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Hmsse FUn-j: www.islamonsite.com C-sa-bn: thelitcham@gmail.com t^m: 0494 2463155 ^mIvkv: 0494 2460575
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14
sXfnw amknI sabv 2011
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Imc-W
- f
- p-ap-v. imkv{Xob
hn-h-ns ]n_-e-n
tImf-\n-hX
- vIc
- n-s
- cmjv{Sv Cu hnZy-I-tfmSv shdpp-m-bXv kzm`m-hn-Ia
- m-bn-cpp; tImf-\n-hX
- vIc
- n-s
-
cmPy-f
- n \npw imkv{Xns Ckvem-anI ss]XrIw
ambvp-If
- b
- m sImp-]n-Sn
{ia- \S-n-cp-p.
CXn-s\msbpdw
sskm-nI imkv{X-n\pw
aX-n\pw s]mXp-hmb ]e
taJ-e-I-fnepw Ckvem-anepw
imkv{X-nepw {]I-Sa
- mb
sshcp-[y-f
- p-s ImcyamWv Ghpw {][m\ Imc-Ww.
DZm-lc
- W
- a
- mbn a\p-tjymXv]-nsb Ipdnv Ckveman\pw imkv{X-n-\p-ap
ImgvN-m-Sp-I; \o ]cn-Wma
{]{In-bs
- m-Sp-hn Zi-e
-
- W-n\v hj-p tijw
a\p-jy-Pohn Bhn`mhw
sNbvXp-shv imkv{Xw hn`mh\w sNp-tm, Ifn-a-n
\nv Hcp ]qW-a-\p-jys\
s]mSp-s\ krjvSnv AXn
Poh kn-th-in-n-p-shv
Ckvemw shfn-s-Sp-p-p.
Hp-an-m-bvab
- n \nv
{]]-hpw AXn-ep-Xpw
krjvSnv Amlp Fm-ns\bpw ip iq\y-X-bn-tev
aSpw Fv aXw hni-Zo-I-cnp-tm BZyhpw Ay-hpamb \ne-sIm-p-smcp
]ZmnI k]s
imkv{X-ns ùXnI XXzimkv{Xw ]cn-N-b-s-Sp-p-p.
Ggv BIm-i--sfbpw Ggp
`qan-I-sfbpw Ipdnv ]cn-N-b-sSp-p Jp-B-\pw BIm-i-
]ucm-Wn-Iamb Nne Jp-B

hymJym-\
- f
- n-se-nepw Aimkv{Xob {]kvXm-h\
- I
- IS-p-IqSp-Ibpw Cv \mah Xncp-pIbpw sNp-nt? B[p-\nI
imkv{X \nK-a\
-
- f
- psS Nph-Sp-]nSnv Cv \mw \S-p Nne hymJym\-s
- f-nepw \msf Xncp-tn
hcn-s-ptm? Fn ]ns
Jp-B\
- nI kXy- kmh-ImenI kXy-f
- m-sWv Ah-Im-is-Sp-sXs\?
sf Ipdntm Hn IqSpX `qansb Ipdntm Hp-a-dnbm imkv{Xhpw hnhn[
{[ph--fntev \op-p.
c Nw{I-aWw lrZ-b
- ns
{][m\ I-hy-ambn
ImWp imkv{Xhpw \
Xn-I-fpsS {]`-h-tI-{-ambn
lrZ-bs hon-p JpB\pw hnhn[ tNcn-I-fn-tev
\op-p. {]I-S-amb Ccw
sshcp-[y- Hcmsf aX-\n-cmk-n-tev \bn-ptam F
`bw Ctmgpw ]e-cn-ep-ap-v;
AXp-sImv Ccw imkv{X
]T-\-n\v Ckvemw FXn-cmWv
F [mc-Wb
- pw.
Ckvemw imkv{X-hn-cp-amtWm F [mc-Wsb {]Xntcm-[n-p--Xn Cv \psS
]T-\- tht]mse hnPbn-n-n-. imkv{Xw Ckvem-an-IamtWm? F tNmZys ]e-
tmgpw \psS Nn-I t\cnSp-Xv Ckvemw imkv{Xo-bamWv Fv sXfn-bnp s

- Im-mWv. hy-am-bn--d-m,
Ckvemwimkv{X Xmc-Xay ]T\n anXpw
DSn\np-Xv Hp-In
Jp-B\pw lZokpw Dsmp Nne imkv{X kqN-\I hni-Zo-Ic
- n-p-X
- n-tem,
As-n imkv{X-ns
apkvenw ss]Xr-Is Ipdnv
Ah-Im-ih
- mZw D-bn-p-Xntem am{X-am-Wv.
Ckvem-ansbpw Jp-B-\nsbpw imkv{Xo-bX m]nm-\p hy{K-X-bn Nne-scnepw AXncp IS-p-Ibpw
sNbvXp. Jp-B ]d-bp-Xv
C-s-n \msf imkv{Xw
AwKo-I-cn-tn hcpw F
Xc-n-ep {]kvXm-h-\-I
CXn\p sXfn-hm-Wv. ]h-Xo-IcW kz`m-h-ap Ccw \nco-W--fn ]eXpw Ckvemans hnai-Isc hnai-\m-I-ambn Imcy- ImWm
t{]cn-n-p-p.
]Xn-\mev \qm-p-Ipdw Jp-B-\nepw imkv{Xnepw Cu imkv{X-k-Xy-
Dsm-n-cp-s-n
imkv{Xw Cu shfn-s-Sp--epI \S-p--Xn\v apv FpsImv \n AXv ]pd-psIm-p-h-n F Xc-nep hnai-\-sf Ah
aptm-p-sh-p-p. imkv{Xn\p ]nW òam-_--sfbpw sXp-Xn-cp- ]c--cI-sfbpw Dbn-mn \psS
Nn-I {]Xym-{I-aWw \S-pp. ]Xn-\mev \qm-p-Iv
apv Jp-B kqcy Nenp-p-shv ]d-p. Fm,
kqcy Nen-p-n-sp
]d imkv{Xw ]no-SXv
Xncp-n; `qan-bmWv
{]]tI{-sap ]d
imkv{Xw ]no-SXv Xncpn
kqcy-\m-sWpw Ctm-gXpw
Xncpn As\sbmcp tI{an-spw Ds-neXv GXv
_np-hp-am-Im-sapw Xncp-n..
Cs\ t]mIpp \psS
{]Xym-{I-aW
-
- .
Cu B{I-a-W {]Xym-{IaW ]c--c-I imkv{Xhpw
15
Ckvem-anI imkv{Xw
Ckvemapw kwL-\
-
- n-emsW [mcW Xncp-p--Xn\p
]Icw AXns\ Ac-n-p-d-np-p. imkv{Xo-b-ambn Cu
hnjbw hni-I-e\w sNp-Xnse A]m-I-X-I-fmWv CXn\p
Imc-Ww. ta kqNn-n Ccphn-`m-K
- n-sbpw hmZ-KX
- n-I
\nc-I
- f
- mWv. imkv{Xs-p-dnpw aX-s-p-dn-pap \psS k]--fnse
]mfn-I
- f
- mWv Ccw sXn-mc-WI
- m-[m-cw.
Snhn, Iw]yq-, Im, XpSn

GXpXcw sSIvt\m-fP
- nbpw Ckvemans ImgvN-m-Sn tIhew D]-Ic-W
- f
- mWv. Ch Fn\v D]-tbmK-s-Sp-s
- -Spp F-XmWv
AhbpsS \ Xn-I Xocp-am-\np-X
- v. AXn\m sSIvt\m-fP
- nsb-p-dnv s]mXp Ckvem-anI
ImgvN
- mSv cq]o-Ic
- n-pI
km[y-a
- .
FmWv bYm-n
imkv{Xw?
sFko imkv{Xs
\nh-Nn-p-Xv It is the
methodical thinking directed
towards finding regulative
connections between our
sensual experiences \psS
sF{n-Im-\p-`h
-
- n-Sb
- nse
s]mXp-hmb _w Is-m\mbn hyh-m-]n-X-amb Nn
Fv. Am-Z-anIv {]kv
Unv\dn Hm^v kbkv
BUv sSIvt\m-fP
- n-bpsS
\nh-N\w C-s\bmWv:
Science is the systematic
observation of natural events
and conditions, inorder to
discover facts about them to
formulate principles based on
these facts. {]IrXn {]Xn-`m-ksf hyh-m-]n-X-ambn \nconv AXp-hgn bmYmysf Is-p-Ibpw Cu
bmYmy-sf ASn-m-\amn \nb-a- \nan-pIbpw sNp-I.
Cu \nh-N-\--fn
\npw hy-am-Ip kp{][m\ Imcy- Cs\ kw{Klnmw:
1. imkv{X-ns ASnm\w ]co--W--fpw \nco-W
- f
- p-amWv (Experiments
and observations). ]co--Wpw \nco-W
-
- pw
A{]m-]y-am-bXv imkv{X-ns
taJ-e-b-. Fm, aXns ASn-m\w, Revelation AYhm shfn-]mSpw
AXn B[m-ca
- mb KthjW-fp-am-Wv. shfn-]mSp
kXyv B[n-Im-cn-IX
- bmWv {][m-\w. B[n-Im-cnI
16
kXy- ]co--W \nco-W-v Ap-d

- m-sWnepw aX-n Xopw
AwKo-IrX hkvXp-XI
- f
- m-Wv.
2. an imkv{X XXz-fpw
\nK-a\
-
- tfm knm-
- tfm
BWv (Theories or hypothesis). Ch cpw XmmenI
kXy-f
- m-Wv. CXp-hs
- c-bp
\nco-W
-
- v hncp-a
- mb
Is-e
- p-I kw`-hn-m
]g-bXv ]msS Dt]-n-pItbm ]cn-jvIc
- n-p-Itbm
thn-h-cpw. F {_o^v
lnkvdn Hm^v ssSw F
hnJymX IrXn-bn kvo^
tlmnMv Cu hkvXpXsbpdnv Cs\ \nco-npp; Hcp ùXnI knmw
Ftmgpw Xmm-enIw am{XamWv; AY-hm, AXv Ftmgpw
Hcp \nK-a\w am{X-am-Wv.
]pXnb \nco--W--\p-kcnv ]g-bXv ]cn-jvI-cn-pIbpw ap I-s--ep-I
sXm-bn-cp-m AXv Xncp-n-
-db
- p-Ibpw sNpI F-XmWv
imkv{X-ns hgn. AXn\v
imkv{Xs ]gn--cp-Xv. sSekvtIm-ns Ip-]n-Sp-hpw
Keo-en-tbm-bpsS \nco-W
- fpw imkv{Xs tSmf-anbpsS ]gb Pntbm-sk{SnIv
Isk]vv Xncp-m t{]cnn-Xv AXp-sIm-m-Wv.
Fm, aXn-em-Is
-
XmmenI kXy-f
- n-.
Cse icn-bm-bn-cp-Xv \msf
aX-ntem Jp-B-\ntem
Ak-Xy-ambn amdp-n-. "apneq-sStbm ]nn-eq-sStbm AkXy-am-bXv AXn-tev hym]-cnp-Itb C.' (hn.Jp 41:42)
"Jp-B-s\-n Ah Nnnp-n-t, AXv Am-lp-hm asm-cm-fn \nm-bn-cpp-sh-n [mcmfw sshcp-[y AXn-e-h Fn-p-am-bncp-p.' (4:82)
ChnsS Hcp tNmZy-ap-Znpp; ]ucm-Wn-Iamb Nne
Jp-B hymJym-\
- f
- n-senepw Aim-kv{Xob {]kvXm-h\-I IS-p-Iq-Sp-Ibpw Cv
\mah Xncp-p-Ibpw sNpnt? B[p-\nI imkv{X
\nK-a-\--fpsS Nph-Sp-]n-Snv
Cv \mw \S-p Nne
hymJym-\
- s
- f-nepw \msf
Xncp-tn hcn-s-ptm?
Fn ]ns Jp-B-\nI
kXy- kmh-Im-enI kXy-fm-sWv Ah-Im-is
- -SpsXs\?
Ckvem-anI {]mam-WnI
imkv{X-nse Hcp kp{]-[m\
Ckvem-anI imkv{Xw
N-bn-tev ChnsS \psS
{i Xncn-tb--Xp-v. Jp-B\nI hmIy--fpsS hN-\-
(\pkzq-kp-I) \qdp-i-X-am\hpw kwi-b-te-i-as\y ncs--h-bm-Wv. Fm, Ahbpsm-p Bi-b
- fpw
As\s-bm-tWm?
Ckvem-anse {]mam-WnI
imkv{X ]n-X, Jp-B\nI hN-\--sf AhbpsS
AkvXn-Xzw, Bibw Fnhsb ASnm-\-amn cmbn
Xcw Xncn-p-p.
Jp-B-\nI hN-\-
Ah-bpsS AkvXnXzw ASnm-\a
- mn JXz-vC
- v (kwib
tei-as\y nc-s-h) BWv.
Fm, hN-\- Ah
Dsm-p Bibw ASnm-\s
- -Sp-n JXz-vC
-
- v,
fnv Fn-s\ cp-hn-[-amImw. hymJym\ hnt[-b-amImsX, Htc-sbm-cm-ibw {]Xn-\n[m\w sNp-h
- sb JXz-vC
- v
Fpw Hcm-ibw tZymXn-n-pp-sh-nepw ap Bi-bpw km[pX I]n-mhp-h fnv Fpw ]d-b-sSpp.
B[p-\nI imkv{X kqN-\I Dsm-p Jp-B\nI hN-\-fpw cmw KWn s]Sp-h
- b
- m-Wv.
Expanding universes\ Ipdnv
Jp-B-\nse kqd Am-cn-bmv 47mw hN\w \Ip
kqN\ fnv am{X-am-Wv. Cu
Bb-ns hymJym\w hnIkn-p {]]-s Ipdnv
am{X-amWv Fp ]d-bm-h-X-.
Jp-B-\nse kqd- A_nbm-Av 3mw hN\w: "`qan-bm-Im-i IqSn-tXmbn-cp-
Uv kp-te-j lrZ-b
- ns
I-hy-ambn ImWp imkv{X
hpw \Xn-If
- psS {]`-ht- I-{ambn lrZ-bs hon-p JpB\pw hnhn[ tNcn-If
- n-tev
\op-p. {]I-Sa
- mb Ccw
sshcp-[y- Hcmsf aX-\n-cm-kn-tev \bn-ptam F `bw
Ctmgpw ]e-cn-ep-ap-v; Ccw
imkv{X ]T-\
- n\v Ckvemw FXncmWv F [mc-Wb
- pw.
spw tijw AXns\ \mw

]nfp-Ibpw Pe-n \nv
kh Poh-Pm-e
- s
- fbpw
krjvSn-pIbpw sNp-Ib
- m-bncp-p-shpw Ahn-izm-kn-I
ImWp-nt?' F hN\w
_nKv_mMv Xnb-dn-sb-p-dnv
\Ip- kqN-\bpw fnv
am{X-am-Wv. AYhm Cu BbXv
sImv _nKv_mMv Xnbdn
Xs-bmWv Dt-in-s
- -Xv
Fv kwib tei-as\y
Xop]dbpI h.
\n`m-Ky-I-c-sav ]d-b-s,
]e apkvenw Nn-I-cp-sSbpw
Jp-Bimkv{X Xmc-Xa
- ysf Cu bmYmyw
Du sImSp-msXbmWv
Ah-Xc
- n-n-p-Xv;
AXvsImv Xs hymJy-\
- fnse ]mfn--I ]etmgpw
Jp-B\ns\ CI-gvn-m-m
CS-h-cpp. ChnsS asmcp
tNmZy-ap-Zn-p-Xv, Jp-B\nse imkv{X kqN-\-I
Ah-bpsS ssZhn-I-Xv sXfnhm-sW-n, Fv sImv
Ah IrXy-ambn Xpd--Sn-p-Xn\v ]Icw JpB Cs\
Hcp ssien kzoI-cnp FXmWv.
CXn\v km[mcW ]d-bmdp adp-]-Sn, Jp-B kwhZn-p-Xv Cu imkv{X kqN-\I ]co-W hnt[-ba
- m-m
Hcp kml-N-cy-hp-an-m
Ggmw \qm-nse Ad-_n-
Ifn XpS-p At\Iw Xeap-dI

