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Hmsse FUn-j: www.islamonsite.com C-sa-bn: thelitcham@gmail.com t^m: 0494 2463155 ^mIvkv: 0494 2460575
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munvvarr77@gmail.com
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HcY-n Ckvem-anI `c-Wh

- y-hnXn Xs ]S-s
- -Xv P\m-[n]Xy t_m[-n-t-em-bn-cp-p. iqd,
Jnem-^v XpS-nb P\-{]m-[n-\nXy
`c-Wk
- w-hn-[m-\
- temI-n\v
]cn-Nb
- s
- -Sp-p-Ibpw {]mtbmKnIhI-cn-p-Ibpw sNbvX
{]Ya aXw Ckvem-am-Wv. ]mm-Xy
]noSv ]p-\q-m-p-I IgnmWv kzXz-s-p-dnv t_m[hmam-cm-hp-X
- v.
HcpXcw \ncY-IX
- b
- mWv
temI-n\v Ah km-\n-Xv. AXn kaq-l-ns
kp-en-Xm-h-v aXw
Gs-Sp-nb \nb-{-W
- sf
Ah atX-Xc hI-c-Wns t]cn hen-s-dn-p.
As\ HcpXcw arKo-b-amb
kzX{yw ]mm-Xy\v e`n-p.
AXv aqey-sImp P\m[n-]X
- y-am-bn-cp-n-. CXmWv
]mmXy P\m-[n-]-Xyhpw
kzmX-{y-P\
- m-[n-]X
- y-hp-sa
hymP-am-sWv ]d-bm ImcWw. Ch-sbmw \nY-I-am-bncn-p-tmgpw apkvenw kaq-ln\v Ah-cpsS hnizm-km-Zi-fn Imcy-amb hnp-ho-gvN-Ifn-m-sX-s Ah-tbmSv kac-k-sv t]mIm Ign-bp-Xv
ico-A
- ns taa-bm-Wv.
[hpw kZm-Nm-chpw apdp-sIn-Sn-p-tmgpw A\ys
hnizm-ks thZ-\n-n-msX
GXv kml-N-cy-nepw CkvemanI ico-Av hnP-bn-pXpw CXp-sIm-m-Wv.
ico-Av {]Imcw aXw,
hWw, {]mbw, enwKw XpSnb kmt-XnI sshPm-Xy-Xo-Xa
- mbn Hmtcm
hynbpw ASn-m-\-]-c-am-b\p-`-hn-p ]ucm-h-Im-i-
icocw, [\w, A`n-am\w Fnh-bpsS kpc-n-X-XzamWv.
Hmtcm hnizm-knbpw A]-c-\pta ]hn-{X-am-Wv, Ahs
chpw [\hpw A`n-am\phpsa-Xv {]hm-NI hN-\w.
apkvenw-It- fmSv kn-bntesv Ign-bp Aap-kvenw-
11
CkvemanI cmjv{Sobw
Ipw CXv _m[-I-am-Wv.
ka-Xzw, \oXn, Nnm{]-h\--k-m-Z\ kzmX{yw XpSn-b-h-sbmw ico-Av A\ph-Zn-p-\Ip-p. apkvenw
cmjv{S-f
- n-epsm-p
GsXmcp hynbpw Abm
GXp {]tZ-iv P\n--h-\mbmepw GXv hnizmkw DsImp-h
- \
- m-bn-cp-mepw Cu
auenIm-hI
- m-i
- s
- fmw DS-as-Sp-p-p. CtX Bi-b-tfmSv B[p-\nI P\m-[n-]Xy
`cWLS-\I
- fpw kqW-ambn
tbmPn-p-p-v. atX-Xc
- Xz
cmjv{S-fpw, {InkvXy cmjv{Sfpw Cn-j-b-I-ambn Htc
\ne-]m-SmWv kzoI-cn-n-cn-p-Xv.
temINcn-{X-n-en-p-hsc
`c-WL
- S- \
- I
- am{Xa
{]Xyb imkv{X-fpw {]mtbmKn-I
- a
- a
- mb P\m-[n-]Xy
\nba hyh-nXn {]Zm-\w
sNbvXn-n-. sslh ]pcm-W-fn `c-Wh
- y-hbnm-sb-Xn\p ]pdsa ss\XnI
kz`mhw Cm GXm\pw
inm k{-Zm-b
- am{X-amWp--Xv. {InkvXy, I^yqj-kv, _p-a-Xw, PqX-aXw XpSn-bh
- s
- bmpw P\m-[n-]X
- ytmsSmv t]mhp-Itbm Hcp
cmjv{Sw \ne-\nm-\m-hi
- yamb kqW hyh
{]Zm\w sNptm C.
12
hnhn[ {]Xyb imkv{X-fn-e-[n-jvTn-X-ambn {]hnp `c-WI

- q-S
- pt]mepw ]qWmY-n P\m[n-]X
- ys kzmwio-Ic
- n-m
Cp-hsc Ign-n-n-. P\-fpsS Ah-Im-i-fpw auenI
kzX-{y-fpw \ntj-[nv
{]Xn-tj-[-ns hgn-I
ASp-If
- b
- p a\p-jym-hI
- mi
ewL-\
- f
- psS kt-Xa
- mb
ssN\ CXns Pohn-p DZml-cW
- a
- m-Wv. P\m-[n-]Xy
kwm-]\
-
- n-\p-thn
temIw apgps A[n-\n-thiw
\S-p {_n, Pa-\n,
Cen XpS-nb cmjv{S-sfmw "A[-P\
- m-[n-]X
- ytam'
{InkvXy cmPy-tfm am{X-amWv. Ckvemw hn`m-h\w
sNp k-a-X-pap kqW hnizmk
PohnX kzX{yw Chn-S--fn
Cpw Hcp anYy-bm-Wv.
Cu kwhn-[m-\-p
t\sc-sbmpw Db-cm Xcn-ep A]-i_
- vZ
- f
- mWv
Ckvem-an-I ico-Av P\m-[n]-Xy-hn-cpamsW hmZ-n
DsImncn-p-X
- v. Ckvemw
kzoI-cn-p \nb-a-\-S-]-SnIfpsS {]k-nbpw {]mtbm-KnI-Xb
- pw kaYn-s
- -tS-Xv
Cu knbn-em-Wv. sIme-bmfn
sIm-s-SW
- s
- apw tamjvSmhns Icw tNZn--s-S-W-sa-
Xpw ico-A
- ns \b-f
- mWv. hy`n-Nm-c-hpw, Zpcm-tcm-]Whpw, aZy-]m-\hpw CkvemanI
ZrjvSym ]mX-I
- f
- p-am-Wv.
auen-I-ambn Nnn-p-tm
Ch-sbmw ]uc-ka
- q-l
- ns
Ah-Im-ia
- mb ico-c
- n-\pw,
[\-n\pw A`n-am-\-n\pw
e`n-t kpc-v taep
IS-p-Ib
-
- a
- m-Wv. hy`n-Nm-cn\pw (hn-hm-ln-X)
sImepw h[-in-bpw tamjW-n\v Ic-t-Zhpw aZy-]m-\n\v \m]Xv ASn-bp-amWv
ico-Av aptmv shp
{]Xn-{In-b. kmaq-lnI ncXbpw kpc-n-X-Xzhpw Dd-p-hcp-m thn-bmWv Ip-Ir-Xy-tfmSv C{X IWn-ia
- mb kao]\w Ckvemw kzoI-cn-p--Xv.
CXv a\p-jyXzhncp-hpw
{]mIr-Xh
- p-am-sW \ne-]mSnta DZm-ko-\X kzoI-cn-p-h ê-n Ip-Ir-Xysf hf-cm A\p-h-Znv
kmaq-lnI òj-Wn-Iv hfw
\Ip-Ib
- m-Wv. el-cn-bp-]t- bmK-n\v Fm kzmX-{yhpw
\Inb tijw UnA-Un-
sk-dp-I XpS-p-X
- mWv
B[p-\nI P\m-[n-]-Xy-ns
ssien. hy`n-Nm-c-ns
km[y-ta-Je
- I
- f
- mb kv{Xo]pcpj kw ico-Av hnep-p. tijw hnhm-l-n-tep {]tNm-Z\w \Ip-Ibpw
Ign-hp--hv Hn-e-[nIw
kv{XoIsf hnhmlw sNm
Ah-kcw \IpIbpw sNpp. Fnpw kaq-l-nse
kZmNmc koa-If
- {- Xbpw adn-ISv Hn-e-[nIw IpSpw-_-fpsS `{ZX XIp--hs\
kzX-{-ambn hnl-cn-m
A\p-h-Zn-p-Xv kaq-l-n\p
Xs òj-Wn-bm-Wv. CXv IWni-ambn XS-bm {]m]vXa
- mWv
hy`n-Nm-cns in. CXntesd {it-ba
- mb Imcyw
Ghpw hy-amb coXn-bn
hy`n-Nmcw Ip-shv \mept] kmy-s]-Sp-n-bm-tem,
A{Xbpw XhW kzbw k-Xnmtem BWv Hcm Ipm-c\m-hp--Xv. Ne-Nn-{X--fnepw
apw Nn{Xo-Ic
- n-s
- -Sp-Xv
t]mse A\y-]p-cp-j\pw
kv{Xobpw kwi-bI
- camb
CkvemanI cmjv{Sobw
kml-Nc
- y-n Hcn-Sv
Im t]mepw hy`n-Nm-c-p-n\v in-p-I-sb-Xv icoA-ns `mK-a-. AXn-cp-I-fnm kzmX{yw sImXnp ùXn-I-hm-ZnIfpsS icoA-n-s\-Xnsc AIm-cW òXn
krjvSn-m-\p a\x-mkv{X
hym]m-c
- f
- mWv CXn-\p-]nn. Xnc-o-ev ]nn \Sp Ccw sXn-cn-n-ep-I aqe-amWv ico-Av
F hmvt]mepw ssIap-dnp-X
- n-sbpw kv{XoIsf
an-sm-Xp-p-X
- n-sbpw
òIc Nn{X- am{X-ambn
s]mXp-k-aqlw a\-n-em-pXv.
apkvenw temIv ico-Ans P\-k-nXn Akm-[m-cWamw hn[w hn-p-sIm-n-cnp-I-bm-Wv. Hcp \qmv apv
]ptcm-Ka
- \ Nnm-KX
- n-m-cmb
Nne ico-Av Ime-l-c-Ws-p-shv Icp-Xp-Ibpw ]cnjvI-cn-p-Itbm Hgn-hm-pItbm thW-sav Bh-iy-sSp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cpp. Cv 66
iX-am\w CuPn-]vXp-Imcpw 60
iX-am\w ]mIn-kvXm-\n-If
- pw 55
iX-am\w tPmZm-\p-Imcpw ]dbp-Xv X-fpsS \mSp-If
- n
\nba\nam-W-n-\p Htcsbmcp t{kmXv ico-Av
Bbn-cn-W
- s
- a-m-Wv. CXpsIm-m-bn-cn-Ww P\m-[n-]Xym-[n-jvTnX sXsc-s-Sppw
`c-W-{]-h-\-fpw \Sp apkvenw temIv anXhm-Zn-I apX Xo{h-Nn-m-IXn-mh-sc-bp Ckvem-anI
{]m-\- Ghpw thKn hf-cp-Ibpw Ghpw
\nWm-bI
- a
- mbn hn-pIbpw sNp--Xv. XnI
Ckvem-anI {]m-\-ambn Adnb-s Sp\o-jy-bnse
AlvZxbpw CuPn-]vXnse
{ôUw B v Pnkv
]mnbpw X-fpsS cmPys
`qcn-`mKw P\-f
- p-sSbpw
hnizmkw t\Sn-bXv ASp
Ime-m-W.v
{Inan-\ tImUp-I
t]mses B[p-\nI P\m[n-]Xy kwhn-[m-\--fp-ambn
ico-Av Cg-]n-cn-p\np CS-amWv hyn-\n-
am\h Ncn-{X-n-en-p-hsc P\m-[n]-Xys Ckvem-anI \nb-a

-
A]-lc
- n-X
- mbn ImWm Ign-bn-,
adnv cmP-`c
- W
-
- fpw P\-hn-cp-Xbpw ]e-bn-Spw Ckvem-anI P\m[n-]X
- y-n\v hgn-am-dn-bn-p-vXm-\pw.
]ns Fhn-sS-bmWv kmaq-lnI
\oXnbpw am\p-jnI \-Ifpw ASnm-\a
- m-nb ico-A
- n-e[
- n-jvT- nXamb Ckvem- apw P\m-[n-]Xyhpw
hgn-Xn-cn-p-t]m-bX
- v?.
b-a-. hnhml hnhm-l-tamN\ \nb-a-fpw A\--cm-hImi \nb-a
- f
- p-amWv CXn
{][m-\w. a\p-jy-\nn-X-fmb `c-WL
- S- I
- f
- n Xosc
Ak-pen-X-amb ho-W-fmWv Cm-cy-f
- n hni-Zo-Icnp ImWp-Xv. kv{XoIv
A\-c
- m-hI
- iw \Im
{InkvXy \nb-a
- fpw
`mhv acn-m kv{Xov
Pohn-n-cnm Xs Ah-Imi-an-s lnp-\n-b-ahpw P\m[n-]X
- y-tmtSm am\p-jn-IX
- tbm-Sp-Xs
- tbm tbmPn-p-n. A\n-b-{n-Xhpw Ak-pen-X-hp-amb hyn-\n-b-a-
P\m-[n-]X
- y-cm-jv{S-f
- n
IpSpw-_s
- a m]-\s
- s Cmbva sNp-tm
Cy-bS- w ]e-bn-S
- f
- nepw
AwKo-Ir-Xa
- mb ico-Av
A[n-jvSnX apkvenw hyn
\nb-a
- IpSpw-_
- f
- psS
]hn-{X-Xbpw nc-Xbpw \ne\np-p-shv am{X-a-,
P\m-[n-]X
- y-\n-ba
-
- t- fmSv ]cam-h[n tbmPn-p-t]m-hp-Ibpw
sNp-p.
am\h Ncn-{X-n-en-p-hsc
P\m-[n-]X
- ys Ckvem-anI
\nb-a
- A]-lc
- n-X
- mbn
ImWm Ign-bn-, adnv cmP-`c-W
- fpw P\-hn-cp-X
- bpw
]e-bn-Spw Ckvem-anI P\m[n-]-Xy-n\v hgn-am-dn-bn-pvXm-\pw. ]ns Fhn-sS-bmWv
kmaq-lnI \oXnbpw am\p-jnI
\-Ifpw ASn-m-\a
- m-nb
ico-A
- n-e[
- n-jvTn--Xamb
Ckvem-apw P\m-[n-]Xyhpw
hgn-Xn-cn-p-t]m-b-Xv?. Fp-apX-em-Wv P\m-[n-]Xyw Hcp
{]tl-fn-I-bmbn apkvenw
cmjv{S-sf th-bm-Sm XpSn-bXv? Cu kt-l

