ENGG 103

Materials in Design

Creep
Callister Chapter 8
12 April 2016
 Creep
is

Time-dependent

Plastic Deformation

at

Constant Load or Stress

 Learning Objectives

 Understand the concepts of creep and stress rupture

 Understand and describe the three stages of creep
 Understand the proposed mechanisms
 Understand testing procedures for creep and stress
rupture
 Understand and apply the extrapolation of creep data
The Creep Test

Applying a constant load at a constant temperature

ASTM E139-70
Sample deformation at a constant stress (σ) vs. time

σ
σ,e

0 t

Primary Creep:
slope (creep rate)
decreases with time.
Tertiary Creep:
Secondary Creep: slope (creep rate)
steady-state increases with time, i.e.
i.e., constant slope (Δe /Δt). acceleration of rate.
5
 Creep: Temperature Dependence
Occurs at elevated temperature, T > 0.4 Tm (in K)

tertiary

primary
secondary

elastic

6
Secondary Creep
 Strain Rate Increases with Increasing T, σ

Combine the equations for the stress and temperature dependence of the
strain rate

The values A, Q and n are material specific and have to be determined

experimentally for each material
 Secondary Creep

____________________

_________________
_________ (material parameter)
material const.
_____________

Strain rate is constant at a given T, Stress

-- strain hardening is balanced by recovery

9
Strain rate increases with increasing T, σ

2 00
427°C
Stress (MPa)

10 0
______C
40
20
649°C
10

10 -2 10 -1 1

Steady state creep rate es (%/1000hr)

 Design parameters

The steady-state (minimum) creep rate is the most

important design parameter

Two standards

 Stress to produce a creep rate of 0.0001 % per hour

‒ Used for jet-engine alloys

 Stress to produce a creep rate of 0.00001 % per hour

‒ Used for steam turbines
 Stress Required to Produce a Certain
Creep Rate

For example

At 600C, a stress of _________MPa will result in a strain rate of 0.0001%,

At 800C this same strain rate will be caused by a stress of only ________MPa
Creep Damage
Creep Damage
 Creep Failure

Failure: along grain boundaries

g.b. cavities

applied
stress

15
Creep Mechanisms
 Creep Mechanisms

 Grain boundary sliding

 Diffusion controlled creep

 Diffusion through the lattice
 Diffusion along grain boundaries

 Dislocation motion
 Dislocation slip
 Dislocation climb
 Grain Boundary Sliding

At elevated temperature, grain boundaries can move

relative to each other by a mechanism of grain-
boundary sliding

Amount of strain in each movement is different

Contribution to total strain can be as high as 50%
Experimental verification
of grain boundary sliding Shear stress

Scratch mark
Scratch mark
 Diffusion Controlled Creep

Creep by diffusion through the lattice (Nabarro-Herring Creep)

Creep by diffusion along grain boundaries (Coble Creep)

 Creep by Dislocation Motion

Dislocation glide (slip)

Dislocation climb
Creep Deformation
Mechanism Maps
Creep Deformation Mechanism Maps

A practical way of illustrating the competition between

the competing creep deformation mechanisms is with
Creep Deformation Mechanism Maps

The various regions in the map indicate the dominant

deformation mechanism for that stress-temperature
combination

Note that stress is normalized with respect to the shear

modulus and temperature with respect to the melting
point (homologous temperature)
 Creep Deformation Mechanism Maps

Note
The symbol µ is often used for the shear modulus G
A real creep deformation mechanism map

Nickel
As we increase the temperature at constant stress, the creep rate increases

As we increase the stress at constant temperature, the creep rate increases

 Prediction of Long-term Properties

In engineering practice we are often confronted with a situation for

which there is no experimental information

For example
In a certain design, the creep strength to give 1% deformation in
100 000 hours (11.4 years) is required but the alloy has only
been in existence for two years and hence, some extrapolation
is required

Note
We can only extrapolate when we are sure that no structural
changes will occur
 Design of Material to Resist Creep

 Choose a material with a high melting point

Creep rates are proportional to T(operating) / T(melting point)

 Maximise obstruction to dislocation motion

By alloying or precipitation hardening
(provided the precipitates are stable at the operating temperature)

 Choose if possible a material with a large lattice resistance

Such as oxides silicon carbide

Creep-resistant materials in current use are successful because they

meet these criteria
Selecting materials to resist creep
Stress Rupture
 Stress-Rupture Test

Essentially the same type of test as a creep test, but

 Carried out to failure
 Higher loads are used
 Low stresses are usually used
 Terminated in 1000 h
(Creep tests take 2000 to 10 000 h)

 Total strain about 50%

(Strain in creep test typically < 0.5%)

 Structural changes occur in the course of the test

 Stress - rupture Data

The changes in slope are

due to structural changes
occurring in the course of
the test

The basic information is the time to failure at a given nominal stress

for a given temperature,

The material under consideration will fail after 100 hours under a stress of
_____________at 550C,
but under a stress of only ___________MPa at a temperature of 800C
 Prediction of Creep Rupture Lifetime
Estimate rupture time S-590 Iron, T = 800C, σ = 20,000 psi

100 Time to rupture, tr

Stress (103 psi)

20 function of
temperature
10 applied stress
time to failure (rupture)

data for
S-590 Iron
1
12 16 20 24 28
103 L (K-h)

Ans: tr = 233 hr
33
 Summary : Failure

 Engineering materials not as strong as predicted by theory

 Flaws act as stress concentrators that cause failure at

stresses lower than theoretical values.

 Sharp corners produce large stress concentrations

and premature failure.

34
 Summary : Failure
 Failure type depends on T and σ

 For simple fracture (noncyclic σ and T < 0.4Tm)

• Failure stress decreases with

- increased maximum flaw size
- decreased T,
- increased rate of loading.

 For fatigue (cyclic σ)

• Cycles to fail decreases as Δσ increases

 For creep (T > 0.4Tm)

• Time to rupture decreases as σ or T increases.
 Home Assignments

Problems 8.30; 8..31; 8.32; 8.34; 8.36; 8.39; 8.40;

8D5; 8D7

Study the Summary Callister pp. 289 from generalized

creep behaviour