L Hoptal S

CHAPTER 7 TECHNIQUES OF INTEGRATION.
eHOPITAL·S
RULE. AND IMPROPER INTEGRALS
7.1 BASIC INTEGRATION FORMULAS

1.
J J8x dx 1j [ du==8x +dx ] J k = 2JU + C = 2J8x2 + 1 + C 16x u 1 + 16x JU

2 2 -+
2. )
J vi!cos3xsin x i [dU== 13+3 sindxx ] J 3 dx + cos x

-+
U
yU
dJ.:.= 2JU + C = 2J1 + 3 sin x + C
3.
J 3~
cos v dv; [d u= sin vd ] u=cosv v
-+
J 3JU
du = 3 ·£3 3/2 + C = 2(sin v)3/2 + C u
7.
J JX(Jx+l)j
u=JX
dU=2.;xdx 2 du = .ft
...... 2~u=21nlul+C=21n(JX+l)+C .
8.
J x~Jx= J JX(.ft-l)i
u=JX-l dU=2.;xdx 2 du = .ft

-+
2~u=21nlul+C=21nIJX-11+C
554
Chapter 7 Techniques of Integration,
L'Hcpital's
Rule, and Improper Integrals
10.
esc (1I"X - 1) dx; [~:::
~~ ] --+
J esc
u- ~u = -;.1 In I esc u + cot u 1+ C
=-
i In Iesc (1I"X 1) + cot (1I"X -
1) I+ C
12.
cot (3 + In x) ~ = 3 + In xl x dx; du = --+
$J
J cot u du = In Isin u 1+ C = In Isin (3 + In x) 1+ C
/~
13.
J sec idt;
lu-il
-3 du =~t
--+
J 3 sec u du = 3 In Isec u + tan u I+ C = 3 In Isec i+ tan iI+ C

] --+
14.
J x sec{x2 - 5) dx; [ :u==x;x-d:

I
J ! sec u du =!
In I sec u + tan ul+ C
= ! In sec (x2 - 5) + tan (x2 - 5) 1+ C
15.
J CSC(S-1I")dS;[~::~:]--+
u [
J cscudu=-lnlcscu+cotul+C=-lnlcsc(s-1I")+cot(s-1I")I+C
16.
-1 J o12esc idO; du=-~O0 ] --+ J - esc u du = In I esc u + cot u I+ C = In Icsc i+ cot iI+ C -
18.
J
tr/2
Sin(y)eCOSYdY;[
dU~=:_:~~~dY _ ]--+ x - 2 => u - 0, x - 11" => u - -1
.:«
J
0
-eUdu=
-1
eUdu=[eU]~l
=1-e-1=ee1
19.
etan vsec2
dv· [ u = ta~ v ] --+ , du = sec v dv
J eU du = eU+ C = e
tan
v+ C
Section 7.1 Basic Integration Formulas
555
20.
vtd du=...ili.... J e__o t; [U=0] J 2eu du = 2eu + C = 2eVIi' + C 20

-t
21.
dx J 3x+I dx·, [ udu= =x + 1 ] J 3

-t
du = (_I_)3U In 3
+ C = 3(x+l) + C In 3
24.
10
29
dB, du = 2 dB --+
•[
= 2B]
1u _ IOu _ 1( 10 ) 2"10 du - 2 In 10 + C - '2 In 10 + C
29
25.
J ~.[ 9u 1+
2'
X=3U]--+ dx = 3 du
J 13dxx +
=3tan-1x+C=3tan-13u+C
26.
J 1+(2x+1) 4dx
2;
1 [U =2X2+d ]-. d u= x
2du =2tan-1u+C=2tan-1(2x+l)+C 1+u 2
29.
';1- 84
2sds
;[d u=2s2d u= s s
]-..J
p=sin-1u+C=sin-1s2+C 1-u2
556
Chapter 7 Techniques of Integration, L'Hopital's Rule, and Improper Integrals
31.
f xv'25x 6dx
2
=
-
5x
n=~·5sec-115xl+C=6sec-115xl+C x2 - 25
32.
dr rvlr2-9
=lsec-11!:.I+C 3 3
33 .
J
J
X dx X= e +e
f
J
eXdx -2-x -; e
+1
[d u = eX] Xd u=e x
-> f
du = tan -1 u + C = tan -1 eX+ C -2-u +1
34 .
dy ~= ye-'-l
eYv(ey)2-1
Y e .1 dy
; [u - = -, d Yd
u-e
->
du ~=sec uyu--1
-1 lul+ C = sec-1 eY+C
35.
dx. x cos (In x) ,
x = 1 =>
= In x du - dx -x u = 0, x = e1r/3
u
=> u =
J -> I
1r
/3
sec u du = [ In I sec u + tan u I] 0

1r
/3
= In 1sec
i + tan ~ 1- In I sec 0 + tan

I
0 I = In (2 + y'3) -In (1) = In (2 + y'3)
36.
In x dX = x + 4x In 2x
(Inxdx );[ u~ln2x x 1 + 4 In2 x du = x In x dx
]->
I -211du4 =-81Inll+4ul+C=-81
+u
In(1+4In2x)+C
37.
f2 1
8 dx -8 X2 - 2x + 2 -
I2
1
dx 2; [ ~: ~~: 1 + (x - 1) x = 1 => u = 0, x = 2 0) =
=> u = 1
-> 8 II
0
= 8(tan-11-tan-1
S(i- 0) = 211"
=>
~: ~ ~: u = -1, x = 4
38. I4
2
2 2 dx = 2 4I dX2 ;[ x - 6x + 10 2 (x - 3) + 1 x= 2
=> u = 1
-> 2
Jl
-1
-2--
du
+1
= 2 tan
[_1]1
= 2 [tan -1 1 - tan -1 (-1 ) ] = 2 [
i - (- i)] = 11"
->
39.
J vi
_t2
dt
+ 4t -
f J'1- dt _ 2)2 ; [ ud= =t -dt2 ] (t

u u
Ib
1du -'
1 1 2 = sin- u + C = sin- (t - 2) + C
40.
y 20 - 02
~-dO
J 1-dO _ 1)2 '. [ (0
0d -dO 1 ] u-
->
~-sm y 1- u2
-1
u+C
-sm
. -1 (
0-1)+C
557
41.
(x+l)
~= x2+2x 1
dx (x+l)y'(x+l)2_1
;[~=X~1]--+ u= x
~=sec-lIUI+C=Sec-llx+11+C, u2-1
lul=lx+ll>
42.
dx (x-2)Vx2-4x+3
dx (x-2h!(x-2)2-1 1
;[U=X-2]--+ du ee dx
du uVu2-1
=sec-1Iul+C
=sec-1Ix+21+C,
lul=lx+21> f(sec2x+2
43.
f f
(sec x-l-cot xj+dx
e,
sec x cot x+cot2x)dx=
f sec2xdx+ f 2cscxdx+ f csc xdx- f 2secxdx+

2 2
f(csc2X-l)dX
= tan x - 2 In Iesc x + cot x 1- cot x - x + C
44.
(csc x=-tan xj+dx
ee
f (csc2x-2
esc x tanx+tan2x)dx=
f(sec2x-l)dx
= - cot x - 2 In 1 sec x + tan x] + tan x - x + C
45.
f esc x sin 3x dx = f (esc x)(sin 2x cos x + sin x cos 2x) dx = f (esc x)(2 sin x cos x + sin x cos 2x) dx = f (2 coS X+C08 2x) dx = f [(1 +C08 2x) +C08 2x] dx = f (1 +2 cos 2x) dx = 2x+ C
2
x-i-sin
46.
f (sin 3x cos 2x - cos 3x sin 2x) dx = f sin (3x - 2x) dx = f sin x dx = -cos
f x~1
dx=
x+ C
47.
(l-x~l)dx=x-Inlx+ll+C
48.
f -F-dx= x +1
V2
3
f(I--x _1_)dx=x-tan- x+c +1

2 1 3
49.
1
f
ix3 dx= x-I
(2x+-fE-)dx=[x2+Inlx2-1Il312=(9+I~8)-(2+1n
x-I
V2
3
v~
1)=7+1n8
50.
f ~~+Jdx= f
-1
[(2X-3)+2x~3]dx=[x2-3x+InI2x+31l~1
=(9-9+In9)~(1+3+In
1)=In9-4
-1
51
32 4t _t + 16t dt =
t2
+4
f [(4t -1)
+_4_] 2
t
+4
dt = 2t2 - t + 2 tan-1
(i) 2
+C
558 Chapter 7 Techniques of Integration, L'Hopital's
53.
~dx= 2 1- x
b- J
1 - x2 J
1r/4
1 2 p=sin- 2x+JI-x +C 1- x
54. J x+2v'x=!dx= 2xv'x=!

1r/4
dx +J 2Vx'=1
~=(x-l)1/2+lnlxl+C
55.
J
o
1 + s~nx dx = J cos x
(sec2x + sec x tan x) dx = [tan x-l sec X1o/4= (1 +
..j2)- (0 + 1) = ..j2
o
/
2
1/2 56.
J o
2-8x dx1 + 4x2 -
1/2 J (_2_2_~)dx=[tan-1(2X)_lnll+4x21]1 1 + 4x 1 + 4x
0
= (tan -1 1 - In 2) - (tan -1 0 - In 1) = i-In
57. J 1 d~ = +SlD x
-sin x\ dx = J (l-s~n x) dx = J (sec2x-sec I-sin2x cos x
x tan x) dx = tan x-sec
x-l-C
59.
1 sec e + tan
e de e de =
1 + sin
cos
e e de·'du == 1cossinde [u + e e]
->
J du -I
. u - n I u I + C - In I 1 + sin -
e I+ C
60.
1 csc e + cot
J 1+ cos e de j [ du = 1 + cos de...... sin e u = _ sin e e]
J -u- = - du
- In Iu 1+ C = - In I 1 + cos e I + C
61
1 dx= J cosx 1- sec x cos x-I
dx= J(1+
1 cos x-I
)dx=
J(1_1+COSX)dX= sin2 x
J(1-csc2x_COSX)dx sin2 x
=J
(I -
csc2 x - csc x cot x) dx = x + cot x + esc x + C
62 J 1 dx - J sin x . 1 - esc x sin x-I = J (1 - 1 + s~nx) dx = J cos x
dx -
(1 +
1 sin x-I
) dx - J (1 + sin x + 1 ) dx (sin x-l)( sin x + 1)
(1-
sec2 x - sin2 ) dx = J (1 - sec2x - sec x tan x) dx = x - tan x - sec x + C x cos x
21r
63.
J o
,jI- ~os x dx =
=4
21r
Isin ~Idx;
sin 2" for 0 :5 ~
>0 ] :5 1T
->
21r 0
J sin(~) dx = [-2 cos
~t1r
0
= -2(cos
1T -
cos 0)
= (-2)(-2)
559
64.
1 VI - cos 2x dx = 1 v!21 sin x I dx; [fO:i~ ~ ~ ~ 11" ]
->
v!21
0
sin x dx = [-v!2 cos xl~
= -v!2 (cos 11"- cos 0) = 2v!2
65.
.... .... /2
Vl+cos2tdt=
.... .... /2
v!2lcostldtj
[cost<o] for 1[< t < 71" 2- -
->
J J
.... .... /2
-v!2costdt=[-v!2sint[/2
..
= -v!2(sin
7I"-sin ~)=
v!2
66.
Jo
-'7r
VI + cos t dt =
J
0
v!21 cos ~ I dt; = 2v!2
-'7r
for -11"
cot i > 0 2-
<t <0
-
->
-'/r
= 2v!2[sin 0 - sin ( -~)]
67.
J....
o .... /2
Vl-cos 0
dO=
J....
[sin
01 dO;[for s~/l(}°5.
0]
->
L
0
-sin 0 dO= [cos (}l~ .... = cos 0 -cos (-71")
= 1- (-1) = 2
68.
....
Vl-sin2(}d(}=
.... /2
....
IcosOld(};
cos(}<O for 1[ < e < 71" 2-
1 .... f
->
-cos8dO=[-sin81~/2=-sin1l"+sin1[2=1
.... /2
vtan2y+ldy=
.... /4
[sec y l dy;
- .... /4
= In Iv!2 + II-In Iv!2 -
secy>O for _1[ < Y < 1[ 4-4
1 .... J
/4
->
secydy=[lnlsecy+tanyll//
....4 -.... 4
- .... /4
11
70.
vsec2y -1 dy
3.... /4
71.
3.... /4
(csc x-cot
x)2 dx =
3.... /4
(csc2x-2
esc x cot
x+cot2x)
dx =
(2 csc2x-I-2
esc x cot x) dx
1</4
1</4
1</4
=[ -2cotx-x+2cscx
371" 371" l3/4/4 = ( -2cotT-T+2cscT v!2)]
311") - ( -2cot'4-'4+2csc'4 71" 71"
11")
= [-2(-1)
- 3471" 2( v!2)]-[ -2(1) -~+2( +
= 4-~
560

w/4
72.
J
o
w/4
(secx+4cosx)2dx=
[sec2x+8+16e+s~n2x)]dx=[tanx+16x-4COS2xJ~/4
= (tan
i+ 47r- 4 cos ~) -
(tan 0 + 0 - 4 cos 0) = 5 + 47r
73.
J cos 0 esc (sin 0) dO;[dUu==c~~n dO] _. J esc u du = -In Oe