- s
- fmw
sNs-p-Xv A[n-\n-thi
in-I-fpsS Ahn-ip Xm]cy-fnepw Ad_v temIs
tkzOm-[n-]X
- n-If
- n-ep-am-Wv.
apkvenw temIw P\m-[n-]Xy-hp-ambn AI-p-t]m-hm
{]Y-aI
- m-cWw km{am-PyXz
in-If
- psS km-nI
Xm]-cy-f
- m-bn-cp-p. tImf-\nI hnvt]m-cp-tm Ah
X-fpsS A[o-iXzw XpSpw
\ne-\nm-\mbn P\m-[n-]-Xyn-\p Fm hgn-Ifpw ASp-Ibpw Xm-\v GIm[n-]-Xn-Isf IpSn-bn-cp-p-Ibpw
sNbvXp. Ah P\m-[n-]Xy `cWm-[n-Im-cn-Is-Xnsc
ssk\nI _ew \In dn_-epIsf krjvSnp. 1915 C_v\p
dioZv F Dkvam-\nb `c-Wm[n-Im-cn-Is-Xn-cn
A_vZp Ako-kn\pw hlm_n-Ipw Am-bncw
]uns klmbw {_n
\Ip-Ib
- p-m-bn. As\
ssk\n-I-ambn {_n hfnb-h-cm-Wv kuZn Atd-_y-bnse
Cs `c-Wm-[n-]. kzw
Xm]-cy- t\Sm Ata-cnbpw GIm-[n-]-Xn-Isf t{]mm-ln-n-p-sIm-n-cp-p. Cdm\nepw, kuZn-bnepw, CuPn-]vXnepw, kndn-b-bnepw, en_n-bbnepw Ah sNbvXp-sIm-n-cp-XX
- m-Wv. P\m-[n-]X
- ys
XS-p-\nn Ad_v P\-XbpsSsbmmsI cmjv{So-bm-hI
- im--fm-bn-cpp Ah A{]m]y-am-n-o-Xv. GIm-[n]Xyw ]cm-P-b-s ]pXnb
Imev Ah ]co-n-p-Xv
AXn-cpI-fn-m kzmX{yhpw aqey-c-ln-amb P\m-[n]-XyhpamWv..
]mm-Xym-\p-Iq-ec
- mb
tkzm-[n-]X
- n-I t]mbm
A[n-\n-th-i-tbpw A\o-Xntbbpw sNdpptXm]n-p
Ckvem-an-p-I cwK-p-h-cpsa Dd-p-X
- p-sIm-mWv
Ah-km\ izkw-hsc km{amPyXz in-I i{Xp-]-v
\ne-sIm-p-Xpw am\p-jn-Iamb P\m-[n-]-Xys {]Xn-\n[o-I-cn-p ico-A-ns\
sXn--cn-n-p--Xpw.
13
Iaimkv{Xw
Ckvem-anIv _mnw-Kv:
I-imkv{X hmb\
Ia-imkv{Xw
PAv^ lpZhn sImf-q
km-nI cwKw shp-hn-fn-I

t\cn-p-sIm-n-cn-p kml-Nc
- yn Nqj-Wa
- p-hpw ]eni
clnXhpamb CS-]m-Sp-Iv
am{Xta kpc-n-Xa
- mb kZvLS- \
sIn-S- p-m km[n-pI-bqq.
temIw apgp-h Cu hkvXpX Xncn-dnXns kmn ]{X-amWv
Ckvem-anIv _mp-I.
14
km-nI cwKw iamb shp-hn-fn-I t\cn-p-sImn-cn-p ]pXnb kml-N-cyn Nqj-W-ap-hpw ]eni

clnXhpamb CS-]m-Sp-Iv
am{Xta kpc-n-X-amb kZvL-S\ sIn--Sp-m km[npI-bqq. temIw apgp-h
Cu hkvXpX Xncn-dnXns kmn ]{X-amWv
h-n tXmXn Cv m]nsv- sIm-n-cn-p
Ckvem-anIv _mp-I. kmnI `{Z-Xbpw kpc-n-Xzhpw Ddp hcp-p Cu
_mp-I Ckvemw aptmv
shp km-nI XXz-fpw \b-f
- p-amWv
{]tbmKh-cnv sImn-cnp-Xv. Ckvem-an eyhpw
amKhpw Hcp t]mse ]hn-{Xam-I-W-sa \n_--apXn\m Xs Cu ]pXnb
kwhn-[m-\-nse hyh-lmc
coXn-Ifpw kz`m-h-fpw Iimkv{X hni--I-e\-n\v hnt[-
b-am-tXpw \yq\-X-I ]cnl-cn-t-Xpw Bhiy-am-Wv.

hnhn[ cmPy--fnse _mnwKv
\nb-a
- fpw _mpS-aI
- f
- psS
XmXv]-cy-fpw A\p-k-cnv
{]h-\--fn Acw Dm-hm-sa-nepw ASn-m\
\ne-]m-Sp-If
- n _mp-In-Sbn kam-\-X-I Ip-h-cp-pv.AXpsImv Xs _mp-IfpsS s]mXp {]h-\--fmb
hn`h kam-l-c-Whpw hn\ntbmK coXn-Ifpw ]T\hnt[-bam-p--Xn-eqsS Xs AhbpsS Iimkv{Xam\w Ncpnb tXmXn-se-nepw \apv
a\-n-em-m km[n-pw.
hn`h kam-lc
- Ww
^nJvlo ho-W
- n
Ckvem-anIv _mp-I
kzcq-]n-p XpI-Isf Bhiym-\p-k-cWw ]nh-enmhp Unam v sUtm-knv,
apX-en-d-m-\mbn \nt-]np Cshvsa v sUtm-
Iaimkv{Xw
knv, tkhnwKv sUtm-knv
Fns\ aqmbn Xcw Xncnm-hp-X
- m-Wv.
CXn BZy-bn\w sUtmknpI kzoI-cn-p--Xn\v
hZo-An (trusteeship)s
XXz-fmWv D]-tbm-Ks
- -Sp-p-Xv. AYhm _mp-I
Ccw \nt-]-v kpcn-X-amb kqn-n Ihnv, BZm-b-ambn Hpw
Xncnp \Ip-n-. Ccw
kqnv kzp-I DS-a-bpsS
k-Xa
- n-msXtbm, \mi-`bw
Cm-sXtbm kqn-p-Im-c
Dt]m-bm-KncpsX-mWv Iimkv{X \ne-]mSv (^Xz vlp
apCu). AXn-\m CS-]m-SpIm-ct- \mSv BZyta kXw
hmn-bn-p-s-n am{Xta
Cu kqnv kzv _mv ap
_nkn-\-kp-I-fn Cd-p-Xv
km[q-Ic
- n-m-\m-hq.
Cshvsa v sUtm-knp-Isf, _mv _nkn-\kv
kwcw-`--fn sNe-h-gnv e`np em`w \nt-]-Iv
t\cs \n-bn A\p-]m-Xn hnX-cWw sNpp.
_nkn-\v XIm _mv
XpI XncnsI \Ip-I-bpan.
Ckvem-anI Iimkv{Xw ]cnN-bs
- -Sp-p apZm-d_
- b
- mWv
ChnsS _mp-I ASn-m-\am-pXv. Cv ]en-i-bp-ambn
_-s-Sm I-\n-I hncf-am-bXv sImv Xs,
_mn\v Iogn {]hnp icn-B t_mUp-I
A\p-h-Zn-p, \nX iXam\w (3,5,10) am{Xw
]enibpambn _-s-Sp
I-\n-Ifn am{Xta _mpI Cs\ kzcq-]n apX
apS-mdpq. Cu ASn-m-\n e`n-p em`-n
\nv ]enibpsS A{Xbpw
iX-am\w \nt-]I
- v
\ImsX amn-shv Poh-ImcpWy {]h-\-v hn\ntbm-Kn-p-Ib
- mWv ]Xnhv
ChnsS ]en-i-bpambn
_-s-S Hch-bnepw
Ckvemw A\p-h-Zn-p-n-
FXv {]kvXm-hy-amWv. ]en-ibp-ambn _-s-Sp m]-\-fn \nt-]n-epw ldmw
Xs; ]t, ]enibpw ap
]en-ib
- pambn _-s-S
Hch-bnepw Ckvemw A\p-hZ
- np-n- FXv {]kvXm-hy-amWv.
]en-ib
- p-ambn _-s-Sp
m]-\
- f
- n \nt-]n-epw
ldmw Xs; ]t, ]enibpw ap
\nin kpw ssIh-is
- a-nbm AXv apkven-wI
- f
- psS
s]mXp\-mbn sNe-hg
- n-pIbmWv th-Xv. aPvaq-Av 9/551
CXv hmbn-m-hp-X
- mWv
\nin kpw ssIh-i-san-bm AXv apkven-w-I-fpsS
s]mXp\-mbn sNe-h-gn-pIbmWv th-Xv. aPvaq-Av 9/551
CXv hmbn-m-hp-X
- mWv
apZm-d-_-bpsS km[p-Xv
_m[-I-am-Ip ap \n_--\I IqSn ChnsS ]men--stS--Xp-v. em`w \nnX
A\p-]m-X-n hoXn-p-sa
\n_--\-{]-Imcw, I-hSw
sNm thn aqe-[\w
tPmen-m-c\v \Ip
{]h-\-amWv apZm-d_
(Xzplv^ 6/94). _mv ChnsS
kzcq-]n \nt-]- IhS kwcw-`
- n XsbmtWm
hn\n-tbm-Kn-p-sXv
{]tXyIw ]cn-tim-[n-s
- -tS--Xpv. IqSmsX, apZm-d_
icnbm-Im em`-hn-ln-X
- ns
F{X `mK-amWv Hmtcm-cppsa--dn-bepw \n_--
am-Wv(Xzlv^ 6/65). ChnsS

]cm-ain--s \n_--\-I
Ah-K-Wn--s-Sp ]w
_mv \S-p CS-]m-Sp-Isf
Ckvem-an-I-sav ]cn-N-b-s-Spm bmsXmcp \ymbhpw
ImWp-n-. C\n-bh ]mfn (inIXv) sa coXn-bnemWv \nt-]n-p-s
- X-n
]m-fn-w I-hS-
- n\v
thn Xsbmbn-cn-W
- w.
ImcWw I-hS- m-hi
- ymY-ap
]m-fn-ta Ckvem-anI
Iimkv{Xw ]cn-KW
- n-ppq. (^Xz-lp apCu-277).
aqm-asbn-\a
- mb
tkhnwKv sUtm-kn,v _mpI ]e coXn-bn-emWv ]cn-KWn-pXv. Nne _mp-I
\nt-]-I-cn \npw XpI
kzoI-cn-p-tm Xs [\-ap]-tbm-Kn-m-\m-hm-iy-amb A\phmZw t\Sn-sbSpp-Ibpw kzambn Ah _nkn-\-n-\p-]-tbmKn-p-Ibpw sNp-p. ChnsS
\nt-]-I\v Bh-iym-\p-kcWw XpI Xncnv \I-s-Sp-Xm-Wv. t\cs kqNn-n
hZo-A
- ns \nb-a
-
ChnsS ]men--s-Sp-Xv
sImv Cu coXn Ckvem-anIw
Xs-bm-Wv. ap Nne _mpI tkhnwKv sUtmknpIsf \nt-]-ambn kzoIcn-p-Ibpw Ipd Ime ]cn[n-bp ]-Xn-I-fn apX
apS-p-Ibpw sNp-p. ChnsS
15
Ia-imkv{Xw
\nt]n\v hcp \jvS _mp-I Gs-Sp-n-n.- I-imkv{Xw ]cn-N-b-s-Spnb apZm-d-_-bm-Wn-hnsS \Sm-s

- -Sp-X
- v.
hn-\n-tbmKfpsS
ôJvlo ]w
\nt-]-I-cn \npw
kzoI-cn kmZy- hn\ntbm-Kn-m apdm-_-l, apZm-d_, CPm-d, Jndm-fv, apkm-d-A,
kew XSpn \nc-h[n ]-XnI Ckvem-anIv _mp-I \Sn-emn hcp--p-v. A-hbn
kp{]-[m-\a
- m-bh-bpsS
Iimkv{X am-\w Npcp-nb
coXn-bn Xmsg hnh-cn-p-p.
1) apdm-_l: Ckvem-anIv
_mnwKvv hyh--bn 80
apX 90% hsc kmnICS-]m-Sp-Ifpw \S-s
- -SpXv Cu coXn-bn-em-Wv. ]e
taJe-I-fn-eqsSbpw kzcq-]n
^v hn-n-m _mp-I
Cu coXn-bn IqSp-Xembn
hn\n-abw \S-p-p. hym]mc
hkvXp- hmm Bh-iym _mns\ kao-]n-ptm _mv Ah
sdUnImjn\v I-\n-If
- n
\nv hmpIbqw tijw em`
klnXw D]-t`m-m-hn\v adnv
hnp-Ibpw sNpp. D]t`m-mhv, XpI KUp--fmtbm
\nnX Xn-Xnv aptm
\In-bm aXn.
apdm-_l
- s
- b Ia-im-kv{X \n-Nn-n-cn-p--Xv,
Rm hmn-b -Xp-Ibpw
16
AXn Hmtcm Awi-n-\pw

\nnX XpI em`-hpsa
\ne-bn hne \n-bn-p
I-hSw Fm-Wv (Xzlv^ 4/
473). CXns km[p-Xbvv
apdm-_-l-sbv {]tXyIw ]db \n_--amWv. (Xplv^
4/475).
apdm-_l CS-]m-Sn Hcp
{]tXyI \n_--\bpw
Nnetm _mp-I ]menv
hcp-p-v. AYhm
Xncnphmp-sa Dd-n-tep apd-m_l. ChnsS ]Ww
Bh-iy-ap hyn Xs
kzv _mn\v hnp-Ibpw
Xncn-p-hm-m-sa Icm-cn
Hp-sh-p-Ibpw sNp-p.
tijw kzw kzv
XncnsSpptm apdm-_l
ASn-m-\-n hne A[n-Iam-bn _mn\v \Ipp.
Iimkv{X {K-- Cnj-bI
- a
- mbn \S-p {]kvXmh\ ImWpI. \n_--\bpw
hn]-\bpw Hcp-anv Htc CS]m-Sn hcm ]mSn-mXmWv
apdm-_l
- s
- b Ia-im-kv{X-
\n-Nn-n-cn-p-X
- v, Rm hmnbX
- p-Ibpw AXn Hmtcm Awin-\pw \nnX XpI em`-hpsa
\ne-bn hne \n-bn-p IhSw Fm-Wv. Ckvem-anIv _mnwKvv
hyh-b
- n 80 apX 90% hsc
km-nI CS-]m-Sp-Ifpw \S-s-Sp-Xv Cu coXn-bn-em-Wv.
(Xplv^ 4/325). ChnsS Xs

