Basic Communications

Communication Systems Seminar
Glenn Research Center University of Akron
Lecture 3
Modulation and Demodulation Techniques in Communication Systems

Dr. Oke C. Ugweje
Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering The University of Akron Akron, OH 44325-3904 Wednesday June 28, 2000
Communication Systems Seminar, Summer 2000 Modulation and Demodulation Page 1
Outline of Presentation
F Modulation and Demodulation (MODEM) F Classification of Modulation Techniques F Baseband versus Bandpass Communications F Why Modulate? F Definition of Modulation F Analog Modulation Techniques F Digital Modulation Techniques (Sample) F Detection Detection Techniques F Digital MODEM Examples mASK, FSK, PSK, QPSK, OQPSK, DPSK, QAM F Factors Affecting Choice of Modulation F Comparisons of Digital MODEM F References
Modulation and Demodulation (MODEM)

Glenn Research Center
Digital input Source bits Channel bits From other sources Modulate Spread Multiple Access
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lm q
i
Format
Source Encoder
Channel Encoder
Multiplex
Tx
$ Pe
Performance Measure
Bits or Symbol
Waveforms
Rx
Source Decoder Digital output Channel Decoder Source bits Demodulate & Detect Multiple Access
$ lm q
i
Format
Demultiplex
Despread
Channel bits
To other destinations
Carrier & symbol synchronization
Communication Systems Seminar, Summer 2000
Modulation and Demodulation
Page 3
Classification of Modulation Techniques

m Modulation Techniques can be broadly classified as follows: l Digital versus Analog Modulation l Baseband versus Bandpass (Passband) Modulation l Binary versus M-ary Modulation l Memoryless Modulation versus Modulation with memory l Linear versus Nonlinear Modulation l Constant envelope versus Non-constant envelope Modulation l Power efficient versus Bandwidth efficient Modulation
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Baseband versus Bandpass Communications

m Baseband (Lowpass): l A signal whose frequency content (i.e. its spectrum) is in the vicinity of zero (i.e., f = 0 or dc) is said to be a baseband signal w Original source signal are sometimes said to be baseband l Baseband systems transmit baseband signals l This is usually not an effective means of communication. Why? m Bandpass (Passband or Narrowband): l Bandpass signal spectrum is nonzero in some band of frequency with BW = 2B centered about f = fc, where fc >> 0
X(f) X(fc) 0 B1 fc
2B
fc is carrier frequency
-B1
-f c
2B
-B2
B2
m Effective transmission of signal usually requires bandpass signal

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m Bandpass transmission involves some translation of the baseband signal to some band of frequency centered around fc m Bandpass Transmitter:
Message Signal
Source
Modulated Carrier Modulator Frequency Translation Local Oscillator
RF Carrier Power Amplifier
Carrier for Modulation
Carrier for Translation
Wire
l Carrier (high frequency pure sinusoidal generated by the local oscillator) is altered in response to a given low frequency signal (message signal) generated by the source
Why Modulate?
m Coupling EM wave into space - antenna size wavelength

= c f
l For speech signal f = 3 kHz = 105m l Antenna size without modulation = 105m = 60 miles l Practically unrealizable l Hence, efficient antenna of realistic physical size is needed for radio communication system m Information signal must conform to the limitation of its channel (channel matching) m Reduce the effect of interference, e.g. Spread Spectrum m Place signals at desired frequency band for signal processing purposes such as filtering, amplification, multiplexing m Used to map digital information sequence into waveforms
Definition of Modulation
m The technique of superimposing the message signal on the carrier is known as modulation m That is, modulation is the process by which a property or parameter of one signal (in this case the carrier) is varied in proportion to the second signal (in this case the message signal) m Modulation is performed at the transmitter, and the reverse operation (demodulation/detection) is performed at the receiving end m Let m(t) = message (or information) signal c(t) = carrier signal s(t) = modulated signal (transmitted signal)
m(t) Modulating c(t)
Modulator
s(t) Modulated
Carrier
Modulation and Demodulation Page 8
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l The carrier c(t) is a pure sinusoidal signal generally given as

c( t ) = A cos( 2f t + ( t )) c c c
where Ac = Amplitude, fc= Frequency, c(t) = Phase l Examination of c(t) indicate that there are 3 parameters which may be varied: 1. The amplitude Ac, 2. The frequency fc, and 3. The phase c(t) l These parameters can be varied in Analog or Digital form l When varied in Digital form, it is referred to as Shifting & Keying
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Analog Modulation Techniques

m Using the message signal m(t) to vary Ac, fc, c(t) leads to 3 basic types of analog modulation schemes respectively known as 1. Amplitude Modulation Amplitude m(t) Modulator 2. Frequency Modulation and 3. Phase Modulation
c(t)
s(t)
m These types of modulation are carrier/continuous wave modulation m In this case, the Intermediate Frequency (IF) or the Radio Frequency (RF) is modulated m Frequency & Phase Modulation are also known as Angle Modulation m Amplitude Modulation (AM) is used whenever a shift in the frequency components of a given signal is desired l E.g., transmitting voice signal (3 kHz) via EM wave requires that 3 kHz be raised several orders of magnitude before transmission