= -In
I esc
u + cot u I + C
I esc (sin 0) + cot (sin e) 1+ C
74.
J ( 1 + i) cot (x + In x) dx: [ du= =(xl+x 1~)X ] _. J cot u du = In I sin u 1+ C = In I sin (x + In x) 1+ C u + dx J (esc x-sec
x)(sin
x-j-cos
75.
x) dx =
f (1 + cot x-tan
x-I)
dx =
J cot x dx- J tan x dx
= In I sin x I + In I cos x I + C
77.
J .fi6(~Y+ Y); [ du u== .fi1 dy] _.. J 1 +d~ = 12 tan-1 Y 12 y IV

2yY
u
u + C = 12 tan-I.
ry + C
J
78.
J x ~=4x2 -1 J 2x/(2x)2 2dx J (x-1)v'x2-2x-48 7dx

=sec1
u 2X ;[d =2 d]-+ -1 u x
J u ~=sec-llul+c=sec-112xl+C 2 u -1
;[U=X-1]_' du ee dx
79.
J (x-1)V(x-1)2_49 7dx
J uv'u~-49 7du
=7.1sec-11!!I+C 7 7
Ix7'11+C
=
80.
J (2x+1)V4x2+4x dx
=!sec-112x+11+C
J (2x+1)/(2x+1)2_1 dx
;[~=2~~1]_' u= x
J 2u ~=!sec-llul+C 2 u -1
82.
J x~
=-
)J csch-11 js I+ C (from Table 6.15)
Section 7.1 Basic Integration 3 83. (a) J cos 8 d8 = J (cos 8)(1(b) J cos58dO=
Formulas
561
2 sin 8) dO; [dUu==C:~nOod8] J (1- u2) du = u - ~3 + C = sin 8 --+ d8= J(I-u2)2du= J(1-2u2+u4)du=u-~u3+55
-1 sin30 + C
+C
J (cos 8)(1_sin28)2
= sin 8 - ~ sin30 +! sin5 0 + C (c) J cos90 dO = J (cos8 0) (cos 0) dO = J (1-sin20)4(cos 8) dO
84. (a)
J sin38 d8 =
= - cos 8 +
1cos30 + C
2 J (1-cos 0)(sin
0) dO; [dU ~
=:.~~::
dO]
--+
J (1-u2)(-du)
= ~3 -u+C
(b) J sin50dO=
J(1-cos20)2(sinO)dO=
J(I-u2)2(-dU)=
J(-1+2u2-u4)dU
= - cos 8 + ~ cos38 (c) J sin70dO=
!cos5
0+ C
J(1-U2)3(-dU)=
J(-1+3u2-3u4+u6)dU=-COSO+cos30-~cos50+cofO+c 8) dO = J (l-cos20t(sin 0) dO
(d) J sin130 dO = J (sin120)(sin
85. (a) J tan30 dO = J (sec20 -l)(tan = ! tan2 0 + In Icos 0 I+ C (b) J tan58dO= (c) J tan70d8= J (sec2o-I)(tan30)
0) dO = J sec20 tan 0 dO - J tan 0 dO =! tan20 - J tan 0 dO
dO = J tan30 sec20 dO- J tan30dO=!tan40J tan50sec20d8J tan58d8=itan60-
J tan30dO J tan50dO
J(sec2o-I)(tan50)d8=
(d) J tan2k+l 8 d8 = J (sec2 8 _1)(tan2k-1
0) dO = J tan2k-1 0 sec20 .dO- J tan2k-1 0 d8;
tan [ du u= sec2 80dO ]
--+
J u2k-1 du - J tan2k-10 dO =
1..u2k - J tan2k-1 0 dO = 1.. tan2k 0 - J tan2k-10 dO

2k 2k
86. (a) J cot30dO= = -! cot20-ln
J(csc20-1)(cotO)dO=
[sin OI+C
J cot
o csc20
dO- J cot8dO=-!cot20-
J cotOd8
(b) J cot50dO= (c) J cot70dO=
J(csc2o-I)(cot30)dO= J(csc20-1)(cot50)dO=
J cot 0
3
csc20 dO- J cot30dO=-tcot40J cot50dO=-icot60-
J cot30dO J cot50dO
J cot50csc20dO-
562 Chapter 7 Techniques of Integration, L'Hopital's Rule, and Improper Integrals (d) J cot2k+1BdB= J(csc2B-l)(cot2k-1B)dB=
u = cot B ] = _ csc2e de
J cot2k-19 csc2B dB- J cot
2k
- edej
[ du
-+
_J
2k-l d - J t2k-1 u co B de
e de -
_1.. u 2k- J cot2k-1 e de 2k
= - A cot2k B 1r/4
J cot2k-
87. A
(2 cos x-sec
x) dx = [2 sin x-In
I sec x+tan
xl -1r/
r/
-1r/4
= [J2 - In( J2 + 1)]-[ -J2 = 2J2 -In( ~~
-In( J2 -1)]
~) = 2J2-ln((V;~ld)
= 2J2
1</2
-In(3
+ 2J2)
88. A=
J
tr/6
(cscx-sinx)dx=[-Inlcscx+cotxl+cosx]:~:
= -In
11 + 0 I + In 12+
J31-
f
'Ir/4
= In (2 + J3) -
f
1r/4 tr/4
1r/4
89. V =
J
-1r/4 1r/4
?r(2 cos x)2 dx -
?rsec2x dx = 4?r J
-1r/4
cos x dx - ?r J
-1r/4
2 sec x dx
-1r/4
= 2?r
(1 + cos 2x) dx - ?r[tan xl~~~4
= 2?r[X+!
2
sin 2X]1r/4
-1r
/4
2?r= 2?r(~+ 1)- 2?r=?r
1r/2
-1r/4
- ?r[1- (-1)]
= 2?r[(1 +!) -( -i-!)]1r/2 1r/2
tr/2
90. V = J
tr/6
?r csc2x dx-
J 1r/s
?r sin2x dx =?r
J 1r/s
2 csc x dx-~
J 'Ir/s (~-
(I-cos
2x) dx
= ?r[-cot
=?rJ3
xl:~~ -~[ x -!
sin 2x
J:~:
-~)
= ?r[0 -( -J3)]-~[
)-(~-!f)] .
-~(
26?r +
f) =
?r(7f
563
91. y = In (cos x):::} d~ = -~~~ ~/3
i:::}
(d )2
d~
= tan2x = sec2x-l;
L=
b
a
IV
o
~/3 1+(see x-l)dx=

2
seexdx=[lnlsecx+tanxl]~/3=lnI2+V3I-lnll+01=ln(2+V3)
~/4
=
93.
I
o
sec x dx = [In I sec x + tan x
Il~/4 = In 1J2 + 11- In 11 + 0 I = In ( J2 + 1)

d x=
esc x d x =
f ( esc x )( 1) d x = f ( esc x ) (esc x + cot x) esc x + cot x

-+
ese2 x + esc x cot x d esc x + cot x x;
u = esc x + cot x ] [ du= ( -escxco t x-esc 2 x ) dx 94. [(x2 -1 )(x + 1)r

23 /
f ---u- = -In - du
If2/3
I u 1+ C = -In
I esc x + cot x I +
23 = [(x -1)(x + 1)2r / = (x _1)-2/3(x
+ 1)-4/3 = (x + 1)-2 [(x _1)-2/3(x
+ 1)2/3]
23 = (x + 1)-2(~ + D- / = (x + 1)-2( 1- x! 23 (a) f[(x2-I)(X+l)r /
dx
ee
f (X+l)-2(I-x!lf2/3
2
dX;[
du = -
U=xil
-+
(x + 1)2
dx
_(1_2u)-2/3dU=!!.(1_2u)1/3+C=!!.(I 2 dx=
__ 2_)1/3 +C=!!.(X-l)1/3 x+l 2x+l dx; u=(~+tt
+C
23 (b) f[(x2-1)(X+l)r /
f (x+l)-2(~+D-2/3
_ (X_l)k-1[(X+l)-(X-l)] :::}du - k -+ 1 2 x (x+l) = (X+l)2(X_l)1-k. 2k x+ 1 du, then,
_ (x_l)k-1 . ~(X+l)2(x+l)k-1 dx - 2k k+1 dx, dx 2k --1 (x+l) x(X_l)-2/3 x+ 1 1 (X_l)l-k 2k x + 1 _1 du - 2k
du
f(X-l)(1/3-k) x+ 1
du
-...!.. - 2k
(x - 1)k(1/3k-1) du -...!.. x+ 1 - 2k dx=
u(1/3k-1) du = ...!..(3k)u1/3k + C - !!'u1/3k + C _ !!.(x - 1)1/3 + C 2k -2 - 2 x+ 1 dx; . -2/3 1 s~nu - cos u du; (sinu+cosu)2(smu+cosu)
23 (c) f[(X2-1)(X+1)r /
t an x -1 x = tan u [ dx=~ cos2u
u
(X+l)-2(~+D-2/3 -2/3
1f
-+
1 tan u - 1 (tanu+l)2(tanu+l)
~ Cos2u)
564
Chapter 7 Techniques of Integration, L'H6pital's Rule, and Improper Integrals
1 tan-2/3(u 2
tan u - tan z ]1/3 _1l:) sec2(u _1l:) du =.:i tan1/3(u _1l:)+ C =.:i 4 +C 4 4 2 4 2 1 + tan u tan 1l:
H~+D
13 /
+C
2
(d) u = tan-1 x-I
Jx => tan u = Jx => tan u

,2 2
= x=> dx = 2 tan u(_l_) 2 du = 2 sin u du = _ 2d(cos u); cos u cos3 U cos3 u cos u; x + 1 = tan 2 u + 1 = cos u sm u _1_2 ' cos2 u cos2 u - cos U '
-( _-=1'_)-_-4/~3 cos2 U
= tan 2 u _ 1 = sm u - cos u = cos2 u + 1)-4/3 dx =
12 -
+,2
J (x _1)-2/3(x
J ( 1-
2 )-2/3 2 cos _u2/3 (cos2 u)
-2d(cos u) cos3u
(e) u=tan-l(x2"1)=>x2"1::::tanu=>x+1=2(tanu+1)=>dx=
u 21 =2d(tanu); cos u
1 -_ -2
J(
1-
1 )-2/3 d( 11) 1 )1/3 C-2 -- 11--- )1/3 C tan u + 1 tan u + 1 - 2 tan u + 1 + -2 x+ 1 +

1/3
3(
3(
-.:i(~) -2 x+1
+C
=-
du 4/3 = (sin u)I/3 ( 4 cos ~)
J
C = _ ...,.tan2!! 2 2
=_
tan-1/3 (!!)d (tan !!) = __ tan2/3!!+ 2 2 2 2 +C
3(
1/3
+ C = .:i(cos u -1) 2 cos u-j-I
1/3
+C
=.:i(X_1)1/3 2 x+ 1
Section 7.2 Integration by Parts
565
(g)
[(x2-1)(X+l)
-2/3
1 [u = cosh- X dx; x=c~shu dx = sinh u
1J
-+
~;====s=i=nh9uFd=u===== V(cosh2 u _1)2 (cosh u + 1)2
=f
(tanh .!!)-1/3d(tanh .!!)= Q(tanh .!!)2/3+ C = Q(cosh x-I )1/3 + C = Q(x - 1)1/3 + C 2 2 2 2 2 cosh x + 1 2 x+ 1
7.2 INTEGRATION BY PARTS 1. u = x, du = dx; dv = sin ~ dx, v = -2 cos~;
J xsin~dx=-2xcos~f
3.
t2 2t 2 0
(+)
(-)
(-2cos~)dx=-2xcos(~)+4sin(~)+C
2. u = 0, du = dO; dv = cos 'lrO dO, v =
0 cos 'lrO dO= ~ sin 'lrO -
f*
sin 'lrO;
sin 'lrO dO= ~ sin 'lrO + ;2 cos 'lrO + C
cos t sin t -cos t -sin t
(+)
t2 cos t dt = t2 sin t ~ 2t cos t - 2 sin t + C
4. x2 2x 2 0
(+)
(-)
sin x -cos x -sin x cos x
(+)
x2 sin x dx = _x2 cos X + 2x sin x + 2 cos x + C
5. u = In x, du = 1x; dv = x dx, v =
f
1
x In x dx =
[22 In x
r- f
1
22 ;
221x = 2 In 2 - [42
= 2 In 2 -
i= In 4 - !
566 Chapter 7 Techniques of Integration, L'Hopital's Rule, and Improper Integrals 6. u = In x, du = tx; dv = x3 dx, v = 44 ;
x3 In x dx = [44 In x
r-J
1
44 ~ = ~
-[i;r 3e~t
= 1
t
I
In (1 +y2)+C = Y tan-1y -In ~ +C
7. u = tan -1 y, du = ~; l+y
dv = dy, v = Yi
f tan-1y
dy = y tan-1y-
f (: +d;2) = y tan-1y-~ f
8. u=sin-1y,du=kidV=dY,V=y; 1-y
J sin-1 y dy = y sin-
y-
J!!?
1 = y sin- y +
v"l=? + C
9. u = x, du = dx; dv = sec2x dx, v = tan Xi