kzv hnp-tm Xs
Xncn-p-hm-m-sa \n_--\bn Hn-Sp-I-bmWv. CXv CS-]mSns CS-bn- Xsbmhpp
F-Xv AwKo-Ic
- n-m-hX
-
(Xplv^ 4/332).
2) apZm-d_: Cu coXn-bn
Ckvem-anIv _mp-I aqe-[\hpw kwcw-`-I AYhm,
hmbv]s
- b-Sp-p-h
- \S-nv
kwhn-[m-\-fpw Gs-Sp-pp. ChnsS em`w ]c-kv]cw
\n-bn tXmX-\p-k-cnv
hoXw shpI-bmWv ]Xn-hv.
Fm \jSvam-sW-n AXv
_mv kzw hln-p-Ibpw
kwcw-`-I\v Azm\w \jvS-amhp-Ibpw sNp-p. \nnX
Imetmbn \nt-]np
apZmd_m \nt-]- Hcm
t\ct ]nh-en-m ]ng
CuSmm\pw _p-I[nImc-apv. km[y-sa-n
kwcw-`-I\v Xs \nt]w
asmcmv hnmhp-XmWv. \nb-{nX apZm-d-_-bn
CS-]m-Sp-Im-c Dt-in-p
{]tXyI ]-Xn-bn am{Xw
]Ww \nt-]n-pXpw,
s]mXp apZm-d_bn _mns
Xm]cyw ]cn-KW
- n-s
- -Sp-Xp-am-Wv.
apv ]d apZm-d-_-bpsS
\n_--\-I ChnsSbpw
_m[-I-am-bn-cn-pw. AYhm DSapw tPmen-m-c\pw C-ap-tm CS-]mSv
\nnshm\pw Akm-[p-hmm\pw Ah-Im-ia
- p-Xpw
cn-sem-cmv acWw, t_m[-bw, {`mv, Fnh kw`-hn sImv kzbw Akm-[phm-Ip--XpamWv (Xplv^ 6/115).
Cu ]d-b-s \nb-av hncp--amb GXp \n_-\bpw apZm-d-_-bpsS km[pXv XS-a
- m-Ip-X
- mWv, AXn\m t\cs ]nh-en-m
]ng CuSmm _mn\v AhIm-i-an-sv am{X-a-, CS-]m-SpIm-c\v AXn-\p A\p-hmZw
\I-s-tS-X
- p-am-Wv.
3) apim-dI: Ckvem-anIv
_mp-I D]-tbm-Kn-p
asmcp km-nI coXnbmWnXv. Cu hyh--bn
Ia-imkv{Xw
ctm AXn-e-[n-Itam InI Hcp {]tXyI ]-Xnv
thn apX-en-d-p-Ibpw apSp-ap-X-ens ASnm-\-n
em`-nepw \jvS-nepw ]mfn-w Ahv \I-s-SpIbpw sNp-p. ]-Xn-bpsS
\nb-{Ww Ccp In-Ipapsnepw Hcm-fn \nn]vXa
- m-m-hp-X
- m-Wv.
s]mXpsh ]XnI Fv
]dbpXn\v ]Icw,
IhSmhiymw ctm
AXne[nItam BfpI
]mfnIfmhpXn\mWv
Iaimkv{X]WvUnX
inIXv Fv
]dncnpXv (Xplv^5/
326). ap C\w
inpIsfmpw icnb.
em`hpw \jvShpw
apSpapXens
A\p]mXa\pkcnmWv
hoXnstSXv; tPmen
Xpeyambmepw
hyXyambmepw (Xplv^5/
334)
4)CPm-d. D]t`mmhns
Bhiy{]Imcw hkvXp hmn
Abmv hmSIv
\IpXmWv Cu coXn.
D]t`mmhns Bhiy{]Imcw
hkvXp hmn Abmv
hmSIv \IpXmWv CPmd.
Hcmv hotSm hml\tam
Bhiyambn hcptm
CkvemanIv _mpambn
_sSpIbpw _mv
sdmambn Ah hmnsm-Spp-Ibpw sNpXmWv {]mtbmKnI coXn.
Hcmv hotSm hml\tam
Bhiyambn hcptm
CkvemanIv _mpambn
_sSpIbpw _mv
sdmambn Ah hmnsm-Spp-Ibpw sNpp. hmSIv
Ch D]tbmKnp
D]t`mmhn\v
hmSItbmsSmw apXentev
Hcp hnlnXw IqSn tNv
XncnSpIbmsWn
HSphn hkvXp
kzampIbpamhmw.
hkvXphns hne Icm
cq]sSpptm Xs
\nbnWsap am{Xw.
\nnX \n_\ItfmsS
Hcp hkvXphn\v ]Icw
D]Imcw
DSasSpnsmSppI
FXmWv CPmdXns
Iaimkv{X
\nhN\w(Xplv^6/141). B
D]Imcw AdnbsXpw
\nnXhpamIepw
\n_amWv. hmSIbpsS
Imebfhv Ign tijw AXv
Abm Xs hmpXn\v
^nJvln A]m-IX
- s
- bmpan.
5) kew IhSw (apIq
IhSw)
]Ww t\cs
\IpIbpw DSSnbn
]dbp hkvXp
D]mZnnp apdv, Ah
ssIamdpIbpw sNp
coXnbmWnXv. D]mZI\v Xs
D]mZ\{]h\n\v
]Ww e`nm\pw
D]ns hne Ddp
hcppXn\pw CXneqsS
km[npw. Cv {][m\ambpw
CXv \SpXv IrjnbnemWv.
IjIs hnfbpsS hcpam\w
Ddp hcppXn\mbn
Irjnp apt apIq
IhSmSnm\n _mv
IjI\n \npw hnf
sdmambn hmpp. _mv
A]w A[nIhne Npan
CXv samhym]mcnv
\Ipp. Atln\v hnf
e`nptXmsS _mn\v
]Ww e`npIbpw sNpp.
kew Fm hntijWw
]dv hkvXp ISambn
hnpI FmWv (Xplv^
3/5). CS]mSv kabv Xs
Imiv ssIamdepw hkvXp
\nnX Ah[n \nbnsXmIW-sa-Xpw
\n_\bmWv(Xplv^3/5).
hn]\ hkvXp ]d
Ah[nv \Im
km[npXpw Afhmtem
Xqmtem atm Adn-b-s-Xp-am-bn-cn-W
- s
- a-X
- n-\m
hnf-hn-d-p--Xn\v apv B
hnfhv apgph Fs\
n]vXsSpm
km[npsaXv {]tXy-Iw
hni-Ie
- \ hnt[-ba
- m-t-X
- mWv.
6) Ah[nhSw
Ctm hmp
hkvXphn\v ]noSv
HhWbmtbm
KUpfmtbm ss]kbSp
coXnbmWnXv. sdmambn
\IpXnt\m A]w
hne IqSpXembncnpw
Ah[nhSn
FXn\m XpSn
Xs hnebpw em`hpw
hyamtXmWv. Fm
]eni hcp `Ww, Imiv
Fnhbn s] hXpw
]ckv]cw hns-Sp-I-bmsW-n Ah[n
shmXncn, CS]mSv
ev Xs ssIamd,
cpw Xpeyamh Fo
\n_\I ]menm\pXp sImv Xs Ah-bn
Ah[n hym]mcw A\p-h-Z-\o-ba-. (^Xvlp apCu233)
7) apkm-d-A _mv
`qanbpw, Irjnmc\mhiyamb
ap b{hfkma{KnI
e`yampIbpw In Irjn
sNpIbpw sNp
17
Ia-imkv{Xw
coXnbmWnXv. hnfshSpv
kabv, apv \nbn
{]Imcw \nnX
A\p]mXn hcpam\w cv
t]cpw hoXnsSppw.
Iaimkv{Xn
apkmdA Fm `qhpSa
hnv \In hnfbpsS Hcp
`mKw Iqenbmbn \nbnv
Irjn sNm Hcmsf
G]npI FXmWv
(Xplv^6/125)
hnv tPmenmc
XssbSppXn\v apJm_d
(]mn\v \I) Fp
]dbpw. CXv cpw
]mSnsXmWv im^nCu
aZvl_nse {]_eamb
A`n{]mbw. Fm Camw
kp_vInpw Hcp ]w
]nXmpw Ch
PmCkmsWv A`n{]mbapv.
Dadn(d)sbpw
aZo\mcpsSbpw
{]h\amWhv
sXfnhv.(^Xvlp apCu287)
8 apkmJmv:
_mv, kma{KnI am{Xw
HcpnsmSppItbm
kma{KnIfpw `qanbpw
\IpItbm sNbvXv ac
\\m\mbn Hcmsf
G]npXn\mWv
apkmJmv Fv ]dbpXv.
IrjnsNbvX acw \\m
thn êns Hcp `mKw
Iqenbmbn \nbnv Hcmsf
G]npXn\mWv
Iaimkv{Xn apkmJmv
Fv ]dbpXv. Cu\,
apncn Fo IrjnIfn
am{Xta CXv ]qshmWv
aZvl_nse
{]_em`n{]mbsanepw
\psS aZvl_nses Hcp
]w ]nXcpw Camw
amenIv(d), Camw AlvaZv(d)
Fnhcpw Fm acfnepw
icnbmIpsav
{]_esSpnbncnpp.
acw \Sm\pw AXv \\m\pw
IqSn G]nm AXv
apkmJmv BIpnsmWv
{]_em`n{]mbsanepw
apKmanIfmb Hcp ]w
]nX AXv
icnbmIpsaphn[n-sb-gp-Xn-bnp-v. (^Xvlp apCu287)
18
BtKmf km-nI òa-m-cqambn \S-nsm-n-cn-p

InS-a
- c
-
- n \npw _mpI ]nm-td-n-bn-cn-p-p.
Ckvemans t]cn m]n-s-Sp-Ibpw tijw, ]c-c
- m-KX
coXn-If
- n Xs CS-]m-Sp-I
\S-p-Ibpw sNp _mp-Isfbpw apkvenwI Xncn-d
- n-tbn-bn-cn-p-p.
\\m\pw ]WnsbSpm\pw
Bsf G]npXv
CPmdXmbn ]cn-KW
- nv
AbmfpsS tPmenbpwIqenbpw
t\cs Xs \nbnm
CPmdXns Iogn Xs Cu
CS-]mSv A\phZ\obamhpw.
9) CkvXnkv\mAv
CXv B[p\nI Imev
cq]s Hcp kwbpw
]Z{]tbmKhpamWv. apv
]d CPmdXn\v Iogn
hcp Hcp CS]mSv
XsbmWnXv. apv \n-bn
\n_\I {]Imcw _mv
Hcp hmWnPy\nmW
]Xnmbn Hcp Iqw
tPmenmsc ]Ww \In
G]np {]h\amWv
CkvXnkv\mAv. \namWw
Ignm B FSpv
_mns DSaXbn
hcpXpw AXv hn]\ \Sntbm hmSIv \Intbm
_mn\v em`w Dm-p-Ib
- mWv
eyw.
"CPmdXpnXv' F
C\nemWv Cu CS-]mSv
hcpXv. Hcp hkvXp
\nanpI F tPmenmbn
Hcmsf GnpIbmWnhnsS.
ChnsS Iqen CS]mSv kabv
Xs \Inbncn
\n_\bmWv (Xplv^ 6/
144). CPmdn tPmen
\nn-Xa
- m-bn-cn- CS]mSns km[p-Xv \n_-amWv. IqSmsX tPmen-bp-sStbm
ka-b
- nstbm ASn-m-\n hy-X-bn-m Imcyfn CPmd CS-]mSv icn-bmhp-I-bpan.
10) tem (Loan) Jfv
CkvemanIv _mpI
D]t`mmv
]eniclnX temWpI
\Ippsnepw tem
kabw Ahkm\n tijw
khokv NmPv CuSmmdpv.
Nne A\nhmcyLfn ISw
FgpXnm\mbn kImXv
kzZJ ^pIfpw
\ne\nppv.
ISZmXm-hn\v h
\nebnep D]Imchpw
e`yamIpsa
\n_\tbmsS ISw \I
Akm[phmWv;
\n_\bnmsXbmWv
kw`hnsXn
km[phmIpsanepw
IdmlmWv (^Xvlp
apCu252). \n_amb
kImn \npw
ISmc\mb hynv ISw
hom thn
\ImhpXmWv. _mn\v
t\cnv \ImhpX.
Ckvem-anIv _mp-If
- psS
\nt] kam-l-c-Whpw hn\ntbmK coXn-Ifpw Iimkv{X
ho-W-n hne-bn-cp-n-gn-p. Ckveman kmnIbnS-]m-Sp-I AXn
kqvaambn am{Xw ssIImcyw
sNt-Xn-\m apI-fn hnhcn \nbahi- IrXy-ambn
_mp-I ]men-t-X
- p-v.
_mp-Iv t\XrXzw
\Ip icoB t_mUp-Ifn kqvai
- m-en-If
- mb
]WvUn-Xsc Ds-Sp-n-sbnte CXv IrXy-ambn \S-mm km[n-p-I-bp-q.
IqSmsX BtKmf km-nI
òa-m-cq-ambn \S-nsm-n-cnp InS-a--c-n \npw
Cu _mp-I ]nm-td-n-bn-cnp-p. Imc-Ww ]e
Iimkv{X \nb-a-fpw AhK-Wn-m\pw A\n-kvem-anI
hgn-I Ah-ew-_n-m\pw CXv
_mp-Isf t{]cn-n-t-pw.
\nt-]-Isc BIjn-pI
F ey-tmsS am{Xw
Ckvemans t]cn m]n-s-Sp-Ibpw tijw, ]c--cm-KX
coXn-If
- n Xs CS-]m-Sp-I
\S-p-Ibpw sNp _mp-Isfbpw apkvenwI Xncn--dn-tbn-bn-cn-p-p.
Ckvem-anIv _mnwKv
Cy-bnse Ckvem-anIv _mnwKv:

{]tbm-K-ns coXn-imkv{Xw
Ckvem-anIv _mnwKv
A Aao hn.]n hnf-bq
DXv]m-Z\ {]{In-bb
- n XmXv]cyw
ImWn-msX \nnX hcp-am-\m-Snm-\
- n kv asm-cmv
\Ip ]nn-cn- coXnv hncp-ambn em` \jvS]
-
- m-fnmSnm\-n DXv]m-Z\ kwcw`-e
- n-tes-Sm Xm-dp
hyn-Iv ]Ww ssIam-dp
kwhn-[m-\-amWv Ckvem-anI kmnI hyh hn`m-h\w sNp-Xv.
"" Ckvem-anse km-nI

kwhn-[m-\
- v ]mm-Xy
_mp-Isf amy-n \npw
Ic-Ib
-
- m-\mhpw'' hn-m\nse HutZym-KnI Zn\-]{Xw
Hkth- tdmamt\m
(OSSERVATORE ROMANO)2009
{]kn-o-Ic
- n hm-bm-Wn-Xv.
tIh-es
- amcp AwKo-Im-cs
- a-Xn-\-pdw Ime--fmbn A]cn-lm-cy-ambn XpS-v sImn-cnp km-nI amy-n
\nv ]pdv IS-m-\p
hy{K-Xb
- m-Wn-Xv. aX-aq-ey-sf
adn-I-S-v, kp\n-nX em`w
hmKvZm\w sNp ]en-im-[njvTnX CS-]m-Sp-If
- n-tesSpIbpw HSp-hn-eXv kaq-ls
apqSpw {Kkn-p-Ibpw sNbvXtm {]tbm-Kn-Ia
- mb _Z
tXSp--Xn Ap-X-s-Sm-\n-.
\nnX hcp-am-\m-Sn-m-\n apX-emfn Xs kv
asm-cmv \Ip-Ibpw hn\ntbm-K-nepw DXv]m-Z\ kwcw-`-
-fnepw bmsXmcp Xm]cyhpw ImWn-m-Xn-cn-p-Ibpw

sNp ]nn-cn- coXnv
hncp--ambn em` \jvS-]-m-fnmSnm\-n DXv]m-Z\
kwcw-`
- f
- n-tes-Sm Xmdp hyn-Iv ]Ww
ssIam-dp ]ptcm-K-a-\-]-c-amb
kwhn-[m-\a
- mWv Ckvem-anI
km-nI hyh hn`mh\w sNp-Xv. kmaqly
km-nI ]cn-h-\-n
NmeI in-bm-hp-Is
- b
kp{]-[m-\-amb ey-n
km{-Zm-bI _mp-I ]cm-Pb-s-Sp-tm Cu eyw
ê-{]-Z-ambn \nh-ln-m
Ckvem-ans ]en-i-ap
km-nI kwhn-[m-\
- n-\mIp-sav Xo.
]eni clnX km-nI
kwhn-[m-\
- n-\\
- p-tbm-Py-amsbm-cn-S-amWv Cy. ]en-im-[njvTn-Xa
- mb Cjq-dkv,
t_mp-I XpS-n-bh
- b
- -
19
Ckvem-anIv _mnwKv
m At\Iw \nt-]m-h-c-fpv cmPy-v.
cmjv{Sns km-nI
hf-smv Zmcn-{Zyhpw
sXmgn-en-m-bvabpw h[n-psIm-n-cn-s ]en-i-ap-hpw
ka-Xz-]qW-hp-am-sbmcp kmnI coXn-bm-Wn-`
- n-Imayw.
]en-ib
- n-\
- n
apkvenwIfpsS tImSn-W
- n\v kzv DXv]m-Z\ kwcw-`-fn- en-d
- s
- -SmsX sIn-n-Sppsh-n-cns {]tXy-Inpw.
kwcw-Ì
- \jvS
- ns \Sp-b-n Iqp-Ip-n-bmepw
aqe-[\ DS-av ap \n-b{- ]Im-ca
- p em`w e`n-W
- s
- a
AXoh Kpcp-Xc
- a
- mb \nb-aa
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Ckvem-anIv _mnwKv : {]knbpw {]mtbm-Kn-IXbpw

aqe-[\ kam-l-c-Whpw
hn\ym-khpw kpK-a-am-pXnv CS-\n-e-m-cs ]v
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_mp-Isf {itb-am-p-X
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aqe-[\ tijnbpw kwcw-`-IXzhpw kwtbm-Pn-n-p-X
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kwcw-Ì
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20
bmepw aqe-[\ DS-av ap