M(f) M( 0)
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fm
M( f + fc ) USB
fm
Ac 2
LSB
aAc 2
Sam ( f )
LSB
Ac 2
M( f fc) USB
fc fm
fc
fc + fm
fc fm
fc
fc + fm
m There are 4 kinds of Amplitude Modulation techniques, namely: 1) Conventional Amplitude Modulation Carrier + Upper Sideband + Lower Sideband 2) Double Sideband (DSB) Suppressed Carrier (SC) AM Upper Sideband + Lower Sideband 3) Single Sideband (SSB) AM Only one Sideband (Upper Sideband or Lower Sideband) 4) Vestigial Sideband (VSB) AM Upper Sideband + portions of the Lower Sideband
Digital Modulation Techniques (Sample)

F The purpose of digital modulation is to convert an informationbearing discrete-time symbol into a continuous-time waveform F Basic Techniques (Binary, M = 2): mCommon binary modulation schemes include lAmplitude Shift Keying (BASK) lFrequency Shift Keying (BFSK) lPhase Shift Keying (BPSK) lDifferential Phase Shift Keying (DPSK) F For M > 2, many variations of the above techniques exist usually classified as M-ary modulation mM-ary modulation schemes include lPhase Shift Keying (MPSK) w Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK)
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Offset QPSK (Staggered QPSK) (OQPSK/SQPSK) w /4 Differential QPSK (no carrier) (/4 DQPSK) w /4 Differential QPSK (with carrier) (/4 QPSK) w Differential MPSK (no carrier recovery) (DMPSK) lContinuous-Phase Frequency Shift Keying (CPFSK) lSinusoidal Frequency Shift Keying (SFSK) lMinimum Shift Keying (MSK) w Differential MSK (DMSK) w Gaussian MSK (GMSK) lAmplitude Phase Keying (MAPK) lQuadrature Amplitude Modulation (MQAM) w Superposed QAM lQuadrature Partial Response Signaling (QPRS)
Digital Detection Techniques

Glenn Research Center MODEM University of Akron
(Phase info required)
COHERENT
NONCOHERENT
(No Phase info required)
BINARY
M-ary
HYBRID
BINARY
M-ary
HYBRID
ASK (OOK) FSK (MSK) PSK
ASK FSK
APK(QAM)
ASK (OOK) FSK
ASK FSK DPSK
PSK (QPSK, OQPSK)
DPSK CPM CPM
Page 14
Digital MODEM Examples

F Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) mModulation Process: w Amplitude of the carrier is switched between two (or more) levels according to the digital data
Product modulator or ON-OFF switch
m(t)
0 T 3T
s(t )
A cos( ot )
Baseband Data OOK Modulator Modulated bandpass Signal
Page 15
University of Akron
mDetectors for ASK:
mPower Spectral Density: l Bandwidth

B = 2 Rb = 2 Tb
w
impulse
Null-to-null bandwidth
2 Tb fc + Rb fc + 2 Rb
Page 16
Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)

m Modulation Process: l In FSK, the instantaneous frequency of the carrier is switched between 2 or more levels according to the baseband digital data m Waveform:
f1 f2
so (t) = Ac cos( 1t + 1 )
s1(t) = Ac cos( 2 t + 2 )
m Discontinuous Phase FSK:

1 0 1 1 0 1
1 2
Phase Discontinuities
Page 17
University of Akron
m Continuous Phase FSK:

1 0 1 1 0 1
0 = 1
No Phase Discontinuities
m Demodulation of FSK:
Envelop Detection
Coherent
Communication Systems Seminar, Summer 2000 Modulation and Demodulation
Noncoherent
Page 18
University of Akron
m PSD of CPFSK:
Sunde's FSK
Page 19
Phase Shift Keying (PSK)

m Modulation Process: l In PSK, the phase of the carrier signal is switched between 2 or more values in response to the baseband digital data m Waveform:
m PSK Generation:
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m Receiver (Demodulator) for PSK:
?There is no non-coherent detection equivalent for PSK. Why? m Power Spectral Density of PSK: l Similar to that of ASK
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Quadrature PSK
01 s 1
00 s0
11
s2
s3
10
Page 22
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m In QPSK, the bit transition in I- & Q-channels occur simultaneously
Simultaneous transition of Q and I channels
Page 23
Offset QPSK
m In OQPSK, I-channel (or Q-channel) bit stream is offset by one bit period w.r.t. the Q-channel (or I-channel) prior to multiplication by the carrier Notice that the Q and I channels are not aligned and only one phase transition can occur once every Ts = Tb sec with a max at 90o
I-channel: even bits Q-channel: odd bits