- t- fm-Sm-Wv. Cu imkv{X
kXy- ]-bmbn Xpd--Snm t]mepw AXns IrXyX
sXfn-bn-m Ahv Ign-bpam-bn-cp-n-.
Jp-B-\ns Iahpw
eyhpw Cu imkv{X kXy m]n-e
- F-XmWv
CXns bYm Imc-Ww.
t\cs ]d \nh-N\
{]Imcw Ah hy-ambn
{]Jym-]n-s-n-cp-s-n
IqSn \nco-W
- n-eqsS
nco-Ic
- W
- n\v hnt[-ba
- mhmsX AsXmcp imkv{X
bmYmy-am-hp-n Xm\pw.
hy-ambn ]d-m aXn\pw imkv{X-n\pw \nhln-m-\pXv cv hyXykvX
DZy-a--fmWv. 1939 sabv 19\v
`ph\{]ikvX imkv{X-Im-c
B_Sv sFo,
{] Xntbm-fP
- n-
skan-\m-dn CXv kw_ambn Xs ImgvNmSpI
hni-Zo-Ic
- n-p-p.
hnhcw hnizm-k-n\v
]Icw \n-Ws
- apw
hnizmk kwln-X-I Dt]-n-s-SW
- s
- a-p-ap t]mb
\qmns anYym-[m-cW
- sb
sFo Xncp-p-Xv Cs\-bmWv:
mbn-bmb hnizm-k
- sf
A\p-`-hhpw icn-bmb Nnbpw
ktmv sNp-sa-Xv t\cv.
17
Ckvem-anI imkv{Xw
Fm \psS s]cp-am-v A\n-hm-cy-amb
Acw hnizmk kwlnX-Isf
\Im imkv{Xn\m-hn-.
FmWv Fv AdnXv
sImvam{Xw Fm-hW
- s
- a-Xns hmXm-b-\- Xpd-sW-sa-n-.
Nne \nnX ey-
t\Sn-sb-Sp-m-\p amK
\apv \Ip-p. Fm
BZy-n-I-amb eyw Fm-hW-satm AsX-n-n-Sn-m\p A`n-\n-th-jhpw asmcp
t{kmX-n \nv htc-n-bn-cnp-p.
Pohn-X-n Cu ASnm\ ey- \n-bnp
sImSp-pI F-XmWv
bYm-n aX-n\v
\nh-ln-m-\p Ghpw
henb ^Mvj. Cu D-c-hmZnXzw Xs-bmWv Jp-B
\nh-ln-p--Xv.
F {_o^v lnkvdn Hm^v ssSw

F hnJymX IrXn-bn kvo^
tlmnMv \nco-n-pp; ùXnI
knmw Ftmgpw XmmenIw am{X-amWv; AY-hm, AXv
Ftmgpw Hcp \nK-a\w am{X-am-Wv.
]pXnb \nco-W
-
- -\p-kc
- nv
]g-bXv ]cn-jvIc
- n-p-Ibpw ap
I-s-e
- p-I sXm-bn-cp-m
AXv Xncp-n-d
- b
- p-Ibpw
sNpIbmWv imkv{X-ns hgn.
JpB, imkv{X
Xmc-Xay ]T-\
-
Jp-B imkv{X Xmc-Xay
]T-\
- A{]-k
- a
- m-sW-v
CXn\v A-an-. Jp-B\nse Bdm-bn-c-n ]cw
hN-\
- f
- n Bbn-ct- mfw
hN-\- hnhn[ imkv{X
kqN-\I
- DsImp-p.
Jp-B-\nI ImgvN-m-Sp-I
{]Imcw {]Ir-Xnbpw {]Ir-Xn-hkvXp--f-Jn-ehpw Ah-bpsS
sshhn-[y-v Htc-sbmcp
18
GI-I-hp-ambn IS-s-n-cn-pp. Ah B i-n-bpS DabpsS \nZi-\--fmbn amdptm, Ah tIh-ew things

F-Xn-\-pdw signs Bbn
amdp-p. JpB\nI hN-\v signs, Bbmv F
\maw ChnsS {]k--am-hp-p.
asmcp hn[-n ]d-m,
Jp-B imkv{X ]pkvX-I-a, AsXmcp ZrjvSm {K-amIp-p.
Cu AS-bm-f-sf (signs)
ASn-m-\-amn \op ]co-W
- AtXmsS IrXyeyw ssIh-cn-p-p.
IrXyhpw i-hp-amb Hcp
{Iaw {]]--n\p ]nn-eps t_m[-n \nmWv
{Iam-\p-K-X-amb B {]m]-nI
kXy- Is-m
imkv{X-Im-c-\v t{]cW e`n-p-Xv. sFos Xs
hmp-Ifn, " The cosmic
religious feeling is the strongest and noblest motive for

scientific research' {]]-ns Cu ]cn]qWXbpspw Fsnepw AhnsS Fn-t-cp-sap-ap {]Xo-b
- memWv,
\yq-s\bpw sI-sdbpw
t]mep imkv{X-Im-cam
hj- \o ITn-\-{]-b-Xv\n\v t{]cn-X-cm-b-Xv.
1930 \yqtbmIv ssSwkv
amK-kn-\n {]kn-o-I-cn Hcp
teJ\w sFo D]-kw-lcn-p-Xv C-s\-bm-Wv. "In
these meterialistic age of ours,
serious scientific workers are
the only profoundly religious
people' \psS Cu ùXnI
Nnm-[m-cb
- psS temIv,
Kuch Xc-amb imkv{X \nco-I am{X-amWv icn-bmb
aXhnizm-kn-I. Cu {Ia-_-X-sb-p-dnv Nnn-m\pw
]co-W \ncoW- \Sm-\p-amWv Jp-Bs
AkwJyw hN-\- ASn-Sn
D]-tZ-in-p--Xv; "Ah ImWpnt', "Ah Nnn-p-nt'
Fn-s\.
Cu Jp-B-\nI
t{]cWbn \nv P-sa-Spv
Ad-_n-I-fn-eqsS bqtdm-n-sensb ]co-W coXn-IfmWv
imkv{X temI-n\v Ckvemw
\Inb Ghpw henb kw`mh\. AX-msX a[y-ImeLnse Nne apkvenw imkv{X-cpsS IrXn-If
- m-sWv [cnp-Xv Ghpw henb
hnUvVn-a
- m-bn-cn-pw. amtKmfn-b-ns hmp-I-fn, The
Greek philosophy of astronomy, mathematics and
science were for centuries
based on Latin orginals. They
were ultimately based on
Arabic orginals and it was the
Quran which gave inspiration
for these studies among the
Arabs and their allies.
Cu N Cs\ kw{Klnmw; imkv{X-ns taJe
hfsc ]cn-an-X-amWv. hnim-eamb AXn-ù-Xn-IX k]-fpsmp Jp-Bs
temI-am-Is hfsc hnim-ehpw. imkv{X-ns ]cn-[np
Ckvem-anI imkv{Xw
]pd-p--hsb Ipdnv A`n{]mbw {]I-Sn-n-m AXn\v
km[y-a. imkv{Xhpw aXhpw
cv hyXy-kvXfmb [a \nh-ln-p-p. Fm
a\pjy Pohn-Xhpw imkv{X
{]b-Xv\hpw ey-]qW-amm A\n-hm-cy-amb BXy-nI- PohnXeyw aXw hn`m-h\
sNp-p.
Umhn, Imd amIvkv, sFo, o^ tlmnwKv
aXhpw kmt-XnI hnZy-Ifpw

imkv{X-n-sbpw imkv{X
hnZy-If
- psSbpw Ckvem-anI
am\-s-n-dn-mWv \mw Cu
]d--sXm-s. C\n
C^ta-j sSIvt\m-fPn
AS--ap- kmt-XnI hnZysb-p-dnv Ckvemans ImgvNmSv Fv Fv t\mmw.
AssUv kbkns\bmWv \mw sSIvt\m-fPn
Fv ]d-bp-Xv. an-tmgpw
AXv Imjv sImSpv kz-amm-hp kbn-^nIv s{]mUIvp-If
- mWv. AXpsImvXs
imkv{X ]ptcm-KX
- n-bn hfsc
]nn \np t\cs
kqNn-n Ad_v apkvenw
cmjv{S- sSIvt\m-fP
- n-bn
GsXmcp bqtdm-]y cmPynsbpw Hcp]Sn apntem
As-n Htam BWv.
hnhc kmtXnI hnZy
sImv hnh-n-s
- -Sp-Xv
Adnhv hnh-chpw hn\n-abw
sNm\pw kqn-m\pw
thn D]-tbm-Kn-p D]-I-cW--fmWv. km-ssevkv, Snhn
tj, Cs\v, sh_v
t]Pv, C-sa-bn, tImw]mIvv
UnkvIv, sFt]mUv XpSn
CXns taJe hfsc hnkvXrX-am-Wv.
Snhn, Iw]yq-, Im, Fb
Io-j-\ XpSn GXpXcw
sSIvt\m-fP
- nbpw Ckvem-ans
ImgvN
- m-Sn tIhew
\njv] D]-Ic
- W
-
- f
- m
(neutral elemants)Wv. Ch
Fn\v D]-tbm-K-s-Sp--sSpp F-XmWv AhbpsS
\ Xn-I Xocp-am-\n-p-Xv. Ckvem-anI ]n-X
Chsb hkm-C AYhm
am[y-a- (means) F KWn s]Sp-p-p. Ah
kz-ambn \tbm Xntbm
Bbn amdp-n. AXvsImv

Xs hnhc kmt-XnI
hnZybSw sSIvt\m-fP
- n-sb-pdnv Hcp s]mXp Ckvem-anI
ImgvN
- mSv cq]o-Ic
- n-pI
km[y-a-.
Fn-cp-mepw cv Imcy ChnsS ]cn-K-Wn-t-nbn-cn-p-p.
1 GsXms ]pXnb Imcyn-sbpw {]mam-Wn-Ia
- mbn
Ckvem-ans ASn-m\w AXv
A\p-hZ- \
- obamsW-X
- m-Wv.
A_p-m-C(d) \nv
Xz_vdm\n \nth-Z\w sNbvX
Hcp lZokv C{]-Im-c-amWv:
Amlp Fv A\p-h-Z\obamntbm Ah A\p-h-Z\o-bhpw \njn-a
- m-n-bXv
hPn-s
- -tS-X
- p-am-Wv. C\n
Fn-s\-sb-nepw Ipdnv
au\w ]men-n-p-s-n
AhnsS Cfhv \I-s-n-cn-pI-bm-Wv. AXn-\m \n
Ah kzoI-cn-p-I. Xpap-Znbpw
C_v\p amPbpw D-cn-p
asmcp lZokv C{]-Im-c-amWv;
Amlp Iptd Imcy-
\n_--amn. \n Ah
\jvS-s-Sp--cp-Xv. NnesXms Ah\v \njn--am-n.
\n Ah `n-p-I-bp-acpXv. Nne AXnhc-p-I
Jp-B kwh-Zn-p-Xv
imkv{X kqN-\I
- ]co-W
hnt[-ba
- m-m Hcp kml-Nc
- y-hpan-m Ggmw \qm-nse Ad_n-Ifn XpS-p At\Iw
Xe-ap-dI
- t- fm-Sm-Wv. imkv{X kXy ]-bmbn Xpd-S- n-m
t]mepw AXns hmen-Unn
{]qhv sNm Ahv Ign-bpam-bn-cp-n-.
\n-bn-p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
Ah adn-I-S--cp-Xv. Nne Imcy-sf-n-dnv au\w ]men-p.
Ah NnI--t\z-jn--cp-Xv.
Cu lZo-kp-Ifpw Jp-B\nse, "`qan-bp-ep-Xns\sbmw \nmbn
krjvSn-n-cn-p-p' F
kqw cv, 29mw hmIyhpw
ASn-m-\a
- mn `qcn-`mKw
]n-Xcpw A`n-{]m-bs
- -Xv
Fm-n-sbpw ASn-m\w
A\p-h-Z-\o-b-am-Wv, adn-smcp
sXfnhv e`n-p-Xv hsc
Fm-W.v
Fm ChnsS ]cn-K-Wnt-p asmcp Imcyw IqSn
Dv. sSen-hn-j\pw Cs\paSw hnhc kmt-XnI
DXv]
-
- bph-Xe
- a
- p-db
- n
Dm-n-sm-n-cn-p _o`-amb [man-I-NypXn hne-bncp-p-tm, {]mtbm-KnI Xen B[p-\nI kaq-l-n
hnhc kmt-XnI D]-I-c-W-fpsS Zqjy-hi
-
- f
- mWv KpW-hi-t-m F{Xtbm hepXv
Fv ImWm-hp-X
- m-Wv.
ChnsS, hnhc kmt-Xn-I-XbpsS Ipsm-gp-n Cu
kwkvIm-c
- n\v ASn-as
- v
t]mb Hcp kaq-ls
kwkvIc
- n-m, ssZh-n\v
Ghpw Ak-p-jvSI
- c
- a
- mb
ew Am-Sn-If
- m-sWv
]d AtX {]hm-N-I,
{]t_m-[-\-n-\mbn Dmfv ]Wn-en-d-nb ]mc-cyw
]np-Sv, hgnsXp bphXsb hgn\S-m\pw B[p\nI temIv Ckvem-anI
ZAvhm {]h-\-n\v
Fs\ {Inbm--I-ambn D]tbm-Ks
- -Sp-m-sa-X
- p-amWv,
C\n N sN-s-tS--Xv.
raufanchachavidi@gmail.com
19
ImSn
tUm. ss^k lpZhn amcn-bmSv
ae-p-ds sImp-sImp
ktm-j-
{]iv\w
tIcf saUn-
F{Skv ]co--bn aplZv C^m t\Snb Hmw
dmpw knhn khokv ]co-bn apl-Zen inlm_v
Ic--am-nb DX hnPbhpw ae-pdw Pn icnpw
BtLm-jn-p-I-bp-m-bn. ]ndhn-bpsS 43-mw hj-n-tev
{]th-in-p -ae-pdn\v
Ign amkw BtLmjnm thsdbpw hIIfp-mbn-cpp; \nbak`m Xnc-sSp-n apkvenw \yq\-]-n\p BZy-ambn P\-kwJym\p]mXn-Ia
- mb {]mXn-\n[yw
Dd-m-m\mbXn\p ]pdsa,
skdn lb skdn -]co-I
- f
- n Ipn-IfpsS {]I-S\- sa-sSpm-\mbXnsbpw ktm-j
- n-em-bncpp ae-p-dw Pn.
GXmv Fgp-]Xv iX-am\w
apkvenw-I-fp aepdw
Pnbpw ap Pn-I-fn-ep
apkvenw-Ifpw Ign Ipdp
Ime-fmbn, hnZym-`ymkBtcmKy cwKp \S-nsIm-n-cn-p apt-
-
hfsc {it-b-hpw kaq-l-imkv{X-]-c-ambn hfsc {]k-hp-amWv. kmaq-lnI _lnjvIcWw (social execlusion), \yq\] ]miz-h-XvI-cWw
(marginalisation), apkvenw
]nm-m-h (backwardness)
XpS-n kmaq-lnIAk-a-Xzhpambn _-s {]iv\sf
t\cn-Sp-X
- n DImgvN
\Ip-h
- b
- mWv {]kvXpX
apt-
- .
Fm, Cy-bnse CXc
kwm-\--fn-teXp t]mse,
tIc-f-nepw kmaq-lnI _lnjvIc
- W
-
- ns sISp-Xn-If
- \
- p-`hn-p-sIm-n-cn-p apkvenw-I-
20
fpsS Ccw apt--fpw

