OPEN BOOK TEST

Problem 1: Point of comparison

Tensile test
The specimen of (12.8x60)mm is mounted by its ends into the holding grips of the testing apparatus. The tensile test machine is designed to elongate the specimen at constant rate. Uniaxial load along the specimen axis.

Creep test
Creep test is a tensile test for metallic materials, and compression test for the brittle materials but the specimen is exposed to a constant temperature. The specimen is surrounded by heat chamber.

Procedures

Heat chamber

I observed results: The specimen is elongated and necked when reach some value of load. Then the specimen is fractured. II - data results: 1. The machine output is (load elongation) curve. 2. This curve is converted to standard curve called (stress strain diagram) . 3. The derived properties: a) Modulus of elasticity. b) (Elastic, yield, plastic) regions. c) Toughness ( ). d) Tensile strength. e) Ductility.

I observed results: Upon the application of load, there is an instantaneous defamation it is mostly elastic. II - data results: creep curve is a relation between strain and elapsed time, and it consists three regions : a) Transient creep region.( material is experiencing an increase in creep resistance ) b) Steady state region (the rate of strain is constant, creep that is of the longest duration. c) Tertiary creep region. there is an acceleration of the rate and ultimate failure "rupture".

Results

Stress

Stain

Creep strain

Time, t

Problem 2: If we need to forecast the life for an element subjected to dynamic load in an internal combustion engine of a vehicle evaluated with Km, what is the essential information you needs? With the aid of standards books give a numerical example. Answer: The expected stresses and influences in the element:

1- Creep effects. 2- Fatigue stresses.

1- Creep effects: The element temperature. The element operating period w.r.t the load affected. 2- Fatigue stresses: Number of Kms (cycles) to be made by the element in each operating time. Value of mean stress affecting the element. The probability of the fatigue test for the element material. Types of geometrical continuities in the element and their number (holes, key way, grooves, threads). Note; the first and the most important factor affect the element is its material.

Example: we determine the maximum lifetimes of continuous driving that are possible at an average rotational velocity of 600 rpm for an alloy the fatigue data of
Stress amplitude Number of cycles 310 2x105 223 1x106 191 3x106 168 1x107 153 3x107 143 1x108 134 3x108 127 1x109

. and at a variety of stress levels

a) For a stress level of 450 MPa (65,000 psi), the fatigue ( lifetime is approximately 18,000 cycles This translates into (1.8 .x 104 cycles)(1 min/600 cycles) = 30 min b) For a stress level of 380 MPa (55,000 psi), the fatigue ( lifetime is approximately 1.5 x 105 cycles . This translates into (1.5 x 105 cycles)(1 min/600 cycles) = 250 .min = 4.2 h c) For a stress level of 310 MPa (45,000 psi), the fatigue ( .lifetime is approximately 1 x 106 cycles This translates into (1 x 106 cycles)(1 min/600 cycles) = 1667 .min = 27.8 h d) For a stress level of 275 MPa (40,000 psi), the fatigue lifetime is essentially infinite since we are below .the fatigue limit

Reference: Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering; William D.Callister, JR.