Communication Systems Seminar, Summer 2000 Modulation and Demodulation
Phase Diagrams
Page 24
Differential PSK (DPSK)

m DPSK is regarded as the noncoherent version of binary PSK

ak dk1
Delay Ts
dk
dk =
Rd Sd T
ak = 0 k 1, ak = 1
k 1,
ak 0 0 1 1
dk 1 dk 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1
M_ary Case
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)

m Most commonly used combination of amplitude and phase signaling is the Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) m MQAM Modulator:
m M-ary QAM Demodulation:
Page 26
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m QAM Constellation:
Q Q Q
Type I 16 QAM (8, 8)
Type II 16 QAM (4, 12)
Type III 16 QAM (4, 8, 4)
Page 27
Factors Affecting Choice of Modulation

m Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) m Probability of error or Bit Error Rate (BER) m Power Efficiency, p l Power efficiency is a measure of how much received power is needed to achieve a specified BER (inversely proportional to BER l As BER increases, p decreases since transmitted power is wasted on more bad data m Bandwidth Efficiency (or Spectral Efficiency), B l Defined as the ratio of the bit rate to the channel bandwidth w If R is data rate and B is the RF signal bandwidth, then
B = R 1 = log2 M bps / Hz B BT
w The capacity of a digital system is directly related to B

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w The max possible bandwidth efficiency is

B
max
S C = log 1+ bps / Hz 2 N B
FH
IK
?Note: Binary systems are more Power Efficient, but less Spectral Efficient than M-ary systems m Performance in multipath environment l Envelope fluctuations and channel non-linearity m Implementation cost and complexity ? No modulation scheme possesses all the above characteristics; hence, trade-off are made when selecting modulation/demodulation schemes
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m For example, in wireless communications, it is important to select MODEM based on the following requirements l High Spectral Efficiency w These factors are affected l High Power Efficiency by baseband pulse shape and phase transition l High Fading Immunity characteristics of the signal F Practical Modulation Schemes
m FM m MSK m GMSK m QPSK m OQPSK m 4-DQPSK m MPSK
AMPS CT2 GSM, DCS 1800, CT3, DECT NADC (CDMA) - base transmitter NADC (CDMA) - mobile transmitter NADC (TDMA), PDC (Japan), PHP (Japan) (some wireless LANs)
Modulation and Demodulation Page 30
Comparisons of Digital MODEM

m For practical application, the choice of digital MODEM depends on:

l l l l bandwidth efficiency power efficiency error performance Complexity of implementation, and Cost
m Probability of symbol error or Probability of bit error is related to:

l Power efficiency l Bandwidth efficiency (spectral efficiency)
m Usually transmitted power and complexity increases with increase in bandwidth efficiency m The linear or nonlinear nature of the channel also affect the choice of digital MODEM m Lastly, but not the least, government regulations also affect the choice of digital MODEM
Error Performance Comparison

Modulation Type PM (coherent) m Baseband Systems l Unipolar l Polar l Bipolar m Bandpass Systems l BASK (OOK) l BFSK l BPSK l QPSK l OQPSK l DPSK
Pb (coherent)
Q
Eb N0
Pb (noncoherent)
e j Qe j Qe j Qe j Qe j Qe Qe j j Qe Qe j j 2 Qe j Qe j Qe j 2Qe sin j
2Eb N0 3 2 Eb N0 Es N0 Eb N0 Es No Eb N0 2 Es No 2 Eb N0 2 Eb N0 Eb N0 2 Es N0 2Es N0 M 2Q
1 exp 2 1 2
e j expe j
8A N
2 o Eb 2 No
Requires coherent detection Requires coherent detection
F H
2 Eb N0 1Q
I LM F KN H
2 Eb N0
I OP KQ
Not used in practice 1 exp 2
e j
Eb No
Page 32
University of Akron
m Error Performance of BPSK/QPSK: Bit Error Rate Symbol Error Rate
F P = QG H
b
2 Eb 2Q No
IJ K
F GH
A2Tb 2 No
I JK
P = 2Q e
FG H
2 Eb = 1 erfc No 2
IJ K
FG E IJ H NK
b o
Page 33
University of Akron
m Error Performance of BPSK/QPSK/DPSK/DQPSK/MQAM: Symbol Error Rate
Bit/Symbol Error Rate
P ( M ) 2QF H
E
2E s No
sin M
IK
Page 34
University of Akron
m Other Performance Comparison

