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NAME: Arivaran a/l Ravichantar CLASS: 4 Amanah SCHOOL: SMK Puchong SUBJECT : Chemistry
BIODATA
Name Class
: :
Arivaran a/l Ravichantar 4 Amanah 930228-14-5101 No. 9, Jalan Indah 2/8, Taman Puchong Indah, 47100 Puchong, Selangor Darul Ehsan.
: :
017-6817601 r.arivaran@yahoo.com
CONTENT
Content Biodata 9.1 Sulphuric acid 9.1.1 Properties of sulphuric acid 9.1.2 The uses of sulphuric acid 9.1.3 The industrial process in manufacture of sulphuric acid 9.1.4 Environmental pollution by sulphuric acid 9.2 Ammonia and its salt 9.2.1 Properties of ammonia 9.2.2 The uses of ammonia 9.2.3 The industrial process in manufacture of ammonia 9.3 Alloys 9.3.1 Arrangement of Atoms in Metals 9.3.2 What are Alloys 9.3.3 Composition, Properties, Uses of Alloys 9.4 Synthetic polymers 9.4.1 What are Polymer, Properties of Polymers 9.4.2 Monomers in synthetic Polymers 9.4.3 Examples of Synthetic Polymers & Their Uses 9.5 Glass and ceramics 9.5.1 Glass 9.5.2 Ceramics 9.6 Composite material Conclusion of Topic Acknowledgment References
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1. Sulphuric acid is a strong mineral acid. 2. Its molecular formula is H2SO4. 3. It is soluble in water. 4. Sulphuric acid is a non-volatile diprotic acid. 5. It is a highly corrosive, dense and oily liquid. 6. Concentrated sulphuric acid is a viscous colourless liquid. Figure 9.1 A molecule of sulphuric acid.
Highly corrosive
Dense
Oily liquid
1) To manufacture fertilizers
There are many fertilizers that can be made of sulphuric acid. Some of them are:
a) Calcium dihydrogen phosphate (superphosphate) 2 H2SO4 + Ca3(PO4) 2 Ca(H2 PO4) 2 + 2CaSO4 sulphuric acid + tricalcium phosphate calcium dihydrogen phosphate
b) Ammonium sulphate H2SO4 +2NH3 (NH4) 2SO4 sulphuric acid + aqueous ammonia ammonium sulphate
c) Potassium sulphate
H2SO4 +2NH3 (NH4) 2SO4 sulphuric acid + aqueous ammonia ammonium sulphate
2) To manufacture detergents Sulphuric acid reacts with hydrocarbon to produce sulphonic acid. Sulphonic acid is then neutralized with sodium hydroxide to produce detergents. Examples of hydrocarbon
Synthetic fibres are polymers ( long chain molecules). Rayon is an example of a synthetic fibre that is produced from the action of sulphuric acid on cellulose.
The white pigment in paint is usually barium sulphate, BaSO4. The neutralization of sulphuric acid and barium hydroxide produces barium sulphate.
7) To manufacture pesticides
a. b. c. d. e.
As a strong acid As a drying or dehydrating agent As an oxidizing agent As a sulphonating agent As a catalyst
Manufacture pesticides
Manufacture fertilizers
Manufacture detergents
12% chemicals
18% 13%
detergents
other uses
1. Sulphuric acid is manufactured by the Contact process. 2. Sulphuric acid is produced from sulfur, oxygen and water via the contact process. 3. The Contact process involves three stages.
Sulphur
Sulphuric acid
4. Stage I: Production of sulphur dioxide gas, SO2. This can be done by two methods, a) Burning of sulphur in dry air. S + O2 SO2 b) Burning of metal sulphide such as zinc sulphide in dry air.