2
J x sec x dx = x tan x - f tan x dx = x tan x + In I cos x I + C J 4x sec 2x dx; [y = 2x] f y sec y dy = y tan y - J tan y dy = y tan y -In
2 ---+ 2
10.
I sec y I + C
= 2x tan 2x-In 11. x3 3x2

(+)
(-)
I sec 2xl+C
eX eX eX eX eX
6x 6
0
(+)
(-)
12. p4 4p3 12p2 24p 24

0 (+)
(-)
e-P -e-P e-P -e-P e-P e-P
(+)
(-)
(+)
J p4e-
P dp
= _p4e-
p-
4p3e-p -12p2e-p
24pe-P - 24e-P + C
= (_p4 _ 4p3 -12p2 - 24p - 24)e-p + C
Section 7.2 Integration 13. x2 -5x 2x-5 2 0

(+) (+)
by Pa.rts
567
eX eX eX (-) eX
f
er er er
(x2 - 5x)ex dx = (x2 - 5x)ex = {x2 -7x+ 7)ex +C
(2x - 5)eX + 2ex + C = x2ex
7xex + 7ex + C
14. r2+r+1 2r + 1 2 0
(+) (+)
(-)
er
J (r2 +r+
l)er dr =(r2 +r+
= [( r2 + r + 1) - (2r + 1) + 2 15. xS 5x4 20x3 60x2 120x 120 0

(+)
l)er - (2r+ l)er +2er +C + C = (r2 - r + 2) er +
eX eX eX eX eX eX eX (-)
(+)
(-)
(+) (-)
xSex dx = xSex - 5x4ex + 20x3ex = {x5

-
60x2ex + 120xex
120ex + C
5x4 + 20x3
60x2 + 120x - 120)ex + C
16. t2 2t 2 0
(+)
(-)
e4t !e4t 4 le4t 16 le4t 64
(+)
2 t2e4t dt - ~e4t - 2t e4t + 1-e4t + C - t e4t _ ie4t + le4t -4 16 64 -4 8 32 (~_i+l 48 32 )e4t+c
+C
17. 92 29
(+)
sin 29
(-)
-!cos 29 -!sin 29
568
L'Hopital's
(+)
icos 20
~/2
J
o
02 sin 20 dO = [ - ~2 cos 28 + ~ sin 20
1cos 20 ]
~/2
0
= [_
• ( -1)
+ ~ .0 +
1.(-1) ] - [0 + 0 + 1.1] = 8 -!= 11"28"4

2
18. x3 3x2 6x 6 0
(+) (-) (+) (-)
cos 2x
!sin 2x
-1 cos 2x
~/2
1 -gsm . 2x 1 16 cos 2x
x3
cos 2x dx = ·0
o
=
[2
sin 2x
+ 34
cos 2x - 34xsin 2x -
icos 2X]
~/2
0
[i:
+ 3{62. (-1) - 3; . 0 -
i.-1) ] - [0 + 0 - 0 - i. = - 3162+ i= 3 (4 i6 11"2) ( 1] f

2
19. u = sec-1 t, du = ~;
t
2
t2-1
dv = t dt, v = L22 ;
2
J 2/-/3
tsec-ltdt=[t2sec-lt] 2
2/-/3
J
2/-/3
(t2) 2
dt tJt2=1
=(2.2!:-~.2!:)_ 3 36
tdt 2v''t2_1
2/-/3 M3_v'3)_511"_v'3_511"-3v'3 2 V 0) 3 -9 39
_511"_[1 -9
~t2_1]2 2 V t- - 1
2/-/3
_511"_1( 9
M3_ ~1)_511"_1( 2 V 0) V 3 9
-.L -
21. 1=
J e6sinOdOi[u=sinO,du=cosOdO;dv=e6dO,v=e6]
e6 cos 0 - 1 + C':=} 21 = (e6 sin 0 - e6 cos 0)
6 :=}1=e sinO-
6 e cosOdO;
[u = cos 0, du = -sin
6 0 dO; dv = e6 dO, v = e6]:=} I = e6 sin 0 -( e cos 0
f e6 sin 0 dO)
+ C, where C = ~' is
= e6 sin 0 -
+ C' :=}I
= !(e6
sin 0 - e6 cos 0)
another arbitrary constant
Section 7.2 Integration by Parts 22. 1=

=}
569
f e-
cos y dy: [u = cos y, du = -sin y dy; dv = e-Y dy, v = -e-Y] cos Y -
I = -e-Y
(-e-Y)(
=}
-sin y) dy = -e-Y
cos y -
e-Y sin y dy; [u = sin y, du = cos Y dy; cos Y+ e-Y sin Y- I + C'
dv = e-Y dy, v = -e-Y]

=}
1= -e-Y
=}
cos y - ( -e-Y sin y -
J (-eY) cos y dY) = -e-Y
21= e-Y(sin y - cos y) + C'
I=!(
e-Y sin Y- e-Y cos y) + C, where C = ~' is another arbitrary constant
23. I =
=}
=}
f e2x cos 3x dx; [u = cos 3x; du = -3 sin 3x dx, dv = e2x dx; v = !e2X] I = !e2X cos 3x + ~ J e2x sin 3x dx; [u = sin 3x, du = 3 cos 3x, dv = e2x dx; v = !e2X 1 I = !e2X cos 3x + ~(!e2X sin 3x - ~ J e2x cos 3x dX) = !e2X cos 3x +! e2x sin 3x - ~I + C'
~31= !e2X cos 3x + ie2X sin 3x + C'
=}
=}
i2; (3 sin 3x + 2 cos 3x) + C, where C = ~ C'
24.
J e-2x sin 2x
=}
dx; [y = 2x] -->!
J e-
sin Y dy = Ii [u = sin y, du = cos Y dy; dv = e-Y dy, v = -e-Y]
I=!(
-e-Y
sin y + sin y +!(
J e-
cos y dY) [u = cos u, du = -sin Yi dv = e-Y dy, v = -e-Y] cos y =}
=}
I = - !e-Y
-e-Y
(-e-Y)(
-sin y) dY) = -!e-Y(sin
y + cos y) - 1+ C' 2x + cos 2x) + C, where
=}
1 21 = -2'e-Y(sin
y + cos y) + C'
1 1 = -4'e-Y(sin
-2x y + cos y) + C = -T(sin
C_C'2 -
~.
Je
J3s+9
[ 3s + 92 = X2]
ds = 3x dx
-->
J eX'ix dx = i J xe" dx; [u = x, du = dx; dv = eXdx, v = eX]i
26. u = x, du = dx; dv = ~
dx, v =
-iv'q _x)3;
27. u = x, du = dx; dv = tan2 x dx, v =

1r/3
J tan
x dx =
J cos x dx = J 1-cos x dx = J cos x - J dx sin~x c~s2x d;

1r/3
=tanx-xi
J
o
xtan2xdx=[x(tanx-x)]~/3-
J
0
(tanx-x)dx=i(J3-i)+[lnlcOSXI+
1r/3
570
L'Hopital's
28. u=ln(x+x2),du=(2x+l)2dxj =xln(x+x2)-
x+x
dv
ee
dx, V::::::XjJln(x+x2)dx::::::xln(x+x2)-
~X+\.xdx xx+l
J (2xx+}idx=xIn(x+x2)-
J 2(x:1~-ldx=xIn(x+x2)-2x+Inlx+ll+C
= ![-x
cos (In x) + x sin (In x)] + C
u2 2u 2 0
(+) (-) (+)
e2u .. !e2u 2 le2u 4 !e2u 8 J u2e2u du = ~2 e2u _~e2U +!e2U + C =
= e: [2u2
U
2u + 1]+ C
4 [2(ln z)2 - 2 In z + 1] + C
2
31. y
Jxe
2 4x
2
dx dv = e4x dx
Let u
=x du = 2x dx
Let u
=x
dv
= e4x
dx
du=dx
Section 7.2 Integration
by Parts
571
32. y =
x2 In x dx
Let u
= In x
dv = x2 dx
y=
1x3 In x -1f x
x-§x3+C
dx
y =lx3In
33. Let w
=..ft.
f sin ..ft dO::: f (sin w)(2w dw) ::: 2 J w sin w dw

Let u = w du
ee
Then dw = d~, so dO = 2..ft dw = 2w dw. 2yO
dv = sin w dw V:::-cosw
dw
w sin w dw = -w cos w + ::: -w cos

W
cos w dw
+ sin w + C
sin ..ft dO ::: 2
w sin w dw sin w-j-C
= -2w cos w+2
34. y =
0 sec 0 tan 0 dO
Let u = 0 du =d9
y = 9 sec f) -
dv ::: sec 9 tan 0 d9
v=sec9 sec 0 dO
y = f) sec 0 - In sec f) + tanO + C
35. (a) u=x,du=dxidv:::sinxdx,v=-COSXi S1 =
J
o
x sin x dx = [-x cos x]~
J
0
cos x dx =
11"
+ [sin x]~ =
11"
572
L'Hopital's
(b) S,
= - '[ x ein x dx = [ [-x ,"oxl!' +'[ cosx dx

3~
= - [ -3r
+ [sin xl!']
= 3r
(c) S3 =
3~
x sin x dx = [-x cos x];; + (n+1)~ (_1)n+1
cos x dx = 571' [sin x];; = 571' +
2~
2~
(d) Sn+l=
xsinxdx=(-1)n+l[[-xcosx]~:+1)~+[sinxl:+1)~]
n~
36. (a) u = x, du = dx; dv = cos x dx, v = sin x; 8 =_
1 3~f2 X cos x dx = -[[X sin xl!i~2 - 3~f sin x dX] = -( ~/2 ~/2
5~/2
- 3271' -~)-
[cos
x]!i~2 = 271'
(b) S2=
5~/2
xcosxdx=[xsinxl;:j~-
sinxdx=[5;-(_3;)]-[cosxl;:j~=471'
3~/2
3~/2
(c) 8 = -
7~f2 x cos x dx = -[[X

5~/2
sin xl~:j~ -
7~f
5~/2
sin x dX] = -( - 7; - 5271')-[cos x]~:j~ = 671'
_ ( - 1)n[(2n + 1)71' - l)n - (2n -1)71' ( - 1)n-l] - [cos x ](2n+1)~/2 - 2 (2n7l'+ 71' 2n7l'-71' ) - 2n7l' ( + _ 2 2 (2n-l)~/2 - 1 In2
37. V =
In2
271'(ln2 - x) eX dx = 271'In 2
In2
eXdx - 271'
xe" dx
= (2.
In
2)["I~'-2r(["'I~' -
T "dX)
0
lC
= 271' n 2 - 271'(2 In 2 +[exl~ 2) = -271' In 2 + 2 = 271'(1-ln 2) I
38. (a) V
= [2 •.,-,
dx
= 2r(I-xe -'l~ +
=
1,-' dX)
1)
= 271'(-i+[ -e-xl~) = 271' 4e7l' -
271'( -1-1+
Section 7.2 Integration by Parts
573
(b) V =
2?r(1-x)e-X
dx;
= 1-x,
du =
dx; dv = e-x dx,
o
v
= -,-' ; V = 2<[[ (1 -
x)(
-'-')1:-1·-'
=
dx
1
y
= 2?r[[0 -1(-1»)
+[e-xl~] = 2?r( 1 +l-1)
2t
sin x dx
39. (a) V =
11:/2 o
2?rx COS
dx = 2?r [x sin x] ~ /2
11:/2)
-
-u11:/2
[cos xl
~/2) = 2?r(~+
0 -1)
= ?r(?r- 2)
)(
(b) V =
z
du =
=
2?r(~-x)
cos x dx; u = ~-x,
dx; dv = cos x dx, v = sin
Xj
o
V=2?r[(~-x)sinxr/2 +2?r
11:/2 o
sinxdx=0+2?r[-cosxl~/2=2?r(0+1)=2?r
.".
40. (a) v=f

0
2?rX(xsin x) dx; sin x
x2 2x 2 0
(+)
(-)
-cos x -sin x cos x

.".
(+)
=> V = 2?r
(b) v=
.".
2?r(?r-x)xsinxdx=2?r2
."..".
xsinxdx-2?r
f
0
x2sinxd~=2?r2[-xcosx+sinxl~-(2?r3-871")
= 8?r 211:
41. av(y)=l?r
2e-tcostdt=*[e-t(sint2"cost)]:""
o (see Exercise 22)
=> av(y) = l?r(1-e-2'11')

2.".
211:
42. av(y) = 2~ =j.[e-t(-sin
4e- (sin t - cos t) dt = j. t -cos t)_e-t(sin 2
2.".
e-t sin t dt - j.
e-t cos t dt
000
t2"cos t)]:"" =j.[_e-t
sin tl~"" = 0
574
43. Let u = xn du = nxn-1 dx
dv = cos x dx v = sin x
J xn cos x dx = x" sin x - J (sin x)(nxn44. Let u = x" du = n~-l dx v = -cos x x) -
dx) = xn sin x - n
J xn-
sin x dx
dv = sin x dx
J xn sin x dx = (xn) (-cos

45. Let u = x" du = nxn-1 dx
J (-cos
= eax dx
x)(nxn-1 dx) = _xn cos x-l-.n
J xn-
cos x dx
dv
46. Let u = (In x)" n(ln x)n-l d d u= x x
dv = dx v=x dx
J (In x)" dx = x (In x)" - J x[ n(ln :)n-l]

47. (a) Let y = rl(x). Hence,
= x(ln
x)n - n
J (In x)n-l
dx
Then x = feY), so dx = £ley)dy. dx =
J r1(x)
J (y)[f'(y) dy) = J yf'(y) dy

dv = fl(y) dy v = fey)
(b) Let u = y du=dy
J yf'(y) dy = yf(y) - J fey) dy = rl

Hence,
J rl(x)
dx =
J fey) dy J yf'(y) dy = xrl(x) - J fey) dy.