\n-b-{]-Im-c-ap em`w e`n-W-sa AXoh Kpcp-X-camb \nb-aa
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kwhn-[m-\
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Xncn-S-
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kwcw-Ì
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cwKs ]en-i-ap--am-p-I-bmsX CXn-s\mcp ]cn-lm-c-an. apim-d-I, apZm-d-_, apdm-_l, kew, CPm-d, CkvXnkv\mAv XpSn Ckvem-anIv
_mnwKv hyh A\p-[mh\w sNp CS-]m-Sp-Is
- fmw
Nqj-tWm-p-Ja
- mb kwhn-[m-\n\v ]pd-m-Wv.
1960 Ifn-emWv B[p-\nI
coXn-bn-ep Ckvem-anIv
_mp-I-fpsS XpS-w. ]en-ibpsS \ocm-fn-n-Sp-

- n
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km-nI kaXzw ssIh-cn-Ib
- p-sa-X
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kzoIm-cy-X-bmWv e`n--Xv. 1963
CuPn-]vXn-n Bcw-`n
Ckvem-anI _mns Ae-sbmen-sb-tmWw \mev A\p_ m]-\- IqSn 1967
HmsS \ne-hn hp. Cv
Ata-cn--bnepw {_n-Wn-epambn ap-tXmfw m]-\-
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IW-v. hfvhcp kmnI in-bmb Cysb
kw_-n-n-St- mfw DW-tc
kabw AXn-{I-an-n-cn-p-p.
Cu Ppsse-bn e-\n
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CXc m]-\
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kvIoap-I {]m_-ey-n
hcp-p--Xns `mK-ambn
]mm-Xy _mp-If
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tKmkvam kmkv
nt]v s_k, F.-F
kUv, {InUvv sebvkv XpS-nbh ]en-i-\n-cv Ipd-p-sImp-hc
- p-p-sh-mWv dntmv.
BtKmf Xe-n Ckvem-anIv
t_mp-I 50 _ney
tUmf-dns t\w ssIh-cn-pshv IW-p-I hy-am-pp.
kZvcwKw amy-ns
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IS-Xv k-tcbpw Ap-Xs-Sp-n. ]eni clnX kmnI kwhn-[m-\-ns hnPb
km[yX t_m[y-s-Sm
asmcpZml-cW
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kmnI hf-s
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henb XSw ]en-i-bmWv.
Zmcn{Z \namP\ cwKv
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ssIh-cn-m Ign-n-p-v.
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apkvenw-I-fpsS òa-amb
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t]cn ]pXnb kqNnIbpw
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24
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klm-bI
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km-tc-Xc ]uc CS-s]-S-ep-
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- f
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ss_t\m-p-e Cy
cmjv{Sob hyh-n-Xn-bpsS
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t\Xm-am ]c-kv]cw t]mcSn-m-dn-spw kaq-lt- mSpw
hyh-n-Xn-tbmSpw hne-t]-imdn-spw, Kn-b ka-cm-\pbm-bn-I \nbaw In-se-Sp-mdn-spw aZy-]n-m-dn-spw
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Cu XpS Ign-p.
29
s]mfn-s-gpv
aJvZq-ap-am hXv ba-\n \n-

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kz^vhm ]n.Sn Iqn-e-mSn
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hkvXp-XI
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30
tIc-fob apkvenw kaq-lns sshm-\nI,

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(d) ssiJv AlvaZv
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31
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32
CuPn-]vXn \npw Imb ]-Wtv ]em-bI

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3. the concise of history of
cayalpattanam- Dr.
Abdullatheef kayalpattanam,
Sahamsudheen Appa
Publication.
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- mbn
tNmZn-p-Xv Cusbmcp
kvt\lw am{XamWv. "kXy-hnizm-kn-I Am-lp-hns\
AXn-i
- a
- mbn kvt\ln-p-h-cmWv (A _J-d 165)'
Fv hnip Jp-B
DXvt_m-[n-n-p-p. Al-Xs kvt\lw tNmZnp
hmpI Xs-th-Ww. CXn\pw
\mY Xs-bmWv amXr-I.
34
kqd-p-u-_b
- n AXn-i-amb `mj-bn òjWn
kzc-n Amlp ]d-bpp:
"{]Jym-]n-p-I, \n-fpsS
amXm-]n-Xm-fpw km-\
- fpw
ktlm-Zc
-
- fpw CW-Ifpw
IpSpw-_-fpw \n kmZn kzp-Ifpw sNe-hm-bntm-hn-sv \n `b-sSp I-h-S-s-c-p-Ifpw,
\n Xr]vXn-s-Sp `h-\-fp-samw Am-lp-hn-s\mfpw Ahs dkq-en-s\mfpw Ahs amK-n
t]mcm-Sp-X
- n-t\-mfpw
\n[nIw {]nb-s-X
- msW-n Amlp Ahs
I]-\-I \S-p-Xv hsc
Imn-cn-p-I. Amlp AXn{I-an-If
- mb P\-Xsb t\amKn-em-p-I-bn-. (9:24)'
Fn-s\-p-dn-p-ap
AKm[ m\hpw ASp--
kvt\ln-m\pw kvt\ln-s
- Sm\pw sImXn-bn-m-h
- c
- mbn
BcmWv Cu temI-p-Xv?
k-tem-I
- n-sbpw krjvSmhpw
kwlm-cI
- \
- p-amb \mY kXy-hnizm-kn-It- fmSv Xs A\p-{K-lsmw ]I-ca
- mbn tNmZn-pXv Cusbmcp kvt\lw
am{XamWv.
dnhpw \sb-Xns\ {]W-bnm t{]cn-n-p-p. Am-lphn-s\-p-dn-p Aù-a-amb

Xncn--dnhmWv a\p-jys\
krjvSm-hn-te-m-\b
- n-p-X
- v.
]t-{n-b
- sm-p
{]W-b-n-\-pdw, Bdm-an{nbw Xop Bo-b-\p-`h-am-WX
- v.
"BW s] kvt\l{]-hm-la
- mbv
BWnepw s]n-epapm {]-tNm-Z\w'
Jeo-ep-mln C{_mlow
\_n (A) s Ah-km\ \nanj- Cu kvt\l {]I-S-\ns Aa-ck
- vac
- W
- I
- f
- m-Wv.
dqlv ]nSn-m h ae-nt\m-S-tlw ]dp: "Rm
Am-lp-hns Iqp-Im-c\
- m-Wv.'
GsX-nepw kplrv kzw
kvt\ln-Xs\ sImp-Xv \o
In-ptm?. CXp tIv {Xnip-hn-emb ae-p auv
Am-lp-hns hlvbv aptJ\
Cs\ adp-]Sn ]dp:
GsX-nepw Iqp-Im-c Xs
kplr-ns\ ]pIp-hm\pw
ImWp-hm-\p-ap Ah-kcw
\jvS-s-Sp-m-dptm?. aens adp-tNmZyw tIv kwXr]vX-\mb C{_mlow \_n (A)
]d-p-hs{X: F\np Xr]vXnbm-bn, C\n-sbs \nm
Znhy kn-[n-bn-tev sImpt]m-hmw...
IpSpw_ sXfnw
kvt\lw A-s\-bm-Wv...
Iog-S
- msX Fm kzbw
Iog-S
- msX AXp
hfpsImn-cn-pw.
Bpw hmbn-m-hp Xpdp-sh ]pkvXIw t]mse
AXv lrZ-bm-c
-
- sf hnim-eam-pw. hn\-bhpw hnth-Ihpw
kl-\hpw klm-\p-`q-Xnbpw
ka-k
- a
- mbn kt-fn-hp-am-{Xta Cu {]Wb Xen-tev Db-cm-\m-hq.
kvt\l-n \nn-tm
asmpw e`n-n-Sm
kvt\l-n êw
kvt\lw
m\-n êw
m\w
]e-tmgpw B-lXym]-cam-bn-cn-p-a-Xv. Fnepw Np
]dn-p-sIm-Sppw kvt\ln-Xv
t\Sn-sb-Sp-p-tm-gp-smcp
kpJ-ap-v. kvt\ln-m Adnbp--hv am{Xw e`n-p
kpJw.
Hcn- Hcp kzlm_n
dkq (kz) sb kao-]nv
sImv ]dp: dkqte,
Rm Asb kvt\ln-pp. \_n (kz)DSs\ adp-]Sn
]dp: "Fn Zmcn{Zyw
Da (d) Hcp hgn-bn

Bsctbm A-a-\mbn Imp\np-Xv \_n (kz) ImWm\n-S-bmbn. kzm`m-hn-I-satmWw {]hm-NI
- c
- t- \z-jn-p.
Atlw ]dp: F\n-smcp
]pXnb kvt\ln-X-\p-v. Rm\hs\ Imp-\np-Ib
- m-Wv.
\_n (kz) ]dp: \osbmcp
kplr-ns\ sXsc-s-Spm Ahs t]cv
tNmZnpI. ]ns ]nXm-hns
t]cpw hoSpw tNmZn--dn-bp-I.
tcmKn-bm-sb-d
- n-m sNv
kin-p-I.
Npcp--n hf-p-sI-p-Ifn
m Xpd kulrZw
kzoI-cn-m Ccp-ssI-Ifpw
m]nm-\mWv \_n(-kz)\on Xm-dmbn \np-I.'
bpsS Blzm-\w. Btcm-sStemI Ncn-{X-n-se-hnnepw a\-n-sem-cnjvSw
sSbpw tcJ-s-p-I
- n-ntXmn-bm Abm-fpsS apJv
msmcp Xcw kvt\lm`ymY\bpw adp-]-Sn-bp-am-WnXv. t\mn Hcp hmNIw ]d-b-Wsav dkq (kz) ]Tn-n-p\njvI-fw, \njvI-]Sw Fp
XpS-nb hnti-jW
-
- s
- fmw p-v. Ao-e-X-Ipw B`mtXmp ]nam-dp Hcp sshIm- k-n\pw AXn hc-p-I
cnI aplqw. Cu Dp-Xp-d- kzbw \nW-bn-p A`n-\h
kZm-Nmc kaqlw ImXp-Xp-dp
, kvt\l-s-p-dn-p
{]hm-N-I-cpsS apgp-h {]kvXm- tIt-smcp hmNIw.
"Rm \ns kvt\ln-ph-\-I-fnepw \apv hmbn-s-Spp.'
m-\m-hpw. Hcn- C_v\p
Npcp-
- n hf-p-sI-p-If
- nm Xpd kulrZw m]nm-\mWv \_n(-kz)-bpsS Blzm\w. Btcm-sS-nepw a\-n-semcnjvSw tXmn-bm Abm-fpsS
apJv t\mn Hcp hmNIw ]db-W-sav dkq (kz) ]Tn-n-pp-v. Ao-eX
- I
- pw B`m-kn\pw AXn hc-p-I kzbw
\nW-bn-p A`n-\h kZm-Nmc
kaqlw ImXp-Xp-dp tItsmcp hmNIw.
"Rm \ns kvt\ln-p-p.'
35
\thm-Ym\w
Bbncw hjs
ZoL Zi\w sNbvsXm-cm
\thm-Ym\w
ico^v sI.Sn ss]-q
36
N-cn-{X-ns Hmtcm
\ntbm-K--fmWv Hcp \thmYm\ \mb-Is cq-c-s-S-en\v
Bw Iqp--Xv. aX-km-aqlnI cwK--fnse khn-ti-jamb kml-N-cy--fmWv Hcp
\thm-Ym\ hn-h-ns
km[y-XI
- v thZn-sbm-cp-p-Xv. Ncn-{X-n-eq-S-\ofw Cu
{]Xn-`mkw \pv ImWm-hp-Xm-Wv. Cy \thm-Ym\
hn-h-ns cmP-in]n
ssiJv AlvaZv kln-nbpw
(1563 1624) Cs\ Hcp
Ncn{X kn-bn-emWv DZbw
sNp-X
- v.
Ckvem-anI kmaq-lnI
hyh--bn Bob Ia
a-e
- f
- n hp-tN
]mI-n-g-hp-Isf icn-bmb Znibn-tev Xncn-p-hnv Ckvemans AIv Ibdn Ckvem-anIm-ib
-
- sf XIm {ianp ]p Nnm-K-Xn-mcpsS ASn-th-cn-f-n-bp Hcp
\thm-Ym\ apt--n-eq-sSbmWv klnn (d) tXcv \bnn-cp--Xv. tIc-fob \thm-Ym\
]cn-k-c--fn klnn
aqhvsa v kp]-cn-Nn-X-a--nepw
D-tc-y \thm-Ym-\ns ISn-m \nb-{n-n-
cp-Xv ssiJv kln-n-bm-bn-cpp.