5. Stage II: Conversion of sulphur dioxide to sulphur trioxide SO3. This is then oxidised to sulfur trioxide under the following conditions: a) The presence of a vanadium(V) oxide as a catalyst. b) A temperature of between 450C to 550C. c) A pressure of one atmosphere 2 SO2 + O2 2 SO3 9
6. Stage III: Production of sulphuric acid a) Sulphur trioxide is dissolved in concentrated sulphuric acid, H2SO4 to produce oleum, H2S2O7 H2SO4+ SO3 H2S2O7
7. In stage II, sulphur dioxide is dried first before being added to dry air to produce sulphur trioxide. This is: a) b) To remove water vapour To remove contaminants
8. In stage III, sulphur trioxide is not dissolved directly in water to produce sulphuric acid. This is because: a) b) sulphur trioxide has low solubility in water sulphur trioxide reacts violently and mists are formed instead of a liquid
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Sulphur
S(s) + O2(g)SO2(g)
Oxygen
2SO(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g) Temperature: 450-500C Pressure: 2-3 atmospheres Catalyst: Vanadium (V) oxide
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Sulphur dioxide, SO2 a) the presence of a vanadium(V) oxide as a catalyst. b) a temperature of between 450C to 550C. c) a pressure of one atmosphere
Oleum, H2S2O7
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1.
Sulphur dioxide is the main byproduct produced when sulfur-containing fuels such as coal or oil are burned.
2.
Sulphuric acid is formed by atmospheric oxidation of sulphur dioxide in the presence of water. It also produces sulphurous acid.
3. 4. i.
Sulphuric acid and sulphurous acid are constituents of acid rain. Acid rain can cause many effects such as: Corrodes concrete buildings and metal structure Destroys trees and plants Decrease the pH of th soil and make it become acidic Acid rain flows into the rivers and increases the acidity of water and kill aquatic living things.
5. i.
Hence, we must reduce the sulphur dioxide from the atmosphere by: Use low sulphur fuels to reduce the emission of sulphur dioxide in exhaust gases
ii.
Remove sulphur dioxide from waste air by treating it with calcium carbonated before it is released
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5. It is about one half as dense as air 6. It reacts with hydrogen chloride gas to produce white fumes of ammonium chloride. NH3 + HCl NH4Cl
7. Ammonia is alkaline in property and reacts with dilute acids in neutralization to produce salts. For examples: NH3 + HNO 3 NH4NO 3
8. Aqueous solutions of ammonia produces OH ions (except Na+ ion, K+ ion, and Ca 2+ ion) forming metal hydroxides precipitate.
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9. Some metal hydroxides such as zinc hydroxide and copper (II) hydroxide dissolves in excess aqueous ammonia to form complexes.
Weak alkali
Properties of ammonia
Colorless
Pungent smell
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Examples are ammonium sulphate, ammonium nitrate and urea. The first two are prepare through neuralisation but urea is produced by the reaction of ammonia with carbon dioxide. The reaction involved are as the following: a) 2NH3 (g) + H2SO4 (aq) (NH4)2SO4 (s) ammonium sulphate b) NH3 (g) + HNO3 (aq) NH4NO3 (aq) ammonium nitrate c) 2NH3 (g) + CO2 (g) (NH2)2CO (s) + H2O (l) urea Having a low melting point, liquefied ammonia makes a good cooling agent in refrigerators and air conditioners. It neutralizes the organic acids formed by microorganisms in latex, thereby preventing coagulation and preserving the latex in liquid form.
As a cooling agent
2)
3)
ammonia is first oxidised to nitrogen monoxide, NO, by oxygen in the presence of platinum as catalyst at 900C. 4NH3 (g) + 5O2 (g) Pt/900C 4NO (aq) + 6H2O (l) nitrogen monoxide is further oxidised to nitrogen dioxide. 2NO (g) + O2 (g) 2NO2 (g) Nitrogen dioxide and oxygen are dissolved in water to produced nitric acid. 4NO2 (g) + O2 (g) + H2O (l) 4HNO3 (aq)
a)
To manufacture explosive
b)
Nitric acid is manufactured from ammonia before being used to make explosive like trinitrotoluene (TNT). Nitric acid, in this case, is reacted with organic substances like toluene.