(x) (x) dv =dx v=x
48. Let u = r1(x) du = (d~ rl(x) ) dx
J r1(x)
dx = xr1(x) -
J x(d~ rl(x)
) dx
49. (a) Using y = r1(x)
= sin-1 x and fey) = sin y, -~:::; y:::;~, we have:
J sin-1xdx=xsin-1x-
J sin ydy=xsin-1x+cos
y+C=xsin-1x+cos(sin-1x)+C
Section 7.3 Partial Fractions
575
(b)
sinxdx=xsin- x-
x(d~sin-lx)dx=xsin-lx-
x Jl~x2dx + u1/2 + C = x sin -1 x + VI - x2 + C
u = 1 - x2, du = -2x dx = x sin -1 x +! (c) cos(sin-1x)=Vl-x2
J u-1/2 du = x sin
-1 x
50. (a) Using y = r1(x) = tan-I x and fey) = tan y, -~
< y <~, we have:

-In
J tan
(b)
-1 x
dx = x tan -1 x -
J tan y dy = x tan
I dx + C
x(!
-1 x
I sec y I + C = x tan -1 x + In I cos y I +
= x tan -1 x + In cos(tan -I(x)
1 1 tan- xdx=xtan- x-
tan- x)dx=xtan-1x1
x(11x2)dX In I u 1+ C = x tan -1 x -! In (1 + x2) + C
u = 1 + x2, du = 2x dx = x tan -1 x -! (c) Inlcos(tanI x) = Inl kl
J u-
du = x tan-1 x -!
-!In(l +x2)
51. (a) Using y = r1(x) = cos-1 x and fey) = cos x, 0 :::;x :::;7T, we have:
J cos-Ixdx=xcos- x1
J cosydy=xcos-Ix-siny+C=xcos-Ix-sin(cos-Ix)+C
(b)
cos-Ix dx =
I cos- x-
J x(d~
cos-Ix)
dx =
cos-1x-
J x( b) dx
-l-C = x cos-1x-
u = l-x2,
du = -2x dx = x cos-1x-! x2
J u-I/2
du = x cos-1x_u1/2
Vl-x2+C
(c) sin(cos-1 x) = Vl52. (a) Using y = rI(x)
= log2x and fey) = 2Y, we have

Y
J log2 x dx = x log2x - J 2
(b)
dy =
Iog2x -I~Y2
+C =
log2 X "':'In1 21og2 2 x x(xl~2)dx=xlog2x-
log2xdx=xlog2x-
x(d~log2x)dx=xIog2x-
J l~x2
1 = x Iog2x-(In 2)x+C (c) 21og2 x
7.3 PARTIAL FRACTIONS 1. (x ~;~;~ 2)
= x ~ 3 + x ~ 2 => 5x _
13
= A(x __
2) + B(x - 3) .
= (A + B)x 5x - 13
(2A + 3B) _ 2 3
=> 2A + 3B = 13
A + B = 5}
=> -B - (10 -13) => B-3
=> A - 2, thus, (x _ 3)(x _ 2) - x - 3 + x - 2
576 Chapter 7 Techniques of Integration, L'Hopital's Rule, and Improper Integrals 25x-7 =( 5~)(7 1)= ~2+_!Ll::::}5x-7=A(x-l)+B(x-2)=(A+B)x-(A+2B) x - 3x + 2 xxx xA +B = 5 } A h 5x - 7 3 ::::} + 2B 7 ::::} = 2::::} = 3; t us, 2 A B = --2 = x - 3x + 2 x 2 + --1 x-
2.
x+4 A B A= 1 } 3. (x + 1)2 = x + 1 + (x + 1)2 ::::} + 4 = A(x + 1) + B = Ax + (A + B) ::::} + B = 4 ::::} = 1 and B = 3; x A A thus x+4 __ 1_+ 3 , (x+ 1)2 - x+ 1 (x+ 1)2 = 2x+22 = __A_1 + B 2::::}2x+2=A(x-1)+B=Ax+(-A+B)::::} (x-I) x(x-I) , x2 2x+2 - _2_+ _ 2x + 1- x -1 4 (x _1)2 AA=B2 2} +=
4.
22x+2 x -2x+l
::::} = 2 and B = 4; thus A
5.
2z + 1 = ~ + ~ + ~ 1 ::::} + 1 = Az(z -1) + B(z -1) + Cz2 z z(z-l) z z A+C=O} ::::}-A + B = 1 -B = 1 ::::} = -I::::} A = -2 ::::} = 2; thus, B C
::::}
z + 1 = (A + C)z2 + (-A + B)z - B
z1 2+ = z (z -1)
-;? + -J: + z ':'1 z
6.
3 z2 =21 =( 3)1( 2) = A 3 + +B ::::} = A(z + 2) + B(z - 3) = (A + B)z + (2A - 3B) 2 1 z - z - 6z z - z - 6 Zz+ zz 1 1 A +B 0 } liz 5-5 ::::}2A _ 3B = 1 ::::} -5B = 1::::} = - 5 ::::} = 5; thus, z3 _ z2 _ 6z = z=3 + z:t2 B A
7.
t2 2 +8 =1+ t - 5t + 6
2 5t 2 A 25t+ (after long division); 2 + =( 5~)(2 2)=t 3+_lL2 t - 5t + 6 t - 5t + 6 ttt2 }::::} -B = (10 + 2) = 12
::::} + 2 = A(t - 2) + B(t - 3) = (A + B)t + (-2A - 3B) ::::}-:A+-~;! 5t ::::}B=-12::::}A=17;thus, _9t2 + 9 _ 4 2 -1+ t + 9t
t
t2+8
-5t +6
17 =1+-t3+-t -
-12 2 Ct + D t2+9
8.
t4 + 9 _ 2-1+ t + 9t
4
_9t2 + 9 . .. . -9t2 + 9 _ A B 2( 2 ) (after long division) , 2( 2 )-T+-t2+ t t +9 t t +9
::::} 2 + 9 = At(t2 + 9)+ B(t2 + 9)+ (Ct + D)t2 = (A + C)t3 + (B + D)t2 + 9At + 9B _9t A+C=O} B+D=-9 ::::} 9A 0 9B = 9 9. ~ I-x 1 1 = -1A + 1 +B ::::} = A(1 + x) + B(1 - x); x = 1 ::::} = -2; x = -1 ::::} = -2; 1 A B -x x 11- xl]+ C t4+9 1 -10 4 2=1+"2+-2t + 9t t t +9
::::}A=O::::}C=O;B=I::::}D=-10jthus,
1 2 1- x 1+ x 2 J ~ _ x2 = 1J __illL+!2 J __illL= ![In 11+xl-In
Section7.3 Partial Fractions 577 10. _2_1- = ~ + +B ~ 1 = A(x + 2) + Bx; x = 0 ~ A = -21x = -2 ~ B = - -21 2 ; ; x +2x x ~ = 1 J dx_1 J ..J!L = l[ln l x t+ ln Ix+2I]+C J x2 + 2x 2 x 2 x + 2 2
11. 2x+4 x +5x-6
A+6+_jL1~x+4=A(x-1)+B(X+6);X=1~B=-75;x=-6~A=-72=~7; x..J!L+Q.J ..J!L=~lnlx+61+Q.lnlx-11+C=11nl(x+6)2(x-1)51+c x + 6 7 x-I 7 7 7
x+4 dx=~J 7 J x2 + 5x _ 6
12. 22x+1 = A4+_jL3~2x+1=A(x-3)+B(x-4);x=3~B=l1=-7;x=4~A=~1=9; x - 7x + 12 x x2 2x + 1 dx = 9 J dx4 - 7 J dx3 = 9 In Ix - 41- 7 In Ix - 31+ C = In (x - 4)~ + C xx(x - 3) J x - 7x + 12 13. 2 Y = A+ y - 2y - 3 Y- o
8 8
+B ~ y = A(y + 1)+ B(y - 3); y = -1 ~ B = -41= -41y = 3 ~ A = -43; 1 ; Y 8
J y2~ :: _ 3 =! J y~ 3 +! J y~ 1 =
4 4 4
[i In Iy - 31+!
In Iy + 11]:=
G In 5 + ! In 9) - (! In 1 + ! In 5)
-
14. y/4 =~+ +B1~y+4=A(Y+l)+By;y=0~A=4;y=-1~B=.J_I=-3; y +y y

1 1
J
1/2
:2::dY=4
J
1/2
V-
J
1/2
y~I=[41nIYI-31nIY+ll]!/2=(41nl-31n2)-(4In!-3In~)
=ln1-ln
l6+1n2l
=In(V·1·16)=ln2
1
t
15. t3 + t\ _ 2t = - 1. =>B-6,t-1~ -
+ t! 2 + t ~ 1 ~ 1 = A(t + 2)(t -1) + Bt(t -1) + Ct(t + 2); t = 0 ~ A = -!; C - 1. J t3+t2_2t--2dt -3' 1 J dt 1 J t+2+3 1 J t-1 dt dt T+6
= -2
= -! In It I+
iIn 1t + 21+ iIn It - 11+ C
1 16. x3 3 = ~ + B+ + _Q_2~ -2(x + 3) = A(x + 2)(x - 2) + Bx(x- 2) = Cx(x+ 2); x = 0 =>A = 38; x = -2 + 2 2x -8x x x_1. - 2 C - 5 . J x+3 d - 3 J dx 1 J dx 5 J dx =>B -TIi'x=> -16' 2x3-8x X--g X-+16 x+2+16 x-2
578

3
L'Hopital's
17 'x2+2x+l= x
(2) x-
3x + +(x+l)2 2 (ft er Iong division) 3x + 2 a IVlslon;(x+l)2=x+l+
(B -t-I )2 :::}3x + 3 = A(x + 1) + B x
= Ax + (A + B) :::}A = 3, A + B = 2 :::}A = 3, B = -1;
1
2 x dx x +2x+ 1 3
111
(x-2)dx+3
000
x~l-
°
(x!\)2=b2-2x+3Inlx+ll+x~1]
= (~ - 2 + 3 In 2 + ~) - (1) = 3 In 2 - 2
18.
2x x -2x+l
= (x + 2) + 3x + 22 (after long division); 3x - 22 = __A.__1 ( B )2:::} 3x - 2 + (x-I) (x-I) xx-I
= A(x -
1) + B
= Ax + (-A + B) :::}A
= 3, -A
x~~\+
+ B = -2 :::}A = 3, B
= 1;
-1
o
x2
x3 dx - 2x + 1
0
J
-1
(x+2)dx+3
-1-1
(x~xI)2=h2+2X+3lnlx-II-x~I]_1
= ( 0 + 0 + 3 In 1 - (! 1) ) -
U-
2 + 3 In 2 - (!2) ) = 2 - 3 In 2
19.
1 2= A+ +_1Ll+( 1 x(x2 _ 1) x x = -1 :::}C =!;
C 2+( D )2:::}1=A(x+I)(x-1)2+B(X-I)(X+I)2+C(X-1)2+D(x+I)2; x + 1) x-I coefficient of x3
x = 1 :::}D =!;
= A + B :::}A + B = 0; constant
=> A - B + C + D = 1 => A - B =
k; thus,
A =:t => B = -:t;
= A- B+ C+ D
dx 2 (x2 - 1)
=!f x~I-!I
20. (x-I) (~2 x +2x+l 2 => C =
_1
xd_:cl+!f
(x!\)2+!f
(X~Xl)2=!Inl~~~1-2(X:_l)+C
)=~+ x4
B+1+
C 2=>x2=A(x+l)2+B(x-l)(x+l)+C(x-l);x=-1 (x-l-L) 4
_1; x = 1 :::}A = 1; coefficient of x2 = A + B :::}A + B = 1 :::}B = ;!;

dx _II (x+l)2-4 I 11 31 I 11 1 n x+4 n x -l- +2(x+l)+
-4
f x-l+4 3 J x+1-2 1 f dx dx
2 x dx (x-l)(x2+2x+l)
Inl(x-I)(x+l)31 4
1 +2(x+1)+C 1 = A(x2 + 1) + (Bx + C)(x + 1); x = -1 => A =
21.
(2) = A+1 +~:::} (x + 1) x + 1 x x +1 = A + B => A + B = 0 => B =
k; coefficient of x2
-k;
constant = A +C:::} A + C = 1 :::}C =~;
J °
dx 2 (x+l)(x +1)
Section 7.3 Partial Fractions -1 JI -2 dx +1 JI x + 1 '2 (-x+1) dx=[1Inlx+ll-1In(x2+1)+1tan-lx]1 x2 + 1 2 4