Modulation Scheme BPSK QPSK 8-PSK 16-PSK Required Eb/No 10.6 dB 10.6 dB 14.0 dB 18.3 dB Min Channel B for ISI free signaling Rb 0.5Rb 0.33Rb 0.33Rb Max B (bits/s/Hz) 1 2 3 4 Required CNR 10.6 dB 13.6 dB 18.8 dB 24.3 dB
Pb = 10-6
Pb = 10-5
Modulation Scheme BPSK QPSK OQPSK MSK Eb/No (dB) 9.6 dB 9.6 dB 9.6 dB 9.6 dB Bandwidth Efficiency, B Nyquist 1.0 2.0 2.0 N/A Null-to-Null 0.5 1.0 1.0 2/3 Immunity to Nonlinearity D (worst) C B A (best) Implementation Complexity a (simple) a c d (complex)
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BPSK QAM, QPSK OQPSK MSK CPFSK - optimal detection QPR M-ary PSK APK
m Complexity
Low
Complexity
DQPSK DPSK CPFSK -discriminator detection FSK - noncoherent detection OOK - envelope detection
High
Ref: IEEE Communications Magazine 1988?
Page 36
References
1.
2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
O. C. Ugweje, Class Handouts on Communications and Signal Processing, Digital Communications, Wireless Communications, University of Akron, Akron Ohio http://www.ecgf.uakron.edu/ugweje/web/home.html B. Sklar, Digital Communications Fundamentals and Application, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1988. A. Bateman, Digital Communications Design for the Real World, AddisonWesley, 1988 J. G. Proakis, Digital Communications, 3rd Edition, McGraw-Hill, 1994. J. G. Proakis and Masoud Salehi, Communication Systems Engineering, PrenticeHall, 1994 A. Ambardar, Analog and Digital Signal Processing, PWS Publishing Company, MA, 1995 K. Feher, Digital Communications: Satellite/Earth Station Engineering, Prentice-Hall, Inc., New Jersey, 1983
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Communication Systems Seminar

Glenn Research Center University of Akron

Modulation and Demodulation Techniques in Communication Systems

Modulation and Demodulation (MODEM)

Carrier & symbol synchronization

Communication Systems Seminar, Summer 2000

Modulation and Demodulation

Classification of Modulation Techniques

Communication Systems Seminar, Summer 2000

Modulation and Demodulation

Baseband versus Bandpass Communications

m Effective transmission of signal usually requires bandpass signal

Glenn Research Center

Modulated Carrier Modulator Frequency Translation Local Oscillator

RF Carrier Power Amplifier

Carrier for Modulation

Carrier for Translation

m Coupling EM wave into space - antenna size wavelength

Glenn Research Center

l The carrier c(t) is a pure sinusoidal signal generally given as

Communication Systems Seminar, Summer 2000

Modulation and Demodulation

Analog Modulation Techniques

Glenn Research Center

Digital Modulation Techniques (Sample)

Glenn Research Center

Digital Detection Techniques

(Phase info required)

(No Phase info required)

ASK (OOK) FSK (MSK) PSK

ASK (OOK) FSK

ASK FSK DPSK

PSK (QPSK, OQPSK)

DPSK CPM CPM

Communication Systems Seminar, Summer 2000

Modulation and Demodulation

Digital MODEM Examples

Communication Systems Seminar, Summer 2000

Modulation and Demodulation

Glenn Research Center

mDetectors for ASK:

mPower Spectral Density: l Bandwidth

Communication Systems Seminar, Summer 2000

Modulation and Demodulation

Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)

m Discontinuous Phase FSK:

Modulation and Demodulation

Glenn Research Center

m Continuous Phase FSK:

Glenn Research Center

Communication Systems Seminar, Summer 2000

Modulation and Demodulation

Phase Shift Keying (PSK)

Communication Systems Seminar, Summer 2000

Modulation and Demodulation

Glenn Research Center

m Receiver (Demodulator) for PSK:

Communication Systems Seminar, Summer 2000

Modulation and Demodulation

Communication Systems Seminar, Summer 2000

Modulation and Demodulation

Glenn Research Center

m In QPSK, the bit transition in I- & Q-channels occur simultaneously

Simultaneous transition of Q and I channels