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1. Haber process is the industrial method of producing ammonia. 2. It needs direct combination of nitrogen and hydrogen under high pressure in the presence of a catalyst, often iron. 3. Nitrogen gas used in Haber process is obtained from the frictional distillation of liquid air. 4. Hydrogen gas used in Haber process can be obtained by two methods: a) The reaction between steam and heated coke (carbon) C + H2O CO + H2
b) The reaction between steam and natural gas ( consisting mainly of methane)
CH4 + 2H2O CO2 + 4H2 5. In the Haber process: a) A mixture consisting of one volume of nitrogen gas and three volume of hydrogen gas is compressed to a pressure between 200 500 atmospheres. b) The gas mixture is passed through a catalyst of powdered iron at a temperature of 450 - 550C. c) At this optimum temperature and pressure, ammonia gas is produced. N2+ 3H2 2NH3
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Nitrogen
Hydrogen
N2 and H2 are mixed in the proportion of 1:3 In the reactor chamber N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g) Temperature: 450-500C Pressure: 200-500 atmospheres Catalyst used: Iron fillings In cooling chamber Liquid ammonia Unreacted N2 and H2 gases
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9.3 ALLOYS
9.3.1 ARRANGEMENT OF ATOMS IN METALS 1. 2. The atom of pure metals are packed together closely. This causes the metal to have a hight density The forces of attraction between atoms (metallic bonds) are strong. More heat energy is needed to overcome the metallic bond so that the atoms are further apart during the melting. This is why metals usually have hight melting point. Heat energy can be transferred easily from one atom to the next by vibration. This make metal good conduct of heat. The freely moving outermost electrons within the metals structure are able to conduct electricity. Metal are, therefore, good electrical conductors. Since atoms of pure metal are of the same size, they are arranged orderly in a regular layered pattern. When a force is applied to metal, layer of atom slide easily over one another. This make pure metals soft, malleable and ductile.
3. 4. 5.
Force
Force
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9.3.2 WHAT ARE ALLOYS 1. Pure metal are usually too soft for most uses. They also have a low resistance to corrosion. They rush and tarnish easily. 2. To improve the physical properties of metal, a small amount of another element (usually metal) is added to form another an alloy. 3. An alloy is a mixture of two or more metals (something non-metal) in a specific proportion. For example: a. Bronze (90% of copper and 10% of tin) b. Steel (99% of iron and 1% of carbon) 4. The purposes of making alloys include the following: a) Increase the strength i. Pure iron is soft and vary malleable. When a small amount of carbon is added to iron, an alloy, steal is formed. The more carbon is added, the stronger the steel becomes. ii. Pure aluminium is light but not strong. With a small amount of copper and magnesium are added to aluminium, a strong, light and durable alloy call duralumin is produced. b) Improving the resistance to corrosion i. Iron rust easily but stainless steel which contains 80.6% of iron, 0.4% of carbon, 18% of chromium and 1% of nickel does not rush. These properties make stainless steel suitable for making surgical instrument and cutlery. ii. Pure copper tarnish easily. When zinc (30%) is added, the yellow alloy which is known as brass develops a high resistance to corrosion. c) Enhancing the appearance i. Pewter, an alloy of tin (97%), antimony and copper is not only hard but also has a more beautiful white silvery appearance. ii. When copper is mixed with nickel to form cupronickel, an alloy that has an attractive silvery, bright appearance is formed which is suitable for making coins.