sImp sImp ktm-j--fpw
tcJ-s-Sp-p-s
- X-mWv?
hj-f
- mbn \ntj-[n-s
- -psIm-n-cp kmaq-ln-I\oXnbpsS hos-Sp-ns ASbmfsSp-e
- mbn Ahsb
t\mn ImWm-\m-Iptam?
apkvenw \yp\-]--ns
]miz-hX
- vIc
- W
-
- f
- p-ambn
_-s Btem-N\
- I
- f
- n
Ccw tNmZy- hfsc
{]k--am-Wv. Ccw tNmZy th-hn[w ]cn-K-Wn-s-n-s-n, kmaq-lnI \oXnp-thn \Sp sImn-cnp {ia--fpw kmaq-lnI
imo-Ic
- W {]h-\
- fpw
eynse-p--Xn\p apv
An-a-dn--s-Sm\p km[y-XIfpv. \yp\-]--v
Imcy-ambn ]m-fn-a
- p
km-cmWv \ne-hn-ep--sX-Xn-\m, CXn-\Iw Xs Nne
`mK-p-\nv Nne A\m-h-iyamb Bi-I
- krjvSnv
cmjv{Sob imo-Ic
- W
-
- ns
KpW-ê
-
- sf XS-bn-Sm-\p
i_vZ
- Dbp-h ]mX-e-n {]tXy-In-pw.
Aen-KUv apkvenw bq\n-th-gvknn ae-pdw
Hm^v Imkv \nba hn`m-K-n
tkmtjym-fPn Akn. {]^-k-dm-Wv teJ-I.
kmaq-lnI _ln-jvIc
- W {]{In-bI-tfmSv tIc-f a
- p-kvenw-I kzoIcn-m XpS-nb {Inbm-I
- a
- mb
CS-s]-Se
- p-If
- pw {- ]Xn-Ic-W
- fpw
êw Ip-Xp-S
- n-bX
- ns eW-fmbn inlm-_n-sbpw
C^m-sbpw ae-_m-dn-se ap
apkvenw Ipn-If
- p-sSbpw sImpsImp hnP-bsf thW-sa-n
\apv hne-bn-cp-mw.
hni-Ie
- \w
CXc kwm-\
- f
- n-teXp
t]mse, tIc-f-n-sebpw
apkvenw-I kmaq-lnI ]ptcmK-Xn-bpsSbmbn s]mXp-hn
]cn-K-Wn--s-Sp GXp am\Z shpw Xmc-X-tay\
]nmw \np-h
- c
- m-Wv.
1970-I-fn-em-cw-`n K^n-tep
IpSn-tb-hpw AXp-hgn h
km-n-Im-`n-hr-nbpw Hgn-p\nn-bm Hcp icm-icn
apkvenans kmaq-lnI kmnI nXn Cpw F{X
Bi-m-P\
- I
- a
- m-sWv ASpmbn h ]T-\-fpw
dntmp-Ifpw \s t_m[ys-Sp-p-p.
Ghpw ]pXn-b tIc-fns lyqa Uh-e-]vsa v
dntmv A\p-k-cn-v,
tIcfnse CXc Pn-Isf
At]-n-v, hnZym-`ym-kw,
km-c-X, hcp-am\w XpS-nbhbn ae-p-d-ns
m\w Ghpw ]nnemWv.
am{X-hp-a-, Cy apkvenw-IfpsS ]miz-hX
- vIc
- Ww
(marginalisation) hfsc hyhm-]n-Xhpw HutZymKnIhpambn tcJ-s-Sp-nb
km Inn (2006) tIc-f-apkvenw-If
- psS ]nm-m-h
sb hfsc B-cy-tm-sSbmWv FSp-p-Im-Wn-p-X
- v.
kwm\s BsI P\-kwJy-bpsS 24.7- iX-am\w hcp
apkvenw-Iv, PpUo-jy-dn,
tv UnmSvsadpI,
bqWn-th-gvknn XpS-n-bDtZymK taJ-eIfn tIhew
10.54 iX-am\w {]mXn-\n-[y-amWp-X
- v.
t^mdw t^m ss^Xv
B v {^mt-Wnn F kwLS\ 2006- {]kn-o-I-cn Hcp
]T-\-a-\p-k-cn-v, apkvenw
ImSn
{]mXn-\n[yw Imcy-am-bp-Xv
hfsc Xmgv Xcw tPmen-I-fnem-Wv. AY-hm, aqv/ \mev
Im-dn-I-fn. sF.-F.-F-kv,
sF.]n.-F-kv, XpS-nb DX
t]mp-I-fnse apkvenw
kmn[yw shdpw 1.6 iX-amaamWv. AtX ]T\-a-\p-k-cn-v
tIc-f-n \ne-hn-ep 414
knhn khokv t]mkvp-Ifn, 59 t] ]n-I-PmXn/
]nI hK-mcmbp-s-n
apkvenw-I BsI GgmfpI-
am{Xam-Wp-X
- v.
CXp-t]m-se, hnZym-`ymk
cwKs kmn-[yhpw hfsc
]cn-Xm-]Icam-Wv. tIc-f-]T\w F t]cn tIcf
imkv{X kmlnXy ]cn-jXv
{]kn-o-I-cn ]T\ dntmSv
A\p-k-cnv tIcf apkvenw-Ifn shdpw 8.1 iX-am\w t]
am{X-amWv D-Xh
- n-Zym-`ym-kn\p tNn-cn-p--Xv. Ncn{X-]-c-ambn Gsd hnth-N-\ A\p-`-hn ]nI PmXn/
]nI hK-mcn 10 iX-am-\n-e-[n-I-w t] DX hnZym`ym-k-n\p t]mhp-tm-gmWnXv FXv {]tXyIw {itb-am-W.v
Nne kmaq-lnI ]mT-
Cy-bpsS kzmX-{yn\pw hj-p apt,
apkvenw-Isf ]nm-k
- apZm-bambn ]cn-K-Wn--p-Ibpw
Ahv thn kwh-cWw
Gs-Spp-Ibpw sNbvX
kwm-\a
- mWv tIc-fw.
Fm, 1930-- Xs kwhcWn\p XpSw Ipdn-pIbpw 12 iX-am-\w hsc AXpb-sSpIbpw sNbvXv
hj-f
- m-bnpw km taJe-bnse apkvenw ]m-fnw
Ctmgpw 10 iX-am-\-n-\Spp am{Xta Fn-bn-pp
shXv kmaq-lnI imo-Ic
- W-hp-ambn _-s tNmZyv IrXy-amb Nne adp]-SnI \Ip-p-v. Ah thWsa-n Cs\ kw{K-ln-mw.
GsXmcp kmaq-lnI hn`m-Knsbpw ]nm-m-h,
\ne-hn-ep kmaq-lnI
cmjv{Sob kwhn-[m-\
- fpsSbpw Ah \nb-{n-
phcpsS \ne-]m-Sp-Isfbp-a\p-k-cn-m-Wn-cn-p--Xv. AYhm, ]nm-m-h-, ]miz-hXvIc

- W
- w, Zmcn{Zyw XpS-n-bh
GsX-n-ep-samcp {]tXyI
kml-Ncyw sImp-m-hp-X
- . adn-v, Ah Nne kmaqlnI {]{In-b-I-fpsS A\cê-ambn kw`-hn-p-Xpw
\ne-\n-s-Sp-X
- p-amWvv.
Ccw kmaq-lnI {]{In-b-Isf-bmWv kmaq-lnI _ln-jvIcWw FXv sImv hnh-n-s-Sp-X
- v.
kmaq-lnI _ln-jvIc
- W
- ns KXn \nb-{n-p--Xv,
Cc-If
- mbh-cpsS kmnI
nXn, cmjv{So-b- k
- m-aq-lnI
kwhn-[m-\-fnse Ah-cpsS
]nSn-]m-Sp-I, hnZym`ymkkmw-kvIm-cnI cwK-fnse Ah-cpsS {]I-S-\-
XpS-n-bh
- b
- mWv. AYhm
tIhew km-nIamb
kpnXn (economic capital)
sImv am{Xw amn-sb-Sp-m-hp-X kmaq-lnI ]nm-m-h. adn-v, `cn-p-hcn\npw A[n-Imc t{iWnbn-ep--h-cn \npw kmaq-lnI-\o-Xn t\Sn-sb-Sp-m-\m-hi
- yamb _-fpw hne-t]-i
tijnbpw (social capital) Dmm-\m-hp-tmtg kmaq-lnI
imo-I-cWw km[y-am-hq. Ch
cn-\pw ]pdsa kaq-l-amPnt aqe-[-\-amWv hnZym-`ymk-hp-w kwkvIm-chpambn _-Xv (culturl capital). hnZym`ymk tbmKy-X-Ifpw hyn-]-camb kmaYy-fpamWv B[p\nI sXmgn hn`-P-\-ns
am\-ZW
- U
v
- s
- f-X
- n-\m,
Ah-bpsS A`m-h-w Hcp hn`mKs ]miz-hX
- vIc
- nm CSbm-p-p-sh-n AXn
Akzm-`m-hn-IX
- I
- f
- n-.
kmaq-lnI imo-Ic
- W
- ns t{kmX-p-If
- mb Cu
aqp aqe-[-\-fpw tIc-fob
]m-X-e-n ]cn-K-Wn-ptm, apkvenw ]nm-m-h-sb hyI-X-ambn a\-n-emm-\m-hpw. \qm-p-I \op\n A[n-\n-thi hncp--t]mcm-
- f
- n km-n-Ia
- mbn
XI-s tIc-f
- nse
apkvenw-Iv, hninjym ae-
_m-dnse amn-f-amv, 1970--Ifn-em-cw-`n K^p-Ip-Sn-tbtmsSbmWv nXn-KX

- n-I
A]sanepw sa-s-Sp-m\m-b-Xv. Fm, A-c-samcp
{]{In-b-bn-em-h-s, ap cp
aqe-[-\- th-hn[w
Isphmt\m ]cn-t]m-jn-np-hmt\m D kml-N-cy-
Ahv \jvS-am-bn.
AXp-t]m-se, kwL-Sn-Xamb apkvenw \yq\-]
cmjv{Sob apt-
- v, kmapZm-bn-Ia
- mb Nne Ah-Im-i
-
t\Sn-sb-Sp-m-\m-bn-pv FXv
icn Xs. Fm, A[n-Im-cnI-fn-epw `c-Wk
- n-cm-tI-{-f
- nep-ap--h-cpsS at\m-K-X-sf
th-hn[w kmaq-ln-I\
- oXn
hnNm-c--fn-tev sImp-h-cphm CXp-hsc km[n-n-n
FXv asmcp ]c-amYam-Wv.
hyXykvX Khsa v ]-XnI \S-n hcp-p--Xn
tIc-f
- nse KhsapI
ImWn ]-]m-Xn-Xz-ns
tXmXv km In \psS
{i-bn sImp-h
- X
- m-Wtm.
Fm, Ghpw Bim-hlambn-p-X
- v, hnZym-`ymksbpw kmwkvIm-cnI aqe[-\-sbpw Ipdnv hfp
sImncnp Ah-t_m-[hpw
B Zni-bn \S-p-sIm-n-cnp \nt-]-fpam-Wv. ae_m-dns app-aq-e-I-fn
Dbp-sIm-ncnp
hnZym`ymk ku[-fpw
IheI tXmdpw
\SpsImn-cn-p
ssKUkv mkp-Ifpw C-csamcp Ah-t_m-[
- n-sbpw
ZrjvSm-
- f
- m-W.v
Npcp--n, kmaq-lnI
_ln-jvIc
- W {]{In-bI
- t- fmSv
tIc-fm-ap-kvenw-I kzoI-cnm XpS-nb {Inbm-I
- a
- mb
CS-s]-Se
- p-If
- pw-{]Xn-Ic-Wfpw êw Ip-Xp-S-n-bXns e-W
- fmbn inlm_n-sbpw C^m-sbpw ae_m-dn-se ap apkvenw Ipn-I-fpsSbpw sImp-sImp hnPbsf thW-sa-n \apv
hne-bn-cp-mw.
faisaljnu@gmail.com
21
tIcf apkvenw
tIc-f-ap-kvenw-I-fpsS
h-am-\hpw `mhnbpw
tIcf apkvenw
tUm.Csk-Uv.-F Aivd^v
Zmdp lpZm knh Pq_nen kt-f-\-n

"apkvenw temIw--- Zqc-mgvN' F skj-\n
Ah-X-cn-n {]_-w. ao Kh: BSvkv
ZmBkv kbkv tImsf-Pnse mn-nIv hn`mKw
-Xeh-\mWv teJ-I.
kam[m\-]qhw hf apkvenw
kap-Zm-b
- ns h-am-\hpw
`mhn-bp-amWv \mw t\mn-m-Wp-Xv. Cy-bn an-S--fn Ckvemw
{]N-cn-Xv t]mse-b tIc-f
- nse
Ckvemans hym]\w \S-X
- v.
AXv sImv tIc-f
- nse apkvenw
hn`m-Ks
- -p-dn-p N tIc-fn\p ]pd-phcp-ambn Xmc-Xay-s-Spnbpw AtX coXn D]-tbmK-s-Sp-n-bp-am-Ip-tm Hcp
]t, A_-a
- m-Ipw.--
22
`m-hn-sb-p-dn-p
kz]\w s\p-I-bmWv \mantm. tIc-f-nse apkvenw

`mhn-sb-p-dn-p Btem-N-\I-fn ]s-Sp-p-Xv ktmj-I-c-amb A\p-`-am-Wv. kzm`mhn-I-ambpw `mhn-sb-p-dn-p
GXv N-Ifpw XpS-p-Xv
Ign Ime-n \nmWv.
`qX-n \nv XpS-n ham-\-n-eqsS k-cnv am{Xta
`mhn-bn Fm ]p-I-bpq. tIcf apkvenw-I-fpsS
`mhn-sb-p-dnv Btem-Nn-ptm ssiJv ssk\p-o
aJvZqw ]d-bp Ncn-{X-ntev \mw I-b-p-p.
Xplv^-p apPm-ln-Zo-s\-pdnv aX-]m-T-im-e-I-fn \Sp N apkvenw Ncn{Xw
tcJ-s-Sp-nb Hcp {Kw
F coXn-bn-em-bn-cn-mw. tIcf-n Ncn{X `mj-bn FgpX-s BZys B[n-Im-cnI
Ncn{X {K-amWv Xplv^p apPm-ln-Zo. AXv
sImmWv tIc-f
- n Ncn{Xw
]Tn-n-p apgp-h kh-Iem-im-e-Ifnsebpw Ncn{Xw ]Tnn-p--h Xplv^-p

apPm-ln-Zo-\n-eqsS ISp
t]mIp-Xv.
kntem-Wn-tev t]mb,
Atd-_y-bn \nv ]pd-s
Hcp Iqw apkvenwIsf-p-dn-v
Xplv^-bn ]d-bp-p-v.
t]mIp hgn Ah sImSp-q-cn I-en-d-p-I-bp-w cmPmhns\ ImWp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
Xncnp t]mIptm Cu hgn
hcm\pw Xs IqsS Iqm\pw
cm-Pmhv Bh-iy-s-Sp-Ib
- p-mbn. kntem-Wn \nv aS-nb
kwL-tm-sSmw cmPmhpw
Atd_y-bn-tev ]pd-s-p.
hgn at[y tZlw hntbmKw \Snb cmPmhv Iqm-fn-Iv
Iv \In. AXp-ambn tIc-fn-tev Xncn kwL-n-\vam-enIv _v\p Zo\m-dn\pw IqpImpw-C
- h
- n-sS-bp-m-bn-cp
`c-Wm-[n-Imcn lrZy-amb kzoIcWw \In. BK-Xv
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26
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s]bv-mbn ag-sb-p-p.
HmpI ip-P-e-ns
Htcsbmcp Dd-hn-Sta \appq: ag. kap-{Z-fpw \ZnIfpw XSm-I-fpw \ocp-d-hIfpw lnam-\n-Ifpw InW-dp-I-fpsamw tXSp-Xv ag-bm-Wv. ag-
mew Ahbp-sS-sbmw Dh-Im-ea

- m-Wv.
Ap-XI
- c
- a
- mWv AXns
{]Xn-`m-kw.
Ctmgpw Rp-, aoa-cp-sam
c`pXw Xsbo kzKob
kw`hw
Fv Ihn ]d-bp--Xn-Xns\bm-W.v
\mw Pohn-X-N-{Is
BsI ag-bp-ambn Iqn-s-nbncn-p-Ib
- m-Wv. Irjnbpw
\Soepw sImbvpw saXn-bpsams AXp-ambn _-s-mWv. t\mq, Imes apgp-h
\mw ag-bp-ambn Iqn-bn-cn-pp. Hcp sImw Hcp s]bvv
apX asmcp s]bvv hscbmWv: hjw.
********
Av C{n-b--sfbpw Hcpt]mse DWp A\p-`-hamWv ag. Bdm-a-{nbw B
A\p-`q-Xn-bn ebnp tNcpp. ku-cy-ns Fm
`mhfpw AXn \S-am-Sp-pv. emkyhpw cu{Zhpw IcpWbpw `bm-\I
- X
- bpw AXns
Xnc-io-e-bn amdn-h-cp-p.
In-ag Dbnv \Ip
anssbmcp aW-ap-v. Rcp-Isf AXv elcn ]nS-nn-
pw. aqp hnSn-b-msX

\mw AsX-s\ Bkz-Zn-pw.
av Hman-n-p-Xv \psS
Xs aW-am-bn-cn-W
- w.
ag-bpsS hchv Fv \mS-Iob-am-Wv. sXfn am\v
taL-ns Nph-sc-gpv XpSp-Xv ]Xp-s-bm-Wv. ]nsbXv Xep apI-fn apgp-h
]c-p-p.-\mep aqe-bn \nv
Btcm ]nSnp hen taemv
t]mse. XWp Imv bp-ap-Wn-bnse Amcs\tmse hcpp. N{I-hm-f-fn \nv AXns tIfnsIm-p-W-cp-p. Cc-n-sbp Xpn-I Ce-I-pw
taq-cI
- pw apI-fn
s]cp-d sImn ISp t]mIpp. tXm BImiw IgpIn
sh ]m{Xw t]mse-bm-Wv.
Nne-tm AXn A]w
Icnbpw ]mSp-Ifpw _mn InSpw. ]ns s]p-Xv acfpw taq-c-bp-am-Wv. Cdbp \nv cmshm-Sp-p-thmfw
Xpn-bnp sImn-cn-p-p.
X\nmntmb Bsctbm
Hms-Spp Ic-bp-Ib
- m-WX
- v.
ag sImp-Xv Bm-Z-amWv. sXmenp-dv Cn-fn-s-Spp-Ibpw hna-eo-I-cn-p-Ibpw
sNp ag Ipfncv tImcp-
27
ô
tm Fs\ adpw
\. ]pX-p-Iv A
]qn hcp-Xv Atm-gm-Wv.
th\ Ime-ns ]q
aW- Ah-bn \nv
Atm AIp t]mIp-p.
hj-mew Bhn-jvI-cnp kwKoXn\v hep--sNdp hyXym-k-an-. ]W-mc\pw ]mh-s--h\pw B Itcnv hcn-tN-cmw. ag s]ptm sNhn s]mn AXv
Dn s]p--Xns A\p`qXn \mw _mey-n
sImn-cn-pw. B Bc-hns Bo-bX sIm-dn-tbXp Xs. HmSn ]pdpw
Ce--hn-fp-I-fnepw s]p
Xpn-I Iqp IpXq-le hnhn[ Xm\--fn
tIp-Xv a\-n
knp t\mq. Hcp
Xpn Hv sh-n-tev
Cn hogp-Xv Dn BhnjvI-cnp t\mq. tNn-e-bn
Hcp Xpn am\w In-cn-pXv I-Sv Ip t\mq.
Cs\ ]t-{n-b
- s
- fbpw
Hcp-anpWp Xmf-,hW, K--, cp-Nn-,- A-\p-`q-XnI ag-bpsS Bhn-jvIm-c
- f
- mWv.
angnv \oem-RvP-\-]p-RvPambpw
sNhnp kwKo-XI
- k
- m-cambpw
sanp Iq-cI ]qcambpw
]pep-htm ]pXp-hjImew
Fv Ihn CXns\ Xncn-dn-bp-p.
********
Hmtcm ag-m-ehpw \psS
Dnse Ipnsb ]pdv NmSnp-p-v. _mey-n \mw
sIm ag-bpsS Af-hp-I
A\p-k-cn-n-cn-pw AXv. agmew \apv kvIq Xpdp Imew IqSn-bm-Wv.
]p ]pkvX-I-k-npw
]pkvX-I-pw DSp-pIpw IpS-Ip-samw
]pXnb ag-bpw \psS IqsS
mkv apdn-bn-tev \\-smenp hn-cp-p. mkn-\Is ae-bmft-m
\psS {i ]pds Ib-n-d-
28
Cc-n-sb-p Xpn-I Ce-Ipw taq-cI