-I
579
= (! In 2 2
-!In 2 + ! tan
1) - (! In 1 -
!In 1 +!
tan -10 ) =
!In 2 + ! ( 1) = (7r + ~ In 2)
22. 3t
t + 4 = At+ B~+ C ~ 3t2 + t + 4 = A (t2 + 1) + (Bt + C)t; t = 0 ~ A = 4; coefficient of t2 t +t t +1 Vi 2 = A + B ~ A + B = 3 ~ B = -1; coefficient of t = C ~ C = 1; 3t t + 4 dt
t+ t
Vi =4
Vi dt+
(-t+l)dt=[4Inltl-1In(t2+1)+tan-1t]Vi t2 + 1 2
= ( 4 In
J3 - !
In 4 + tan -I
J3) - (4 In 1 -!
In 2 + tan -1 1) = 2 In 3 - In 2 +
= 2 In 3 - ! In 2 + {2 = In (
./2)
f +!
In 2 +
12
1) + Cy + D
23. y2 + 2y +/ = A~ + B + Cy + D2 ~ y2 + 2y + 1 = (Ay + B) (y2 + (y2 + 1) Y +1 (y2 + 1)
= Ay3 + By2 + (A + C)y + (B + D) ~ A = 0, B = 1; A + C = 2 ~ C = 2; B + D = 1 ~ D = 0;
J y2+2Y+21dy= (y2 + 1)
+-dY+2f y +1
y 2dy=tan-1y-+-+C (y2 + 1) y +1
2 24. 8x + 8x+2 2 = A~ + B + Cx+ D 2 ~ 8x2 +8x+2 (4x2 + 1) 4x + 1 (4x2 + 1)
= (Ax + B) (4x2 + 1)+ Cx-} D
= 4Ax3 + 4Bx2 + (A + C)x + (B + D); A = 0, B = 2; A + C = 8 ~ C = 8; B + D = 2 ~ D = 0;
f
25.
8x2 + 8x + 2 dx = 2 (4x2 + 1)2 28+2
f~
4x2 + 1
+8
x dx = tan -1 2x - _1_ +C (4x2 + 1)2 4x2 + 1
(82+1)(8-1)3
~ 2s+2 (8-1)3 = (As + B)(s _1)3 + C(s2 + l)(s _1)2 + D(82 + 1)(s -1) + E(s2 + 1) = [As4 + (-3A + B)s3 + (3A - 3B)s2 + (-A + 3B)8 - B]+C(84 - 283+ 282 - 2s + 1)+ D(83 _82 +s-l) + E(s2 + 1) = (A + C)84 + (-3A + B - 2C + D)s3 + (3A - 3B + 2C - D + E)s2 + (-A + 3B - 2C + D)s + (-B + C - D + E)
= A8+B +__Q_+_D_+_E_ 82+1 8-1 (s-I)2
-3A + B + 2C + D =0 ~ 3A - 3B + 2C - D + E 0 -A+3B-2C+D =2 -B+ C-D+E=2
=O}
summing all equations ~ 2E = 4 ~ E = 2;
580
L'Hopital's
summing eqs (2) and (3) ::::} -2B + 2 = 0 ::::} = 1; summing eqs (3) and (4) ::::} + 2 = 2 ::::} = 0; C = 0 B 2A A from eq (1); then -1 + 0 - D + 2 = 2 from eq (5) ::::} = -1; D
J
26.
2s+2 (s2+1)(8-1)3
ds=J
ds -J___Q§__+2J___Q§__=-(s-1)-2+(s-1)-1+tan-1s+C 82+1 (8-1)2 (s-1)3
s4 + 812 = ~+ B~ + C + Ds + E2 ::::} +81 = A(s2 + 9)2 + (Bs +C)s{s2 + 9)+ (Ds + E)s s4 s(s2+9) s +9 (s2+9)
= A(s4 + 1882 + 81) + (Bs4 + Cs3 + 9Bs2 + 9Cs) + Ds2 + Es (A + B)s4 + Cs3 + (18A + 9B + D)82 + (9C + E)s + 81A ::::} 81A = 81 or A = 1; A + B = 1 ::::} = 0; B f s4 + 81 2 ds = f 2 + 9)
C = 0; 9C + E = 0 ::::} = 0; 18A + 9B + D = 0 ::::} = -18; E D =lnISI+-( 9 2 )+C s +9
18 18 f -
8 (8
(82
s d8 2 + 9)
3 2 27. 28 +58 +88+4= (02 + 20 + 2)2
2Al1+B + C8+D 2::::}263+5(P+80+4=(A8+B)(02+26+2)+CO+D 0 + 28 + 2 (62 + 26 + 2 )
= AlI3 + (2A + B)62 + (2A + 2B + C)6 + (2B + D) ::::} = 2; 2A + B = 5 ::::} = 1; 2A + 2B + C = 8 ::::} = 2; A B C 2B + D = 4 ::::}D = 2; 3 2 f 26(8++26+2) 86 t 4 d8 = f (62+28+2) d6 + J (62+20+2)2 d6 56 + 20 + 1 28 + 2 f 82+26+2 + J d(02+26+2)_ _ J d(622+20+2 f (0+1)2+1 d6 +28+2)_ d6 (82+28+2)2 8
2
-f
_ =
26+2 02+26+2
d6-
1 02+26+2
2 -1 + In (62 + 20 + 2) - tan -1 (0 + 1) + C 8 + 28+ 2
4 3 28. 8 - 40 + 2(P - 38 + 1 = A~ + B + CO + D2 + EO + F ::::} 4 _ 483 + 202 0 (62 + 1)3 0 + 1 (02 + 1) (02 + 1)3 = (A6 + B)(02 +
38 + 1 + D02 + C8 + D)+ EO + F
= = A0
II + (C6 + D){82 + 1)+
E8 + F = (AO + B)(04 + 282 + 1)+(C83 .
(A05
5
B84
2Al13
+2B82 + All + B) + (C83 + D02 + CO + D) + EO + F
+ B04 + (2A + C)03 + (2B + D)02 + (A + C + E)O + (B + D + F) ::::} = 0; B = 1; 2A + C = -4 A
::::} = -4; 2B + D = 2 ::::} = 0; A + C + E = -3 ::::} = 1; B.+ D + F = 1 ::::} = 0; C D E F
f 84-483+282;38+1 (62 + 1)
dO= f-#--4 8+1
(02
OdO 2+ + 1)
Od6 3=tan-10+2(82+1r1_1(62+1r2 (62 + 1) 4
+C
581
2 2 30. x2x~1 = (x + 1) + x2 ~ 1 = (x + 1) + (x + 1)1CX 1); (x + 1)1(x 1) = x! 1 + x ~ 1 ::;. 1 = A(x - 1) + B(x + 1); _ _ x = -1 :::}A = - ~; x = 1 ::;. B = ~ j -3
J X2X~1 dx = J (x2 + 1) dx - ~ J xt 1 + ~ J xd_:c 1

3 + C - x + X+ lin IX-II + C -3 2 x+ 1
- 1 3 + x -lin x 2
Ix +
11+ lin Ix-II 2
3 2 2 31. 9x - 3x + 1 = 9 + 9x - 3x + 1 (after long division); 9x - 3x + 1 = +.!!. +_Q_ 3_x2 2(x-1) x x x2(x-l) x2 x-I ::;. 9x2 - 3x + 1 = Ax(x -1) + B(x -1) + CX2jx = 1 ::;. C = 7j x = 0 ::;. B = -1; A + C = 9 ::;. A = 2;
4-
J 9X:;- ~::
32.
1 dx =
J 9 dx + 2 J ~ - J :~ + 7 J x~~\ = 9x + 2 In x + i+ 7 In Ix-II
II
+C
3 I6x =(4x+4)+ 2 - 4x + 1 4x
12x-4 ; I2x-4 =____A_+ B ::;.12x-4=A(2x-l)+B 4x2 - 4x + 1 (2x _1)2 2x -1 (2x _1)2
::;. A = 6j -A + B = -4 ::;. B = 2; = 2(x+ 1)2 +31n 12x-II-2x:'1
J 4x216x3 + 1 dx = 4 J (x + 1) dx + 6 J 2xdx 1 + 2 J (2xdx 2 - 4x -1)

+C1 = 2x2+4x+3In 12x-11(2x-l)-1 + C, where C = 2 +C1
33.
y4 + y2 - 1 3 =v y +y
-:
1 1 A By + C (2 )j (2 )=Y+-2-:::} y y +1 y y +1 y +1
4+ 2
1 =A
(2)
y +1
+(By+C)y=(A+B)y
+Cy+A
::;.A=1jA+B=O::;.B=-ljC=Oj
2
d J y Y/ +y- 1 dy= J ydy- J -/-+ J y~ dY +1
=~
-lnIYI+~ln(1+y2)+C
34
2y4 . y3_y2+y_1-
_ 2 + 2+ 2 Y y3_y2+y_1'
2 _ 2 y3_y2+y_1-(y2+1}(Y_l)
_ _A._+ By + C -y-1 y2+1
::;. 2 = A(y2 + 1)+ (By + C)(y -1) = (Ay2 +A)+(By2
+Cy - By - C) = (A + B)y2 + (-B + C)y + (A - C)
:::}A + B = 0, -B + C = 0 or C = B, A - C = A - B = 2 :::}A = 1, B:= -1, C = -1; 2y4 _ + J y3 _ y2 + y _ 1 dy = 2 J (y + 1) dy + J ydy 1 - J y2y+ 1 dy - J y2dy 1 = (y + 1)2 -l-In Iy-II-~ where C = C1 + 1 In(y2 + I)-tan-1y +C1 = y2 +2y -j-In Iy -11-~ In(y2 + I}-tan-1y +C,
36.
t e4t + 2e2t - e dt· [et=y ] _ 2t + l' e
J y3 y22y 1- 1 dy= J ( y+--y2-1 1) dy=-+-ln + y y2 + + 2
1 2
(2 +1 ) -tan-1y+C y
582
37.
f f f
=
sin2
;0:
:i::
_ 6j [sin y = t, cos y dy = dt] ~
t2::
_6=
!f (t ~ ~ - t ~ 3) dt = !In 1~+~1+ C
= 1 In 1s~n y - 21+ C 5 sm y+3 2sin(}d(} ;[cOS(}=Yl~-f cos (}+cos 0-2 =-31
38.
2 dy y +y-2
d+Y2--31f dYl=-31InIY+211+C=-31Inlcos~+il+C Y yycos -
= lIn 12+ cos 0 1+ C = -lIn 3 l-cos() 3
I cos ()- 11+ C cos(}+2
39.
3 1 1 (x - 2)2 tan- (2x) -12x - 3x dx = J tan- (2x) dx - 3 J x dx 2 + 1)(x - 2)2 (4x 4x2 + 1 (x - 2)2
1J tan-1 (2x) d(tan-1 (2x»)- 3 J...£L2
x- 2
dx = (tan- 2x)2 - 3 In [x - 21+ _6_+ (x _ 2)2 4 x- 2
40. J (x+l)2tan-l(3x)+9x3+xdx= (9x2 + 1)(x + 1)2
J tan- (3x)dx+ 9x2 + 1
x dx (x + 1)2
1
= 1 J tan-1 (3x) d( tan-1 (3x»)+ J...£L3 x+l
dx (x+l)2
= (tan- 3x)2 + In [x + 11+_1_+ 6 x+l
41. (t2 - 3t + 2) dx = 1· x = J dt = J _Qi_ dt' t2 _ 3t + 2 t- 2
_Qi_ = In 1t - 21+ C· t - 2 = Cex• t = 3 and x = 0
t- 1
t- 1
't- 1
'
:::} = i = ! = In 12(: = i) 1= In It - 21- In It - 11+ In 2 != C :::}~ eX:::}x

42. (3t4+4t2+1)dX=2J3.X=2J3J dt' = 3 tan-1( J3t):::}X = 3 tan-1( J3 tan-1t+Cj dt 3t4 + 4t2 + 1
=J3J
_J!Lt2 + 1 3
J3f
_J!L t2 + 1 C =-11'
t = 1 and x = -11'4
J3:::}-
V;1I' = 11' -111'+c:::}
J3t)-
J3 tan-1 t-1I'
43 (t2+2t)dx=2x+2.1f...£L= . dt '2
x+ 1
___QL:::}lInlx+ll=lf t2 + 2t 2
dt_1J t 2
_gt_:::}Inlx+ll=lnl-t-I+C· t+2 t+2
'
t = 1 and x = 1 :::}In 2 = In _ 6t :::}x - t + 2 - 1, t
1+ C :::}C = In 2 + In 3 = In 6 :::}In I x + 11= In 61t ~ 21:::}x + 1 = t ~ 2
>0
583
44. (t+l)~~=x2+1=>
f x2d~l= f t~\=>tan-lx=lnlt+ll+Cjt=Oandx=1=>tan-l1=lnlll+C f y(y 1-1)

dy =
=> C = tan-1 1 = 1 => tan-1 x = In It + 11+ 1 => x = tan (In (t + 1) + 1), t >-1
45. _1_ dy = eXdx => y2 _y
f eXdx = eX+ C
y(y:_ 1) = ~ + y ~ 1 => 1 = A(y -1) + B(y) = (A + B)y - A Equating coefficients of like terms gives A + B = 0 and -A = 1 Solving the system simultaneously yields A = -1, B = 1.
f y(y:_l)dy= f -~dy+ f y~1

Substitute x = 0, y = 2. -In 2 + 0 = 1 + C or C = -1 -In 2
dy=-lnIYI+lnly-ll+C2=>-lnIYI+lnly-ll=ex+C
The solution to the initial value problem is
46.
(y
+ 1)
1 2 dy = sin () d() =>
(y
+ 1)
dy =
f sin () d(}=> - Y+11 = -cos