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Alloy
Cupronickel Duralumin Steel Stainless steel bronze Brass Solder Pewter Magnalium
Composition
Cu 75% Ni 25% Al 95% Cu 4% Mg 1% Fe 99% C 1% Fe 73% Cr 18% Ni 8% C 1% Cu 90% Sn 10% Cu 70% Zn 30% Pb 50% Sn 50% Sn 91% Sb 7% Cu 2% Al 70% Mg 30%
Properties
Hard, strong, resist corrosion Light, strong Hard, strong, cheap Hard, rust resistant Hard, strong, shining Harder and cheaper than Cu Low melting point, strong Malleable, ductile, rust resistant Light, strong Coins
Uses
Aeroplane part, electric cables racing bicycles Vehicles, bridges, buildings Kitchen appliance, watches, knifes, fork, spoons, machine parts Decorative items, medals, artwork, pots & pans Musical instrument, bell, nails, screw, and pots Welding, soldering work Decorative items,souvenirs Tyre rim of racing car, skeletal body of aeroplane
Examples Of Alloys
Brass
Bronze
Stainless Steel
Bronze
EXAMPLE OF ALLOY
Steel
Manganese Steel
Pewter
Manganese steel
Stainless steel
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1. Molecule that consist of a large number of small identical or similar units joined together repeatedly are called polymer. 2. The smaller molecules that make up the repeating unit in polymer are caller monomer. 3. The process of joining together a large number of monomers to form a long chain polymer is called polymerisation. 4. Polymer can be naturally occurring or man-made (synthetic). Natural polymer are found in plant and in animals for example of natural polymers are starch cellulose, protein and rubber. 5. Two type of polymerisation in producing synthetic polymer are additional polymerisation. 6. Double bonds between two carbon atoms usually undergo addition polymerisation.
large molicule that is in the form of long chain with high RMM
Properties of Polymers
two types:- natural polymer - syntetic polymer made up of many monomers which join together through process called polymerisation
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Some Common Addition Polymers Name(s) Polyethylene low density (LDPE) Polyethylene high density (HDPE) Polypropylene (PP) different grades Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) Poly(vinylidene chloride) (Saran A) Polystyrene (PS) Polyacrylonitrile (PAN, Orlon, Acrilan) Formula (CH2CH2)n (CH2CH2)n [CH2CH(CH3)]n (CH2CHCl)n (CH2CCl2)n Monomer ethylene CH2=CH2 ethylene CH2=CH2 Properties soft, waxy solid Uses film wrap, plastic bags electrical insulation bottles, toys similar to LDPE carpet, upholstery pipes, siding, flooring seat covers, films toys, cabinets packaging (foamed)
rigid, translucent solid atactic: soft, elastic solid isotactic: hard, strong solid strong rigid solid
propylene CH2=CHCH3
dense, highmelting solid hard, rigid, clear solid soluble in organic solvents
acrylonitrile CH2=CHCN
high-melting solid rugs, blankets soluble in organic clothing solvents non-stick surfaces electrical insulation lighting covers, signs skylights latex paints, adhesives
Polytetrafluoroet (CF2hylene CF2)n (PTFE, Teflon) Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA, Lucite, Plexiglas) Poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc) [CH2C(CH3)CO2 CH3]n
tetrafluoroethy resistant, smooth lene solid CF2=CF2 methyl methacrylate hard, transparent CH2=C(CH3)C solid O2CH3 soft, sticky solid
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c) Borosilicate glass
d) Lead glass
b) Conducting glass
It conducts electricity
6. Ceramic is a manufactured substances made from clay, with the main constituent of aluminosilicate with small quantity of sand and feldspar. 7. Superconductor is one improved ceramics for specific purposes.
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GLASS
Glass: The major component of glass is silica or silicon dioxide, SiO2 which found in sand.
Impermeable to liquid
Transparent
Electrical insulator
Properties of glass
Heat insulator
Chemically inert
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CERAMICS
Ceramics: Ceramic is manufactured substances made from clay that is dried, and heated in a kiln at a very high temperature The main component of clay is aluminosilicate (aluminum oxide and silicon dioxide) with small quantities of sand and feldspar. Unlike glass, ceramic cannot be recycled. Kaolinite is a high quality white clay that contains hydrated aluminosilicate, Al2O32SiO22H2O.
