Cntlmh Hc vin hng khng vit nam.

A. M u: I. Lch s:

Trong k thut o lng in t, quan st dng ca tn hiu l mt trong nhng yu cu c bn xc nh tn hiu( thng c biu din theo quan h bin thin theo thi gian hay theo quan h tn s). Oscilloscope l thit b gip ta lm c iu , chng v c trc tip th bin thin ca tn hiu, gip ta d dng quan st dng( phn bit c cc loi c th tn hiu) v xc nh c chnh xc cc i lng cn o. Nm 1826, Johann Poggendorff pht minh ra in k gng pht hin dng in. Nm 1880, Jules Francois Joubert pht minh ra Hand-drawn oscillograms l tin thn ca my hin sng hin i, bng phng php step by step. Tip theo l s ra i ca ondograph hospitalier( cn c gi l oscillographs) vo nm 1903. Mc d s ra i ca oscillograms, oscillographs(Ondograph Hospitalier), mirror galvanometer( in k gng) l bc t ph quan trng, nhng tt c ba k thut hin th in p ny qu chm, iu dn n s ra i ca ng tia cathode( CRT thnh phn quan trng ca oscilloscope), c xut bi Albert Hess v Ferdinand Braun trong nhng nm 1890, tuy nhin mi n nhng nm 1920 mn hnh CRT mi tr thnh thc t v ph bin, vy n nm 1920 oscilloscope c s dng rng ri, n khc phc c s chp chp ca cc th h trc. Nm 1985, tng cng ty LeCroy gii thiu my hin sng s u tin, mt phin bn trn my tnh ca my hin sng tng t. Ngy nay oscilloscope c th coi l mt my o vn nng, khng nhng dng rng ri trong ngnh in t, m cn c dng nhiu trong cc lnh vc khc, nh cc bin i trong c hc, sinh vt hc, y hc(c thc hin bng cch chuyn i nng lng cn o sang dng nng lng in). Trong k thut in t, tn on thng l cao tn nn hu ht oscilloscope l loi khng c qun tnh( dao ng k in t), bao gm loi tia b khng ch bi t trng v in trng. Trong o lng oscilloscope c s dng nhiu l loi tia in t b khng ch bi t trng. II. Mc ch s dng v cc loi oscilloscope dng trong o lng in t.

Trong o lng in t, khi ch quan st tn hiu bin i lin tc hay tn hiu xung, vi tn s lp li tng i cao, v ch cn cc thng s chnh( bin , rng) th c th ch dng loi oscilloscope tng t( analog) y cng chnh l ch chnh trong bi tiu lun.

Cntlmh Hc vin hng khng vit nam.

Oscilloscope tng t(analog) Khi cn o lng, quan st ng thi hn mt tn hiu( c th so snh trc tip dao ng ca chng), ta dng loi oscilloscope nhiu knh, u im ca chng l cho php ta nh gi, so snh cc thng s, c tnh ca chng mt cch nhanh chng v hiu qu. Thng oscilloscope hai knh c hai h thng sng in t ring bit trong cng mt ng phng tia in t; oscilloscope nhiu hn hai knh s dng thit b chuyn mch in t tr gip( c th v ng thi t 2, 4,.14 dao ng). Cch thc chuyn mch thng dng l chuyn mch phn knh theo thi gian v chuyn mch phn knh theo bin ( theo mc).

Oscilloscope loi 4 knh. Khi cn nghin cu, o lng tn hiu c lp( khng lp li, cn gi l phi chu k) ta dng loi oscilloscope khng ng b(thng dng loi oscilloscope khng ng b c nh). Ty theo yu cu nghin cu v ty thuc vo tn s tn hiu m ta chn c nh kiu tng t v c nh kiu s. Khi cn nghin cu tn hiu xung c rng nh hay tn s cao( tn hiu siu cao tn) th dng oscilloscope hot nghim, c thc hin theo phng php ly mu( oscilloscope stroboscope). Khi yu cu nghin cu chi tit, c th hn v thng s cng nh c tnh ca tn hiu hay mun o cc thng s khc ca n, mun x l kt qu quan st, so snh gi tr chun ta cn chn oscilloscope c cu to ci t b vi x l( microprocessor). phn sau chng ta s tm hiu s khi ca oscilloscope cng nh tnh nng, tc dng ca tng khi.

Cntlmh Hc vin hng khng vit nam.

B. S khi v chc nng ca n: I. S khi cu to Oscilloscope: Bao gm 4 phn: 1. ng tia in t( chng ta c th thy trn hnh-1ch CRT hoc hnh 2) 2. Knh lch ng Y. 3. Knh lch ngang X v ng b. 4. Knh Z( khng ch sng).