- pw apIfn s]cp-d sImn ISp
t]mIp-p. tXm BImiw
IgpIn sh ]m{Xw t]mse-bm-Wv.
Nne-tm AXns A]w
Icnbpw ]mSp-Ifpw _mn InSpw. ]ns s]p-Xv ac-fpw
taq-cb
- p-am-Wv. Cd-bp \nv
cmshm-Sp-p-thmfw Xpn-bnp
sImn-cn-p-p. X\nmntmb
Bsctbm Hms-Spp Ic-bpI-bm-WX
- v.
-f
- p ag-m-f
- n-em-bn-cpp.
Iqs_v ]ndpw apt
[rXn-bn-semw hmcn-h-env
apjn XpWn-k-n-bn-emp-tm-tgpw
So-dpsS Inse Nqc-en-s\tmepw
t]Sn-bn-msX A[nIm-c`
- m-htmsS
mkns Ipn-p-acpw
NmSn-S- v hn-cnpw
ag...
\psS Ipn-m-ew, kvIq
Imew F{X at\m-l-a-cmbn
Ihn Bhn-jvI-cn-n-cn-p-p.
ioe-p-Sbpw IS-emkp
tXmWnbpw GtXm ag-m-en Henp t]msb-nepw,
AXn\v tijw F{X hjw
IS-p-sh-nepw Cv \mw AXv
Xncp t\mp-p.
eumtZm apPvtIm thm
_mcnjv Im ]m\n..ImKkv In
IivXo..
BZn-ahpw h\y-hp-amb PohssN-X\
- y-n-sbpw ssPhssh-hn-[y-nsbpw
AcmWv ag-m-Sp-I. hjn icm-icn cv ao hsc
ChnsS ag e`n-pw. \qdv IWn\v S Pew Hcp hrw
Xs hen-sSp-p-p. Ch
apgp-h D]-tbm-Kn-t-Xnm hr- Ah {]IrXn-bn-tev Xs \ocm-hnbmbn Xncnp \Ip-p. Ah
ImSn\p tase ans Bh-cW- ]Wn-bp-p, taL-]m-fnI-fmbn Dbp t]mIp-p.
temIs Ghpw henb agm-Sp-If
- psS \nc-bmb Ba-tkmWn s]p ag-bpsS ]IpXnbpw ac-- ]pdv hnSp
\ocm-hn-I D]m-Zn-n-p
taL-f
- n \nm-Ws
- {X.
hjw apgp-h ag
s]p Cu-n-sbpw
AXn-\m Dh-cX
- b
- p-sSbpw
{]mW-sbpw {KodqamWv Cu
\nXy-l-cnX h\-. Ic-bpsS
apv iX-am\w am{Xw hcp
ag-m-Sp-If
- n-emWv `qap-Js
]Ip-Xn-tbmfw Pohn-hK-
hkn-p--Xv. kky-,
IqWp-I, ]n-I, Dc-K, arK- Fn-s\
Ah-bpsS ssh]peyw A-cnn-p--Xm-Wv. aney IWn\v kkyfpw IoS-fpw
kq-aP
- o-hn-Ifpw C\nbpw
Ip ]nSn-t--Xmbn ag-m-
ô
Sp-IIv D-Xmbn IWm-s
- -Sp-p.
Db-ca
- p hr-fpsS
Nn-Ifpw Ce-q-Sp-Ifpw \nanp taemv Im\-]n
(canopy) Fp hnfn-p-p.
Ch-I
-
- m-Ws{X ]Ip-Xntbmfw kky-hK-fpw \ne\np--Xv. 1917 {]IrXn
imkv{X--\mb hneyw _o_v
{]Jym-]np: Pohn-I-fpsS
asmcp hIc Ip-]n-Sn-m\n-cn-p-p, `qanv apI-fn-e-,
AXns Ccp-qdv ASn Db-cn. I\m-]n-bnse Poh-hn-tij-s
- f-p-dn-mWv Atlw
]d-bp-X
- v.
BtKmf Xm]\w _m[n-pXv ag-m-Sp-I-sfbpw Ahbnse Pohn-X
- s
- f-bp-am-Wv.
NqSv hn-p-tm Cun Ign-bp Pp--fpsS
Bhmk hyh XI-cp-p.
C-c
- n BtKm-fX
- m-]\
- ns `mK-ambn BZy-ambn
hwi\miw kw`-hn Pohn
tImm-dn-b
- nse ag-m-Sp-Ifn Dmbn-cp kphW
Xh-fI
- f
- m (golden frogs)-Ws{X.
]md-bn-Sp-p-If
- n Pohn-p
Ch apn-bn-Sm am{X-amWv
sh-s-p-I At\z-jnp
Cdn hcm-dp--Xv. NqSv IqSnbXv ImcWw A-c-n-ep
]e sh-s-p-Ifpw hn-tmb-s{X. ap-bn-Sm ]md-bn-Sp-pI-fn \nv Cdn h Xh-fI AXn\v CSw InmsX
Ahv aS-n-tm-tIn hp.
kphW Xh-fI
- v
]nmse k-cn-n-cp
At\z-jn-Iv Av hjn-\n-pdw Ahsb Ism ]n-bn-. ag-m-Sp-Ifpw
]Xps acWw {]Jym]n-ptm "sh-n \nmWv
Poh-\p-X
- n-s\-sbmw ]S-sXp' ]d \mYs hmpI \mw Hmp-p.
********
ag Dm-Ip-s
- X-s\?
{]IrXn ]mmT-ns Fm
]pkvXI
-
- f
- nepw tNmZymh-enI-fnepw CXm-hnp hcpp. Amlp Cu tNmZyw Dbn-p-Xv ImWp-I: C\n
\n IpSn-p shw
\n Inptm? \nfmtWm AXv taL-n \nn-
d-n-bX
- v. AtXm \mamtWm
Cd-n-b-h? \mw Dt-in-n-cps-n AXv \mw Zpzm-Zp
Dp sh-am-p-am-bn-cp-p.
Fn-cns \n \n
ImWn-m-s
- X-m-W(v 56:6870). ImWm]mTw ]Tnv Dcp-gn-p D-chpw AXn-\pv:
`qan-bnse Pem-ib
-
- f
- nse
kqcy-sh-fn--ns {]h-\n \ocm-hn-bmbn tatemv
Db-cp-Ibpw taLambn L\o-`hnv Xmtgv s]p-Ibpw
sNp-p. kw`-h-fpw LS-Ifpw F{X \m-bmWv Dcpn-cn-bp-Xv. sNbvXp sh
Hcp Iyq- t{]m{Kmw t]msebm-W-Xv. shw \nd Ipn-IfpsS Ifn-tm-nse shw
t]mse Imcy- F{X efn-Xam-bmWv hmp hogp--Xv.
]t, Xe-ap-d-I-fmbn
hmbnpw Fgp-Xnbpw ]Tnp
sh Dcw A{Xtb Dq.
CXn\p ]nn Hcp kq{X-[mcs hnc-e-\w \ng \mSIw
ImWp--Xn-\n-Sv \mw adp
t]mIp-p-v. Dm-IpI Fv
Pohs _oPm-p-c
- am{n-I\mb Hcp Ah-[q-Xs hchv
Imv Ime-f
- mbn an Ddn-n-S
- p-Ib
- m-Wv. ao\-nse
s]mcn-bp NqSv Ahsb Ip
ImWm \ncm-ibn Bgvnbn-cpp. FmWv Cu
s]mSnmv Aa-cp-s
- Xpw `qanbpsS hn-ep-If
- n-tev FtmgmWv \ocn-dw kw`-hn-p-s
- Xp-am-bn-cpp Ah-bpsS {]m\bpw [ym\-hpw.
Bm-]n-p-tm Fmw
Dm-bn-o-cp-X
- ns
]nnse Da Hmtcm ag-pnbpw hnfw-_cw sNbvXp
sImn-cn-p-p. Xpn-I
Iqn-sn Dm-nb Xnc-o-eIp ]nn ]S--hs\
Is-m-\mWv Htcm ag-mehpw DWp--Xv.
B D-c-n \mw Fnt-cp-n-s-n ]S--hs
A\p-{K-l-n-te-p \qteWn-bmb ag Am-lp-hns
D{K-im-k-\-I-fnte-p hgnbmbn Xocpw. AXn-sbpw
Nn{Xw Jp-B-\n-ep-v. ASn-a-Itfm-Sp DS-ab
- psS Xo{h-amb
kvt\lw AtX Af-hn
tIm]-ambn Xncn-S- n-p-X
- mWv
B coXn-im-kv{Xw. k_-Cse
AW-s-p-If
- psS at\m-lc
- amb hW\ A{X Xs òIc-ambn sIvs]m-ns-gp-Ip-Xns hnh-c-W-nepw
ImWmw.kt\lw \Ip-h
-
AXv Xncnpw B{K-ln-p-p.
\qlv(-A)-s\bpw I-ens\bpw Hmp-I. Bbn-c-am-n\-Spv \o B ZqXs
bXv\w Ahn-izmkn kaqls apgp-h apnb {]f-bn-emWv sNs-n-bX
- v.
Atm Ipn-sbm-en-p
shw sImv BIm-i
- ns
Ihm-S- \mw Xpd-p. `qanbn Dd-h-I \mw s]mn-pIbpw sNbvXp. As\
\nW-bn--sp Ign Hcp
Imcy-n-\mbn shw knp. ]e-I-Ifpw BWn-I-fp-ap, \psS tat\m--n
k-cn-p Hcp I-en
At-ls \mw hln-pIbpw sNbvXp. \ntj-[np
X-s-n-cp--h-\p {]Xn-ê-as{X AXv. Xo-bmbpw
AXns\ \mw Hcp ZrjvSm-ambn Ah-ti-jn-n-n-cn-p-p.
Fm Btem-Nnv a\-n-emp--h-cmbn Bsc-n-epaptm? Atm Xs
inbpw Xmo-Xp-Ifpw Fs\-bm-bn-cp-p. Xo-bmbpw
Btem-Nnp a\-n-em-m
Jp-B \mw Ffp--ap--Xmn-bn-cn-p-p. Fm
Btem-Nnp a\-n-em-p--hcmbn Bsc-n-ep-aptm?
(54:11-17)
29
Ia-imkv{Xw
an seh am-n-wKv
Ia-imkv{Xw hn[n ]d-bpp
Ia-imkv{Xw
PA-v^ lpZhn sImf-q
ssSqWpw _ntkdpw \mt\m

FIvkepw XpSn ]e I-\nIfpw CXn-\Iw ]nSn-s
- -Xpw
Ch-bn In-tN Bbn-c h-n-s
- -sv t]meokn\v samgn \In-bXpw Cu
cwKs h-\b
- psSbpw Nqj-Wn-sbpw Ghpw ]pXnb sXfnhp-If
- m-Wv. C\nbpw h kmnI em`w sImXn-p-h
- am-sct hne-bn-cp-m-\mhq.
30
aWn sNbn _nkn-\-
kp-Ifpw s\v am-nMv I\n-Ifpw \S-n-sm-n-cn-p

Xn-p-IfpsSbpw Nqj-W
- nsbpw Npcp-f-gn-p-sIm-n-cnpIbpw AhbqsS Fw.-Unamcpw {]tam-amcpw t]meokns he-bn-e-I-s-Sp-Ibpw
sNbvXpsImn-cn-p kmlN-cy-n Cu CS-]m-Sns
Ia-im-kv{X-]w hni-Ie
- \
- hn-t[-ba
- mpI-bm-Wn-hn-sS.
a\p-jy-hw-i
- n\v Btcm-Ky-Icamb \ne-\n]n\pw hnIm-kn\pw al--camb \nt-i-fS-
- nb XXz-kw-ln-Xs
- b
\nev Nqj-W-c-ln-Xhpw h\m-ap--hp-amb km-nI
CS-]m-Sp-I Ckvemw AwKo-Icn-p-Ibpw t{]mm-ln-n-pIbpw sNbvXn-p-v. AtXmsSmw A\m-tcm-Ky-Ic-amb
kIe {]hWX-Is
- fbpw
Ckvemw \ntcm-[n-p-p.
a\pjyPohn-X
- ns
\nJne taJ-e-I-fnepw ]cn-
jvIm-c kw`-hn-p-Xv
t]mse I-h-S-nepw ]e
\qX-\a
- mb kwhn-[m-\
- fpw
IS-p-h
- n-p-v. Ccp-]Xmw
\qm-ns D-cm[n
Ata-cnbn cq]w{]m]n
Fw.F.-Fw (MULTI LEVEL
MARKETTING) Cu KW-n
Gsd {]Nm-c-n-ep _nkn\kv coXn-bm-Wv. ]c--cm-KX
I-hS coXn-bpsS hf ]v
iX-am-\
- n Xmsg
am{XamsWn Cu ]pXnb
am-nwKv knkvns
hf 57 iX-am-\-amWv tcJs-Sp--s-Sp--Xv. ]c--cm-KX
IhS coXn-bn ImW-s-Sp
\yq\-XI
- p ]cn-lm-ca
- mbn-mWv an seh
amnwKv Ah-X-cn-p-Xv.
]c--cm-KX I-hS coXn-bn
I-\n-bp-sSbpw D]m-ZI
- sbpw D]-t`m-m-hn-sbpw
CS-bn sam hym]mcn,
Nnd hym]mcn XpSnb a[yhn-I Dm-Ipw. AXpsIm-p-Xs Hcp hkvXp-
Ia-imkv{Xw
ssIm D]-t`m-m-hn\v
AanX hne \tI-n-h-cpw.
CXn\v an seh
amnwKneqsS ]cn-lmcw
ImWm km[npw FmWv
hmZw. Cu hym]mc
k{Zmba\pk-cnv I\n
t\cnv hkvXp D]-t`m-m-hn\v
Fnv sImSp-p-Ib
- m-Wv.
t\cn-p ssIamw hgn
hkvXp-hns KpW-\n-e-hmcw
Xncn--dn-bm\pw km[n-pw. Cu
hn]-W-\-coXn ]np-Scp I\n-I hnX-cWw sNp
D]-- hmn _nkn-\kn In-tN-cm\pw tijw
Xmhgn IS-p-h-cp hnXcWmcpsS {]h-\
- ns
\nnX hnlnXw ssI-m\pw
Ah-kc
- s
- am-cp-ppshXmWv an seh
amnwKns {]-[m\ {]tXyI-X.
Fw.F.-Fans
{]h\ coXn
I\n \n-bn-p XpI
\In m Inv ssI]-p-tXmsS Hcp hynv
I\nbpsS AwK-ambn
amdm\pw -XpSv I-\n-bpsS
{]Nm-cI
- , DfpsS
hnX-c-W-m-c- Fo \ne-Ifn ]Ww km-Zn-m\pw
km[npw . kzX-{- hym-]mcn,
Uoe, Atkm-kn-tbv XpSnb t]cp-I-fnemWv Atlw
Adn-b-s-Sp-I.
Hcp Uoe-sd kw_-n-n-Stmfw {][m-\a
- mbpw aqv
B\p-Iq-ey--fmWv e`n-p-I.
Hv: tlmssk hnev
hn]\ hkvXp e`npw.
cv: samhnev e`n-p
hkvXp-h-II Nnd hnev
hnpI hgn em`-ap-m-mw.
aqv: ]pXnb Bfp-Iv I\nsb ]cn-N-b-s-Sp-n, AhcpsS I-h-S-n-\-\p-k-cnv
em`-hn-lnXw t\Smw.
Ccp-]Xmw \qm-ns Dcm[n Ata-cnbn

