist of collecting data by asking questions. 
 Data can be collected by listening to individuals, recording, filming their responses, or a combination of
methods.
There are four types of interview:

1. Structured interview
2. Semi-structured interview
3. In-depth interview
4. Focused group discussion
Structured interview
 In structured interviews the questions as well as their order is already scheduled.
 Your additional intervention consists of giving more explanation to clarify your question (if needed), and to
ask your respondent to provide more explanation if the answer they provide is vague (probing).
Semi-structured and in-depth interviews
 Semi-structured interviews include a number of planned questions, but the interviewer has more freedom to
modify the wording and order of questions.
 In-depth interview is less formal and the least structured, in which the wording and questions are not
predetermined. This type of interview is more appropriate to collect complex information with a higher
proportion of opinion-based information.
Focus group discussion
 Focus group is a structured discussion with the purpose of stimulating conversation around a specific topic.
 Focus group discussion is led by a facilitator who poses questions and the participants give their thoughts and
opinions.
 Focus group discussion gives us the possibility to cross check one individual’s opinion with other opinions
gathered.
 In a group situation, members tend to be more open and the dynamics within the group and interaction can
enrich the quality and quantity of information needed.
Focus group discussion, some practical issues The ideal size of the Focus groups:
 8-10 participants
 1 Facilitator
 1 Note-taker
Preparation for the Focus Group
 Identifying the purpose of the discussion 
 Identifying the participants 
 Develop the questions
Running the Focus Group

1. Opening the discussion
2. Managing the discussion
3. Closing the focus group
4. Follow-up after the focus group
3. Observation - a group or single participants are manipulated by the researcher, for example, asked to perform a
specific task or action. Observations are then made of their user behavior, user processes, workflows etc., either in a
controlled situation (e.g. lab based) or in a real-world situation (e.g. the workplace).
4. Transaction logs - recordings or logs of system or website activity.
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5. Documentary research - analysis of documents belonging to an organization.
PRESENTS AND INTERPRETS DATA IN TABULAR OR GRAPHICAL FORMS AND USES STATISTICAL
TECHNIQUES TO ANALYZE DATA- STUDY OF DIFFERENCES AND RELATIONSHIPS LIMITED OR
BIVARIATE ANALYSIS
Quantitative Data Analysis

It is a systematic approach to investigations during which numerical data is collected and/or the researcher
transforms what is collected or observed into numerical data. It often describes a situation or event; answering the
'what' and 'how many' questions you may have about something. This research involves measuring or counting
attributes (i.e. quantities)
A quantitative approach is often concerned with finding evidence to either support or contradict an idea or
hypothesis you might have. A hypothesis is where a predicted answer to a research question is proposed, for example,
you might propose that if you give a student training in how to use a search engine it will improve their success in
finding information on the Internet.
Once you have collected your data you need to make sense of the responses you have got back.
Quantitative data analysis enables you to make sense of data by:

1. organizing them
2. summarizing them
3. doing exploratory analysis
And to communicate the meaning to others by presenting data as:

1. tables
2. graphical displays
3. summary statistics
It can be observed in table 1.a. that the respondents who answered the survey questionnaire administered by
the researcher, shows that majority of them are female with frequency counts of seventy nine percent (79) and it has
the corresponding percentage of sixty nine point nine (69.9 %).
On the other side, male has a frequency count of thirty four (34) and it has the corresponding percentage of
thirty point one (30.1 %). Hence, majority of the respondents are female.
The actual distribution in terms of gender is presented in the pie chart in order to have a clear understanding
in the distribution of gender of the respondents in the study.
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It can be gleaned in the table above, the problems encountered by the teachers in implementing child
protection policy and how serious it is based on the answers of the teachers in the questionnaire.
Based on the result, the highest weighted mean among the problems encountered by the teachers revealed in
the statement……
You can also use Quantitative data analysis to see: 