1
()+ C
Substitute () =~, y = 0 => -1 = 0 + Cor C = -1 The solution to the initial value problem is - y ~ 1 = -cos ()- 1 => y + 1 = cos ~ + 1 => y = cos ~ + 1 47. dy= 2 dx jx2-3x+2=(x-2)(x-l)=> x - 3x + 2
21 = A +_]L_I=>I=A(x-l)+B(x-2) x - 3x + 2 x - 2 x -
=> 1 = (A+B)x-A-2B Equating coefficients of like terms gives A + B = 0, -A - 2B = 1 Solving the system simultaneously yields A = 1, B = -1.
f dy = f x2 _ ~: + 2 = f x~ 2 - f x~ 1
y = lnlx - 21-lnlx Substitute
x
-11
+C
= 3, y = 0 => 0 = 0 -In 2 + C or C = In 2
The solution to the initial value problems is y = In Ix - 21-ln Ix-II
+ In
48.
584
Chapter 7 Techniques of Integration, t2 + 2t = t(t + 2) ~ t2
L'Hopital's
!
f
2t =
+ t!
2 ~ 1 = A(t + 2) + Bt ~ 1 = (A + B)t + 2A
Equating coefficients of like terms gives A + B = 0 and 2A = 1 Solving the system simultaneously J t2~2t= yields A = !, B = -!.
1{2dt_
/{22dt=!Inltl-~lnlt+21+C2=>~lnls+ll=!lnltl-~Inlt+21+C3
=> In Is + 11= In It I-In It + 21+ C Substitute t = 1, s = 1 => In 2 = 0 -In 3 + C or C = In 2 + In 3 = In 6
The solution to the initial value problem is In Is + 11= In It 1- In It + 21+ In 6 => In Is + 11= In 1t ~ 21 => Is + 11= 1t ~ 21·
2.5
49. V=7r
y dx=7r
2.5
J 3x~x2dX=37r
0.5
(2.5
of.5
)
(-x~3+i) dX=[37rlnlx~31]:::=37rln25
1
0.5 1
50. V=27r =[-
J xydx=27r
(X+l)(2_x)dx=41r =
J (-!(X.!.1)+~(2~J)dX
0
~1r(In Ix+ 11+21n 12-xi)]:
¥ (In 2)
1 k = 2~0' N = 1000, t = 0 and x = 2 => Iloo In 19~81= C => 10 00In 11000 _ x 1= 2~0 + IJOO In(4~9) => In
I 1000 - x 1= 4t => 1000 - x = e 499x 499x

4 :t
4t
=> 499x = e4t(1000 -x)
=> (499 +e4t)x
= 1000e4t => x = 1000e 4t 499 + e
4t
(b) x = 12 = 500 => 500 = 1000e N 499+e
=> 500·499 + 500e4t = 1000e4t => e4t
!:=
499 => t = -41 499 ~ 1.55 days In
52. ~~ = k(a(a) a=b:
x)(b -x)
=> (a-x)(b
-x)
= k dt
f f
dx 2= Jkdt=>a~x=kt+c;t=oandx=o=>l=c=>a~x=kt+l (a-x)
1 akt + 1 _ a _ a _ a2kt => a - x = -a- ~ a - x - akt + 1 => x - a - akt + 1 - akt + 1 (b) a;i:b: t=Oan (a-x)(b-x)= 1 J kdt=>b~aJ a~x-b~aJ b~x=
J kdt=>b~alnl~=il=kt+C;
(b-a)kt
d x-O=>b_a
Ina;- - C => In b - x 1- (b -a )k t+ In (b) =>a-x-a;e - b b b- x a-x a;
Section 7.4 Trigonometric
Substitutions
585
7.4 TRlGONOMETRlC 1. y
SUBSTITUTIONS
= 3 tan
0 t - 2!:2 0 < 2!:2 < t dy
= cos~O0 , 9 + y2 = 3
9 (1 + tan2 0) =
+k
cos ()
=>
9+y
= I co s0 I = co s() 3 3
(because cos 0 dy J ..;9+7
> 0 when -~ < 0 < ~);
=3
cos ()2 = dO 3 cos ()
____!!L = In Isec ()+ tan 0 I+ C' = In cos ()
1..;9+7 + r 1+ C' = In I v'9+? + y I+ C 3 3

cos t cos
2.
J ~;[3y=xl_' 1 + 9y
J ~;x=tant,-~<t<~tdx=~,Vl+x2=_.Lt; 1+ x
3. t = 5 sin (), - ~ < 0 < ~,dt
= 5 cos
0 d9, V25 - t2
= 5 cos
0;
J V25 - t2 dt = f (5 cos 9)(5 cos 9) d9 = 25 J cos20 d(} = 25 J 1 + c;s 29 d(};:::25 (~+

= 225((} sin 9 cos 9)+ C = 225[sin-1(i)+(i)( +
sin4
20) + C
+C
~)]+C
9t2 = cos 0;
51 = 22 sin- (i)+
t~
4. t
= 1sin (), -~
< () <~, dt =
1cos e dO, Vl-
5. x = ~ sec 0, 0 < 0 < ~t dx = ~ sec 9 tan () dO, V 4x2
49 = V49 sec2 9 '- 49 = 7 tan 0; Isec 0 + tan 0 I+ C = lIn 2

1
J V 4x2x_ 49 = J
(~ sec 0 tan 0) dO = 1J sec e dO = lIn

7 tan () 2 2 sec
2x + 7
/4 2 491 x+C 7
6. x =! sec 9, 0 < 0 <~, dx =!
e tan
0 dO, V25x2 - 9 ;:::V9 sec2 e
9 = 3 tan 9;
1
V2~::-9=
U! sec e tan o) d(} = J sec() d(}=lnlsec 5 3tan()
()+tan()I+C=In
5;+
2 25~ -9
+C
586
7. x
= sec 0, 0 < 0 < i, dx = sec 0 tan

_
0 dO, ..Jx2 -1
= tan
0;
dx J x2..Jx2 8. x
= J sec 0 tan 0 dO = J ...£!!.. = sin 0 + C = tan 0 cos 0 + C = sec20 tan 0 sec 0 0 dO, ..Jx2 -1 = tan 0;
R-=1 + C x
= sec 0, 0 < 0 < i, dx = sec 0 tan =
2 dx J x3..Jx2 -1
J 2 tan 0 sec 0 dO = 2 J cos2 0 dO = 2 J (1 + cos 20) dO = 0 + sin 0 cos 0 + C sec30 tan 0 2
= 0 + tan
9. x
0 cos20 + C 0, -1!.2 < 0
= sec-1x+
..Jx2 -1(iY
+C = sec-1x+
Vx?
x
+C
= 2 tan
< 1!.2'dx = 2 ~O , R+4

cos 0
=~ cos
11
3 2 x3 dx = J (8 tan 0)(cos 0) dO = 8 J sin30 dO = 8 J (cos 0 - d(-sin 4 20 2 +4 cos cos 0 cos40 J ..Jx [t = cos OJ-+ 8 J t\"41 dt = 8 J (~~ ) dt = 8 (
0) dOj
-i + 3!3) + C = s(- sec 0 + seS30) + C

-4R+4+C
=8( - ~+(x2t.~3/2)+C=i(x2+4)3/2
10. x = tan 0,
-i < ()< i, dx = sec2() d(}, RT1 = sec
(}j
2 dx = J sec () d(} = J cos () d(}= __ ._I_+C 2 e sec 0 2 tan sin2 () sin () J x2..Jx + 1 11. W= 2 sin (), -
-q+! +C
(}j
i < 0 < i,dw = 2 cos 0 d(}, ..J 4 -
w2 = 2 cos
8 dw = J 8·2 cos () d() = 2 J __g!__ = -2 cot ()+ C = -2~ J w2..J 4 - w2 4 sin2 () ·2 cos () sin2 () 12. w = 3 sin (), -
+C
i < ()< i,dw = 3 cos () d(}, ..J9 -
w2 = 3 cos
(}j
J~
w2
dw=
f
=
3cos(}.~cosOdO= 9 sm2 e ~w
Jcot2(}dO=
J(I-:sin ())d(}= sm20
J(CSC2(}-I)d(}
= -cot
(}-(}+C
. -sm -l(W)+C "3

2
13. x = sec 0, 0 dx
<0<
=
i, dx = sec () tan 0 d(), (x
-1 )
3/2
= tan3 (}j
(x
-1
)3/2
sec 0 tan 0 dO = J cos () dO = - _.1_ + C = - (_1_)(_1_) +C tan3 () sin20 sin () tan () cos () ff-l+C
Section 7.4 Trigonometric 5/2 < ()<~, dx = sec () tan () d(), ( x2 -1 ) = tanS ()j __ 1_+C=_1(_1_)(_1_)+C 3 sin3 () 3 tan3 ()
Substitutions
587
14. x = sec (), 0
2 tan cos() tanS J (x 2x2dx)5/2 = J sec ()·sec() () ()d()= J sin d()=

-1
4 ()
cos3 ()
15. x = sin (), -~
J (1-X:t f (117. x =!
< ()<~, dx = cos () d(), (1_x2}J/2 = cos3()j

dx=
f cos3~;:~:OdO= f cot4()CSC2()d()=_co150+c=_!(
()j
V1?Y
+c
16. x = sin (), -~
< ()<~, dx = cos () d(), (1- x2)1/2 = cos
x2)1/2 dx = x4
J cos 0sin4() 0 dO = f cot20 csc2 0 d() = _ cot330 + C = _1(v'1=7)3 ·cos 3 x

1)2
+c
tan (), -~
< ()<~, dx =! sec2() dO, (4x2 +
= sec4(); ()+cos2())+C
f
18. t =
8dx 2= (4x2 + 1)
8(1 sec2 d() 2 4 =4 sec ()
0)
J cos2() d() = 2(()+sin
Ocos())+C=2(()+tan
= 2 tan-12x+
4x +C (4x2 + 1)
2
itan «, - ~ < ()< i, dt = i sec2 () d(), 9t2 + 1 = sec

2
();
6 dt 2 = (9t2 + 1) +
sec 0) f 6 (13 sec () dO = 2 f cos2 0 dO = ()+ sin () cos ()+ C = ()+ tan () cos
4
2 ()
+C
= tan-13t
3t (9t2+1) (), t
=
+C
19. Let et
ln4
= 3 tan
et
In{3 tan 0), dt
= sec
tan 0
0 d(), Je2t
tan-1
+ 9 = J9 (4/3)
tan2() + 9
3 sec ();
tan-1 (4/3)
f o
v?t+9-
dt
3 tan (). sec2 () d() tan 0·3 sec 0
tan -1 (1/3)
tan -1 (1/3)
sec () d() = [In Isec ()+ tan () IJtan-~ (4/3) tan- (1/3)
= In
(i + ~) -
In (
v;o
+ i)'=
In 9 -In (1 +
v'fO)
588
L'Hopital's

2t
20. Let et
In (4/3)
= tan
B, t
= In (tan
B),
!:5 B :5~, dt
(tan
= ~:~:
dB, 1 + e
= 1 + tan2
B = sec2 Bj
In (3/4)
e) (sec2 e e) tan
de
1/4 21.
1/12
23. x = sec
sec tan J xJx2dx -1 = J sec e etan e ede = e + C = sec
e,
dx
= sec e tan e de,
Jx2 -1 = Jsec2
-1
e -1
= tan ej
Ix I+ C
24. x = tan
e, dx =
sec2 e dB, 1 + x2
J ~=+ 1 J se~2ede=e+C=tan-1x+C x2 sec2 e

25. x
= sec2 ej
J Jx2
= sec e, dx = sec e tan 0 de, Jx2 -1 = Jsec 0 -1 = tan Bj x dx = J sec e . sec e tan 0 dO = J sec e dO = tan B + C = J x
2 2
-1
tan ()
2-
1+ C
26. x = sin
e, dx
= cos
e d(}, -~
< () < ~j
dx J J1-x2
J cos 0 () = ()+ C = sin-1 x + C dO cos

y
27. x dy dx
= V{""'2-: dy = V{""'2-: dx x" - 4j x" - 4 x; =
J Jxx
2
x
-
4 dx; [ dx
= 2 sec B, 0 < e < ~ = 2 sec () tan B d(} J x 4 = 2 tan 0

2 -
.....y
(2 tan B)(2 sec B tan ()) dO 2 sec () =2
J tan 2 B d(} = 2 J (2sec B-1
) dO = 2(tanO - e) + C
Section 7.4 Trigonometric
Substitutions
589
28. ..; x2
Y 9 ddx= 1, dy = ~;
x2
y=
J ~;x
X 2-
3 sec B, 0 < B < ~ dx = 3 sec B tan B dB ";x2

-
--; y =
9 = 3 tan B
J 3 sec3Btan BB dB tan
J sec B dB = In I sec B + tan

~I
B I + C = In It + ~
I+ C; x = 5 and y = In 3 => In 3 = In 3 + C => C = 0
=>y=Inlt+
dy 29 . ( x 2 + 4) -d - 3 , d Y - -2--' Y - 3 - 3 dx. x x +4 => C =
_3:
2 dy
2
J x dx +4
-2-- -
3 -2 t an -1 X C,, x - 2 an d y - 0 => 0 - -2 t an -11 + C -2+ -3
=> y =!
tan-l(~)_387T
30. (x2+1)
-d =yx-+l,dy= x
rr-:-:;
(2
x / ;x=tanB,dx=sec2BdB, )32 x +1
x2+I)
3/2
=sec3B;
y=
J sec dB = J cos B dB = sin B + C = tan B cos B + C = tan BB + C = h secB sec x+l