cq]w{]m]n Fw.F.-Fw
]pXnb Imev Gsd {]Nm-c
- nep _nkn-\kv coXn-bm-Wv. ]c-cm-KX I-hS coXn-bpsS hf
]v iX-am-\
- n Xmsg
am{XamsWn Cu ]pXnb
am-nwKv knkvns hf
57 iX-am-\a
- mWv tcJ-s-Sp-s
- Sp-X
- v. ]c-c
- m-KX IhS coXnbn ImW-s-Sp \yq\-XIp ]cn-lm-ca
- m-bn-mWv Fw.F.Fw Ah-Xc
- n-p-Xv.
\nev \qX\ kwc-w`-fn apkven-ans \ne-]mSv
F-s\-bm-bn-cn-W
- s
- apw
Ckvemw hni-Zo-Ic
- n-t-nbn-cn-p-p. _lp-am-\-s
Camw \hhn(d) Xs aPvaqCs Bap-J-n ]dbpp; "GXv hnj-b-ambmepw Ah-sb-p-dnv
hfsc kv]jvS-amtbm, A{Xbpw hy-a-m-sX-tbm aZvl_p-I-fn ]cm-ain--s-n--
pv. AXp-a-sn
s]mXp\nb-a-ns Iogn
]cm-ai hnt[-ba
- m-Im-X
- mbn
Hp-an- Fv Cam-ap ldssa\n A`n-{]m-bsnp-v'
(aPvaq-Av). Cu ASn-m-\-nemWv Cv temIv hcp
apgp-h hnj-b--sfbpw \mw
kao-]n-p--Xpw Ahv Xocpam\w Is-p-X
- pw.
an seh amn
Mns aX-Iobam\w hni-I-e\
hnt[-b-am-p-tm \apv
hy-am-Ip-Xv aX-aq-eyv \nc-m ]eXpw
Fw.F.-Fans coXn-be
- S-
- bn-pv F-XmWv. Fw.F.Fans BIj-I
- f
- mb
tlmssk hne-sIm-Spv
hkvXp-hII ssI]-p-Xpw
Ah Nnd hnev adnv
hnp-Xpw {]Ya ZrjvSnbn Xs A\p-h-Z-\o-b-am-Wv.
]t, apJy BIj-I-amb
kvt]mk-dnMvv (AYhm I\nbpsS {]Nm-cW ZuXyw GsSp-v IqSp-X kl-Im-cn-Isf
krjvSn-p-I- hgn I\nv
e`n-p em`--fn \nv
hnlnXw ]p-I) Kl-\-ambn
]T\hnt[-ba
- m-t-X
- p-v.
Ia-imkv{X am\w
a\p-jy-cm-in-bpsS kpnc
\ne-\n]n-\m-h-iy-amb Nn-h- ssZhoI -a-X-amb
Ckvemw \ntZin-p-pv.
a\pjy h-n\v Ay-\m
hsc ]np-S-cm-\p aX-sa
31
Ia-imkv{Xw
\qm-p-Iv apv
hncNnX-amb Ia-imkv{X
{K- Fw.F.Fans\pdnv Xs
hy-ambn {]Xn-]m-Zn-m-Xv
sImv AXn-t\mSv kZr-iy-am-b,
Ia-imkv{X {K--fn khnkvXcw {]Xn-]m-Zn-n-p Iqenthe (CPm-dv)bpambn
Xpe\w sNbvXv ]T\w aptmv
t]mIm-hp-X
- m-W.v
Iqen Bh-iymYw aphv D]-Imcw sNbvXvsImSp--emWv CPm-dv. Fw.F.Fan Hcp Uoe-dpsS
tkh-\w Iqen Bh-iymYamWv.
Ckvemw \njvIjnpw
hn[w Iqen-the km[p-hm-I-Wsa-n Iqen hy-ambn Adnn-cn-Ww (Iqen-bpsS C\w,
tXmXv, hnti-jWw, Afhv)
\nlm-b 5/266. Iqen AmXam-sW-n CS-]mSv
Akm[phmsW-Yw.
A_qkCu-Zn JpZvcn
dntmv sNp {]hm-N-I-hN\w CXn\v sXfn-hm-Wv: "Bscnepw -sXm-gn-emfnsb Iqenv
hnfn-m Ahs thX\w
Adn-bnvsIms'. {]kvXpX
hmIy-amWv aX-hn-[n-bpsS ASnm-\w.
Fw.-F.-Fan Uoe
Xs sXmgn Gs-Sp-p-
32
Fw.-F.-Fa
- n sXmgn-em-fn-bpsS
Ah-Imi l\n-s
- -Sp-p.
AYhm ]e-I
- \
- n-Ifpw ]pXnb
In-Isf tNpXnv
hmKvZm\w sNbvXn-p XpI \evIW-sa-n ]e \n_-\
- I
- fpw
aptmv shp-p. Fm amkhpw
\nnX XpIv km[\w hmp-I,
hj-n ]Ww \In
AwKXzw ]pXp-p-I, Fn-s\
\ofpp I\nI aptm-p-shp \n_-\
- I
-
tm X\nv e`n-p thX\-s-p-dnv A-\m-Wv.

ImcWw Ctlw Imc-Wa
- mbn
I-\n-bn AwKam-Ip-h
-
\S-p I-h-S-ns em`hn-ln-Xa
- mWv Ct-l
- ns
thX-\w. `mhn-bn \S-m-\ncnp {]h-\-ns êam-bpmIp-X
- ns\ CS-]m-Sp-ka-bv Is-pI Akm-[yam-bX
- p-sIm-p-Xs thX\w
Ahy--am-bn-cn-pw.
Iqen-the km[p-hm-Im
]n-X-a-l-p- \nt-inp asmcp \n_-\;
Iqen-m-cs thX\w At-lns tkh-\-{]-h-\-fpsS `mK-ambn Dm-Ip-XmIcpXv FmWv duf:4/251.
Adp--s Pohn-bpsS tXm

{]Xn-^-e-ambn \n-bnv
sXmen Dcn-bm Gn-pXpw s]mSn tKmX-ns
Dantbm \nnX `mKtam
\Im-sa \nev s]mSnm G]n-p-Xpw ]nX CXn-\p-Zm-lc
- W
- a
- mbn Fnbn-p-v. \nIpXn ]ncn--p-hv Ah ]ncn-s-Sp XpIbpsS \nnX iX-am\w thX\-ambn \n-bn-n-cp ]Xnhv
Cu KW-n Ds-Sp-sapw
AXv sXmb coXn-bm-sWpw
Camw kp_pIn hni-Zo-I-cn-Xmbn an Ia-imkv{X {Kfpw tcJ-s-Sp-n-bn-p-v.
Fw.-F.-Fw I\n-I
Uoev \Ip thX\hpw
Cu coXn-bn Adn-b
- S- m-X
- mWv. ImcWw At-l
- ns
tkh\, {]N-cW {]h-\-fpsS thX\w ]pXp-Xmbn
IS-p-h-cp Uoeam-cpsS
I-h-S-n\-\p-k-cnmWv. CXv
Ckvem-anI Ia-imkv{X \ne]m-Sp-Isf \ncm-I-cn-p-p.
am\-h-N-cn-{X-n ]etmgpw \ntj-[n--s-n-p
sXmgn-em-fn-bpsS Ah-Imiv thn \ne-sIm-np aX-amWv Ckvemw. sXmgnem-fn-bpsS AhImi
]qWambn hI-sh-p-sIm-Spm Ckvemw \njvIjnpp-v. sXmgn-em-fnv Xs
hnbv hp--Xn\v apv Iqen
\IWw F {]hm-NmImlzm\w {it-ba
- m-Wv.
ChnsS {]Xn-]m-Zn--s hn]W\ coXn-bn Cu Ah-Imiw
l\n-s
- -Sp-Xmbn ImWmw.
AYhm ]e- I--\n-Ifpw
]pXnb In-Isf
tNpXnv hmKvZm\w
sNbvXn-p XpI \I-W-san ]e \n_--\-Ifpw
aptmv shp-p. Fm
amkhpw \nnX XpIv
km[\w hmp-I, hj-n
]Ww \In AwKXzw ]pXpp-I, ss_\dn kn-am-sWn AwK-ns Ccp-h-ifnepw In-I Xpey-ampI Fn-s\ \ofpp
I-\n-I aptmv shp
\n_--\-I. CS-]m-Sp-I-fpsS
km[y-Xv a-ten-p
Ia-imkv{Xw
\n_--\-I {]hm-N-I hnen-bn-cn-pp F lZokv
hN\w Cu I-\n-I Ah-KWn-pp FYw. CXv
tPmen sNbvX hynI-tfmSv
ImWn-p XnI Ah-Imi \ntj-[-am-bXv sImv Xs
AwKo-Ic
- n-m Ckvem-an-\m-In.
Fw.-F.-Fanse sb
]v coXn-bn Uoeam-cpsS
Hmtcm {Kqp-I cq]o-I-cn-pw.
Hmtcm {KqpI-fp-sSbpw I-h-Sns tXmX-\p-k-cnv {Kqv
AwK-n-Sb
- n thX\w
hnX-cWw sNpw. Cu coXnbn Xotc tPmen sNm-h\pw thX\w e`y-am-Ipw.
Ckvemw \nc-kn in-p
A_vZm (ico-c-nse ]mfnw) ChnsS IS-p-h-cp-pv. IqSmsX Hmtcm hyn-bpsSbpw tkh\w hyXy-ambnv AXn-\-\p-k-cn
thX\w \Im I-\n Xmdm-Ipp-an. CXpw sXmgn-em-fntbmSv sNp Ah-Imi
\ntj-[a
- mbn Ckvemw
ImWp-p.
kpXm-cyhpw Nqj-Wc
- l
- n-Xhp-amb I-h-S-coXn t{]mmln-n-p-t- Xm-sSmw Ckvemw
Cn[w \nKq-Vhpw h-\m-I-hp-amb hn]-W\ coXnsb
Ii-\-ambn \ntcm-[n-pp.
{]hm-N-I A]-ISw ]Xn-bn-cnp I-h-S-sf \ntcm-[n-ncn-pp F A_q-lp-ssd-d(d)bpsS hmIyw CXmWv hyam-p--Xv. ChnsS D]-tbm-Kn-s Kd (dnkvIv) F ]Zns hnh \jvS km[yX
IqSp-Xe
- p I-hS-
- f
- m-sWv
C_v\p-l-P(d) Xplv^-bnepw
apw tcJ-s-Sp-n-bn-p-v.
ChnsS hniZoI-cn-s
- -S
am-nwKv coXn Cu KWn s]Sp-sav Bpw
t_m[y-am-Ipw. ImcWw Xmsg
hcp In-I-fpsS {]h\
êw apI-fn-ep--h Bkz-Zn-
p-tm Xs ]pXnb
InIsf Is-m km[nmsX Ah-km-\ In-I
hn--s-Sp-sah a\-nem-p-p-v.
ssSqWpw _ntkdpw
\mt\m FIvkepw XpSn ]e
I-\n-Ifpw CXn-\Iw ]nSn-s-Xpw Ch-bn In-tN
Bbn-c- X h-n-s-sv t]meo-kn\v samgn
\In-bXpw Cu cwKs
h-\b
- psSbpw Nqj-W
- nsbpw Ghpw ]pXnb sXfnhp-I-fm-Wv. C{Xbpw henb
hkvXp-XI ]I shfnw
t]mse ]pdv hnpw I\n-I \Ip taml\
hmKvZm-\-fn hniz-knv h
km-nI em`w eyw
shp--h XnI a-msct hne-bn-cp-m-\m-hq.
Xq-amb \m\qdv cq]
apSn tImSn-If
- psS DS-ab
- mbn
amdnb samUn-sI-bd
- n-sbpw
apw Fw. UnI hne-kp
Cm-ev Zpcn-X-a-\p-`-hn-p-hs bmX-\I
- bmYmYy
t_m[-tmsS Zin-m
Ckvem-an\v am{Xta km[n-npq. AXv sImp-Xs NqjWm-I
- hpw \nKq-Vh
- p-amb
I-hS- c
- o-Xn-Isf Ckvemw AXni--ambn Xs \ncp-m-ls-Sp-p-p.
33
34
IpSpw-_-sX-fnw
Hma-I-fn \q-c-an-Sp
IS-em-kp-tXm-Wn-I
IpSpw_ sXfnw
\nkmw sNmSv
]nWn Xnv Ign-n-cp kap-Zmb-n\v XpW-bmbn I-ep-I

XocaWp. t]meokpIm-cpsS
Iv shnv I-te-dn- ]ecpw
Ad_v\m-n-sen. I-ens mhv
]nSn {]hmk Pohn-X- acp-`qan
t]mse hc-p-W
- n-sb-n-epw, Ad_nsmns Xnf-
- n tIcfw
hopw ]-]n-Snv XpS-n.
ac- s]p
\mp-hg
- n-bn
ag-tbm-sSm--sam-gpn hn
h-tm-Wn-bm-sWs
Pohn-m ]Tn-n--Xv..
Hgpns\msm-cp-]mSp
Xpg-b-W-sa-pw...
HSp-hn
Aen-e
- nv Cm-Xm-Ipsa-pw..
Hma-I-fn ag-s]-m XpSn-bt- m Rm tXmp-hm-Wv; Hcp h-tm-Wnbp-am-bn... Hgp-n-s\mv
Nmm-Sn-bmSn AIv t]mIp
IS-em-kp-tXm-Wn-bn Rm\pw
Hcp-]m-Sp ]ntm-p-t]m-bn..
Ifn-tm-Wn-I Ptem-hw
Xop _mey-ns agme ky-I-fn-te-v..
Apw IS-em-kp-tXm-WnI {]Xo--bpsS t]SIambncp-p.. Ipp-\m-fp-Ifnte apfs]mp AXn-Po-h-\tam-l-ns ]cym-bw.. Hcp
Nmag s]p-tm-tgpw ISem-kp-tXm-Wn-bn-d
- m \psS
Xe-ap-dsb ]Tn-n-p--Xm-cm-
Wv...? ]mb---en ISI-Sp-h \psS ]mc--cyw..

I-ep-Ifpw tXmWn-Ifpw PohnX-ns `mK-am-bn-cp
\psS ]mc--cyw.. AXmWv
\psS Pohn-Xs A]qWhpw at\m-l-c-hp-amn
amp-X
- v.
tIc-f-ap-kven-ans Ncn{Xw
XpS-p-Xv Xs sImSp-
- qcn \q-c-an-smcp I-en
\nm-Wv. {]t_m-[\
- a
- mWv
Pohn-X-sav hniz-kn amenIv
_n Zo\m-dpw, l_o_v _n
\mdpw IS-p-h B Ien \nv ]no-sSpw Debm kmn-[y-ambn Ah-bpm-bn-cpp, \psS bm{X-I
k^-em-am-m..
I-Sbvpw aps dufm-ico-^pw, IAv_mebhpw
IIp-fnt-sbmp ImWm
sImXn-h
- -`bw ]mb-
- ep-fm-bn-cp-p. ac-W-n-temWp t]mIp-s
- X-d
- n-bmw..
]pd-s--h-cn Htm ctm
t] am-{X-amWv Xncn-s-n-bXv.. Fnepw IS-temfw hnim-
35
IpSpw-_-sX-fnw
eamb kz]v\-hpw, IS-em-g-ap
B-hn-izm-k-hp-ambn Ah
bm{X-]p-d-s-p.. Fm _m[y-XIfpw Xov, Pohn-X-ns
BXy-nI ey-n-tev
\on--b-dm...
Jp-B ]d-p-sIm-Sp
Hc-Xn-Po-h\
-
- ns IY-bm-Whv Iqv. alm-\mb \qlv
\_n(A)s I-ens IY..
950 hjw \nc-c {]t_m[\w \S-n-bnpw hniz-knm Iqm-m ZpjvS
kaqlw apgp-h Pe{]f-bn apn acn--tm, \qlv
\_n(A)apw A\p-bm-bn-Ifpw
Ic-]-nb I-ens IY..
\qlv \_n(A)ans\
cn \mY X-sfbpw
ssIhn-Sn-s Dd hnizm-ktm-sS-bm-bn-cpp Ah
kzhpw _-hp-ap-t]-nv
ln\v ]pd-s--Xv. Imew
aptmv \on. Ad-_n--Sens Xoc--fn ]nsbpw
\nc-h[n I-ep-I \q-c-an-p.
AXn aX-{]-t_m-[I
- c
- p-m-bncp-p. hym]mc hyh-km-bn-I-fpm-bn-cp-p. DeIw Npp
bm{Xn-Ic
- p-m-bn-cp-p.
1498 ]d-n--e-h-\mb
hmkvtIm-Un-Km-abpw ImmSv
IS-p-d-s-n-tp. ]mmXys IqsS-n-d-mb NXn-{]tbm-K
- n-eq-sS-bm-bn-cpp
Abm tIc-f-n-tev hgn
Is-n-b-Xv. apkvenw
kvs]bv\nse km-cn-bm-bncp C_v\p amPn-Zns In
\npw, dqvamv Xn-sb-Spv
tIc-f-n-se-nb Kma, NqjW-n-sbpw A[n-\n-th-i
- nsbpw cw aW-p
]pXnb A[ym-b
- s
- f-gp-Xp-Ib
- mbn-cp-p.
ae-_m-dn a\pjy I_- Ipv-Iq-Sn. kzmX{y
kac t]mcm-
- ns Xoq-fb
- nte-s-Spp NmSnb _lp-`q-cn]w apkvenw sNdp--m-scbpw, I-en Ipn-\n-dv
A-am-\n-tep \mSp-ISn.
Xoc-f
- n Iq-c
-
- n-epbp. Cc-n-b-I-ep Iens i_vZw, hnc-lm{Z
kwKoXw s]mgn-p. hnd--enp-\n kmKcw Ip-an-gnv
aep InS-p...
36
kzmX{y ka-c-ns
I\-eS-
- n-btm-tgpw
apkvenw Dns tahnemkw \jvS-sv Ign-n-cpp. hnZym-`ym-k-an-m bph-Xe-ap-d.. Ap-t]mb
IpSpw__-.- a-dbvv
]nn ssh[-hy-ns
Ibv]p-\o IpSn-p sNdp-m-cn-I...
]nWn Xnv Ign-n-cp
B kap-Zm-b-n\v XpW-bmbn
I-ep-I hopw
XocaWp.. t]meokpImcpsS Iv shnv I-ep-I-fn
Ib-dn-q-Snb ]ecpw Ad_v\mn-sen. I-ens mhv
]nSn {]hmk Pohn-X-
acp-`qan t]mse hc-p-W-nsb-n-epw, Ad-_nsmns
Xnf-
- n tIcfw hopw
]-]n-Snv XpS-n.
Fm BIm-i
-
- e
- p-IfpsS hc-thmsS I-ens P\Iob apJw \jvS-s-p-Xp-S-n.
Cv BVw-_-chpw Bbp-[-S-p-amWv AXns ZuXyw.
IS-em-kp-tXm-Wn-I {]Xo-b
- psS
t]S-Iambncp-p. Ipp-\m-fp-Ifnte apfs]mp AXn-Po-h\
- t- aml-ns ]cym-bw. Nmag
s]p-tm-tgpw IS-em-kp-tXm-Wnbn-d
- m \psS Xe-ap-dsb ]Tnn-p-X
- m-cm-Wv? ]mb-
- e
- n
ISI-S
- p-h \psS ]mc-c
- yw.
I-ep-Ifpw tXmWn-Ifpw Pohn-Xns `mK-am-bn-cp ss]XrIw.
AXmWv \psS Pohn-Xs
A-]qWhpw at\m-lc
- h
- pamp-X
- .v
Xntb--dpw, tKm^v _pw,