Hnh 1. S khi chc nng ca Oscilloscope mt knh.

II. Chc nng v cu to: 1. ng tia in t: a) Chc nng: L b phn trung tm ca oscilloscope, s dng loi ng 1 tia khng ch bng in trng. C nhim v hin th dng sng trn mn hnh v l i tng iu khin chnh( Uy, Ux,UG).

Cntlmh Hc vin hng khng vit nam.

Hnh 2. ng tia in t. b) Cu to:

Hnh 3. Cu to ca ng tia in t. ng tia in t CTR( vit tc ca t Cathode Ray Tube) l 1 ng thy tinh hnh tr, u c cha cc in cc, pha cui loe ra hnh nn ct, mt y c ph 1 lp hnh quang to thnh mn hnh. Cu to gm 3 phn: Mn hnh: Lp hunh quang ( c ch r trn hnh v) l hp cht photpho. Ta s ly mt in t c bn ti mn hnh lm v d. Khi c mt in t bn ti mn hnh (do mn hnh dy c hp cht ca Photpho nn xc xut trng nguyn t PhotPho gn nh 100%), in t s truyn ng nng( do in t chuyn ng cc nhanh nn ng nng rt ln) cho cc in t lp ngoi cng lm cho cc in t ny nhy t mc nng lng thp ln mc nng lng cao v tn ti trong thi gian rt ngn ri nhy v mc nng lng thp( do n khng nng lng bc khi nhn) v pht ra photon nh sng theo thuyt lng t nh sng. Mu sc nh sng cng nh thi gian tn ti ca im sng( d huy ca mn hnh) ph thuc vo hp cht Photpho thng t vi s n vi s. Sng in t:

Cntlmh Hc vin hng khng vit nam.

Gm si t F, catot K, li iu ch G( M), cc anot A1, A2. Nhim v: to gia tc v hi t chm tia in t. Cc in cc c dng hnh tr( lm bng Niken), ring Katot c ph lp Oxit kim loi tng kh nng bc x in t. Cc in cc pha sao c vnh rng hn in cc trc v c nhiu vch ngn. Mc ch: cc chm tia in t khng i qu xa trc ng, vic hi t s d dng hn. Vi cu to c bit ny s to ra 1 t trng khng iu c bit c th hi t v gia tc chm tia. Ngun cp: UK = -2 kV. UKG = 050 V. UA2 = 0 V. UA1 = 300 V. Li iu ch G c cp in m so vi K v c ghp st K d dng iu chnh cng ca chm in t bn ti mn hnh. Chit p trn G( iu chnh in p) thng c a ra mt ngoi ca my v k hiu l Bright hoc Intensity dng iu chnh sng ti ca dao ng trn mn hnh. Anot A1( anot hi t) cng c chit p iu chnh a ra ngoi mt my, k hiu l Focus dng iu chnh hi t ca chm tia in t trn mn hnh. Anot A2( anot gia tc) thng c ni t trnh mo dao ng khi in p cung cp cho cc in cc khng phi l in p i xng. H thng li tia: Lm lch chm tia in t bn ti mn hnh theo chiu ng hoc chiu ngang ca mn hnh. Cu to: gm hai cp phin lm lch c t trc, sau v bao quanh trc ca ng: Cp li ng Y1Y2. Cp li ngang X1X2. 2. Knh lch ng Y: nhn tn hiu vo cn quan st, bin i v to ra in p ph hp cung cp cho cp li ng Y1, Y2. Gm cc khi chc nng: Chuyn mch kt ni u vo S1: cho php chn ch hin th tn hiu. S1 ti AC: ch hin th thnh phn xoay chiu ca Uth. S1 ti DC: hin th c thnh phn mt chiu v xoay chiu ca Uth. S1 ti GND: ch quan st tn hiu ni t( 0V). Mch vo phn p Y: c nhim v phi hp tr khng v phn p tn hiu vo tng kh nng o in p cao. Thng dng cc khu phn p R C mc lin tip nhau, h s phn p khng ph thuc vo tn s. Chuyn mch phn p c a ra ngoi mt my v k hiu l Volts/Div. Tin khuch i: C nhim v khuch i tn hiu, lm tng nhy chung ca knh Y( thng cho cc mch khuch i c tr khng vo v h s khuch i ln)

Cntlmh Hc vin hng khng vit nam.