~
+ C; x = 0 and y = 1
=>1=O+C=>y=
h+l
x +1
31. A =
J~
o
1r/2
dx; x = 3 sin (), 0
s () ~,dx = 3 cos B dB, ";9 ~

cos2
()
- x2 = ";9 - 9 sin2
()
= 3 cos Bj
A=
J
o
1r/2
3 cos B· ~ cos () dB = 3
J
o
d() = ![ ()+ sin () cos ()l~/2 = 3:
x = tan B, dx = sec2B dB, x2 + 1 = sec2B;
../4
V = 47T
J
o
sec B dB = 47T sec4 B
../4
../4
cos2B dB = 27T
33. (a) From the figure tan.?f = sin x , 2 l+cosx (b) From part (a), z = 1 ~n x => z(1 + cos x) = sin x => z2(1 +cos x)2 = sin2 x cos x
590
L'Hopital'a Rule, and Improper Integrals
=> z2(1 + cos x)2 - (1 - cos x)(l + cos x) = 0 => (1 + cos x)(z2 + z2 cos x - 1 + cos x) = 0
1 + cos x cos x cos
X
= -1
=0
or
(z2 + 1) cos x cos x
= -1 does not
make sense in this case. 1. = --2z2 => sm l+z

2
= 1+ - z2 1 z2
= 1-
z2
(c) From part (b), cos x
x = 1-
(l+z)
(1 - z2)2 (1 + z2)2 - (1 _ z2)2 2 2= 22 (l+z)
Only sin x (d) z
=~
l+z
= tan~,
dz =
makes sense in this case. 2 sec ~) dx
=> dz =
HI
+ tan2 ~) dx
=> dz
=!(1 + z2) dx => dx = 12+d:
35 .
J 1-cosxdx
J 1-l.=..L
"i"+? 2- J 1+ z2 2 dz
2 dz
dz - _l+c 2- z z
- __ l_+C x tan 2"
36.
1- sin 0 -
dO
J 1-"i"+? ~
1+~ 2 I-tan ~ +C
2 dz z2 - 2z + 1 -
f~
(z _1)2 -
--
_2_
Z-
+C -
tan ~-1
+C
37.
J 1 +' SIndtt + cos t = f

1r/2
2 dz 1 2z 1+--+--z 1 + z2 1 + z2 1 + z2
2
J -+dz 1 = In Iz + 1I+ C = In I tan z
t -2+ 1 I + c
38.
dB 2 + cos 0-
(..1Jk.) f
1 +z2
o 2+(I-Z2)1 +z2
2+2z;!\-z2=
I J~3=
1
Js[tan-
~J:=
Jstan-l~
..j3
39. 2z - 2z3 + 2z + 2z3
Section 7.5 Integral Tables, Computer Algebra Systems, and Monte Carlo Integration
591
40.
dt f sint-cost-
f (~_1-Z2)(~)
1 + z2 1- J2 1 + z2 +C
-f
2 dz 2z-1+z2-
2 dz (z+1)2_2-
1 I IZ + 1- J21 C J2 n z+l+J2 +
= y~21n -:,
tan(~)+
(t) tan 2 + 1 + J2
7.5 INTEGRAL TABLES, COMPUTER ALGEBRA SYSTEMS, AND MONTE CARLO INTEGRATION
1.
F.
x-3
= ~ tany3
tx="'J V-r 3+ C
(We used FORMULA 13(a) with a = 1, b = -3)
2.
f~ ~
=(f)(~)3
J. (x -
Jx-2
2) dx + 2
_4L_ =
J ( ~l
dx + 2
J (~rl
dx
+2(f)(~)1
= ~[2(X;2)
+4]+C
(We used FORMULA 11 with a = 1, b = -2, n = 1 and a = 1, b = -2, n = -1)
-225
_ (l)(~) (J2x=3t +223 (J2x=3)3 (2)(~)
+-
C _ (2x - 3)3/2[2X - 3 1] 2 5++-
C _ (2x - 3)3/2(x + 1) C 5 +
(We used FORMULA 11 with a = 2, b = -3, n = 3 and a = 2, b = -3, n = 1)
4.
J v'9="4x dx = - y'9-4x + (-4) f

x2 x 2
(We used FORMULA 14 with a
= -4, b = 9)
X:Y;9 - 4x
dx
+C
592
Chapter 7 Integration Techniques, L'Hopital's
= _ V9="4x _ 2(_1
x
J9
) In V9="4x -+ J9\ + C V9 - 4x J9
1
(We used FORMULA 13(b) with a = -4, b = 9) =
-V9="4x x
2 3 In \ V9="4x + 31 + C V9 _ 4x 3
5.
r:--?4 2 d XY4X-X- x=
f xv./2 . 2x-x
+
2d (x+2)(2x-3.2)V2.2.x-x x= 6
23• -1(x-2) C +"2sm -2- +
= (x+2)(2x-6)V4x-X2 6
4 . -1(x-2) sin -2-
(We used FORMULA 51 with a = 2)
6.
dx x~
xJ(
dx = __ 1 InlJ7+ '\(1)2+ J7)2 + x2 J7
x2
1+c=
__ 1 In\J7+p\+c J7
(We used FORMULA 26 with a = J7)
7.
J~
J ~dp=
r2 J V4-r2
dx=
f .Ji2? dx=
V22-x2-21nI2+~I+c
2 = V4-x2-21nI +vJ=?I+c
8.
f ~dp=~~+5;sin-It+C=~~+225sin-It+C
dr =
9.
J V22-r2 r2
dr = 22 sin-1 -lrV22 2 22
(!.)
- r2 + C = 2 sin-1
(!.) -lrV 22
4 - r2 + C
10.
5 +l:in
20 = 2~
tan-l [
/fiJ.
tan(i-
2/)]+ C =
-! tan-l[! tan(i-
0)]+
(We used FORMULA 70 with b = 5, c = 4, a = 2)
11.
f e2t cos 3t dt = 22e+32 (2 cos 3t + 3 sin 3t) + C = 13 (2 cos 3t + 3 sin 3t) + C

(We used FORMULA 108 with a = 2, b = 3)
12.
J x cos-l x dx = J xl cos-
x dx = xll++11 cos- x + 1 +11
f ~ l-x2
2 = x2 cos-l
+ -21
J ~ l-x
(We used FORMULA 100 with a = 1, n = 1)
Section 7.5 Integral Tables, Computer Algebra Systems, and Monte Carlo Integration 2 COS-1 + X
593
-X
-2
1(1sin-1 22
x) _l(lxVI 22
2 - x2) + C - x cos-1 x + 1 sin-1 x -lxVI -2 4 4
_ x2 + C
= 1)
+_1 2.32
13.
ds (9_s2)2-
f (33_s2)2-2.32.(32-s2) ds s
= 3)
+.1..(_1 In IS+31)+c 18 2·3 8-3
__Q§_
32_s2
(We used FORMULA 19 with a _ s -18(9-s2)
s -18(9-82)
+_1 In Is+31+C 108 s-3
14.
v'4x+9 dx = - v'4x+9 + 1. f x2 X 2
In
dx xV4x+9
(We used FORMULA 14 with a = 4, b = 9)
= _ v'4x+9 + 2 (_1 x V9
I J4X+9 - V91) V4x+9+V9
+C
= _ v'4x+9 + ~ In 1J4X+9 x 3 V4x+9+3
31+ C
(We used FORMULA 13(b) with a
= 4, b = 9)
15.
v'3t=4 t
dt
= 2V3t
~
- 4 + (-4)
dt tV3t -4
= 3, b = -4)
tan-1
= 2V3t-4-4(
tan "!
(We used FORMULA
= 2V3t -4-4 13(a) with a = 3, b = -4)

x __ 1_ 2+ 1
~)+C
J3t4"4+C
x _1 3
16.
x2 tan-1 x dx
= x2+1 tan-1 2+ 1
x +l dx 1 + x2
= x33 tan-1
f _£__
1 + x2
dx
= 1, n = 2);
17.
sin 3x cos 2x dx
= _coi05x_co2
x+C
(We used FORMULA 62(a) with a
= 3, b = 2)
[sin(~t) Sin(~t)] - -9+C
18.
. . t 8 . (7t) J 8 sm 4t sm 2" dx = '7 sm 2'
- '9 sin 2' + C = 8 -7-
8 . (9t)
(We used FORMULA 62(b) with a
= 4, b =!)
594
Chapter 7 Integration Techniques, L'H6pital's Rule, and Improper Integrals
19.
J cos ~ cos £ dO = 6 sin(~)+ ¥ sin(I~)+

(We used FORMULA 62(c) with a
= 1, b =!)
sm""'2" + 15
20.
. . (130) 0 cos 70 dO = 13 sin (130) + 15 sin (150) + C = sm""'2" 1. 1. cos 2" ""'2" ""'2" 13
(We used FORMULA 62(c) with a
. (150)
+C
=!, b = 7)
2
21.
J x(x2+1) + 21dx = J xx2dx + J (x2+1) + dx +1

3 X
= -21 J
d (~2 + 1) + x +1
J (x +1) dx
2
!In Ix2 + 11+ 2 ( 1 x 2) + !tan -1 x + C +x

(For the second integral we used FORMULA 17 with a x + 6x dx 2 (x2+3) tan1
2
= 1)
2+ 3
22.
f -#- + J (x6x+3) f (x 3+3) 2 = J x2+(y'3) dx dx dx 2 x +3

22
f d(x(x+3)+ 31- 3 f [x2+(y'3)2] dx 2

2
=~
()3)-
(x2 ~ 3)
3(
2( y'3)2((:n)2
+x2) + 2(
~)3 tan-l (
)3)
)+C
(For the first integral we used FORMULA 16 with a with a -_I_tan -2y'3
= y'3;
for the third integral we used FORMULA 17
-1(_1L) __x2+32(x2+3) 3_y'3
= y'3)
+C
= u2 sin-Iu-
J Jl-u u du
2 2 2
= 1, n = 1)
C = (u2
= u2 sin-Iu _(! sin-I u -!uJl-u )+

-!) sin- u +!uJl1
2 u +C
= 1)
= (x - !) sin -1 ..fi
24.
+ Jx -
x2 + C
J cos-:rx_..fi dx; [
x
:: dx
~ ] 2u du
-+
J cos~1u ·2u du = 2 J cos= 1)
u du
= 2( U cos-Iu
-i-r=»
595
25. f(cott)v'I-Sin2tdt=
v'1-Sin~t(Cost)dtj[ sm t
u ee sin t ]-+ du = cos t dt
~du
= v'1-u2-lnll+~I+c (We used FORMULA 31 with a = 1) = v'1-sin2t -In 11+ v'_1-sin2tl+c sm t
26.
dt (tant)v'4-sin2t
cos t dt (sint)v'4-sin2t'
.[
u = sin t] du ee cos t dt -+
f uv'4_u2--2In du _
2 12+ v' 4 - u 1 u +C
(We used FORMULA 34 with a = 2) = -lin 2 12+ v' ~ - sin t 1+ C

sin t
2
27.
f yJ3
dy j [ uy==1:: ] -+ + (In y)2 dy = eU du
f eU~U du e
v'3)
du v'3 + u2 -In
u+
v'3W I
3+ u
+C
= In lIn y +
3 + {In y)21+ C
(We used FORMULA 20 with a =
28. f J:~:i~~O
29.
j [dUu==C~~noo -+ dO]
f~
v'5)
2 = In lu+ v'5 + u 1+ C = In Isin
2 + v'5 +sin 01+
(We used FORMULA 20 with a =
f f
~j[d:=:rdr]-+
vY=t=lnlu+Ju2=1I+C=InI3r+v'9r2-11+c
30.
~j[d:::~Y]-+
J ~=Inlu+v'1+u21+c=lnI3y+Jl+9Y!I+c
596
Chapter 7 Integration Techniques, L'Hopital's Rule, and Improper Integrals
31.
J cos-
Jx
dx; [
\== dx = 2t dt
{f- ] -- 2 J t cos-1 t dt = 2(~

+C
1 cos- t + ~
(We used FORMULA 100 with a = 1, n = 1) = t2 cos-1 t + ~ sin-1 t - ~tv'i""=?
(We used FORMULA 33 with a = 1) = x cos-1
Jx+~ sin-1
Jx-~Jx~+C
= x cos-1
Jx+~ sin- Jx-~Jx-x2