Ckvem-anI cmjv{Sob `q]-Snse Pzen-p GSp-I-fmb
apK cmP-hw-i-n\v hv tNncp A]-{`w-i-sXnsc iamb Hcp Bib ka-c-n-eqsS
hnhw \bn-n-cp kzmXn-I-\m-bncpp ssiJv kln-n. AIv_
N{I-hnbpsSbpw Plmw-Ko
N{I-hn-bp-sSbpw hnI-ea
- mb
Bi-b
- s-Xn-sc-bm-bn-cpp
alm-\-hI {][m-\-ambpw {i
tI{o-Ic
- n-n-cp-X
- v. CXns
t]cn Hcp-]mSv ]oT\ ]-
A\p-`h
- n-t-n-h
- n-p-s-nepw
Fmw Cu al-mb Zo\n\v
thn Ccp-Ipw \on kzoI-cn-p-hc
- m-bn-cp-p.
am{X-a-, C_v\p-A-d_n
(a:1240) bpsS hlvZ-Xp hpPq-sZ
Fmw ssZh-amWv F Bi-bn \nv hlvZ-p-p-lqZv F
Fmw ssZh-n \nmWv F
ho-W
- n-te-p amw
Bob a-e--fn henb
Ne-\- hgn-sh Hcp \h-PmKc-Wa
- m-bn-cpp.
am{X-a; ]p-\m-i-b-m-cpsSbpw, ioCu {]m-\-m-cpsSbpw, dhm-^nfv Nnm-K-Xn-m-cpsSbpw Bi-b
- sf \J-in-Jmw
\thm-Ym\w
{]Xn-tcm-[n ssiJv klnnbmWv Cy an Ckveman-Im-ib
-
- s X\-Xmb
ssienbmb kpv Pam-Anv C{X-b-[nIw hf-p-dp
\new. Ckvemw Iep-j-amb
cmw Bbn-c-n-tev IS-ptm Hcp al-mb \thmm\w kmy-am-nb klnnsb apkvenw temIw apP-nZv
A^v km\n (cmw kl-{km_vZ-nse \thm-m\ \mbI) FmWv \ma-Ic
- Ww
sNbvXX
- .v
P\-\hpw aX-hn-Zym-`ym-khpw
Cy Ckvem-anI \h-Pm-KcW apt--n A\p-]-a-amb
IrXy-\nhl-W
- n-eqsS thdnv
\np- ssiJv klnn
P\\w sImv Xs Hcp \thmm\ ]S-\m-b-Is cq]--S-env
If-sam-cp-nbncp {]apJ
kq^n-h-cy\pw ]nX {]Xn-`bp-am-bn-cp ssiJv A_vZp
AlZv _n ssk\p B_nZos ]p{X-\m-bn-m-bn-cpp
ssiJv AlvaZv P\n-p--Xv.
]m_v taJ-e-bnse klnv
F {]tZ-i
- mWv lnPvdm_vZw
971 ({In. 1540) emWv `qPm-X-\m-bXv. Xs {]mY-anI hnZym-`ymkhpw Bob Adn-hp-Ifpw
]Ip e`n-Xv Xs ]nXmhn \nv Xs-bm-bn-cp-p.
NnivXob Bob kc-Wn-bpsS
hnZym-`ym-k
- nse knwl-]m-In-Iw {]Imiw ]I-Xv.
]noSv _unI m\ Ic-a
- m-m
knbmtm-n sNv ssiJv
Iam-ep-o Imivaocn-sb-bm-Wv.
klnn kao-]n--Xv. X
imkv{X-nsbpw KWn-Xi
- mkv{Xn-n-sbpw Bg-f
- n
hnm\w t\Sn-bX
- nv tijw
lZokv ]n-X\
- mb ssiJv
inlm-_p-o _n lP-dp
sslk-an-bn \nv lZokv
kzoI-cn Cy ]n-X
ssiJv bAvJq_v _n lk
kzYn Imivao-cn-bn \nmWv
kln-n (d) {][m-\-ambpw
lZokv t\Sn-sb-Sp-Xv. Jmkn
_lveq-ep _Zvli
- n-sb
alm ]n-X-\n \np alm\-h-dp-I lZokv kzoI-cn-n-pv. lZokv {K-fn \npw
apw lZokv dntmv sNm\p k-Xw (CPm-kv)

Jmkn-bn \nv klnn t\Snsb-Sp-n-p-m-bn-cp-p.
Bob hnlm-b
- n-tev
Ckvem-ans \mt\m-p-Ia
- mb
hnm\ Ia imkv{X--fnepw
Xs A\p-]a ]mShw sXfn-bnp. klnn {][m-\-ambpw
Xs hyh-lmcw tI{o-I-cn
Bob Xe-nembn-cp-p.
anYym-[m-cWI sImpw A_-hm-Z- sImpw i_vZ apJcn-X-ambncp Bob taJe
Hcp \h-ssN-X\yw ]I-cp ]cnjvIm-cn-mbn Imn-cn-p-Ib
- mbn-cp-p. Cu k`-n-emWv
apP-nZv A^v km\n ssiJv
AlvaZv klnn Bob
a-e-n Nph-Sp-d-n-p--Xv.
apIfn kqNn-n-Xv t]mse,
]nXmhv A_vZp-A-lZv (d)
NnivXnb Xzco-J-ns A\p-`mhnbpw ]n-X-\p-ambncp-p.
]nXm-hn \nv Bob
ssNX\yw Ic-a
- m-nb
klnn NnivXn Xzco-Jns A\p-`mhnbmbn-cp-p.
Xs Ah-km\ \mfp-I-fn
]nXm-hv Jnem-^
- ns s]mmS
Xs aI\v AWn-bn-p-Ibpmbn. ln. 1007 ]nXmhv
Cl-tem-Ih
- mkw shSn-bp-Ib
- pm-bn. AXoh ZpxJn-X-\mb
klnn lv Bh-iymw
a-bn-tev Xncn-m Xocp-am\n-p. CXnv thn Atlw
Uln-bn-tev Xncn-p.
Cu {]bmWw Hcp Ncn{X
\ntbm-K-am-bn-cp-p. kln-nbpsS Pohn-X-n kp{]-[m\
hgn-n-cn-hnv kmn-bm-hp-Ib
- mbn-cp-p. \Jvi-_n Xzco-Jns\ Cy kml-N-cyfn ]cn-Nb
- s
- -Sp-p-Ibpw
kq^n a-e--fnse ip{`-c-\-
C_v\p-Ad
- _n (a:1240) bpsS hlvZXp hpPq-sZ Fmw ssZh-amWv
F Bi-b
- n \nv hlvZ
- pp-lqZv F Fmw ssZh-n
\nmWv F ho-W
- n-tep amw Bob a-e
- fn henb Ne-\
- hgn-sh
Hcp \h-Pm-Kc-Wa
- m-bn-cpp.
-{X-amb ssiJv apl-Zv

_mJn-_n (d)tev
klnnsb Hcp AZr-iy-tNmZ\ \bn-p-I-bm-bn-cp-p.
kln-n-bn AS-nb Znhy{]-Imi kmn-ys IqsS
AXn-cp-If
- n-m Bob
hnlm-b-n-tev kln-nsbbpw B\-bn-p. \Jvi-_n
Xzco-Jns Bob hmSnbn ssZh-km-n-ys
thp-thmfw Bkz-Zn ssiJv
klnn Npcp-nb Ime-b-fhn Xs kq^n temI-sD--X-amb Jpv_n-, ^Zn
m\-f
- n Iog-S
- nbncp-p.
Xs Bob Kpcp-h-cy-\n
\nv ]cn-]qW-X-p-ff AwKoImcw e`n-pXv hsc B
Bobmtcm-lWw XpSv
sImn-cp-p. \Jvi-_n XzcoJ-ns Jnem-^-v t\Sn-sbSp klnn kqô-temIs Pzen-p \-{X-ambn
amdn--gn-n-cp-p.
Xs Kpcp-hn \nv CPmkv kzoI-cn-X
- nv tijw
kaql kap-m-c-W-nv Cdn-n-cn klnn ]noSv
P\-a-y-n \nd kmny-am-bn-cp-p. Uln-bn
\nv kztZ-i-amb kln-ntev aSn AhnsS shmWv
Xs injy-IW
-
- v hnZy
\pIncp--Xv. hnhn[ hnj-b-fn AKm[ ]mn-Xy--mbn-cp- klnn Htc kabw
Ckvem-anI hnZy-bpsS hyXykvXa
- mb taJeIsf
ssIImcyw sNbvXn-cp-p.
\thm-m\w
]ng Nnm-K-Xn-m-cpsSbpw ]phmZn-If
- p-sSbpw
Iq-c-m-bn-cpp ln: ]mw
\qm-ns {]mcw-`w. ioC-kn-sbpw _nZvA
-
- n-sbpw
hnj-hn-p-I- a\-p-I-fn
{]Np-c-{]-Nmcw t\Sp Hcp kab-am-bn-cp-p AXv. Cu Hcp
kml-N-cy-n-emWv klnn
(d)s \thm-m\ hn-hv \mn Ipdn-p--Xv.
ioC-k
- ns\Xn-scbpw dm^n-fpIs-Xn-scbpw Atlw
Xs XqenI sImpw \mhv
sImpw i-amb Bib kac-n-tesp.
37
t\mh
w
N
- {- F{Xtbm Dbp
\
m s]mn
a
c
bn-cp-p. IqSm-c-n-\-pe h
dv ioX-mv ASnp XpS-ns
n
K p
bn-cp-p. AIv
q
I -
AcpIp hnf-ns
Xo\mfw \r-am-Sn. AhW
a
dn\pw Iym]v {^mknIpf-S- n-sbm-I
- 6
A_q-kn-\m
hc: kA-Zen
38
kvIn\pw C\nbpw kwkm-cn-m\p-m-bn-cp-p. Iym]v

]pXnb hnj-b-n\v XpS--anp.
"Ah, ssakq km{amPy-s-p-dnv A]w ]d-bW-sa-p-v. Cv KhW-dpsS
Un ]mn-bn A[n-I-k-ab-hpw IqKn-tebpw \Kp--bnsebpw Snp-hns hnP-b-sp-dn-mWv kwkmcw \S--Xv.
Hcp Imc-W-h-imepw ssakq
ssk\nI tkh\w Rm
\nm ]mSn-m-bn-cpp
Fv tXmp-p. Rm
ssakq hnv audn-jy-kn
Fn-bt- m-gmWv sslZ-de
- nJms ac-Wh
- m-bd
- n-X
- v.
{^mkn-tev Xncn-p-t]mhmsX ssakq-cn-tev Xs
Xncn-p-t]m-cm Xp\n-X
- m-Wv.
Fm Hcp AkpJw Fs
XS-p-sh-p.'
tcmKm-h--bnepw ssakqdns\-p-dn-p A[p\m-X\ hm-I Adn-b-em-bncpp Fs tlm_n. F\nv
ssakq Fpw Fs kztZ-iam-W.v
]ns Rm tagvkn-se-knse-n-bt- m Ahn-Ss
Iymw]nepw Snp-hns h-am\-amWv. Rm ssakq tk\bn tPmen-sN-bvXn-pv Fdn--h apgp-h\pw ]e-PmXn
tNmZy-fpw FtmSp
tNmZnp: Snp-hns hbs{X? Abm ImWm-s\-ss\-bpv? Xm At-ls
ASp-p-\nv t\mn-bnptm? Ftm-sg-nepw At-
t\mh
l-tmSp kwkm-cn-n-ptm?
Snp ssakq ssk\ynse BZys ]Zhn hln-tm apX F\n--tls Adn-bm-sapw ]e-XhW {^mkns\-p-dnv ]e
tNmZy-fpw tNmZn-n-p-spw
Rm ]d-s-nepw Bcpw
AXv hniz-kn-p-n-.
Iym]v {^mknkvIv
hopw {in-p Ah,
\nkmapw adm-Tn-Ifpw Snp-hn-s\Xnsc kwL-Sn-p-psv
KhWdpsS kZy-bn \nv
Adn-bm Ign-p. Snp Ahcp-ambn Gp-ap-n-bm Xma-knbmsX Cwo-jp-mcpw Snp-hns\-Xnsc Xncn-bpw Fn Snphn\v Hcp-]mSv t]map-J-sf
Hnp t\cn-tS-n-h-cpw. awKem-]pcw Icm Hpw ]ns
hne-tm-hn-. {_o-jp-Im
Ftmgpw Snp-hn-s\-Xnsc
{]Xn-Im-cZm-lh
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"Rv Cwo-jp-Im-cn
Hcp ip`-{]-Xo--bp-an-. Ah
bpw XpS-n-bXv \nkmapw
adm-Tnbpw klm-bn-p-sa
hnizm-k-n-em-Wv. awK-em-]pcw
Icm-dn\p tijw Fmw
KqVm-tem-N\
- I
- Dm-bnptm AXn apgp-h\pw
Cwo-jp-Impw \nkm-an\pw
adm-Tn-Ipw Xpey-]-m-Wp-Xv.'
"Fm, \n Hcp
Imcyw a\-n--em-W
- w.
admTnIfpw \nkmapw ssakq
knwln-s\-Xnsc bpw XpSn-bm Cwo-jp-Im bp-fn Cd-p--Xn\p appXs R-f-hsc Xpw ]mdnpw. awK-em-]pcw _Z-\q
bp-fn Cwo-jp-Imt
oWw amdm ka-b-sa-Sppw
Fv R-dn-bmw. AXn\m Ah oWw Xov
bp-ap-Jt- v NmSn-ho-gm
R CS-\In-. ]nn-cn-nm kpYm Bhp-Xv
{ian-p-p-v. bp-a-m
t]mwh-gn-bn-s-n ]ns
Ah ssakq-cn-\p-ap-n appIp-n-bm-Nn B A`ni]vXamb Imew Ah hopw
Hms-Sp-t-n-hc
- pw.
Fm {^mkv R-fpsS
"Rv Cwo-jp-Im-cn Hcp

ip`-{]-Xo-b
- p-an-. Ah bpw
XpS-n-bXv \nkmapw adm-Tnbpw
klm-bn-p-sa hnizm-k
- n-emWv. awK-em-]pcw Icm-dn\p tijw
Fmw KqVm-tem-N\
- I
- Dmbn-ptm AXn apgp-h\pw Cwojp-Impw \nkm-an\pw adm-TnIpw Xpey-]
- m-Wp-X
- v.'
kJy-I
- n-bm-bnpw Ah
tht]m-se Rsf klmbn-n F ZpxJw am{X-amWv
Rp--Xv. Av awK-em]pcw bp-n\nv Ah
]nam-dn-bn-cp-s-n Cv Cu
Ah kwPm-Xa
- m-hn-m-bn-cpp.'
"AsX, Ah. Rm\n-mcy-n {^mkn\v hmev ]nSn-n-. Ncn-{X-Imcam Rsf Fspw
]gn-p Hcp Ip-Ir-Xy-amWv
R-fv sNbvXX
- v.'
"Fn An,
{^mkn\v bmYmYy-t_m-[a
- ps-n, ]gb sXp-Iv
]cn-lm-c{- In-bs
- N-m C\nbpw
Ah-k-c-ap-v.'
"IjvSw! Xm
{^mkns bYmY Ah
Adn-n-cp-s-n! R-fv
{_no-jp-ambn knsNbvXXv
Ahsc {]oWn-n-m-\m-bn-cp-n-
. adn-v, R-fpsS _e-lo-\X-I ad-p-sh-m-\m-bn-cpp.