 Where responses are similar, for example, we might find that the majority of students all go to the university
library twice a week
 If there are differences between the things we have studied, for example, 1st year students might go once a
week to the library, 2nd year students twice a week and 3rd year students three times a week
 If there is a relationship between the things we have studied. So, is there a relationship between the number
of times a student goes to the library and their year of study.
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On the other hand, if the t-value is higher than the set alpha level of (0.05) level of significance the Null
Hypotheses states that “there is no significant difference” is “rejected” or “failure to accept”, therefore, the alternative
hypothesis states that “there is a significant difference” is “accepted” or “failure to reject”.
Statistical Analysis
Before you proceed in analysing your data there are types of analysis and tools you need to be familiarize
with some concepts: 
 Population - the whole units of analysis that might be investigated, this could be students, cats, house prices
etc.
 Sample - the actual set of units selected for investigation and who participate in the research.
 Variable - characteristics of the units/participants.
 Value - the score/label/value of a variable, not the frequency of occurrence.
 Case/subject - the individual unit/participant of the study/research
Steps in Quantitative Data Analysis

According to Baraceros (2016), she identified the different steps in quantitative data analysis and she quoted
that no ―data organization means no sound data analysis
1. Coding system – to analyzed data means to quantify of change the verbally expressed data into numerical
information. Converting the words, images, or pictures into numbers, they become fit for any analytical procedures
requiring knowledge of arithmetic and mathematical computations. But it is not possible for the researcher to do the
mathematical operations such as division, multiplication, or subtraction in the word level, unless you code the verbal
responses and observation categories. For example: As regards gender variable, give number 1 as the code or value for
Male and number 2 for Female.
2. Analyzing the Data- Data coding and tabulation are both essential in preparing the data analysis. Before you
interpret every component of the data, the researcher decides first what kind of quantitative analysis to use whether to
use a simple descriptive statistical technique or an advance analytical method.
Statistical Methodologies
1. Descriptive Statistics- Descriptive statistics are a brief descriptive coefficient that summarizes a given data set,
which can be either a representation of the entire population or a sample of it. Descriptive statistics are broken down
into measures of central tendency and measures of variability, or spread. Measures of central tendency include the
mean, median and mode, while measures of variability include the standard deviation or variance, and the minimum
and maximum variables.
2. Inferential Statistics - For example, you want to know the average height of all the men in a city with a population
of so many million residents. It isn't very practical to try and get the height of each man. This is where inferential
statistics comes into play. Inferential statistics makes inferences about populations using data drawn from the
population. Instead of using the entire population to gather the data, the statistician will collect a sample or samples
from the millions of residents and make inferences about the entire population using the sample.
The sample is a set of data taken from the population to represent the population. Probability distributions,
hypothesis testing, correlation testing and regression analysis fall under the category of inferential statistics.
Types of Statistical Data Analysis

 Univariate Analysis – analysis of one variable.
 Bivariate Analysis – analysis of two variables (independent and dependent)
 Multivariate Analysis – analysis of multiple relations between multiple variables.
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V. LEARNING ACTIVITIES/EXERCISES
Activity 1: Apply What I Know

Directions: Read the guide questions given below. Write your answer in separate sheet of paper. You will be graded
using a rubric.
Guide Questions:
1. What is the importance of administering questionnaire or interview in your study?
2. For you, which is your preferred data gathering instrument in your study? Why?
3. Make a scenario on how you will administer the instrument or questionnaire to your respondents.
Activity 2: Apply What I Learned

Performance Task: Your task is to interpret the given tables below. You will be graded using a rubric. Write your
answer in a separate sheet of paper.
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PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2
SUMMATIVE TEST
QUARTER 4- WEEK 4-7
I.IDENTIFICATION
Direction: Identify the following statement/s.
1. It the process of gathering and measuring information on variables of interest.
2. A series of questions and other prompts for the purpose of gathering information from respondents.
3. A conversation between two or more people (the interviewer and the interviewee) where questions are asked by the
interviewer to obtain information from the interviewee.
4. Your additional intervention consists of giving more explanation to clarify your question (if needed), and to ask
your respondent to provide more explanation if the answer they provide is vague (probing).
5. Is a structured discussion with the purpose of stimulating conversation around a specific topic.
6. It is less formal and the least structured, in which the wording and questions are not predetermined.
7. Include a number of planned questions, but the interviewer has more freedom to modify the wording and order of
questions.
8. Recordings or logs of system or website activity.
9. Analysis of documents belonging to an organization.
10. Accurate and systematic data collection is critical to conducting scientific research.
II. MULTIPLE CHOICE
Direction: Choose the letter of the best answer.