1
+C
(We used FORMULA 101 with n = 1, a = 1) =t2 tan-1t-
J t:+l t+1
dt }
J ~=t2 l+t
3x
tan-1t-t+tan-1t+C=y
tan-1
iy+tan-1 V"
VJ
iy-
V"
iy+C
33.
xe3x dx = e
3x
32
(3x-1)
+C = T(3x-l)
+C
34.
Jxe 2
3 x/
dx = 2x3ex/2 - 3 ·2
_
J x2ex/2 dx = 2x e 2
3
X /
x2 - 6 ( 2x2e /
2 ·2
J xex/
dx ) 1) + C
= 2x3eX/2
12x2ex/2 + 24. 4ex/2 (~-
1) + C = 2x3ex/2 - 12x2e
x2 /
x2 + 96e /
(~-
(we used FORMULA 105 with a = ~ twice and FORMULA 104 with a =!)
35.
J x22x dx = xln22 -12n2 J x2x dx = Xl222 -I n22 (IX2 2-11n2 J 2x dX) = Xl22 -I n22 [IX2 2-~]+ 2) n n n n (In
X X
(We used FORMULA 106 with a = 1, b
= 2)
- X71"x _L_~+c - In 71" In 71" (In 71")2
36.
J X71"x -dx J k sinh

5
X71"x 1_ 71"xx - X71"x 1_( 71"x __ d __ )+C In 71" In 71" - In 71" In 7r In 71"
(We used FORMULA 106 with n = 1, b = 71", = 1) a
37.
3x dx =
k( sinh4 3;.3osh
2
3x - 5
'5 1 J sinh33x
dX)
_ sinh4 3x cosh 3x 120
l(sinh 3X cosh 3x _ 3 -1 10 3·3 3
J sinh 3x dX)
= 1, n = 3)
(We used FORMULA 117 with a = 3, n = 5 and a
Section 7.5 Integral Tables, Computer Algebra Systems, and Monte Carlo Integration 4 2 _ sinh 3x cosh 3x _ sinh 3x cosh 3x + .1.(1 cosh 3x) + C 120 90 30 3 = 1~0 sinh43x cosh 3x
597
-lo sinh 3x
2
cosh 3x +
io cosh 3x + C
38.
COS~yXdX;[d::~ 2yX
]-+2
COSh4udU=2(Cosh3~sinhu+441
COSh2UdU)
_ cosh3 U sinh U+ .:i(sinh 2u + +C 2 2 4 2 (We used FORMULA 118 with a = 1, n =! cosh3 yX sinh yX+ ~ sinh 2yX+iyX
!!)
= 2 and
+C
FORMULA 116 with a = 1)
39.
x2 cosh 3x dx =
32sinh 3x - iJ x sinh 3x dx = 3 sinh 3x - ~(~

2
cosh 3x
-!f cosh 3x dX)
(We used FORMULA 122 with a = 3, n = 2 and FORMULA 121 with a = 3, n = 1)
32sinh 3x - 2gxcosh 3x + :}7sinh 3x + C

40.
J x sinh 5x dx = K cosh 5x -l5 sinh 5x + C

(We used FORMULA 119 with a = 5, n = 1)
42. x = a sin 0
J v'a
=> a2 _x2 = a2
_x2 dx
cos20
=> -2x dx = -2a2 cos () sin () dO => dx = a cos 0 dO;

2 ~2
a cos O(a cos (})dO = a2
J cos 0 dO = f (1 + cos 20) dO = ~2(0 +sin2 20)+

-sin 0)+ C
= ~(O
+ cos () sin
0)+
= ~2(O + v'1-sin2(}
= ~(
sin-1 ~+
Va?
.~)+
43.
J xn(ln axr
J (In ax)ffi d(~X:~) = xn+~(~ ;X)ffi - J (~n:Dm(ln ax)ffi-l(i) dx _ xn+1(ln ax)ffi .zn., f n(l )ffi-l d n+l n+l x nax x ( We used integration by parts f u dv = uv - J v du with u = (In ax)?', v = ~X:~)
dx =
598 Chapter 7 Integration Techniques, L'Hopital's Rule, and Improper Integrals

44.
x" sin-1 ax dx =
xn+l . -1 = n + 1 sm
J sin- ax d(Xn+1)1 = nn++ 1 sinx n+ a J xn+1 dx ax - n + 1 viI _ a x n t=

1 1 2 2'
ax -
f (xn+l)1 V1- a (ax)2 dx n+

1
-1
( We used integration by parts
f u dv ;:::uv - f v du with u = sin-
ax, v = ~n:~)
45. (a) The volume of the filled part equals the length of the tank times the area of the shaded region shown in the accompanying figure. Consider a layer of gasoline of thickness dy located at height y where -r < y < -r + d. The width of this layer is
-r+d
2~.
Therefore, A;::: 2
-r+d
J~
dy
dy
-r
and V=L·A=2L
J~
[ ~
-r
(b) 2L
=r-l-d -r
J~
dy = 2L Y r 2-y
+~
sin-
~ -r
r.
_d2 +(r;)( sin-l ( d ~ r )+~)]
(We used FORMULA 29 with a = r) = 2L[(d; r) J2rd _d2 +r; sin-l ( d ~ r )+r; (~)] = 2L[ (d;t)J2rd
46. The integrand f(x) = Jx - x2 is nonnegative, so the integral is maximized by integrating over the function's entire domain, which runs from x = 0 to x = 1
::}I1
Jx-x2dx=
1V
2.!x-x2dx=
[(x _!) V
-2
2.!x-x2+-2
(!)2
sin-
(x -!1)]1
2
(We used FORMULA 48 with a =!)
~[( x~!) v'x-x'

CAS EXPLORATIONS
+im,l (2x-l) 1: ~i·HHH ,

as
For MAPLE use the int(f(x),x) command, and for MATHEMATICA use the command Integratejffx).x], discussed in the text. n+l f xn In x dx = xn+l In x - n+1 J x" dx ' n t=
_1_ -1
47. (e)
(We used FORMULA 110 with a = 1, m = 1)
599
48. (e)
X-ll In x dx = x-
ll 1 + In x 1 -n + 1 (-n) + 1
x-ll dx n
'
f:. 1
(We used FORMULA 110 with a = 1, m = 1, n = -n) _ x1-ll In x I-n -- 1 (xl-ll) -I-n I-n
1 ll 1 ) +C +C=-- x - ( lnx--I-n I-n
49. (a) Neither MAPLE nor MATHEMATICA (b) MAPLE and MATHEMATICA (c) Let x
can find this integral for arbitrary n.
get stuck at about n = 5.
= ~-
=> dx
= - du;
= 0 => u = ~,
-sinll(~-
x=~ u) du
=> u = OJ
w:/2
sinllxdx sinllx + cosllxw:/2
fo
w:/2
J o
w:/2
cos'l x dx
=>1+1=
J
o
(s~nllx+cosllX)dX= smllx+cosllx
The following Mathematica module is used to obtain the Monte Carlo estimates of area in Problems 50 through 55. monte[f_, indvar., , m.; , a_, b.,., n_List] := Module[{g, x, xr, yr, area, lim, areaavg, yl, y2}, g = fl. indvar -> Xj lim = Lengthjn]: area - Table[O, {k, 1, limj]; For[k = 1, k <= lim, k+-}, For[counter = OJ i = 1, i <= n[[k]], i++, xr = a+ (b - a)*RandomDj yr m-Randomj]; If'[yr <= g/. x -> xr, counter = counter + l]j]; area[[k]] = m*(b - a)*counter/n[[k]]]j areaavg = (Sum[n[[i]]*area[[i]], {i, 1, lim}]) / Sum[n[i]], {i, 1, limj]; yl Integrate[g, {x, a, b}] / / Nj y2 Integrate[g, {x, a, b}]; Print[area]; Print [areaavgJ; Print[y2]j Print yl j
= =
The following command executes the preceding module. The arguments are the integrand function, the independent variable, an upper bound on the integrand function, the lower limit of integration, the upper limit of integration, and a list of the numbers of random points to generate in each estimation. monte[z*Sqrt[1 - z], z, 0.5, 0, 1, {100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000, 6000, 8000, 10000, 15000, 20000, 30000 The preceding command is for Problem 51.
600
Chapter 7 Integration Techniques, L'Hopital's Rule, and Improper Integrals y
TargetAJea
/
50.
0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05
+----------,
Select M 0.2 The area approximations Number of Points 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.2
will vary depending on the random number generator and seed value that is used Approximation of Area 0.154 0.151 0.148 0.149 0.1528 0.151667 0.149429 0.1435 0.146444 0.1408 Number of Points 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 8000 10,000 15,000 20,000 30,000 Approximation of Area 0.1492 0.147867 0.1497 0.14712 0.148433 0.147925 0.14796 0.148147 0.14824 0.147687 Therefore,
A weighted average of the areas in the table is used to estimate the integral.
f
51.
xe-2x dx ~
CE
ni 'area(i))
CE
n(i))
2 )
= 0.147987
~
by Monte Carlo.
;he actual value of the integral is (1- 3e 4
0.148499.
1.5
f{y)
f(y)
= (siny)e
COSY
1.25
1
Target Area
0.75 0.5 0.25
O+--r--~~-+--r-~~~ Select M = 1 The area approximations Number of Points 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
y
3.5 4
0.5 1
1.5 2 2.5 3
will vary depending on the random number generator and seed value that is used Approxima tion of Area 0.722566 0.628319 0.586431 0.581195 0.637743 0.560251 0.583439 0.577268 0.5621337 0.655022 Number of Points 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 8000 10,000 15,000 20,000 30,000 Approximation Area 0.628319 0.646121 0.642456 0.636487 0.627533 0.643437 0.62235 0.625386 0.635073 0.638895 of

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CHAPTER 7 TECHNIQUES OF INTEGRATION.

RULE. AND IMPROPER INTEGRALS

7.1 BASIC INTEGRATION FORMULAS

J J8x dx 1j [ du==8x +dx ] J k = 2JU + C = 2J8x2 + 1 + C 16x u 1 + 16x JU

J vi!cos3xsin x i [dU== 13+3 sindxx ] J 3 dx + cos x

dJ.:.= 2JU + C = 2J1 + 3 sin x + C

cos v dv; [d u= sin vd ] u=cosv v

du = 3 ·£3 3/2 + C = 2(sin v)3/2 + C u

u=JX-l dU=2.;xdx 2 du = .ft

Chapter 7 Techniques of Integration,

Rule, and Improper Integrals

esc (1I"X - 1) dx; [~:::

u- ~u = -;.1 In I esc u + cot u 1+ C

i In Iesc (1I"X 1) + cot (1I"X -

cot (3 + In x) ~ = 3 + In xl x dx; du = --+

J cot u du = In Isin u 1+ C = In Isin (3 + In x) 1+ C

J 3 sec u du = 3 In Isec u + tan u I+ C = 3 In Isec i+ tan iI+ C

J x sec{x2 - 5) dx; [ :u==x;x-d:

In I sec u + tan ul+ C

= ! In sec (x2 - 5) + tan (x2 - 5) 1+ C

dU~=:_:~~~dY _ ]--+ x - 2 => u - 0, x - 11" => u - -1

dv· [ u = ta~ v ] --+ , du = sec v dv

Section 7.1 Basic Integration Formulas

vtd du=...ili.... J e__o t; [U=0] J 2eu du = 2eu + C = 2eVIi' + C 20

dx J 3x+I dx·, [ udu= =x + 1 ] J 3

1u _ IOu _ 1( 10 ) 2"10 du - 2 In 10 + C - '2 In 10 + C

2du =2tan-1u+C=2tan-1(2x+l)+C 1+u 2

Chapter 7 Techniques of Integration, L'Hopital's Rule, and Improper Integrals

du = tan -1 u + C = tan -1 eX+ C -2-u +1

-1 lul+ C = sec-1 eY+C

dx. x cos (In x) ,

sec u du = [ In I sec u + tan u I] 0

i + tan ~ 1- In I sec 0 + tan

0 I = In (2 + y'3) -In (1) = In (2 + y'3)

(Inxdx );[ u~ln2x x 1 + 4 In2 x du = x In x dx

= 2 [tan -1 1 - tan -1 (-1 ) ] = 2 [

f J'1- dt _ 2)2 ; [ ud= =t -dt2 ] (t

J 1-dO _ 1)2 '. [ (0

Section 7.1 Basic Integration Formulas

(sec x-l-cot xj+dx

sec x cot x+cot2x)dx=

f sec2xdx+ f 2cscxdx+ f csc xdx- f 2secxdx+

= tan x - 2 In Iesc x + cot x 1- cot x - x + C

(csc x=-tan xj+dx

= - cot x - 2 In 1 sec x + tan x] + tan x - x + C

f(I--x _1_)dx=x-tan- x+c +1

ix3 dx= x-I

558 Chapter 7 Techniques of Integration, L'Hopital's

Rule, and Improper Integrals

54. J x+2v'x=!dx= 2xv'x=!

(sec2x + sec x tan x) dx = [tan x-l sec X1o/4= (1 +

2-8x dx1 + 4x2 -

= (tan -1 1 - In 2) - (tan -1 0 - In 1) = i-In

-sin x\ dx = J (l-s~n x) dx = J (sec2x-sec I-sin2x cos x

x tan x) dx = tan x-sec

J 1+ cos e de j [ du = 1 + cos de...... sin e u = _ sin e e]

1 dx= J cosx 1- sec x cos x-I

csc2 x - csc x cot x) dx = x + cot x + esc x + C

62 J 1 dx - J sin x . 1 - esc x sin x-I = J (1 - 1 + s~nx) dx = J cos x

) dx - J (1 + sin x + 1 ) dx (sin x-l)( sin x + 1)

sec2 x - sin2 ) dx = J (1 - sec2x - sec x tan x) dx = x - tan x - sec x + C x cos x

sin 2" for 0 :5 ~

J sin(~) dx = [-2 cos