ss\v ]mn-bp-ap AXym-[p\nI Iq I-ep-I-tfm-SmWv
bm{Xn-Iv {]nbw.
"kap-{Z-n ]-X
-
t]mse s]mn \nn--s
I-ep-Ifpw Ahs \nb-{-Wn-emWv' (dlvam:24) F
Jp-B hmIyw shp-hn-fn-Xns ]cn-WX
- n-bmWv ssSm\nIv Zpc--ns bYm
Imc-Ws
- av temIw kuI-cy]qw hnkva-cn-p-I-bm-Wv.
Ism Zqctv
]cvIn-S-p-, DjvWw I\p acp-`q-an-bn acp--emb H-I-p-dpw, {]hn-ime
kmK-c
- n ]mbvI
- e
- pIfnepw ZoL-Zqcw bm{X-sNbvXmWv Ckvem-anI km{amPyw
hnI-kn-X-am-Ip--Xv. Cu kvacykm-n[yw Ncn-{X--fn \ndp-\np-p-ap-v. alm\mb XzmcnJp _n knbmZv
kvs]-bv\n-se-nb tijw
I In--Xpw,
tImm vt\mn-fn apl-Zp ^mXnlv Ic-bn-eqsS Item-Sn-Xpw CXns DZm-lc
- W
- -fm-W.v
C_v\p _q-X-bpw, sImf-kpw, sPbnwkv Ippw,
Umhn-\p-samw Ncn{X ]pkvXI--fn Ib-dn-q-Sn-b-Xv, A-anm I bm{X-If
- n-eq-sSbpw, kqvamY-n-ep ASbm-fs
- -Sp-e
- n-eq-sS-bp-am-Wv.
Cl-tem-Iv kXy-hn-izmkn-bpsS PohnXw Hcp I
bm{X Xs-bm-Wv.. Imep-jyns Imnepw tImfnepw
Cuam-\ns Icp-p-am-bh
-
apt-dWw. AXmWv Xkz-p^v
hnh-n-p PohnX coXn.
Xzco-J-ns IS-en, ico-Ans I-en-te-dn, lJo-Jns app ]hn-g-
s]dp-n-sb-Sp--Ww. Cu D]-amX-e
- n Imeq-n-bmWv
Ipmen apkven-bm Ncn-{X{]-kn--amb I-mv cNn-p-Xv. ae-_m-dns kmaq-ln-I,
kmwkvIm-cn-I, kmlnXy cwK-fn I Xo kzm[o-\ns Hcp \ne-m i_vZambn Cu Cuc-Sn-I Xe-ap-d-Ifn-tev ssIamw sN-s-tS-Xp-v.
IhnX
knZv aplvkn Ipdp--q
ag
s]mcp-fp-I-fpsS ssJa
AInSv \ndsb kmz\w \ndv
Imap-InpSw
hopw hoWpSp.
kz]v\-v ]pXv shv
Xn-bn Imh-ep-d
- p
]mhw sXcphv _mes
s]cp-hn-c-enepw
lcn{io thZ\ amdmsX
]mT-im-eb
- n-te-S- p-p
Ipp-hn-c-e-pw
ag- Iymhm-kp-I-fnemIp-p
cp Nn{X-fm-bn.
`qX-
- m-Sn-bn sXfn-bm
Ip-\o
ag-bn \S-p--hs
In-ep-v.
IpS-bn.
In
apdn-bm ag
lrZ-b
- n AS-m sImSp-m-p-I
IpS NqSm
HSps hnem-]-
apn Im-Sn-If
- n-s
- {X.
agsbmcp hncpv.
AXn-Ynbpw
BXn-tY-b\pw
Znhy-amb s]mcp-fp-If
- psS
sha-bp ssJa.
Ppss_
Xo ]nSn Iymhm-kp-I
Bnv Fw.-F^v lpssks HmaIv kaw
A{In-enIv Cn hoW
Iymhm-kp-Iv Xo ]nSn-n-cpp
Pzme-bpsS Zmlw hnb
Pe-Omb Nn{X-fn
"ssZh-' \X hmcn-bW
- n-bp-tm.
kvss{XWX Xpfp-p h-f
- n
hnc-ep-I kwKoXw s]mgn-n-cpp
"Nn{X-Im-cs In-eqsS'*
In\n IW-f
- n
sXcp-hp-I ag ]pX-bvp-tm.
^nZm..!
Imes ]Z \nkz-\- t]mepw
\o tImdn-bn-pthm?
ssZhw Hfnp sh s]mcp-fp-I t]mepw?
AXnn-I Xmn
Aq- XmSn t]mse \o..
Fs An sXnb {_jnse Zqc-
ambvv If-bp-p..
Iymhm-kn acp-mv hnX-dpp.
\
- o-em-Im-iv
]nn-bn
]qhpI hcbpp.
* through eyes of a painter
37
t\mh
-t\m-h-ens BapJw
A_q kn\m
38
ssakqcpw Cuv Cym

I-\nbpw Xn \S cw
alm-bp-
- ns ]cym-hk
- m\w
Snp-hns\ kw_-n-n-Stmfw h hnP-b-am-bn-cp-p.
{_no-jp-Im bpw XpSn-bXv, sslZ-cm-_mZv ao
ss\km-ap-o-sbpw adm-Tn-IfpsSbpw klm-bt- m-sS-bmWv.
BZy-amZyw hnP-b{- ]-Xo-
]pen-tmp. ssakq
tk\bm-hs admTn ss\kmw
bp-fn \nv hnc-an--tX-
bp-q. apdn-hp-Wpw apv

hopw {_nojv Icn\mKp apn NmSn-ho-gpXv t]mwhgnbn-m-X
- p-sImm-bn-cp-p. Fp-sImpw
{_nojv A\p-Iqe kml-N-cy.
Fm bp-ns cmw
L-n ssakq knwl-
{_no-jns s\Iw
]nfn. Ahsc hebw
sNbvXv Igp-I-m Cc-Ip
apn ]pXnb `mh-lm-h-
t\mh
{]Zin-n-p. {_no-jns
ssIn-ep-m-bn-cp awK-em]pcw tIm-p- apn \ne-bpd-n ssakq tk\-s-Xnsc
FhnsS \ns-nepw klmbw
e`np-sav Ahv {]Xo-b-n-cp-p. kpYms hnp-hogvN-bn-m ]oc-nbpsS
hjw tIm-aX
- n-ep-Isf
Xfm XpS-n-. shSn-bp-Ifpw shSn-a-cppw Xocm-dm-bn-.
tImp apI-fn Fn-t\mn-bm ]pdv Xozm-eIfpw Icnw ]pIbpw am{Xw
ImWm-\mbn. AI-m-sW-n
tcmK-{K-kv-Xcpw hrWn-Xcpw ]cnt--hcpw IqsS mahpw.
awK-em-]p-c-s t]mse ap
t]mapJ-fnepw {_n _o`-amb ]cm-Pb
-
-
Gphmn. KqV-q-cn {^v
ssk\y-hp-ambn Gp-apn
{_n Xe-Ip-\np aS-n.
sXs Cy-bn Cukvv
Cym I-\n-bpsS kzm[o\w
hn]m-S\w sNm ]nb
k`-am-bn-cp-p AXv.
Fm bqtdm-n {_n\pw
{^mkpw Xn kam-[m\
Icm Hp-shp. AXns
A\p-c-W-\- Cy-bnepw
ImWm-\m-bn. {_no-jn-s\-Xnsc
Snp-hns klm-bn-If
- m-bn-cp
{^v ssk\y-ns ]nmw
kpYm\v \s oWw
sNbvXp.
Fmepw {_n-s\-Xnsc
Hv bpw sNm\p
sIsms ssakq-cn-\p-mbn-cp-p. Fm bpw \opt]m-bm Xw ]mn-cnm\pw ss\kmapw adm-Tn-Ifpw
ssakq B{I-an-t-ptam
F `bw Snp-hns\ A[o-c\m-n. As\ {_n awKem]pcw tIm-p apI-fn
sh-sm-Sn-I ]mdn-n-tm Xm\pw AXns\ A`nhmZyw sNbvXp. awK-em-]pcw
Icm-dn-eqsS bpw
Ah-km-\n-p.
***
bp-n \nv ssI IgpIn-bt- XmsS \Kp-- I
- qKv
{]hn-iy-If
- n-tev kpYm
Xs {i Xncn-p. Ch
ssakq-cn\v Iw sImSp-v
Pohn-n-cp \mp cmPy-f
- m-bn-
cp-p. awK-em-]pcw bpw

\op-t]m-b-tm Ah Iem]-smSn s]mn.
\mKp--bnse {_mW\pw cmPmhv shn dmhphns ]-tev kam[m\
kt-i-hp-ambn ZqX ]m-p.
Fm adm-Tn-If
- psS kzm[o\
he-b
- n hiw-hZ- \
- mb
Abm \ne-]mSv amn-sh-p.
ssakq-cns B`y-c Imcy-fn ssII-S
- c-- p-sXv am{Xw
]dv ]q\-bn-tev hopw
kmY-hmlI kwLw sNp.
adm-Tn-Ifpw t\Xmhpw cmjv{S-X{--cp-am-bn-cp \m\m^\-th-kv ssakq-cn-s\-Xnsc
bp-n\v hw Iqm XpS-nbnv hj--fm-bn-cp-p. t]iz
cmPm-shm-bn-v kh \mp-cm-Pmamcpw Abmsf am\n-n-cpp. AXn-\m kam-[m\ {ia apgp-h Ae-kn-tm-bn.
\n-
- n-bn-msX
kpYm _plm-\p-o
F ssk\nIe-h\p
Iogn \tKm-b
- n-tev
tk\sb \ntbm-Kn-p. \Kp-bpsS A]w ssaep-I

AIse shv Kwò-c-bpw \Sp. shSn-bp--I Nodn-mp. Ccp-h-ipw B\miw
kw`-hn-p. Fm Imv
ssakq-cn-\-ep-Iq-e-am-bn-cp-p.
KXy--c-an-msX shn--dmhp
tIm-bn-tev Dh-en-p.
_plm-\p-o tIm D]-tcm-[np.
\m\m^\-hokv
shndmhp-hns klm-b-n\mbn ap-Xn-\m-bncw ssk\nIsc \tKm--bn-tev \ntbmKn-p. hnh-c-a-dn
_plm\po D]-tcm[w Ahkm-\n-nv ]pXnb
tk\bpambn Gp-ap-m ]pds-p.
Ime-hjw Xnap-s]-pI-bm-bn-cp-p. Ipn-sbm-enp ]pg-Ifpw tXmSp-Ifpw
sNfn-m-S-fpw admTn ssk\yns kpK-a-amb kmcn\v hnLmXw krjvSn-p.
adm-Tn--e-h ]c-ipdmw Nn{X-
39
t\mh
ZpK-bn Xmh-fa
- S- nv IqSp-X
tk\bpsS BK-a-\hpw ag-me-ns Ka-\hpw {]Xo-n-ncp-p.
_plm-\p-o X{-\m-bn-cpp. Atlw admTn-IfpsS ]pXnb tk\-bp-ambn
Gp-ap-m \nmsX
at\men tZi-n-\p-ta B{IaWw Agn-p-hn-p. adm-Tn-I
ssakq-cns ]S-tbmw XS-bm
{ian-s-nepw kh{X ]cm-Pb-s-p. As\ at\menbnepw ZpKnbnepw ssakqcns sImSn-]m-dn. As\
Znh-k
- Iw IrjvW\
- Z- n-hsc-bp kh--e-fpw
ssakq-cn\v Iogn-em-bn. \Kp-bn-te-p Fm hgn-Ifpw
AS-bp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
Cu cmP-Iob hnP-b-n-\p
tijw _plm-\p-o hopw
XtKm--bn-tev Xncn-p.
shn--dmhp A]w ]nSnp
\ns-nepw adm-Tn-I ]nn-cnbm XpS-n-bt- XmsS Xs
hocyw sIp-t]m-bn. Abm
]cm-P-b-sp Fv Dd-m-btm Abm-fpsS klm-bn-Isfbpw kn-m-scbpw ]npSp ]nSn-p. Znh-k-Iw
ITq, Jm]q, tKmkvtImv
XpS-nb kh {]hn-iy-Ifpw
Xs In hp.
GI-tZiw CtX Ime-L- n Snp-hns asmcp
bp-n ssakq knwl-

{_no-jns s\Iw ]nfn.
Ahsc hebw sNbvXv Igp-I
- m
Cc-Ip apn ]pXnb `mhlm-h
- {]Zin-n-p. {_nojns ssIn-ep-m-bn-cp awKem-]pcw tIm-p- apn \ne-bpd-n ssakq tk\-s-Xnsc
FhnsS \ns-nepw klmbw
e`n-p- sav Ahv {]Xo-b
- n-cp-p. kpYms hnp-ho-gvNb
- nm ]oc-nbpsS hjw tIm-aXn-ep-Isf Xfm XpS-n
ssk\n-I--e-h sslZ
Aen t_Kv, IqKnse \mb
kaq-l-ns AXn-{Iaw ASn-an-sm-n-cp-p. Cu
DZyaw F{X-am{Xw {][m-\a
- m-bncptm A{Xbpw ZpjvI-c-hp-ambn-cp-p. Imc-Ww, A[-hjhpw ag-hjn-p ]na
L Kncn-\n-cI
- n-Sb
- n-em-bncpp IqKvv. Chn-Ss Xmgvhc-I Acp-hn-Ifpw ]pg-Ifpw
tXmSp-Ifpw sImv kar-a
- m-bncp-p. ]h-X--fm-hs XfpsS aSn--n N-\w, apf-Iv,
tXv XpS-nb hr
kpw knwlw, ]pen,
Imm\ t]mep ssPh
sshhn[yhpw ]menp t]mp.
\n_nU h\-n-\n-S-bnepw
Nne-bn-S
- f
- n s\]m-S
- fpw
ê-hr-
- fpw Dm-bn-cp-p.
IqKnse P\X A]-cnjvIr-Xc
- m-bn-cp-p. ]pcp-j
- m-sctmse kv{XoIfpw A[ \cm-bmWv \S-X
- v. Ab{]-tZ-ip-Im t]mepw IqKn-tep
t]mIm ss[cy-s-n-.
ZpLS ae-m-Xb
- n-eq-sSbpw
tLmc h\-n-eq-sS-bp-ap
bm{X {ia-I-c-am-bn-cp-p. ]pdw
temI-n-\v Chn-S
- p-Im-sc-pdnv Aev]w am{Xta hnh-c-apm-bn-cp-p-q. Ah-cpsS
\X, `wKn, kh kzX-{X,
{IqcX XpS-n-bh
- s
- b-p-dnp hnh-c- Im^v aesbp-dn-p A]-kI
IY-I-fn \npw hyXy-kvX-ambn-cp-n-.
IqKn ssakq ssk\yn\v A] kz]w hnPbw
Inn-sb-nepw ]ns-bXv Iem]-Im-cn-I-\p-Iq-ea
- m-bn.
\mb]S X-fpsS Hfn-m-hf
- -fn \nv s]mSp-s\ ]pdn-dn ssakq ]-Wn--SbpsS heXp ]hpw CS-Xp-]hpw ]n-Wnbpw B{I-anv
HmSn ad-p. \n_nU h\-ntev Dh-en-bp ]Ssb
]np-S-cpI {]bm-k-am-bn-cp-p.
sslZ-cen t_Kv ]nam-dm
Xs Xocp-am-\n-p.
Cu Zpn-Xn-bn
kpYm t\p-t\
t]m-f
- n-en-d
- m Xocp-am\n-p. kpYm-t\mSv Ah
Ctm-Snv s]mcp-Xn-sb-nepw
\mb]S tXmtm-Sn. taJe
apgp-h ]nSn-s-Spv
ssk\p B_n-Zo alvZhnsb {]hniy KhW-dm-n.
Cu kw`h hnIm-k-
\m\m^ \ho-kns\ sNmSn-np. adm-Tn-I-fp-sSbpw {_no-jnsbpw ss\km-an-sbpw Hcp
kwbp tk\p am{Xsa
kpYms\ An-c-s-Spm Ignbq Fv Abm
IWp Iqn. ^\-hokv
Bfpw Ahpw kwL-Sn-nm XpS-n. As\
IrjvWm \Zo-XSw Ah-cpsS
kwKa `qan-bmbn amdn.
XpSv hmbn-pI...
40
Ckvem-anI IpSpw_w
kmaq-llnInIamam-
fpw
fpw
kmaqapkveenwnwIpSpwIpSpw-_
_hpw
hpw
apkv
Ckvem-anI IpSpw_w
ss^k lpZhn
Ign e-ns XpS
kv{XoI-sfbpw ]pcpj-m-scbpw
CW-If
- mnbXv ]c-kv]cw kam[m\hpw imnbpw sImm
thn-bm-sWv Ckvemw hn`m-h\w
sNp-p. imnbpw kam-[m-\h
- pap CSw FmWv aXnse
hoSns k]hpw. kmaq-lnImhbpsS aqe- kwhn-[m-\a
- mWv
IpSpw-_s
- a-X
- n-\m kp`-{Z-amb
IpSpw_ \nanXnv Du
\Ip-XmWv Ckvem-anse _w
kn. hyn, IpSpw_w,