Dy tr: c nhim v gi chm tn hiu trc khi a ti khuch i Y i xng, thng dng trong cc ch qut i trnh mt mt phn sng trc ca tn hiu khi quan st. Thng cc khu L C mc ni tip. Khuch i Y i xng: c nhim v khuch i tn hiu, lm tng nhy chung ca knh Y, ng thi to in p i xng cung cp cho cp li ng Y1Y2. To in p chun: to ra in p chun c bin , tn s bit trc, dng kim chun li cc h s lch tia ca oscilloscope. 3. Knh lch ngang X v ng b: c nhim v to ra in p qut ph hp v dng v ng b v pha so vi UY1Y2 cung cp cho cp li ngang X1X2. Chuyn mch ng b S2: cho php ta chn cc tn hiu ng b khc nhau. S2 ti CH: t ng b( Ub = Uth) S2 ti EXT: ng b ngoi( Ub = UEXT), tn hiu ng b c a qua u vo EXT. S2 ti LINE: ng b vi li in AC 50Hz( Ub = UAC50Hz ly t ngun nui. Khuch i ng b v to dng: Khuch i tn hiu Ub ph hp v to ra dng xungnhn-n-cc-tnh c chu k: Tx = Tb To xung ng b: chia tn Ux v to ra xung ng b c chu k: Txb = nTx = nTb. Xung ny s to iu khin b to in p qut to ra Uq rng ca tuyn tnh theo ch qut i hoc qut lin tc v c chu k Tq = Txb Khuch i X i xng: khuch i in p qut v to ra in p i xng a ti cp li ngang X1X2. Mch vo v khuch i X: nhn tn hiu UX v khuch i, phn p ph hp. Chuyn mch S3: chuyn mch la chn ch qut( qut lin tc, qut i). B to in p qut: to in p qut lin tc( hoc qut i) a n cp phin X. 4. Knh iu khin ch sng Z: c nhim v nhn tn hiu iu ch sng Uz vo, thc hin chn cc tnh v khuch i ph hp ri a ti li iu ch G ca CRT. III. Qu o ca chm tia in t: Chng ta s xem xt chm tia in t t lc c bn ra i n mn hnh hin th v nguyn l to nh trn mn hnh hin th. 1. Xt qu o ca chm tia in t khi i qua in trng ca 2 Anot A1, A2: UA2 > UA1 : ng sc in trng c chiu t A2 n A1. Electron chuyn ng theo chiu t A1 ti A2 ta c th phn tch thnh hai thnh phn lc, mt thnh phn theo phng vung gc vi chm tia v mt thnh phn dc theo chm tia.

Cntlmh Hc vin hng khng vit nam.

Ti im A: chm electron c khuynh hng chuyn ng dc theo phng trc ng, ng thi hi t vi nhau theo phng bn knh ca chm tia

Ti B: thnh phn lc theo phng bn knh i chiu ngc li chm electron c khuynh hng phn k khi tm theo phng bn kinh. Tuy nhin do cu to in cc, s phn b ca ng sc B t b cng hn A phn lng vn tc B nh hn A khuynh hng hi t ca chm electron ln hn khuynh hng phn k c ni n trn electron s di chuyn n im O gia mn hnh. 2. Xt lch ca tia in t theo chiu ng: Khi Uy = 0: tia in t bn ti chnh gia mn hnh ti im O. Khi Uy khc 0: in trng gia cc phin lm vic lch s lm lch qu o ca tia in t theo chiu ng v bn ti mn hnh ti v tr M, lch mt khong l y, ta c hnh sau:

nhy ca ng tia in t c tnh nh sau:

Vi: o Ly: khong cch t cp li ng n mn hnh. o ly: chiu di ca cc cp phin lm lch. o dy: khong cch gia hai phin lm lch. o UA: in p gia tc ca ng tia( ph thuc vo UA2 v K). Tng t lch tia in t theo chiu ngang:

Cntlmh Hc vin hng khng vit nam.

3. Nguyn l to nh trn my hin sng: iu khin ng thi tia in t theo hai trc: trc thng ng v trc nm ngang( a vo n ng tia in t 2 in p iu khin UY v UX. Gi s Uth = Umsint a vo knh Y v a ti cp li ng Y1Y2; Uq = a.t a ti cp li ngang X1 X2in p trn cc cp li tia nh sau: Uy =Uy1y2 = Uth.Sy vi Sy = Ky.Soy 4. Mch to in p qut i( mch Boostrap) Nhn xt: D thng, tng T1 hot ng nh 1 mch TF n gin, T1 kha in t. in p trn t C T2 C*. in p b a v im X b mo do s gim dng in trn R gy ra. Hot ng:

: a) Trng thi ban u( t1>=t>=0): D thng : Ux = EC UD gn bng Ec T1 thng bo ha : Uc = UCbh = gn bng 0V. UC* = Ux Uq gn bng EC

b) Trng thi to Uq( t3>=t>=t1) : t = t1 : Uk c rng = t2-t3 T1 tt t C np in theo 2 giai on : Giai on 1 : t1<=t<=t2 Khi D cn thng, khi C np in UC tng Uq tng, thng qua t C* lm cho UX tng, nhng D cn thng nn Uq tng theo quy lut ng cng.

