[TYPE PAPER TITLE HERE]

Cecil E Greek

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Abstract
A paper presented on the question of how many subjects are required for
statistically valid usability research. This paper argues that the conventional
wisdom that a similar number is appropriate for all studies is not valid, and
instead proposes a mechanism for matching the sample size with the issue being
tested.

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Table of Contents
Abstract ................................................................................................................................. ii
Table of Contents............................................................................................................... iii
List of figures ...................................................................................................................... iv
List of Tables........................................................................................................................ v
Paper Title............................................................................................................................. 1
To Customize This Paper: .......................................................................................... 1
To Create A Document .............................................................................................. 1
To Build Table of Contents ....................................................................................... 1
To Insert a Picture or Table ....................................................................................... 1
References............................................................................................................................. 3

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List of figures
Number
Page
Figure 1 Sample Picture ..................................................................................................... 2

iv

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List of Tables
Number
Page
Table 1 Sample Table ......................................................................................................... 2

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Paper Title

To Customize This Paper:

Insert your information in place of the sample text. Choose File Save As. At the
bottom of the menu, choose Document Template in the Save File as Type: box
(the filename extensions should change from .doc to .dot).

To Create A Document
Choose File New to re-open your thesis template as a document. Your
information should appear in place.
To change the spacing between, for example, body text paragraphs, click your
cursor in this paragraph, and choose Paragraph from the Format menu. Reduce
the Spacing After entry, making additional adjustments as needed.
To save your Style changes, (assuming your cursor is blinking in the changed
paragraph), click on the Style in the drop-down Style list at the top-left of your
screen. Press Enter to save the changes, and to update all similar Styles.

To Build Table of Contents

Use Words styles for your heading formatting (from the dropdown on the
formatting toolbar or from Styles on the Formatting menu). Update the table of
contents by right clicking inside it and selecting Update All.

To Insert a Picture or Table

Click on a blank paragraph. Select Picture from the Insert Menu or Insert Table
from the Table menu. A caption will automatically be created for you with the
number of the picture or table. You can type the name of the picture or table
after the caption. To update the tables of figures and tables by right clicking
inside them and selecting Update All.

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Table 1 Sample Table

Sample Table Header

Sample Table Row

Figure 1

Sample Picture

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References
Denning, S., Hoiem, D., Simpson, M., and Sullivan, K. 1990, The value of
thinking-aloud protocols in industry: A case study at Microsoft. The Human
Factors Society, Santa Monica, CA, Human Factors Society.
Dosher, B. A. 1981, The effects of delay and interference: A speed-accuracy
study, Cognitive Psychology 13, 541-574.
Hintzman, D. L., and Caulton, D. A. 1997, Recognition memory and modality
judgments: A comparison of retrieval dynamics, Journal of Memory and
Language 37, 1-23.
Lewis, J. R. 1994, Sample sizes for usability studies: Additional considerations,
Human Factors, 36, 368-378.
Nielsen, J., and Landauer, T. K. 1993, A mathematical model of the finding of
usability problems, Proceedings of the ACM InterCHI '93 Conference (ACM,
Amsterdam, the Netherlands)
Nielsen, J. 1993, Usability Engineering. (AP Professional, Boston).
Reed, A. V. 1973, Speed-accuracy tradeoff in recognition memory, Science, 181,
574-576.
Virzi, R. A. 1992, Refining the test phase of usability evaluation: How many
subjects is enough?, Human Factors, 34, 457-468.
Wickelgren, W. A. 1977, Speed-accuracy tradeoff and information processing
dynamics, Acta Psychologica 41, 67-85.