kaqlw
hyn-I tI{o-I-cnmWv Ckvem-anI kmaq-lnI

kwhn-[m-\
- \ne-sIm-p-Xv. AXn-\m, Hmtcm hynsbbpw Xs kmaq-lnI hyhlm-c
- f
- n/ssZ\w-Zn\ PohnX
hrn-If
- n D-ch
- m-Zn- t_m-[a
- p-h
- \
- m-pI F-Xn\mWv Ckvemw Du \Ip-Xv. Xs Hmtcm-{]-hr-nsb
Ipdn-pw, kmnI {Ib-hn{I-b-sf Ipdnpw, ka-b-sp-dn-p-sams -tNmZyw sNs-Sp--h-\m-Ipp a\p-jy,
Hmtcm hynpw ap Nne-hyn-I-fpsS ta Nne _m[y-XIfpw D-ch
- m-Zn-
- f
- papspw Ahsb Ipdnp
Ah hnNm-c-W-sN--Spw,
XpS-nb A
- [ym-]\
-
- fn-eqsS
hyn _--fnepw kmaqlnI CS-]m-Sp-I-fnepw hfsc
IWn-iX ]pem Ckvemw
\njvIin-p-p-v.
hynI Xn-ep
_-f
- n bmsXmcp Xc-nep D\oN-Xz-fpw
Ckvemw A\p-h-Zn-p-n-.
GsX-nepw Xc-n-ep
hyXym-k
- km[y-am-hp-san AXv ssZh-hp-am-bp
_-ns t]cn-em-Wv, AYhm, Ghpw IqSp-X `b-`-nbp-b
- mv/Ckvem-anI hn`mh-\-Isf ]men-p--Xn
apn \np--h\v kaq-ln m\w I]n--s-Spp-. hyn-I Xn-ep
_-f
- psS XcwXncn-hn
Ckvemw ImWp- asmcp
{][m\ ]cn-K-W\ kv{Xo-]p-cpj enwK t`Z-am-Wv. AYhm
kv{Xosbbpw ]pcp-js
- \bpw
kw_-nv ka-Im-enI ]mmXy kmaq-lnI ho-W-fn hfsc hyXy-kvXhpw
hy-hp-amb ImgvN
- m-SmWv
Ckvemw aptmp shp--Xv.
B[p-\nIX bpsS t]cn
Ckvemw Ghpw IqSp-X
hnain--s-Sp hnj-b-sa
\nepw ka-Im-enI
apkvenwIp-Spw_ hyh-sb
41
Ckvem-anI IpSpw_w
Imcy-ambn _m[n-p-sImn
sIm-n-cn-p- hnj-bs
- a
\nepw Ckvem-anse kv{Xo]p-cpj _-ns
bmYmYy hni-Zo-Ic
- n-s-tS-X
- p-v.
Cnj-bIambn BZyta
DWm-\p kwK-Xn, B[p\nI ]mm-Xy Nn-I
aptmp shp kaXz
k]-f
- n \n
Ckvemw ]pcp-j-s\bpw
kv{Xosbbpw
t\mnmWpXv F
hkvXp-Xb
- m-Wv. sse^v
]mSvW F ]mmXy
k]-n\p ]Icw kuPv
(CW) F k]amWv
Ckvemw hn`m-h\w sNp--Xv.
kv{Xosbbpw ]pcpjs\bpw
Amlp krjvSnXv CW-If
- mbn-mWv F JpB (36-:36;
78:8) {]kvXm-h-n \nv
Cmcyw t_m[y-am-hpw. AYhm, Ckvem-anI ZrjvSym,
kv{Xobp-sSbpw ]pcp-js
- bpw
kmaq-lnI `mK-tZbw ]mc-kv]cy-n-sXm-Wv, am-cy-n-tX-. Ckvem-ans ASn-kvYm\
A\p-jvTm\ Imcy- \nhln-p--Xntem kzw {]hrn-If
- psS D-ch
- m-Zn-Xz-fntem kv{Xobpw ]pcp-j\pw
Xn bmsXmcp hyXym-k-hpan-(A--A-lvkm_v 35;
Alv: 97 An-km-Av: 124).
Fm ùXnI ]cn-K-W-\-Ifm, AY-hm, ssPhn-I-hpw
a\x-im-kv{X]-c-hpamb ]ucp-jnsbpw kvss{XW-Xb
- psSbpw apgp-h in-Ifpw D]tbm-Ks
- -Sp-s
- -Sm-hp coXnbnembncn-Ww kmaq-lnI
D-ch
- m-Zn-
- hn`-Pn-s
- tS-s
- Xpw Ckvemw A\p-imkn-p-p. ]pcp-j IpSpw-_ns kpc-n-X-Xzhpw kmnImhiy-fpw \nd-th-ptm kv{Xo IpSpw-_ns
A`y-c-Im-cyfpw Ipn-IfpsS kwc--Whpw ]cn-]m-e\hpw \S-t-h
- f
- m-Wv.
ChnsS ]pcp-js D-c-hm-Zn- kv{XoI-fp-tS-Xn-t\m DbtXm As-n
kv{XoI-fpsS kmaq-lnI _m[yX-I ]pcp-j-m-cp-tS-Xn-t\m Xcw XmgvtXm Bbn
ImWm Ckvemw A\p-h-Zn-p-
42
Z-n-tW-jy cmPy-f
- n \npw
hn`n-a
- mbn ico-Ansbpw YcoJXnsbpw kp-en-XnXn-bm-bncpp tIcfn. Ia-imkv{X
]WvUn-X- Xs- kq^n-k-n
sbpw {]Nm-cI
- cmb-Xn-\m, aX
\nb-a
- sXn-cmb coXnbnsemcp kq^n-kw tIc-f
- n
hfp hn-. Fm ]e
{]mtZ-inI kmwkvIm-cnI {]I-S\
- sfbpw Ckvem-an-Ia
- mbn ]p\-cmhn-jvIc
- n-m-\p-am-bn.
n-. adnv Hv asm-ns