Cntlmh Hc vin hng khng vit nam.

Giai on 2 : Khi t1 = t2 : UX tng ln hn EC. UX tng theo quy lut tuyn tnh v khi UC tng Uq tng v do C*>>C nn UX tng tng ng. UR = UX UC = constant. T IR= constant, vy dng np cho t C khng i, vi thi gian np l tq = t3 t2. c) Trng thi hi phc : t = t3 : kt thc xung u vo, T1 bo ha, t C phng in qua T1UC gim nn Uq =>UX gim. t = t4 : UX<=EC D thng tr li =>T C* c np b sung, khi C* c np y th thi gian hi phc kt thc. Nhn xt : Trong giai on to qut tq, UC tng tuyn tnh nh ngun np chnh l C* c tr s cc ln tch in( lm nhim v ging nh ngun mt chiu np cho C). gim mo phi tuyn tng khuch i T2 phi c iu chnh sao cho kU 1(R phi ln). T C* phi ln nhng khng qu ln v nu qu ln th thi gian hi phc ca mch tng. T C phi nh nhng khng c chn nh qu( nu t C qu nh s tng ng nh t k sinh mch lm vic khng n nh). 5. Mt s ch lm vic : a) Qut lin tc ng b trong (ngoi ) Dng quan st nh ca tn hiu lin tc theo thi gian v o cc tham s ca chng. S2 v tr CH( hoc EXT nu l ng b ngoi), S3 v tr 2. Tn hiu t li vo knh Y, qua mch vo v b phn p Y c khuch i ti mt mc nht nh, sau c gi chm li ri a qua b khuch i Y i xng to 2 tn hiu c bin ln, o pha nhau a ti 2 phin ng. b) Qut i ng b trong : Dng quan st v o tham s ca dy xung khng tun hon hoc dy xung tun hon c hng ln. S2 v tr CH, S3 v tr 1. Qut trnh hot ng: ging ch 1. c) Ch khuch i: Dng o tn s, gc lch pha, su iu ch, v c tuyn Vn-Ampe ca diot hoc dng lm thit b so snh. Hnh nhn c trn mn oscilloscope gi l hnh Lixazu. S3 v tr 3. B to qut trong c ngt ra khi qu trnh hot ng. Oscilloscope lm vic theo 2 knh c lp X, Y v u vo X cng l u vo tn hiu.

Cntlmh Hc vin hng khng vit nam.

Phn B- L thuyt n y l ht, phn tip theo s trnh by v ng dng ca Oscilloscope.

C - ng dng ca oscilloscope: 1. Dng o bin v chu k: o bin : Ph thuc vo nt phn tm o (theo n v Volts/Div). V d: Votls/Div ch : n, khong cch hai nh ca sng l m th Vp-p = n.m. o chu k: Ph thuc vo nt chu k ca tn hiu qut rng ca( n v l sec/div). V d: gi s k sec/div, mt chu k c l ngang th chu k l : T= k.l. 2. o s lch pha gia hai tn hiu:

Hai tn hiu lch pha nhau mt khong thi gian t Hai tn hiu phi cng chu k v cng bin . Cch tnh: gi s hai tn hiu lch nhau a trn m hnh oscilloscope, khong thi gian lch l t( hnh v); mt chu k T c b p dng cng thc tam sut ta c: t = 3. Xc nh thi gian ln( rise time) v thi gian xung (fall time): t 10% bin n 90% bin Thi gian ln: tr = (s ln) x (time/div) Thi gian xung: tf = (s xung ) x (time/div) 4. V c tuyn volt-ampere ca linh kin in t:

Cntlmh Hc vin hng khng vit nam.

Ta c th ng oscilloscope v c tuyn ca Id = f(Vd). Sau y l v d v c tuyn volt-ampere ca oscilloscope: Hinh a) Mch v c tuyn V-I ca diod. Hnh b) c tuyn V-I ca diod trn mn hnh dao ng k. Hnh c) Mch v c tuyn VCF-IC ca transistor BJT theo thng s IB Hnh d) c tuyn VCF IC trn mn hnh dao ng k.

Project finish. ** Ti liu tham kho: C s k thut o lng in t - tc gi V Qu im, Phm Vn Tun, L Ph. -C s o lng in t - Hc vin bu chnh vin thng. -o lng in t - tc gi: D Quang Bnh. -http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscilloscope_history -http://www.ehow.com/about_5817217_history-oscilloscopes.html V mt s ngun t internet( ch yu l hnh nh).