Cv {^mkv ]pdw cmjv{So-bn ssIsh-m am{Xw
i-a-. Snp-kpYms
apn-se-m F\nv Ahkcw Inn-bm, Hcp Ahy-X-bp-an-m-sX, {^mkns
_e-b
-
- s
- f-p-dnv Rm
{]Xn-]m-Zn-p-am-bn-cp-p. RfpsS kJy-I
- n-Iv
klmbw \Im Ign-bm-hn[w Cv {^mkv
bnpt]mbn. F\nv B
\mSn-s\-p-dnv IqSp-X {]Xo-sbm-p-an-. Fm
ssakq-cn\v ip`-I-c-amb `mhnbp-v. Cv ]na \mSp-I-fn
Cwo-jp-Im-cp-ambn Dc-km
km[n-p Hcp cmjv{Sw am{Xta-bpq ssakq'
Ah Aen ]pn-cnp:
"Xm \ncm-is
- -Sp-cpXv'.
Iym]v Xe-Ip-\n-n-cp-p.
Hcp s\Sp-hon\p tijw
Atlw Ah Aen-bpsS
In-tev t\mn:
"{^mkn\pw Snp-kpYm-s\tm-se-bp Hcp t\Xm-hns\
Inn-sb-n? C\n Rm
t]mn-t-cn-bn hcp-tm
hen-sbmcp s_m-en-b {^v
ssk\n-I-cp-am-bmWv hcp-I.
Cv Cu ImWp Bfp-Isf
am{Xta sImp-h-cm km[npq Chsc IXpw Xm
\ncm-i-s-n-cn-p-at?.'
"C, Rm kpYm Snp-
39
vt\mh
hns ]S-bm-fn-bm-Wv. \ncmi
R-fpsS \nL-p-hn-en-.'
"Ah, Xmv Fn\v
t]mn-t-cn-bn ssk\nI
dn{Iq-vsa v tNt-n-hp?
Xm CXn-t\-m henb
m\w hln-t-h
- \
- m-sWmWv Fs hnizm-kw.'
"kXy-n, Rm t]mnt-cn-bn ssakq cmjv{Sns {]Xn-\n[n F coXnbn-emWv h-Xv. hv t\mptm ChnsS Iptd bqtdm]yam sXn-n-cnv \Sp-p. Rm\-hv A]w
ssk\nI ]cn-io-e\w \In
ssakq ssk\y-n
AwKXzw \In.
Atm-gmWv kpYms
B h-Xv. t]mn-t-cnbn ssk\nI dn{Iqvsan\v
{]tXyIw Hmôkv XpS-W
- sav. shdp-sX-bn-cn-p
kabw Hcp IrXyw \n-lnm-\mbn F-Xn F\nv
ktm-ja
- p-v.
]ns, Hcp Imcyw ]d-bmw.
IqKnse bp-`q-an-bn
\nmWv F\nv Cu m\
Ne-\w Dm-b-Xv. Imc-Ww,
Hm-a-Xmbn F\nv {^v
`mj Adn-bmw, ]ns IqKv
bp-n Rm Bh-iy-ne-[nIw FSp-p-Nmw ImWnp. Atm ssk\n-I--eh _plm-\p-o Fs D]tZ-in-p. "Xm IqSp-X
ZpL-Sa
- mb bp-`q-an-bn
40
{_no-jn-s\-Xn-sc-bp bpn {^mkv Snp-hns\

]qWtXmXn ]np-W
- p-psh-nepw {^mknse B`y-c
{]iv\w ImcWw Ah-cn \nv
Hcp klm-bhpw Xmew {]Xon-t-X
- n-.'
ssakq-cn\v tkh\w sNm

Pohn-n-cn-W
- s
- av F\nv
\n_--ap-v. ]ns IqKv
bpw Gsd-psd Ah-km-\n
am-Wv. AXn-\m \n\v
t]mn-t-cn-bnse tkh-\a
- mWv
\-Xv. XXz-n hyn-]-cambn Cu m\-N-e-\-n
F\nv ZpxJ-ap-m-bn-cpp'.
"Bh-s, Cs KhWdpsS Un ]cn-]m-Sn-bn
\nv F\n-smcp Imcyw a\n-embn. Rm\Xv \ntmSv
Xpdp ]d-bp-I-bm-Wv. {_nojn-s\-Xn-sc-bp bp-n
{^mkv Snp-hns\
]qWtXmXn ]np-W
- p-psh-nepw {^mknse B`yc {]iv\w ImcWw Ah-cn
\nv Hcp klm-bhpw
Xmew {]Xo-n-t-X
- n.'
{^mkn-kvIns At\z-jW-fpw Ah-d-en-bpsS adp-]Snbpw \op-t]m-bn. A[cm{Xn Ignp ImWpw.
ISImv sNdpNqtSmsS ASnp-ho-ip-p. Zqsc kap-{Z-n

Xnc-am-e-bpsS i_vZw Dbp.
""Ah Aen, F\nv
kXw Xcq, Rm\n-d--s.
Ah-kcw Inn-bm hopw
hcmw.''
Ah Iym]vs IqsS
]pd-n-d-n. Hv Btem-Nn
tijw se{KmUpw ]pdv
IS-p.
""Xm IqsS hc-Ws
- a-n. AIv Ibdn hn{i-anq.''
""th, Xpd-apJw hsc
Rm\pw hcmw.''
""Bh-iy-an-, Hcp ]mSv
sshIn. Xm hn{i-an-q.''
]pdv cv Imhm
\np-p-m-bn-cp-p.
Ah Hcm-tfmSv Iym]vs\
A\p-K-an-m ]d-p. B
cp \ng-ep-Ifpw In \nv
ad-bp-Xv hsc Ah- Aen
t\mn \np.
""hcq'' Ah
se{KmUns ssI]n-Sn-p.
""se{KmUv, Ctm
Xmv ]pXn-sbmcp IqSmcw
]Wn-bp-Xv ZpjvIcw Xs.
AXn-\m Css IqSm-cn Xs Dd-mw.''
""F\n-v {]tXyI IqSmcw
th. Rmt\-sX-nepw them-cs IqsS InS-tmfmw''.
""C, Fs IqsS XsBhmw. F\nv _pn-ap-smp-an-.''
Znem-hJm Hcp hncnv
IqSn sImp-h-p. Ahdpw
se{KmUpw ASp--Spv InSp. se{KmUns apJ-p
ZpxJ-]q-amb \n-_vZX
Ah-dns\ Ap-X-s-Sp-n.
Ah au\w `RvPn-p.
""se{KmUv, ]mco-kn
Xm Fs\ Ignp IqSn
Fs-\n-d
- n-bn. Fm
ChnsS \nkpc-n-X\m-Wv.
s]sv Fsnepw A]-ISw
hm Rm \nsf at-sXnepw kpc-nX kt-X-nse-n-pw.''
se{KmUns Dw
Ipfnp. ktm-j-ns
]pXp-\m-p-I Infn-tm
Abm-fpsS Dw \nd-p.
""Xm Hcp Imcp-Wy-hm
Xs'' Atlw ]d-p.
IpSpw_ sXfnw
\yq{Snt\m: imkv{Xw tXmp-n-;

hnI-kn-p-I-bm-Wv.
imkv{Xw
Pm_n kn
{]] krjvSn-ns bmYmYy tXSn-bp ]co-W

- n-Sb
- n P\o-hb
- nse tk
]co-Wime-bn \yq{Snt\m
IW- {]Im-it- h-KX
- sb
t`Znv k-cnp Fv sXfn-bn-s kml-Nc
- y-n ùXnI
imkv{X-n-sbpw {]m]-nI
ho-W
- f
- p-sSbpw `mhn `qX
Ime-f
- n-tev Hcp Fnt\mw.
hjw 1887. Ata-cn-

imkv{X-c
- mb B_v
ssakWpw (Albert
Michelson) FUzmUv
tamfnbpw (EdwardMorley)
kp{]-[m-\-amb Hcp ]co-Ww
\S-p-I-bm-Wv. {]]w apgph s]mXn-p-\np
AZr-iy am-[yaamb CuYdns
Ne-\-s-p-dnv ]Tn-p-IbmWv eyw. Htc t{kmXn \np- {]Imi civanIsf ]c-kv]c ew_--fmb
cv ]mX-I-fn-eqsS IS-n-hn-SpI, Hv `qan-bpsS Ne-\-n\v
kam--c-ambpw asmv ew_ambpw. As\, {]Im-ins Bt]-nI thK-Xbn hcp hyXymkw
Isn CuY-dns
kmn[yw a\-n-em-p-I.
CXmWv eyw. ]s \nch[n XhW Bhn-npw
{]Im-i
- ns Bt]-nI
thKX Is-m-\m-bn-.
Ht-Im \qm-n\v tijw
Cu ]co-Ww hopw P\-{i-
-t\-Sn-bn-cn-p-Ib
- mWv.
Ign GXm\pw amk-f
- mbn
kznvkense tk ]coWime-bn \S Ht]c
(OPERA Oscillation Project with
Emulsion tRackingApparatus)
]co-W
- a
- mWv ]Xn-m-pIp apv \S Cu ]co-W-n-tev \psS {ibm-Ijn-p-X
- v. ]cm-Pb
- s
- av
temIw hn[n-sb-gp-Xnb
ssaIk tamfn ]coWw ]noSv ùXnI
imkv{X-ns Hcp {][m\
\mgn-I--n\v ASn-dbmhp-Ibm-bn-cp-p. ]t AXn\v
hj- Imn-cn-t-nhpshp am{Xw, Hcp
B_v sFss-\vthn.
temIw ]ooSv B ]co-Ws hnti-jn-n-Xv "hnP-bI-c-amb ]cmPbw' (A
successfull failure) Fm-bn-cpp t]cnp hnfn-Xv. {]Im-ins Bt]-nI thKX
Is-m \S-nb B ]co-
41
imkv{Xw
-W
- n \npw
sFss A\p-am-\n-Xv
{]Im-i-th-KX Hcp kmh-{XnI
ncm (Universal Constant)
amWv Fpw "CuY' F
k]w Hcp òam-_--amWv
Fp-am-Wv. AXp-hs
- c-bp
apgp-h imkv{X XXz--fpsSbpw s]mfn-s-gp-ns XpSambn-cpp AXv. \yq{Snt\m
]co-W
- hpw CXp-t]m-semcp
am-n\v Xncn-sIm-fp-ptam
FmWv imkv{X-temIw Dpt\m-p-X
- v.
{]m]-nI bmYmYy-
tXSn-bp a\p-jys bm{X
Fhn-sSbpw Fn-bn
FmWv Ccw ]T-\
-
kqNn-n-p--Xv. 17mw \qmns a[y Zi-I--fn-emWv
B[p-\nI ùXnI
imkv{Xnse BZy hnhw
\S-Xv. sFkIv \yq F
alm {]Xn-`-bm-bn-cpp CXn\p
]nn. kmam\y Ne\w
apX Kpcp-Xzm-IjW
knmw hsc hnim-e-am-bncpp At-lns kw`m-h-\I. {]]w \ne-\np-Xv
hyh-m-]n-X-amb \nb-a-Sn-m-\
- n-em-Wv
Fpw KWnX imkv{X
kahmIy- sImv Cu
\nb-a-sf Ah-X-cn-n-msapw BZyw sXfn-bn-Xv
\yq Bbn-cp-p. ]noSv
imkv{X kmt-XnI hnZy-bpsS
IpXn-p-Nm--am-bn-cp-p. \qmp-I \ne-\n \yq \nb-
42
{]Im-i
- ns Bt]-nI
thKX Is-m \S-nb B
]co-W
-
- n \npw
sFss A\p-am-\n-Xv {]Imi-th-KX Hcp kmh-{XnI ncm
amWv Fpw "CuY' F
k]w Hcp òam-_
- a
- mWv
Fp-am-Wv. AXp-hs
- c-bp apgph imkv{X XXz-f
- p-sSbpw
s]mfn-s-gp-ns XpS-ambncpp AXv.
a- BZy-ambn tNmZyw sNs-Sp-Xv ssaIk

tamen ]co-W
- t- m-sS-bmWv. CuY F km]nI
am[y-a-ns kmn[yw sXfnbn-m ]ecpw hf-sc-b-[nIw
]cn-{i-an-snepw. Ccp-]Xmw
\qm-ns XpS-n
B_v sFss- Cu
"Ahnizm-k's
XIpI-fp-bp-Ib
- m-bn-cpp.
{]Im-i-ns thKX Hcp
km-{XnI ncm-a
- m-Wv
F hkvXp-Xb
- mWv
sFss knm-
- ns
ImX. AtXmsS \qm-p-Ifmbn \ne-\n ùXnI
imkv{X knm-
- s]mfns-gp-X-s-Sp-I-bm-bn. Pman-XnbpsS ASn-m-\-amb {Xnam\
m\ (Three dimensional
space) k]w t]mepw
sFsss Bt]-n-IXm
knmw (Theory of relativity)
Xncp-n-sb-gp-Xn. {]m]nI
\nb-a
- Bt]-n-Ia
- m-Wv.
HmSnsm-n-cn-p s{Sbv\n
\np Hcp hyn
s{Sbv\nse bm{X-msc At]nv \n-em-h--bn-em-Wv.
Fm mvt^man\np Bsf At]nv Ne-\-n-em-Wv. ùXnI
imkv{X \nb-a- Hmtcm Ahew_Xe- (Frame of Reference)
sbpw ]cn-KW
- n-p-sIm-m-bncn-Ww. Imew FXv Hcp
tIhe Af-h-. (Absolute
quantity) Ime-ns thKX
Ftmgpw Xpey-am-I-W-sa-n-.
hkvXp-hns thKX {]Imi
thK-Xt- bm-SS- p-p-tm ka-bns thKX Ipd-bp-p.
hkvXp {]Imi thK-X-bn
k-cn-p-tm kabw \ne-am-Ip-p. (k-ab thKX
kqNn-n-p-Xv LSn-Imc
kqNn-bpsS thK-X-b-. Imew
]ZmY-f
- n sNep-p
kzm[o-\amWv. tdUntbm
BIvohv ]ZmY--fpsS hnIncW \ncv Af-m-\p-]-tbm-Knp Btm-anIv tmp-IfmWv Bt]-n-IXm ]co-W
- -fn ka-bt- h-KX Adn-bm
D]-tbm-Kn-p-X
- v.) Bt]-n-IX-bnse IuXp-I-I-c-amb Hcp
k]-amWv "Szn ]mctUmIvkv' (Twin Paradox)
AXns\ Cs\ kw{Klnmw: "F'bpw "_n'bpw Cc-I-fmWv. Ah-cpsS ]mw hbn "_n'bpw Ah-s-sbmcp
Iqp-Im-c\pw Hcp t]S-I-n
_ln-cm-Im-i
- n-tev bm{X-bmIp-p. kuc-bq-Yhpw Kme-IvknIfpw Idn hj-p
tijw Ah Xncn-s-p-p.
ApXw! "F' Adp-]Xv hbp hr-\m-bn-cn-p-p,
Fm "_n' Ccp-]-p
hb-p bphmhpw. ApXw
Ah-km-\n-p-n-. IqsS bm{Xt]mb kplr-ns\ At]nv "_n'bpsS hbv Adp]Xv!. "F'bpsS hbv \m]Xv!. hyXykvX ImgvNmv
Bt]-n-I-ambn Htc Bv
hyXykvX {]mbw!. AsX,
sFss Xnbdn Fpw
hnkva-b-am-bn-cp-p. kmam\y
Bt]-n-IXm knm--
imkv{Xw
a\p-k-cnv hkvXp-- ]ckv]cw BIjn-p-I-b-,
]nw (Mass) e Ime
am\s h{Io-I-cn-p-p. Cu
h{IXm ]cn-Xn-bn s]Sp
hkvXp-
- kzm`m-hn-Ia
- mbpw
AXn\p Nppw Id-pp.
]nw A\--am-Ip-tm
h{I-Xbpw A\--am-Ipp.
hkvXp- Xncn-p-h-cm Ignbmhn[w hen-s-Sp--s-Spp. Xtam-K (Black Hole) -fpsS ]nw A\--am-Wv.
me Ime km-Xy-nse
Cu h{IX {]Imi civan-Isf
t]mepw kmc ]mX-bn
\nv hyXn-N-en-n-p-p.
XtamK ]cn-[nbn
s]Sp {]Imi civan-I-
BKn-cWw sN-s-Sp-p.
Xtam-K-f
- n ehpw
Imehpw \n-e-am-Wv. \ofhpw
hoXnbpw `mhnbpw `qX-hp-an-.
Cu Ah "GIXzw'
(Singularity) Fv ]d-b-s-Spp.
(General Theory of Relativity)
\yq{Snt\m ]co-Ww
kzn-kense tk
]co-Wime-bn \nv 730
Intem-ao- AI-se-bp Cen-bnse "{Kmkmtkm' ]coWime-hsc \yq{Sn-t\m-Isf
k-cn-nv thKX \nW-bnpI F-Xm-bn-cp-p Ht]c
]co-W
- w. BZy-L-
- n
]co-W
-
- nse A]m-IX
- b
- msWv imkv{X- hne-bn-cpn-sb-nepw \nc-h[n XhW
Bhn tijw êw
{]Jym-]n-p-Ib
- m-bn-cp-p.
\yq{Sn-t\m-I {]Im-it- m 60 \mt\m sk v
apt HmSn-sb-n-bn-cn-p-p.
sFss knm-
- ns
ASn-d
- b
- mb {]Im-it- h-KX
- bpsS A{]m-]yX shp-hn-fn-s-n-cn-p-p. \yq{Snt\m ]co-Ws ùXnI imkv{X
temIw t\mn-m-Wp-Xv ]ehn-[-n-em-Wv. temI-nse
Ghpw hepXpw B[p\nI-hpamb ]co-W
- i
- m-eI
- f
- n-semmb "tkWn'se Cu ]co-W-êw \nkm-c-ambn Xn--fbm-\m-hn-. \nc-h[n XhW
Bhn--sp FXpw
]coW \ncoW-fn
kw`-hn-t-m-hp A]m-IX
- I Iqn-n-gn-npw \yq{Snt\m
thKX {]Imi thK-Xt- b-m
IqSp-Xe
- mWv FXpw hnjbs IqSp-X Kuc-h-ap--Xmp-p. 2011 sk]vXw-_ 22 \v
]pdvhn ]co-W êw
cp-am-k-p tijw ]p\xn-co-Ic
- nv temI-n\v
kan--s-p Ign-p.
{]m]nI XXz-v
]pXnb hymJym\w \Im
Ign-bp Hcp sFsss
]nd-hn-mbn imkv{XtemIw
Imn-cn-p-p. Fm Hcp
hn`mKw imkv{X- Bt]nI XXz-sf _m[n-m
Xe-n ]co-W ês
hymJym-\n-m {ian-p-h
- c
- mWv.
IWnIm imkv{Xw (Particle
Physics) FXv B[p-\nI
ùXnI imkv{X-nse A\pZn\w hnI-kn-p-sIm-n-cn-p
Hcp taJ-e-bm-Wv. {]]
IWnIm imkv{Xw FXv B[p\nI ùXnI imkv{X-nse A\pZn\w hnI-kn-p-sIm-n-cn-p