1. This refers to a paper containing series of questions formulated for an individual and independent answering by
several respondents for obtaining statistical information.
A. Interview B. Observation C. Questionnaire D. Survey
2. Aisa Teresa gets the number, weight, and height of her classmates as part of her study. What quantitative data
gathering technique does she used?
3. Jaycon give a paper containing series of questions to be answered by section Mayors in order for her to obtain
statistical information. What quantitative data gathering technique does she used?
4. It is a type of statistical analysis of variables that has an analysis of one variable?

A. Bivariate Analysis B. Multivariate Analysis C. One-Way Analysis of Variance D. Univariate Analysis
5. It is a statistical test for correlation coefficient which is used to measure the dependence of the dependent variable
on the independent variable?
A. Chi-square B. Pearson product-moment correlation C. Spearman’s rho D. T-test
6. It evaluates the probability that the mean of the sample reflects the mean of the population from where the sample
was drawn.
A. Bivariate Analysis B. Multivariate Analysis C. One-way Analysis of Variance D. Univariate Analysis
7. There are two steps in the quantitative data analysis; preparing the data and analyzing the data. What is the first
preparatory sub step in preparing the data?
A. Analysis of Percent Distribution B. Coding System C. Data Tabulation D. Mean Computation
8. It is the frequency of distribution and percentage of the occurrence of an item in a set of data.
A. Correlation B. Frequency Distribution C. Measure of Central Tendency D. Standard Deviation
9. What is considered as a brief descriptive coefficients that summarize a given data set, which can be either a
representation of the entire population or a sample of it?
A. Descriptive Statistics B. Inferential Statistics C. Multivariate Analysis D. Univariate Analysis
10. Which of the following is the actual set of units selected for investigation and who participate in the research?
A. Population B. Sample C. Value D. Variable
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11. The following are the considered as types of interviews EXCEPT ________.
A. Non- Focused interview B. Semi-structured interview C. Structured interview D. Transaction logs
12. What data collection procedure where a group or single participants are manipulated by the researcher, for
example, asked to perform a specific task or action?
13. What data collection procedure is considered as an analysis of documents belonging to an organization?
A. Documentary Research B. Interview C. Observation D. questionnaire
14. What is considered as the whole units of analysis that might be investigated, this could be students, cats, house
prices etc.?
15. Which of the following is considered as the score/label/value of a variable, not the frequency of occurrence?
III. TRUE or FALSE

Direction: Write TRUE if the statements is correct and write FALSE is the statement is incorrect.
1. Quantitative data analysis is a systematic approach to investigations during which numerical data is collected and/or
the researcher transforms what is collected or observed into numerical data.
2. A qualitative approach is often concerned with finding evidence to either support or contradict an idea or hypothesis
you might have.
3. Sample is the whole unit of analysis that might be investigated, this could be students, cats, house prices etc.
4. Case/subject the individual unit/participant of the study/research.
5. Population is a characteristic of the units/participants.
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PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 (QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH)

Quarter 2 - Week 4-7

II. MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING COMPETENCIES (MELCS)

1. Collects data using appropriate instruments (CS_RS12-IId-g-1).

COLLECTS DATA USING APPROPRIATE INSTRUMENTS

DATA COLLECTION INSTRUMENTS

Data Collection Procedures and Skills Using Varied Instruments

Defining the Objectives of the Study

There are four types of interview:

Running the Focus Group

Quantitative Data Analysis

Quantitative data analysis enables you to make sense of data by:

And to communicate the meaning to others by presenting data as:

You can also use Quantitative data analysis to see: 

Steps in Quantitative Data Analysis

Types of Statistical Data Analysis

Activity 1: Apply What I Know

Activity 2: Apply What I Learned

II. MULTIPLE CHOICE

Direction: Choose the letter of the best answer.

4. It is a type of statistical analysis of variables that has an analysis of one variable?

III. TRUE or FALSE

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