Harvard Referencing Guide

There is no single definitive way of using the Harvard referencing system so you will see some variation as you go through your readings. You may find that your module coordinator gives you instructions for referencing that differ from this handout. In that case, you should follow your module coordinators instructions. This is not a list of everything there is to know about Harvard referencing. If you cant find what you are looking for, please try the internet or contact your Academic Enrichment Coordinator, Lois Smith L.Smith@mdx.ac

In text citation Direct quotation

This is using the exact words from your research material cut and paste if it is an online source. You must use quotation marks and give the authors name, the date and the page number (if there is one). Example: The main approaches favoured by many teachers include active listening, reading and writing. (Brown, 2008, p. 26) This can also be written with the authors name in the main part of your sentence Example: Brown (2008, p. 26) claims that active listening, reading and writing are the main approaches favoured by teachers.

Indirect quotation
This is known as a paraphrase. Rather than taking the exact words from your source, you rephrase the ideas in your own words. This still needs to be referenced because you need to acknowledge the original idea. It will also give you better grades because it shows that you have done some research. A paraphrase is generally better than a direct quotation because it shows you have understood what you have read. Example: Original From Ladies night at MTV awards on BBC news website, 6 November 2009, by Emma Jones, URL http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/8346212.stm Beyonce took three prizes - best female, best song and best video - Lady Gaga was awarded best newcomer and Briton Pixie Lott was given the MTV push artist award. There were also performances on the night from Leona Lewis, Shakira and Beyonce - not to mention Perry.
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Paraphrase During the recent MTV awards Beyonce was once more revealed as a superstar when she won three awards (Jones, 2009). Note: no page number here because it is from a website

Notes on in text citation

For 2 authors include both names (Smith and Jones, 2009) For 3 or more authors include all names the first time you mention the source, and then use et al after the first name (Davies, et al. 2008, p. 27) For sources with no named author use the name of the organization, if there is one (World Health Organisation, 2007, p.230) For sources with no named author or organization, use the title of the article or webpage - (Tips for a healthy life, 2009) For source with no date, write n.d. (Centre for Child Protection, n.d.) Caution be very careful about using sources with no apparent author or date of publication!

Secondary sources
If you want to use a reference you find in one of your sources (for example, your textbook) you will need to make a secondary citation. Example: Skinners theory of operant conditioning is widely recognized in the behaviourist tradition (cited in Brown, 2002, p. 24). The theory of operant conditioning is widely recognized in the behaviourist tradition (Skinner cited in Brown, 2002, p. 24).

Only the original source you used (book, journal article, web page etc.) appears in your reference list, not the secondary source. In the example above only Brown would be in the reference list, not Skinner.

Reference List
You must include a reference list at the end of your work. This should include full bibliographic details of all sources you have used. The reference list must be in alphabetical order and you should leave a space between each entry. Do not use bullet points or numbers. Please follow the examples below EXACTLY (italics, punctuation etc.)

A book
Include author, authors initials, date, title (in italics), place of publication, date of publication. Example: Brown, J. (2002). Current psychological thinking, London: Macmillan.

For a book with more than 1 author, include all the names and initials.

Example: Jones, P., Ali, A. and Spencer, S. (2001). Critical thinking, New York: Palgrave.

For a book with more than 1 edition, include the edition number. Example: Taylor, S. (2006). Time will tell. (3 edition), London: Sage.
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For an edited book also include (eds.) after the name of the editor/s. Example: Jones, P. and Taylor, S. (eds.) (2003). Starting your own business, New York: Harper.

If you use a book which has chapters written by different people you need a separate entry in your reference list for each chapter you use. You should include the page numbers of the chapter you are referring to. You also need to include details of the main book (which is usually an edited book). Example: Deacon, A. (2008). Employment, in P. Alcock, M. May., and K. Rowlingson (eds.), The students companion rd to social policy, (3 edition), Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 311-318.

A journal article
For an academic journal you need to include the authors name, the date, the title of the article, the name of the journal (in italics), the volume and issue numbers of the journal and the page numbers of the article. Example: Harcup, T. (2002). Journalists and ethics: the quest for a collective voice, Journalism Studies, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 101 104.

For an online journal article from a database you need to name the database and give the date you accessed the article. Example: Marginson, S. (2000). Rethinking academic work in the global era, Journal of Higher Education Policy and th Management, Vol. 22, No. 1. Available: Proquest database. [Accessed 9 August, 2007].

For an online journal article from a general website you need to include the URL. Example: Quiggins, J. (1997). Economic rationalism, Crossings, Vol. 2, No. 1.Available: th http://www.uq.edu.au/economics/johnquiggin/JournalArticles97/Econrat97.html [Accessed 24 October 2006]

Other electronic sources (websites and webpages)

For a webpage you need to find the author and the date, and include the title of the page and the name of the website, as well as the URL and the date you accessed the webpage.

Example: Trochim, M. (2006). Measurement, Web centre for research methods, Available: http://www.socialresearchmethods.net/kb/measure.php [Accessed 9th November 2009].

For a webpage without a named author you should use the name of the organization or website as the author. Example: Consortium for Street Children. (2009). Street children must be prime benefactors of 1GOAL campaign. Available: http://www.streetchildren.org.uk/news.asp?newsID=116 [Accessed 25 October 2009]

Newspapers
For a newspaper article you need to include the authors name, the date and day of publication, the title of the article and of the newspaper, and the page number of the article. Example: Jones, P. (2008). Something to say, The Dubai Times, 7 June, p. 15.
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For an online news or magazine article you also need to include the URL and the date you accessed it. Example: (from paraphrase above) Jones, E. (2009). Ladies night at MTV music awards, BBC News, 6 November. Available: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/8346212.stm [Accessed 9th November 2009].
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Online videos
For an online video (found on Youtube etc) you need to include the authors name (or the person who uploaded it), the date it was uploaded, the title of the video, the format, the URL and the date you accessed it. Example: HarvardBusiness (2008). John Kotter on a sense of urgency, online video. Available: th http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U5802FBaMSI [Accessed 20 October 2011].

Blog post
For a blog posting you need to include the name (or alias) of the author, the date of the post, the title of the post, the title of the site, the format, the day and month of publication, the URL and the date you accessed it. Example: Diamond, A. (2011). Why do people do such dangerous things? Anne Diamonds Blog, weblog, 19 th October, http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/annediamond/ [Accessed 26 October 2011].
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