Hcp taJ-eb
- m-Wv. {]] krjvSnns ASn-m-\a
- mb ssZh-IW
- -fpsS AkvXn-Xz-s-p-dn-p
kp{]-[m\ kqN-\I
- "tk'
em_n e`y-am-bn-g
- n-p. AXn\n-Sb
- n-em-Wv \yq{Sn-t\m-Is
- f-p-dnp Is- ùXnI imkv{X-cpsS {i-Xn-cn-p-X
- v.
krjvSn-ns ASn-m-\a
- mb
ssZh-IW
-
- f
- psS AkvXn-Xzs-p-dn-p kp{]-[m\
kqN-\-I "tk' em_n
e`y-am-bn--gn-p. AXn-\n-S-bnem-Wv \yq{Sn-t\m-Is
- f-p-dnp Is- ùXnI
imkv{X-c
- psS {i-Xn-cn-p-Xv. ChnsS \yq{Snt\m {]Xn\n-[o-I-cn-p-Xv Hcp Iqw
IWn-II
- s
- f-bm-Wv. IWn-II
-
{]Im-it- h-KX
- sb adn-IS-
- m-sav apv ae-bm-fn-bmb
kpZi C.kn tPmPv
(Sudarshan, E. C.George) AS-ap Nne imkv{X-
{]Jym-]n-n-cp-p. IWn-I-Isf
aqv Xc-ambn hn`-Pn-p-sIm-mbn-cpp B {]kvXm-hw. {]Imi-t-m thKX Ipd-h
(Subluminal), {]Im-i-thKXbph (Luminal), {]Im-it-m thKX IqSn-bh
(Superluminal). Smn-tbm-Wp(Tachyon) I F-dn-b-s-Sp
km]nI IWnI-I {]Imi-t-m thK-Xb
- n kcn-tm-sapw sskm-n-Iambn sXfn-bn--s-n-cp-p.
Fm ]co-W
- m-Sn-m-\n CXn\v sXfn-hp-Is
- fm-pap-m-bn-. hpf Ne-\n\v hnt[-b-amb {]]-n ]nw hfsc Ipd
\yq{Sn-t\m-I Smn-tbm-Wp-Ifmbn amdm-\p km[yX
hfsc IqSp-Xe
- m-Wv. AXmWv
ChnsS kw`-hn-s
- Xv
tIw{_nUvPv bq\n-th-gvknn
s{]m^. B.F tImtWm-nb
(R. A. Konoplya) A`n-{]m-b-s-Spp. Fm Bt]-n-I-Xv
43
imkv{Xw
Xp-ey-ambn {]m]-nI \nba-sf \nW-bn-m Ign-bpn FXv Cu hni-Zo-I-c-Wns \yq\-X-bmbn hne-bn-cps-Sp-p. \yq{Sn-t\m-I
k-cn-Xv NXpam\ {]]-ns AXn-cp-IS-
- p-sImmWv F-XmWv ktX
Imen-t^mWnb bq\n-th-gvknn-bnse kmkv thmMvl
(Sascha Vongehr) AS--ap
imkv{X-c
- psS A`n-{]m-bw.
B[p-\nI ]T-\--fpsS ASnm-\-n {]]w eIme am\-p-a-p-d-amWv.
C\nbpw k]n-s
- -Sm
Ign-n-nm Hcp-]mSv am\ {]]--n-\pv. Hcp
mkn \np kvt{Smsb
\mw Zqsc-\nv \nco-n-ptm AXv GI-am-\-am-Wv.
ASppw tXmdpw Zznam-\hpw
{Xnam-\-hp-ambn amdp-p.
C\nbpw hy-ambn \nh-Nn-s-n-n-s-nepw 11 am\-
D-Xmbn Adn-b-s-Sp-p.
NXpam-\-n-\p-a-pdw
sFss knm-
-
{]mtbm-Kn-I-a-. AhnsS {]Imi-t-m Zi-e
-
- W
-
- n\v
Ccn thK-X-bn hkvXpv k-cn-mw. tk
]co-W
-
- n \yq{Sn-t\m-I
k-cn-Xv NXpam\ ]cn[n
ewLn-p-sIm-m-Wv. Hcp taibpsS Zznam\ {]X-e-n Dcp-
44
nco-Ic
- n {]Jym-]\
-
- n\v
tijhpw \yq{Snt\m ]co-Ww
hnai-\
- f
- n \nv ap-a
- .
sFss\v tijw ùXnI
imkv{X temI-nse Ghpw
henb {]Xn-`b
- mb o^tlmnwMv hsc ]co-W
-
- ns
IrXy-Xb
- n kwibw tcJ-s-Spn-g
- n-p.
p-t]m-Ip ]v Xmsg- hoWv

AXns bm{X XpS-cp-Xv
t]mse, \yq{Sn-t\m-I AhbpsS kmc ]mX-bn FhnsStbm asmcp am\-n-tev
IS-p-p. IqSp-X hni-Zo-I-cW-fpw ]T-\-fpw CXp-hsc
\S-n-n-s-nepw Hcp
_rlm\ {]]
hoWns km[pX Xn-f-bm-\m-hn-. Cu taJ-e-bn
imkv{Xw C\nbpw Hcp-]mSv
aptmv t]mtI-X
- p-v.
nco-I-cn {]Jym-]-\n\v tijhpw \yq{Snt\m ]coWw hnai-\--fn \nv
ap-a-. sFss\v tijw
ùXnI imkv{X temI-nse
Ghpw henb {]Xn-`-bmb
o^tlm-nwMv hsc ]co-W
- ns IrXy-Xb
- n
kwibw tcJ-s-Sp-n-g
- np. ]co--W-ns {][m\
\yq\-X-bmbn hne-bn-cp--s-SpXv tmp-If
- psS GI-Im-eo-
I-c-W
(Synchronization of
Clocks)-am-Wv. em_ns c--
-fn-tebpw kabw D]-{Klw

hgn Pn.-]n.-Fkv (Global
Positioning System) D]-tbm-Knv
GIo-I-cn-p-sh-nepw `qKp-cpXzm-Ij-W
- nse hyXymkw
Cu GIo-I-c-Ws _m[n-pp-shv e Cw]o-cn-b
tImtf-Pnse sskm-nI
imkv{X-\
- mb Imtem
B. sImUn (Carlo R.
Contaldi) A`n-{]m-b-s-Sp-p.
ap-]e imkv{X-cpw Cu
A`n-{]mbs ]np-W-pIbpw sNp-p.
Hcp \yq{Snt\m ]co--Wn-se-n-cn-pp F
tNmZyw {]k--am-Wv. HXv
\qm-p-If
- psS {]mtbm-KnI
]np-W-bp Bt]-nIX
Hcp \yq{Snt\m ]co-Ww
sImv Hen-p-t]m-Iptam?
]s, imkv{Xw A-s\bmWv, {]-]w A\--sa-n
imkv{X ]T-\-fpw A\-ambn XpS-cpI Xs-sN-pw.
cp \qm-n-tesd Imew
\ne-\n \yq kn--sf
sFss adn-I-S-Xv Ah
sXm-sWv sXfn-bn-p-sIm-. adn-v, Ah-bpsS {]mtbm-KnI-Xew ]cn-an-Xa
- m-sWv
{]kvXm-hn-p-sIm-m-bn-cp-p.
a\p-jy-Zr-jvSn-I Xm-{X-Ifpw
B-fpw \yqn-bkpw ISv
t{]mtm-Wn-sbpw \yqt{Sm-Wnsbpw ASn-m-\a
- mb
Izmp-I hsc Nqgvv
sNn-cn-p-p. aodpw
skpw tImSn-I-fmbn hn`-Pn-s-n-cn-p-p. _ney
IW-n\v {]Im-ih
- j-
AI-se-bp Kme-Ivkn-I-fnepw
Xtam-K-f
- nepw a\p-jyZrjvSn sNs-n-bn-cn-p-p.
Atm Ahn-sS-sbmw _m[I-amb knmw thWw. AXmbn-cpp sFkvss knm-ns {]k-n. IzmpI apX mv tlmfp-I
hsc hymJym-\n-m a\p-jy\v
Ign-p. Fm, AXn-\p-apdw sFss knmw
]cm-P-b-s-Sp Hcn-S-ap-v.
BZn-bn, alm-hn-kvt^m-S\
(Bigbang) n\pw apv
imkv{Xw
{]]w apgp-h Hcp _nphn tI{o-I-cn kabw
GI-Xzw, AhnsS ehpw
Imehpw \n-e-am-Wv. AXns\
\n-Nn-m \ne-hnse
imkv{Xob \nb-a
- v
km[y-a-.
{]]w apgp-h \-Nnm Ign-bp Hcp {]m]-nI- XXz (Theory of everything)
ns \nam-W
- n-emWv
ùXn-Ii
- m-kv{Xw. sFss
Xs Pohn-X-ns knwl-`mKhpw sNe-h-gn-Xv AXn\v
thn-bm-Wv. "Fw Xnbdn'
"kv{SnMv Xnbdn' Fn-s\
]e t]cn-e-dn-b-s-Sp CXv
Hcp Xnb-dn-b-, Hcp]mSv Xnb-dnI-fpsS kwtbm-P\
- a
- m-Wv.
o^ tlmn-ns A`n{]m-b-n"Fw. Xnbdn' Hcp
"PnKvtkm' t]mse-bm-Wv. tbmPnn-t `mK- \psS
In-ep-v. "PnKvtkm'bpsS
hmp-I tbmPn-np Ignp. ap-h FhnsS m]n-W-sav Adn-p-Iq-Sm. "Fw.
Xnbdn'bpsS ASn-m\w \nesIm-p-Xv Bt]-nIXm
knm--n-emWv. Bt]-nI-Xb
- psS B[n-Im-cn-IX
tNmZyw sN-s-m C\n
"PnKvtkm' BZyw apX tbmPnn-tn hcpw. a\p-jy
imkv{Xob hnm-\
- n
\qm-p-I ]nnv Ign-p.
Fm hop-samcp XpSw
{]]-
- ns koW-Xsbbpw imkv{X-ns him-eX-sbbpw Ipdn-p-p.
Npcp--n, \yq{Snt\m
]co-Ww ùXnI imkv{Xtem-Iv hcp-nb Nmeyw
sNdp-X-. a\p-jy-Zr-jvSn-I
]pXnb am\--fn-tev t]mIptm \ne-hnse \nb-a-
aXn-bm-ImsX hcp-p. A-tm
]pXnb XXz- ]nd-hn-sb-Spp-p. ]g-b-Xm-I-s, AXns
{]mtbm-KnI Xe-n hnP-bI
- c-ambn XpS-cp-Ibpw sNp-p.
20mw \qm-ns BZy Zi-I-fn temI-al
- m-bpw sImSpn-cn-sIm-p Ime-L-
- n
Pa imkv{X-\
- mb
sFsss\ AwKo-Ic
- n-m
{_n AS--ap temI
cmPy- hnap-JX ImWn-n-cp-
p. Av sFss
knmw sXfn-bn-m Cwnse "Z s_v saj-dnwKv
am' Bbn Adn-b-s-n-cp
FUn-MvS \S-p sFXnlm-knI {iaw "sFss
B v FUn-MvS' (Einstein
and Eddington) F kn\n-abn Nn{Xo-Ic
- n-s
- -Sp-p-v.
imkv{X-n\v cmjv{So-ba
- n-,
cmjv{S-hp-an, {]]
bmYmYy-vthn
Poh\pw IpSpw-_hpw XyPn-p-h-\m-W-h F hkvXpX
at\m-l-c-ambn AXn Ah-X-cnn--s-Sp-p. 1919se ]qWkq-cy-{K-lWw \nco-n-m
{_n-\n \nv ]na B{^n-hsc k-cn FUn-MvS
kwL-amWv Bt]-n-IX
temI-n\v kan-Xv.
AXn\p ]nd-sI, {]]--hn-Imkw, Xtam-K- XpS-nb
Ip-]n-Sp-- Bt]-n-IX-bpsS ASn-d `{Z-am-p-I-bmbn-cp-p. Cu Ah-K-W-\-bpsS
Ncn{Xw C\n Bhn--s-Sns-p-d
- m-Wv.
Fm, ChnsS Nne
tNmZy- C\nbpw Ah-ti-jn-
\yq{Snt\m ]co-Ww ùXnI

imkv{X-tem-Iv hcp-nb
Nmeyw sNdp-X
- . a\p-jy-Zr-jvSnI ]pXnb am\-f
- n-tev
t]mIp-tm \ne-hnse \nb-a aXn-bm-ImsX hcp-p. Atm ]pXnb XXz- ]nd-hn-sbSp-p-p. ]g-bX
- m-Is
- , AXns
{]mtbm-KnI Xe-n hnP-bI
- c
- ambn XpS-cp-Ibpw sNp-p.
p-p-. Hcp {]m]-nI XXzn-tev C\nbpw ùXnI