Properties of ceramics
inert to chemicals
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Non-oxides of ceramic
CONDUCTING GLASS
a type of glass that can conduct electricity. produce by embedding a thin layer of conducting material in glass. adding a layer of indium tin(iv) oxide (ITO) acts as an electrical conductor. used in the making of LCD
GLASS-CERAMIC
Rearrange its atoms into regular patterns by heating glass to form strong material it can withstand high temperature, chemical attacks used in tile, cookware, rockets, engine blocks
CERAMIC SUPERCONUCTOR
superconductor can conduct electricity at low temoerature without resistance, loss of electrical energy as heat used to make light magnet, electric motors, electrical generators
PHOTOCHROMIC GLASS
sensitive to light intensity the glass darken when exposed to sunlight but became clear when light intensity decresase. used in windows, sunglasses ad instrument control
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in the medical field: to replace organs in the form of plastic composite organ
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COMPOSITE MATERIAL
COMPONENT
concrete
PROPERTIES OF COMPONENT
hard but brittle low tensile strengh
PROPERTIES OF COMPOSITE
stronger higher tensile strength does not corrode easily cheaper can be moulded into shape can withstand very high applied force can support very heavy load Conducts electricity without resistance when cooled by liquid nitrogen Reduce refraction of light Control the amount of light passed through it auto. Has the ability to change colour and become darker when exposed to ultraviolet light Low material cost Reflect light rays and allow to travel along the fibre Can transmit electronic data or signal, voice and image
USES
construction of road rocket launching pads high-rise buildings
Reinforced concrete steel strong in tensile strength expensive can corrode Insulator of electricity
Superconductor
Glass
Photochromic glass
Magnetically levitated train Transformer Electric cable Computer parts Information display panels Light detector device Car windshields Optical lens
Sensitive to light
Fibre optics Glass with higher refractive index glass high density strong but brittle non-flexible light flexible inflammable elastic but weak
Fibre glass
polyester plastic
high tensile strength moulded and shaped inert to chemicals light, strong, tough non-flammable impermeable to water resilient flexible
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CONCLUSION OF TOPIC
We must appreciate these various synthetic industrial materials. One of the way is by doing continuous research and development ( R & D ) to produce better materials used to improve our standard of living. As we live in a changing world, our society is getting more complex. New materials are required to overcome new challenges and problems we face in our daily lives. Synthetic material are developed constantly due to the limitation and shortage of natural materials. New technological developments are used by scientists to make new discoveries.
New materials for clothing, shelter, tools and communication to improve our daily life are developed continuously for the well-being of mankind. New needs and new problem will stimulate the development of new synthetic materials. For example, the new use of plastic composite material will replace metal in the making of a stronger and lighter car body. This will save fuel and improve speed. Plastic composite materials may one day used to make organs for organ transplant in human bodies. This will become necessity with the shortage of human organ donors.
The understanding of the interaction between different chemicals is important for both the development of new synthetic materials and the disposal of such synthetic materials as waste. A responsible and systemic method of handling the waste of synthetic materials and their by-product is important to prevent environmental pollution. The recycling and development of environmental friendly synthetic material should be enforced.
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Acknowledgment
First of all, I wish to express my sincere thanks to GOD for his care and generosity throughout of my life.
I would like to express my sincere appreciation and my deep gratitude to Puan Ng Pek Lan, Form 4 Amanah Chemistry Teacher, SMK Puchong Batu 14 who assigned the work, and kindly supplied me with all necessary facilities for its success and helped me to complete this work.
First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere thanks to all my family members especially my parents who gave me not only financial support but also moral support and motivation to fine the solutions to all the questions given.
I am also deeply indebted to my school mates Mathiarasi a/p Bernabas, Sivaselvan a/l Subramaniam, Uberesh a/l Machap, Kavitha a/p Kasturi, Logeswary a/p Painaidu of SMK Puchong Batu 14 for their great support throughout the whole work.
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REFERENCES
1. Tan Yin Toon, Loh Wai Leng, Tan On Tin, 2008, SUCCESS Chemistry SPM, Oxford Fajar Sdn.Bhd. 2. Website http://www.answers.com 3. Website http://www.wikipedia.com 4. Eng Nguan Hong, Lim Eng Wah, Lim Yean Ching, 2009, FOCUS ACE SPM, Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn.Bhd.
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