imkv{X-n\v F{X k-cn-m\pv? sFss\v tijw
imkv{Xw Hcp-]mSv hfp-I-gnp-shv temIw Ah-Im-is-Sp-p. NXpam\ {]]-n \npw ]Xn-s\mp am\-fp {]]w Ah-X-cn-n-s-p-I-gn-p. ]s
\yq{Snt\m ]co-Ww sXfn-bn-sp Ign-m C\nbpw
am\-fpw am-fpw
imkv{Xs hnt[-bs
- -Sp-pw.
]s, Cu am- hopw
BXy-n-Ia
- m-hW
- s
- a-n-,
kmt-Xn-Ih
- n-Zy-bpsS Nnd-In
a\p-jy ]ZmY-ns D-dI-fnepw {]]--ns A\-X-I-fnepw ]pXnb knm- ]nd-hn-sb-Sp-p-sIm-n-cnpw. Ap-hsc Cu {]m]nI knmw Hcp anYybmbn XpS-cp-Ibpw sNpw.
Atm hopw tNmZy-ap-Zn-pp. Cu koW-X-I Fsnepw Ah-km-\n-ptam? Hcp
{]m]-n-I-kn-mw ]nd-hn-sbSp-ptam? Ccw tNmZyv apn a\p-jy\pw
imkv{Xhpw ssIa-ep-p.
\nKq-VX
- I
- fpw koW-XI
- fpw
Hcp ssZhnI AkvXnXzs
\nW-bn-pp Fv a\pjy Xncn--dnp XpSp-pp. a\p-jys imkv{Xob
hnm\w As\ hnI-knp-sIm-t-bn-cn-pw. am\-h-cmin-bpsS Ayw hsc.
(Uln bq\n-th-gvknn
^nknIvkv hnZymYn-bmWv
teJ-I)
45
Imkv
C\m-j-W skan-\m
cPn-kvt{S-j Bcw-`np
Zmdp lpZm Ckvem-anIv bq\n-thgvknn,
Xpn-bnse CkvXmw-_q ût-j
t^m kbkv BUv I-dp-ambn tNv
kwL-Sn-n-p Am-cmjv{S skan-\mdn\p
cPn-kvt{S-j Bcw-`n-p. Riale- Nur and
Islam in Modern Turkey (cnkm-eC \qdpw
B[p-\nI apkvenw Xpnbpw) F hnj-bn 2012 P\p-hcn 29 \mWv skan-\m.
Ccp-]Xmw \qmnse apkvenw Nnm-temIv hn-hm-I kmn-[y-am-bn-cp _Zo-D-am kCuZv \qkn-bpsS Jq-B BJym\
{K-amWv cnkm-e-Cu--\q. ap^m Iam
Am-Xpns Xo{h atX-Xc hmZs {]Xntcm-[n-m-\mWv Pbn-ep-I-fnepw XS--ep-I-fnepw
InSv \qkn Cu _rl-Zv{K-w cNn-p--Xv.
Ckvem-an-I hnizm-k
- sf XXz-Zo-t- bmsS
imkv{Xo-ba
- mbn hnh-cn-p Bdm-bn-ct- mfw
]pd- hcp cnkm-e-Cu--\q {]IrXn
imkv{Xhpw Jp-B\pw Xn-ep _ns At\z-j-W-amWv. {]kvXpX
{Kspdnv temIs {]ikvX bq\n-thgvkn-n-I-fn Kth-jW ]T\-fpw skan-\m-dpIfpw \Sp sImn-cn-p-p. Nne bq\n-thgvknnI-fn \qkn sNb-dp-I Bcw-`n-pI
hsc sNbvXp. kCuZv \qkn-sbbpw cnkm-eCu--\q-dn-s\bpw ASp--dn-bm Xmsg ]d-bp
sh_vssk-p-I ]cn-tim-[nmhp-X
- m-Wv.
(www.Nursistudies.org, www.SaidNursi.com,
www.nurpublishers.com, www.nuronline.org,
www.nursistudies.com,
www.saidnur.comwww.nur.org,
www.bediuzzamansaidnursi.net)
-skan-\m-dn ]s-Sp-p-- {]ap-J

1.tUm. ^mcnkv Ib (sk{I-dn P\-d,
CkvXmw-_q ût-j t^m kbkv
BUv I, Xpn)
2.tUm.-bq-\pkv skK(sa, Ata-cn Atkm-kn-tb-j Hm^v sam-\n-
Fn-\n-bd
- nwKv)
46
3.tUm.-tXm-akv antj(Am-Za
- nIv
Iukn Hm^v Zn sk t^m apkvenwIrkvXy AUmUnw-Kv, tPmPvSu bq\nth-gvkn-n, hmjnw-KvS, bp. Fkv. F. ap
eIvN-d, _anwKvlmw bq\n-th-gvknn,
Cwv)
4.tUm.-_n-em Ipkv]n-\m({]^-k,
lndn Hm^v ^ntem-k-^n & Ckvem-anIv
^ntem-k-^n, Alven bq\n-th-gvknn, a\m-a,
InMvUw Hm^v _lvssd)
5.tUm.-A^vkvem Akn-IvsPKv(
slUv Hm^v ]n.Pn sk, bnZnkv bq\n-thgvkn-n, CkvXmw-_q, Xpn)
6.tUm. knZv ^coZv Am-kv(slUv Hm^v
aembv At^-gvkv, tkmtjym-fPn Unmvsa v,
knwK-]q \mj-W bq\n-th-gvknn, lfvdan
Uokv kvs]j-env)
7.alvaZv ^ncnkn(kCuZv \qkn-bp-sS
injy)
8.Clvkm Jmknw Azm-cnan(cnkm-eC
- u-\q Ad_n hnh-I)
9.tUm. C^m Da, ({]^-k, Xntbm-fPn
Unmvsa v, amsZn bq\n-th-gvknn, bp.-Fkv.F
- )
10.tUm. tImfn SW(doU C CkvemanIv tXmv, Zlw bq\n-th-gvknn. bp.sI)
]pdsa cmPys {]apJ Xntbm-f-Pn-pIfpsSbpw Kth-j-IcpsSbpw {]ikvX CkvemanI Nn-I-cp-sSbpw ]n-X-cp-sSbpw kmn[y-ap-m-bn-cnpw.
cmhnse Fp apX sshInv Ap hsc,
apIqn cPn-- sNbvXhp CtUm
skan-\m-dp-I-fm-bn-cn-pw; aKvcn_v \a-kvIm-cn\p tijw s]mXp]cn-]m-Snbpw. s]mXp-]-cn]m-Sn-b-S--ap apgp-h skj-\p-I-fnepw Hu]Nm-cnI `mj Cwo-jm-bn-cn-pw. Ad_n `mj-bnep Nne {]_---fp-ap-m-hpw. ]s-Spm Xmev]-cy-ap--h IqSp-X hnh-cpw cPn-kvt{Sj\pw www.darul huda.com
]cn-tim-[n-p-I.
Imkv
\nkmw lpZhn B\-c(Ad-_nIv), Dsshkv lpZhn
Nm-c
- S- h
- v(amt\-Pvsa v), djoZv
kn. sI lpZhn(Ad-_nIv),
Ah im^n lpZhn(Ad_nIv) Fn-h sk{S Kh\sans Pq\n-b dnkv
s^tm-jn-n\pw akq
lpZhn ]pq \mj-W FenPn-_n-enn sSn\pw Al-cmbn.
ZmdplpZm pUkv
bqWn-b Azlvh F
t]cn kwL-Sn-n lnPvd
tIm^-dkv PmanA annx
Ad-_nIv Unmvsa v Xeh tUm. Aq_v \Zvhn
DZvLm-S\w sNbvXp. Ad_n
`mjsb hnZymYn-I Hmw
`mj-bmbn ]cn-KW
- n-W
- s
- av
Atlw A`n-{]m-b-s-p. tUm.
_lm-D-o apl-Zv \Zvhn
A[yX hln-p.
ZmdplpZm pUkv
bqWn-b\pw Xncq-c
- mSn
Xmeqv eoK kokv Innbpw kwbp--ambn kwL-Snn ""temkv: dnte-Uv Sp
ssk_ BUv samss_''
F skan-\m-dn AUz: kn.
ap^ hnj-bm-h-X-c-Whpw AUz: dlow sI. sI BapJ
{]`m-j-Whpw \S-n.
Un.-F-v.-sF.bp ]n.Pn
hnZymYn-If
- m-bn-cp A_vZpdlvam, AlvaZv lmcnkv Fnh-cpsS Hmw Nc-a-hmjn-Itm-S-\p-_-nv {]mY\m
kwK-ahpw A\p-kva-cW
tbmKhpw kwL-Sn-n-p. Zmdp
lpZm Inn `mc-hm-ln-I,
DkvXm-Zp-am XpS-n-b-h ]sSp-p.
\mj-W Cn-yqv
t^m Ckvem-anIv Iw]-ddn
Uokn hnZymYn bqWn-b
kwL-Sn-n "Xemiv' DZp
dnbm-enn tjm kam-]n-p. kam]\ kwK-a-n ]mW-mSv
knZv lao-Zen inlm_v
X apJym-YnXnbmbn-cpp.
DZp hn`mKw ta[mhn tUm.
_lm-D-o lpZhn A[y--\mbn-cp-p. "Xemiv' ac ]cn]m-Sn-I-fn anI {]I-S\w
ImgvN-shhp km\
hnXcWw X \nh-ln-p.
hnZym-`ymk cwKw cmjv{So-b-hI-cn-cpXv; Imen-v hn.kn

Xncq-c-mSn: hnZym-`ymk taJ-e-bnepw DtZym-K \nb-a\
cwKpw Dm-hp k- kh-I-em-im-e-bpsS ka-{K-]p-tcmK-Xnv XSw \np-sapw hnZym-`mk cwKw cmjv{SobhI-cnm A\p-h-Zn-n-spw Imen-v bq\n-th-gvknn hn.kn. tUm.Fw
A_vZp-emw. Zmdp lpZm CkvemanIv bq\n-th-gvknn hnZymn
bq\n-b Hcp-nb kzoI-cW tbmK-n kwkm-cn-p-Im-bn-cpp
Atlw.
\ne-hnse kml-Ncyw amw hcp-p-sapw hnZymn-I- t\cnSp k {]iv\-pw DS ]cn-lmcapmpsapw Atlw
Ddp \In. NS-n bq\n-b kwL-Sn-n-p aov Z eotUgvkv
t{]mKm-ans DZvLm-S-\w ]mW-mSv knZv dio-Zen inlm_v X
\n-ln-p. Imen-v hn.kn p Zmdp lpZmbpsS D]-lmcw
t{]m.Nmk-e sNdp-tcn ssk\p-o apkvenbm \In. Zmdp
lpZm sshkv Nmk-e tUm. _lm-D-o apl-Zv \ZvhnbpsS
A[y-Xbn tN tbmK-n bp im^n lmPn, tUm. bp.hn.sI apl--Zv, sI.kn apl-Zv _mJ-hn, {]^ Aen auehn Ccn-q, CkvlmJv _mJhn sNm-Sv, sI.Fw sskX-ehn lmPn,
iwkp-o lmPn shfn-apv, dioZv lmPn sNmSv XpS-n-b-h
kw_-n-p. knZv aplvkn X Ipdp--q kzmK-Xhpw
_io sI.kn Imcm-]-dv \nbpw ]d-p.
Ah-Im-i--sf Ipdnv t_m[-hmm-cmIWw: -\yq\-] skan-\m

Xncqc-mSn: \yq\-] hn`mKw X-fpsS Ah-Im-i-sf Ipdnv
]qW t_m[-ap--h-cm-I-W-sapw Ah-K-W-\-Isf Ipdnv ]cn-X-]np--Xnv ]Icw A[n-Im-c -tI-{--fn kmn-[y-a-dn-bn-m {ianp--Xn-emWv ]cn-lm-c-sapw ZmdplpZm kvpU vkv bqWn-b
kwL-Sn-n hnZym-`ymk skan-\m A`n-{]m-b-sp.
kaq-l-nse Hcp hn`m-K-n\v am{Xta DX hnZy-`ymkw t\Sm\p Ah-k-c-ap-q, Cu kmaq-lnI Ak-p-en-Xm-h ]cn-l-cnm `c-WI
- qSw apssIsb-Sp-W
- w.
skan-\m-dn \yq\-] hnZym-`ymkw: `qXw, `mhn, h-am\w
F hnjbn \yq\-] ta hIpv Ub-d-IvS tUm. ]n.
\ko kwkm-cnp. Zmdp lpZm sshkv Nmkve tUm, _lm-Do apl-Zv \Zvhn DZvLm-S\w sNbvXp. tUm. _lm-D-o lpZhn
B[yyw hln-p.
47
Dd-h-I
CDdh: thelitcham@gmail.com
IhnX
\qdp-o tamw
\osbmcp apkven-amW
mWv
apwss_-bn
h ASp-nepw ]pI Dbm
\o Hfn-tm-Sn-bn-cn-Ww
h amf-n-se-nepw...!
ImcWw
\osbmcp apkven-amWv?!
Imivao-cn \o
P\n-X
- m-bn-cn-mw.
]t, Hscm izmkhpw
henp t]mh-cpXv?!
KpP-dm-n
\o In dm-en\v
shfn--acpXv?!
I-b
- n
\o An-Iq-Sa
- mWv
PohnXw Pohn-Xs hen-n-g-m
tIc-f
- n
\o A[nIw aXw ]d-b-cpXv
Ah \ns Xo{h-hm-Zn-sbv
ap{Z Ipn-tbpw
*** *** ***
CXv Cy-bmWv
\n\v ]n Hpw
sXmnbpw XmSnbpw
\o Iq Ppbpw.
\o \ne-hn-fn--cpX,v
Npv Nen-n--cpXv.
ImcWw,
\osbm-cp apkven-amWv?!
tNmZy- Ipv IqSnb
D-c
- f
- n-m
apkven-amWv \o??!!
48
an\n-Y
ssk\p-o hn.]n ameq
ankvUv tIm {]Wbw

Ign RmdmgvN kvs]j mkv Ignv _kv Imncnptmgmbncpp t^m dnwKv sNbvX-Xv. _mKn \npw
t^msW-Spv "ltem' ]d-p. t\cnb _o]v i_vZ-tmsS t^m
UnkvIW
- I
- Sv m-bn.
cm{Xn sshIn-bmWv hm Inn-b-Xv. ]{X-{]-h-I-tcm-cp-cmbn Ap \nc-m XpS-n. "" bph-Xnbpw bphmhpw Xqnacn
\ne-bn'' Ncatmf-n cv aqv hcn-I-fn-embn hm
\ndp\np.
""km, t]mvtamw dntmv Fmbn?''
""AtXm... Hcp ankvUv tIm...''
cp Ihn-X-I
Ajvd^v Imhn
IhnX
Akvew Ccn-m-ncn
{]Wbw
A[n-Imcw
\nstbmPabn
\\p IpXn
Fs lrZbw
Hcp \m Rm
shbn-ev
DW-m-\nv
GtXm Hcp Im
Fs lrZ-bhpw
sImp ]d-p...
tZl-an-m tZln
B Im-tbbpw
tXSn \S-p-Ib
- mWv
{]W-b-ap-t]-n-v...
Fkv. Fw. Fkv

BgvN--Xnse
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Xs IhnX
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Fkv. Fw. Fkv
ssI]-p-tm
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aqp ]nSn av
hmcn-bn-Sp-Ib
- m-bn-cpp
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sIm\w Ip-ense
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IhnX
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D
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k-S-ag s]p-tm
ag-me InW-dm-hm-dpv,
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cp Ip-I...
49
Printed and Published by Dr.Bahauddeen Nadwi on behalf of U Muhammed Shafi, printed at Majlis offset printers,
Hidaya Nagar and published @ Chemmad, Kerala. Chief Editor: Dr.Bahauddeen Muhammed Nadwi

Ckvem-Aniv - M NWKV: I¿ - Imkv (X HMB/ Ckvem-Aniv - M NWKV C Y-Bn

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Ckvem-Aniv - M NWKV: I¿ - Imkv (X HMB/ Ckvem-Aniv - M NWKV C Y-Bn

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km-nI cwKw shp-hn-fn-I t\cn-p-sIm-n-cnp kml- N - c y- n Nqj- W - a p- hpw ]eni

clnXhpamb CS-]m-Sp-Iv am{Xta kpc-n-X-amb

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sXfnw amknI P\p-hcn 2012

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b-am-tXpw \yq\-X-I ]cnl-cn-t-Xpw Bhiy-am-Wv.

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sXfnw amknI P\p-hcn 2012

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sXfnw amknI P\p-hcn 2012

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sXfnw amknI P\p-hcn 2012

Cy-bnse Ckvem-anIv _mnwKv:

A Aao hn.]n hnf-bq

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