]cn-]qo-Ic
- W
- a
- m-hp-p.
]pcp-j-m hln-p
kmaqlnI m\-fpw
\nln-p D-c-hm-Zn-fpw kv{XoIfpw Gs-Sp-W
- sa hmZw, apkvenw ]p
\np t\mp-tm, cv Xcn hne-bn-cp-m-\m-hpw.
Hv, kv{XoIfpsS kl-Pa
- mb
kz`m-h-Kp-W- ]pcp-j-t-Xnt\-m XmgvX
- m-Wv. cv,
kpw A[nIm-chpw kmaqlnI hyn-Po-hn-X-ns ]ca-amb ey-f
- mbn ImWp
apX-em-fn hyh--bn
kmaq-lnI `{Z-X-b {][m-\w;
adn-v, hynbpsS
kzmYXmXv]cy-f
- m-Wv. Ch
cpw Cm-anI hn`m-h-\Iv FXn-cm-Wv. kam[m\]qWhpw kulmZ-]-chp-amb kmaq-lnI \ne\n]n\mWv sshb-n-Ia
- mb
XmXv]c
- y-t- f-m apK-W\
\I-s-tS-s
- Xpw
kpw A[n-Im-chpw kmaqlnI D-ch
- m-Znfm-sWp-amWv Ckvemw ]Tn-n-p-Xv.
am{X-hp-a
- , kv{XoI-sfbpw
]pcpj-m-scbpw CW-If
- mbn
krjvSn-Xv ]c-kv]cw kam[m\hpw imnbpw sImm
thn-Iq-Sn-bm-sWv Ckvemw
hn`m-h\w sNp-p (hJ-eI
anIpw Akvhm-P enXkvIp\p Ce-bvlm) (A-dpw;
21; A--A-Avdm^v: 189).
imnbpw kam-[m-\-hp-ap
CSw (akvI) FmWv
Ckvem-anse hoSns
k]hpw; `mcybpw
`mhpw \nb-{n-p
DXv]m-Z\ kwc-`-a-, adn-v,
a\p-jy-Ip-e-ns \ne-\n]n\m-hi
- y-amb {]Xyp-Xv]m-Z\
hyh-b
- m-Wv. {]Xyp-Xv]m-Z\
- amWv kaq-ls \ne-\np-sX-n-\m {]kvXpX
{]{Inb ]qW-ambpw kwkvI-cnsXpw hyh-m-]n-X-hp-ambn-cn-W
- s
- av Ckvem-an\v
\njvIi-bp-v. AY-hm,
kmaq-ln-ImhbpsS Ghpw
ASn-m-\]
- c
- a
- mb kwhn-[m-\amWv IpSpw-_s
- a-X
- n-\m
kp`-{Z-amb IpSpw_ \nan-Xnv
Du \Ip-- coXn-bn-emWv
kv{Xo-]p-cpj _-
Ckvemw \nb-{nn-cn-p--Xv.
hkv{X-[m-cWnem-bmepw ap
kmaq-lnI CS-s]-Se
- p-If
- n-embmepw Ccw \nb-{-W
-
Poh-im-kv{X-]c
- hpw (biological)
a\x-im-kv{X-]-c-hp-amb (psychological) ]cn-K-W-\IshmWv sN-s-n-cn-p-sXv a\-n-em-m-\m-hpw.
Npcp-
- n, kv{Xosbbpw
]pcpjs\bpw aX-_m-[y-X-Ifn Xpey-cmbn Ipw kmaqlnI _m[y-X-I-fn hyXy-kvXcmbn Ip-sIm-p-ap
sXmgn hn`-P-\-ns
cq]hpw IqSn-bmWv IpSpw-_sapw IpSpw-_-ns Ghpw
{][m-\a
- mb D-ch
- m-Znw
km-\]
- c
- n-]m-e\
- a
- m-sWpw
hcp-p. AY-hm, [man-IXbpw am\-hnI aqey-fpw
hcpw Xe-ap-d-bn hfm-\pX-Ip kmaq-lnI ]cn-kvYnXn
(social environment)
\IpXm-bn-cn-Ww IpSpw_-samWv Cm-ans ImgvNm-Sv. asmcpXc-n ]dm, kv{Xobpw ]pcp-j\pw
kmaq-lnI ]Z-hn-Ipw
km-nI tapw ]ckv]cw a-cn-p-I-bpw,
ssewKnI kzmX-{yhpw \nbam-\p-kr-X-a-m km-\fpw kaq-l-ns ASn-kvYm\-am-hp-Ibpw kv{Xobpw ]pcpj\pw Xn-ep _w,
Imaw, hnIm-cw, Dt{]-c-W,
XpS-n-bhn[njvTn-Xa
- mbn
a\-n-em--s-Sp-Ibpw,
kv{XobpsS tdm irwKm-ch
- pw,
ssewKn-Ihio-Ic
- W
- hpambn
Nqj-Ww-sN-p-s-Sp-Ibpw kmaq-
Ckvem-anI IpSpw_w
lnI k-v hgn
dnk-]vjW
- nv, Fbtlmkvv XpS-nb sXmgn-ep-IfmWv km-\-]-cn-]m-e-\tfm D-Xs
- av sXp-[cn-p-Ibpw, ùXn-I-amb DXv]mZ\amWv am\-h-cm-in-v [man-Iamb ]cnioe\w \Ip--Xnt\-m {][m-\-sapw a\-nem--s-Sp kmap-lnI am Ckvem-anI ZrjvSym hn\mi-I-chpw ]cm-MvapJhpamb/
]ptcm-Ka
- \
- ]
- c
- a
-
- m-X
- p-am-Wv.
Un. tIcf apkvenw-I
apI-fn hnh-cn CkvemanI kmaq-lnI {Ia tIc-fapkvenwI Fs\-bmWv
Gs-Sp-s
- X-pw, Ah-bn
Fmw am-fmWv kw`-hnp-sIm-n-cn-p-s
- Xpw ]cntim-[n-mw.
1. Ckvemw ssZ\w-Zn\ Pohn-Xn
tIcfapkvenwIfpsS kmaqlnI Pohn-Xs Ipdnv
]T\w \S-n-bn-p-ff ]WvUn-Xm A[n-Ihpw ASn-h-c-bn-Sp
Hcp hkvXp-X-bm-Wv, Ah-cpsS
aXm-`n-ap-Jyw. DZm-l-c-W--n\v,
1970 I apX amnf apkvenwIsf Ipdnp e`y-amb Fm
t{kmX-p-Ifpw shv hfsc
Bg-n ]T\w \S-nb
tdmf v an ]d-bp-Xv {inpI. aX-]-c-amb ka-Wns Xo{h-Xb
- mWv amnf
apkvenw-I-fpsS Ghpw henb
{]tXy-IX
- . Fm
CkvemanI-amb Cu kaWw
bq-tdm-]y A[n-\n-thiw hsc
Hcn-epw AXncp hnp IS-nn-. P\\w apX acWw hsc
Hmtcm PohnX L-fpw
Ckvem-anIambn {Iao-Ic
- n-s
- n-cn-p-p. AY-hm, Ckvemans\ hnizm-km-Nm-cfpsS
Hcp kmI-ey-am-bn-m-bn-cp-n-,
adnv Hcp Pohn-XcoXnbm-bmWv
tIcf apkvenwI Gs-Sp-ncp--Xv. hyn, IpSpw-_w,
kaqlw XqS-n-bh
- s
- b-Ip-dnp Ckvem-anI hn`m-h-\Ifpw a\p-jy, {]Ir-Xn,
ssZhw XpS-n-b-hsb Ipdnp {]m]-nI ho-Wfpw e`y-amb tXmXn kzoIcn-p-Ibpw Ah- Po-hn-X-n-
eqsS {]Im-in-n-p-Ibpw
sNbvXn-cp-pshv Ncn-{X-Im-cmcpw kmaq-ly-im-kv{X-cpw
hy-am-n-bn-pv.
2. Ckvem-an-Im-hn-jvIm-c
-
tIc-fa
- pkvenwIfp-sS kmaqlnI Pohn-X-ns asmcp- -khn-ti-jXbmbn Kth-jI
-
ImWp-Xv Ah-cpsS kmwkvImcn-Im-hn-jI
v m-c
- f
- mWv.
tIm-fn, H-\, Ad_-\,
Z^vap-v, ss_Xv ]mv, If-cnbv XqS-nb Iem-cq-]--fpw,
ame-m-v, Jn-m-v, ]S-m-v,
Ip-]mv XpS-nb kwKoX
ssien-I-fn-ep-sSbpw amnf
apkvenw-I Ah-cpsS kmaqlnI PohnXns Hmtcm
k`-fpw Iem-]-c-ambn
BhnjvIcn-p-sIm-n-cp-p.
{]mtZ-inI Iem-cq-]
- f
- n
Ckvem-anI aqey- kn-thin-n-mWv Ccw Bhn-jvImc \S-s
- -n-cp-X
- v.
3. kq^n-k-n-sbpw Ia-imkv{X-n-sbpw ]v
]e- Z-n-tW-jy cmPy-fn \npw hn`n--ambn icoAnsbpw Yco-JXnsbpw
kp-en-X-amb Ah--bm-bncpp tIcf Ckvem-an-t-Xv.
ChnsS Ia-imkv{X ]WvUn-Xm Xs-bm-bn-cpp kq^n-kn-sbpw {]Nm-c-I F-Xn\m, Ia-imkv{X \nb-a-sf
adn-I-S-p coXn-bn-semcp
kq^n-kw tIc-f
- n
hfphn-. Fm kqôNn-I
- f
- m {]tNm-Zn-Xa
- mbn
]e {]mtZ-inI kmwkvIm-cnI
{]I-S\
-
- sf Ckvem-an-Ia
- mbn
]p\x-cm-hn-jvI-cn-m-\p-am-bn.
ame aueq-Zp-I-fpw Huenbmfpw i
- p-lZmfp-w amnf
apkvenwIfpsS Pohn-X
- ns
`mK-am-hp-Xpw tIc-f
- n
Ckvem-anI {]t_m-[\
{]h-\- \S-nb
kq^n-hc
- y-m-cp-sSbpw ]WvUnX-al
-
- p-If
- p-sSbpw {]Xy-IX
- sIm-p-Iq-Sn-bm-W.v
4. aX-t\-XrXzhpw kmaq-lnI
LS-\bpw
apI-fn ]d coXn-bn
tIc-f-nse apkvenw kaqlw
hf-Xn\p ]nn Ah-cpsS
{]tXyI kmaq-lnI LS-\pw
Hcp \ kzm[o-\-ap-v. D-tcy apkvenw-I-fn \nv
hyXy-kvX-ambn apkvenw `c-WIqSn\p Iogn Ign--h-c
Chn-sS-bp amnf apkvenwI. (Ip-cnse Ad-
cmPm-
- m apkvenw-If
- m-bn-cpp-sh-nepw apkvenw `c-W-coXn-I-fm-bn-cp-n Ah kzoI-cn-cn-Xv, am{X-hp-a-, Ah-cpsS
kzm[o\w hfsc ]cn-an-X-hp-ambn-cpp) Fm Aapkvenw
`c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Ip Iogn,
CXc kaq-Zm-bmw-K
- f
- p-ambn
kulmZ-]c
- a
- mbn \ne-sImp
Xs, Ckvem-an-I-ambn kmaq-
43
Ckvem-anI IpSpw_w
lnI kwm-]\w km[y-amm-\mbn F-XmWv tIcfapkvenw-Isf hyXy-kvXa
- mp atmcp {]tXy-I-X.
]n-I tI{o-I-cnv A\utZym-Kn-Ihpw A[-c
- m-jv{Sob
kwhn-[m\n-ep-X
- p-amb
alp hyh-k-Y-bn-eq-sS-bmWv
CXv km[y-am-n-bn-cp-X
- v.
JmZnCamw/JYo-_v Imc-Whalp\nhm-kn-I F
LS\ ChnsS krjvSn kmaqlnI ]cn-n-Xn-bpw AXn
kn-Zp-ampw kqôal-ppw aX-]-n-Xpapm-bn-cp m\hpw
kzm[o-\-hp-am-bn-cpp tIcfapkvenw-In-Sb
- n
Ckvemans\ hyn-Po-hn-Xnepw s]mXp-Po-hn-X-nepw
Poh-p--Xmn \ne-\nn-bncp-sXpw a\-n-em-m
km[n-pw.
]pcp-j
- mcpsS D-ch
- m-Zn-
-
kvXoIfpw Gs-Sp-W
- s
- a hmZw
apkvenw ]p \nv cv Xcn hne-bn-cp-m-\m-hpw. Hv,
kv{XoIfpsS kl-Pa
- mb kz`m-hK
- pW- ]pcp-jt- -Xn-t\-m
XmgvX
- m-Wv. cv, kpw
A[nIm-chpw ]c-aa
- mb ey-fmbn ImWp aqX-em-fn hyh-bn kmaq-lnI `{Z-Xt- bm
hynbpsS kzmYXmXv]cy-mWv {]m[m-\yw.
5. kmaq-ln-I-am--
Fm ta ]d-- amXrI-tbmSv ka-Im-enI apkvenw
kmaq-lnI Npp-]m-Sp-Iv
F{X-Iv XmXmyw {]m]nm-\mhpw? \psS Npp-]m-SpIfnse \mw A\p-`-hn-p
kmaq-ln-Im-h
- I
- fpw hmmam-[y--fn hcp apkvenw
{]Xn-\n-[m-\-fpw FSpv
apI-fn hnh-cn tIcf
44
apkvenw amXr-Ib
- p-ambn
Xpe\w sNp-tm t_m[yamhpw tIcf apkvenwI F{X
Iv amdn-bn-cn-p-p-sh-v.
hni-Zo-Ic
- W
-
- f
- n-tep ISmsX, {]kvXpX am-sf
Cs\ kw{K-ln-m-\m-hpw.
1. hyn-PohnXnepw
s]mXp Pohn-X-nepw CkvemanI aqey-t_m-[- AXnthKw A{]-Xy-a
- m-bn-sIm-ncn-p-p. kmwkvIm-cnI PoWX-Is-Xnsc i-am-sbmcp
s]mXp-t_m[w A[n-I`
- m-K
- fnepw Cp \ne-\np-n-.
kv{Xo-]p-cpj _--fnepw
thj-hn-[m-\fnepw {]I-S-ambn-sIm-n-cn-p am-fpw
aZyw ab-p-a-cpp Fn-hbpsS h[np-sIm-n-cn-p
D]t`mKhpw Cmcyw hy-amp-p.
2. Ckvem-anI -Nn-pw aX-t\-Xr-Xzn\pw
kaq-l-n m\hpw
kzm[o-\hpw \jvSs
- -p-sIm-ncn-p-p. ê-n Bpw
BtcmSpw Hcp D-c-hm-Zntam hnt[-b-Xztam C
F hn[-n Pohn-s-Ipdnpw aX-s-Ip-dnpw Hcp
hnime ImgvmSv hfp-h-cnIbpw sNbvXn-cn-p-p.
3. k-v, A[n-Imcw XpSn-b ùXnI ]cn-K-W-\-I
kmaq-lnI ]Z-hn-I-fpsS am\-ZWvU
- f
- m-hp-Ibpw Ah
BPn-p-Is
- b-Xv Pohn-Xns ]c-a-e-y-sa coXnbn PohnXw {Iao-I-cn--spsImn-cnp-Ibpw sNp-p.
ê-n, kv{Xobp-sSbpw
]pcq-j-sbpw kmaq-lnI aX
[a- hsc ]p\-cm-tem-N-\Ipw ]p\x-{I-ao-I-c-Wpw hnt[-b-am-spsIm-n-cn-p-Ibpw hfsc B]XvI-camw hn[w D]-t`m-K-kwkvImcw Fm-Xe
-
- s
- fbpw
_m[n-p-sIm-n-cn-p-Ibpw
sNp-p.
4. ùXn-I-]p-tcm-K-Xn-bpsS
ê-ambn km-Z\n\p
amK- h[n-p-Ibpw
imco-cnIaX ssIh
Bpw A\m-bm-kw ]Ww
km-Zn-m-\m-hp-Ibpw sNbvXtXmsS, km-nIamb ]ckv]-cm-{i-bw Npcp-n-h-cnIbpw IpSpw-_--fn av
hyn kzmX{yw h[n-pIbpw sNbvXn-cn-p-p. AXmb-Xv, cn-Xm--v asf
A[o-\X
- b
- n \nm-\m-hp-n.
5. Ckvem-an-I-ambn
apkvenw kmaq-lnI PohnXw
Bhn-jvI-cn-sSp-Xv \nep-Ibpw ]Icw B`m-k-Ichpw hmWn-Py-Xm-Xv]cym[njvTnX-hp-amb \nc-h[n Iem-cq-] Xm-\v CSw ]nSnp-Ibpw sNbvXncnpp.
Un.3. Imc-W
-
Ccw am-f
- psS kmaqln-Ihpw Ncn-{X-]-chp-amb
]m-X-e- ]cn-tim-[n--stS-Xv Bh-iy-am-b {]Xn-hn-[nI Is-m\pw Bhp
{]Xn-tcm-[
- Xom\pw
AXym-hi
- y-am-sWv ]d-tb-Xn. Ah-bn Ghpw {][m\-s- LS-I- Xmsg ]dbpw-{]-Imcw kw{K-ln-m-\mhpw.
1. A[n-\n-th-ihpw aX]cn-jvIc-Wh
- m-Z
- fpw
\qm-p-I \o ]mmXy A[n-\n-th-im-\p-`-h-
amnf apkvenw-I-fpsS kmaqlnI Pohn-Xs Ipd-sm-pa kzm[o-\n--Xv. Ah
cmjv{So-ba
- mbn ASn-sm-Xp-s-Sp-Ibpw km-n-Ia
- mbn
XfsSpIbpw _un-Iambn \njv{In-bc
- m-sSpIbpapm-bn. -C-kvem-anIkwkvImc-sbpw AXns
Bhn-jvIm-c
- s
- fbpw Cm-Xm-
Ckvem-anI IpSpw_w
m \S t_m[-]qhhpw
Bkq-{Xn-Xh
- p-amb {ia-sf
{]Xn-tcm-[n-p-X
- n Dbp
h cv {]Xn-I-c-Wfmbncpp ]mc-c
- ym-[njvTnX \thm-m\ {iafpw
B[p-\n-I ]ptcm-K-a-\mib-fm {]tNm-Zn-Xa
- mb aX-]c
- njvI-cW {ia--fpw. AY-hm,
Hcp -`m-Kv Ckvem-anI kmaqlnI m]-\-sfbpw ]mccyaqey-s
- fbpw kpc-n-Xambn \ne-\nm\ {iafpmb-tm, B[p-\n-IX
- bpsS XpS--ambn hnti-jn-n-s-Sp a[y-Im-eb
- q-tdm-n
{IkvXym-\n-k
- n-\I
- v cq]s aX-]-cn-jvIcW ssienIfpw hlvlm-_n-kw, Alvse
lZo-kv, ke-^nkw XpS-n
apkvenw-IIv cq]-s
aX-\h
- o-Ic
- W-mi-b
- fpw kzoIcn-v Ckvem-ans\ ]p\\nhNn-m\pw ]p\x-{I-ao-I-cn-m-\pamWv asmcp `mKv {ia--fpm-bX
- .v
Ckvem-ans\ ]p\ \nhNn-phm-\p {ia- tIc-fap-kvenw-Isf aX-]-c-ambpw
_un-I-ambpw hfsc Bgn _m[n-p-I-bp-m-bn. kzIm-cyhpw kmaq-lnIhpambn
PohnX-n Ckvem-ans\
kPo-h-amn \ne-\nn-bncp ]e kmwkvIm-cn-Im-hnjvIm-c
- s
- fbpw Xn-d
- pw
\qm-p-If
- mbn ssIam-dn-t]mn-cp Ckvem-anI m\-tiJ-c-sf Xnc-kvI-cnpw \S-s Ccw {ia- kaq-ln {]tXyI Xc-n-ep
hyn-am-lmyhmZhpw
(individualism) bpIvXnhmZhpw
(rationalism) hfm CS-bm-
aX-]c
- a
- mb ka-W
- ns Xo{hX-bmWv amnf apkvenw-If
- psS
{]tXy-IX. CkvemanI-amb Cu
kaWw bq-tdm-]y A[n-\nthiw hsc AXncp hnp IS-n-n-.
acWw hscbp PohnX L-sfmw Ckvem-anIambn {Iao-Ic
- n-s-n-cn-p-p. Ckvem-ans\
hnizm-km-Nm-cfpsS Hcp kmI-eyam-bn-, Hcp Pohn-XcoXnbm-bmWv
Ch Gs-Sp-n-cp-X
- v.
n. apkvenw hoSp-I-fnepw ap
s]mXp-aW
- vUe
-
- f
- nepw
B[ymnImco-w Dmp-Ibpw IpSpw-_kmaqlnI_sf kulmZ-]chpw kpZr-V-hp-amn \ne\npIbpw sNbvXn-cp
ame--au-eq-Zp-Ifpw t\
dmo_p-Ifpw kaq-l
- n
\nv A{]-Xy--am-hm XpSn-bXv A-s\-bm-Wv.
Ckvem-anI hnizm-km-\pjvTm-\- Imcy-fn kwi-b P\n-n--s-Sp-Ibpw
Ckvem-anI hyh--I-fnse
B[n-Im-cn-IX
- s
- bbpw {]mam-WnI-X-sbbpw kw_-np sXp[m-cW
- I
- krjvSn-s
- -Sm
CS-bm-p-Ib
- p-m-bn. AXpt]mse -Ckvem-ans\ AXns
X\n-a-tbmsS \ne-\nn-bncp ]WvUn-X-scbpw kq^n-al-p-Is
- fbpw ]utcm-lnXyhpw bmYm-nXn-IX
- zhpw
Btcm-]nv Ahsc -CI-gvphm\mbn \S-nb {ia-
kaq-l
- n Ahp-m-bncp m\hpw kzm[o-\hpw
Ipd-p-hm Imc-Wa
- m-bn-p-v.
2. kmaq-lnI kwhn-[m-\-fpsS in-bw
IpSpw-_w, Ab]-w,
al-v, XpS-nb kmaq-lnI
kwhn-[m-\-v app-m-bncp ZrV-Xtbm Imcy-a
- Xtbm Cn-. CXn\p
{][m\ ImcWw, apv hy-
am-nb {]Imcw, Ckvem-anse

kmaq-lnI LS-\-bpsS ASnd B[ym-n-I-aq-eypta FSp-s
- -Sp-Xn\p ]Icw ùXn-I-amb
]cnKW\-If
- m kwhn-[m-\n-s-Sp-X
- m-Wv. IpSpw-_
- n
Ckvem-an-Im-c
- ow
]pem-\m-hm-Xp t]mse
alpI \nb-{n-p--Xv
hyn Pohn-Xnepw kaq-lPo-hn-X
- nepw ]qW-ambn
Ckvem-an-Im-[ym-]\
-
- ]menph-cm-sWv Ddphcpm \ap-m-hpn. AXn\m-em-Wv, kmwkvIm-cnI PoWX-Is-Xnsc i-am-sbmcp
s]mXp-t_m[w A[n-I`
- m-K
- fnepw Cp \ne-\np ImWmXv.
3. hmm-am-[y-a--fpw hnhc
kmt-XnI hnZy-Ifpw
hmm-am-[y-a
- Cv
hyn-I-fp-sSbpw kaq-lnsbpw Fm Xe--fnepw
i-amb kzm[o\w krjvSnpsImncn-p-IbmWv.
Adnpw Adn-bmsXbpw a\pjys A`n-cp-Nn-I \nb-{np Ah-kvY-bn-tev Ah
hfn-cn-p-p. hfsc KpW-]c-amb am- kaq-l-n
Dm-m Ignbp Ccw
am[y-a--fn \smcp iX-am\hpw \ne-\np-Xv a\jys teme hnIm-c-sf apXse-Sp-m-Wv. AXn-\m, am\p-
45
Ckvem-anI IpSpw_w
jn-Ia
- q-ey-fpw [manItNmZ-\Ifpw hfp--Xn\p ]Icw
arKo-bX
- r-jvWI
- sf t]mjn-nm\pw A[-ah
- n-Im-csf
DWm-\p-amWv Cv Ghpw
IqSp-Xe
- mbn D]-tbm-Kn-s
- -Sp-X.v
4. K^vIp-Sn-tb-w
cp hjw app IW-\p-k-cnv tIc-f-nse IpSntb--m-cn Ghpw ap]-nbn \np-Xv apkvenw-I-fmWv. AY-hm, samw IpSn-tb-m-cpsS 40 iX-am-\w. A[n-\nth-im-\-cw apkvenw kaq-ln\v Hcp ]cn-[n-hsc kmn-I-ambn \ne-sa--s-Sp-m\m-bXpw aX-kmw-kvIm-cnI
hnZym-`ymk {]h-\
- v
DuPw \Im\m-bXpw C-cn-ep IpSn-tb-wsImmsWv hfsc hy-amb
hkvXp-XbmWv. Fm,
apkvenw IpSpw-_m--co-n CXn-\p-mb ]miz-ê- \nc-h-[n-bm-Wv. AXn-tehpw FSp-p-]d
- t- b-X
- m-bn-p-Xv, cm-IXr-Xz-ns
_m[y-XI
- f
- p-ambn _-s-X
- mWv.
\qm-p-I \o ]mm-Xy
A[n-\n-th-im-\p-`h
-
- amnf
apkvenw-If
- psS kmaq-lnI PohnXs Ipd-sm-p-a kzm[o-\n-Xv. Ah cmjv{So-ba
- mbn ASn-smXp-s
- -Sp-Ibpw km-n-Iambn XfsSpIbpw _unI-ambn \njv{In-bc
- m-sSpIbpapm-bn. -
5. aXkwLS\I-fpsS hynh-XI
v c
- Ww
B[p-\nI {]h-W-X-I-tfmSp
Gsd-psd {InbmI-ambn
{]Xn-Ic
- n-m tIcfapkvenwIsf {]m]vXc
- m-n-sIm-n-cn-pXn aX-kw-LS- \
- I
- p
46
]v ]ecpw FSp-p-Im-Wn-p-Xm-Wv. Fm Ccw

kwL-S-\-I hsc Cp aX-aqey-sf Xnc-kvIc
- n-p-Itbm
]miz-hX
- vIc
- n-p-Itbm
sNp {]h\ ssien-IfmWv kzoI-cn-p-sIm-n-cn-p-sXv ]d-bm-sX-h. Bib
kwhm-Z
- f
- p-sSbpw apw
t]cn s]mXp-P\
- k
- a
- w
k`y-XI
- f
- psS bmsXmcp
AXnh-c
- p-Ifpw
]mensSmsX \S-p
tImem-le
-
- kaq-ls
F{X-am{Xw _m[n-n-cnppshv hfp-sIm-n-cnp bph-X-e-ap-d-bpsS kwLt_m-[hpw {]kvXpX kwc-`-tfm-Sp {]Xn-I-cWfpw ]cntim-[n-m a\-n-em-m-\mhpw. Ipd-s-nepw \ne\np kwL-t_m[hpw
BnI Nn-Ifpw NqjWw
sN-s-Sp-Ibpw hynXmX]cy-v thn Ah
D]-tbm-Kn-s
- -SpIbpw sNp-
Xnsbpw ZrjvSm-
-
ChnsS ]d-b-W-sap tXmpn-. Fm, aX-]-WvUnX
hn`m-Kt- mSp sam-nepw
Ah-cpsS aX-{]t_m[\
{]h-\
- t- fmSv {]Xy-Inpw
A`y--hn-Zy-cmb bph-X-e-ap-dbn kwi-b
- krjvSn-p-XmWv {]kvXpX {]h-WX
- I
- sfp ChnsS Nqn-m-Wn-s.
6. hnZym-`ym-k-ns t]mcmbvaI
-
km-cX
- b
- psS Imcy-n-embmepw hnZym-`ym-k
- ns
Imcy-n-em-bmepw Cy-bnse
CXc kwm-\-sf At]nv hfsc apn \np-hc
- mWv tIc-f
- nse
apkvenw-I. aX-hn-Zym-`ymk
cwKpw ùXnI hnZym-`ymk
cwKpw kz-amb hyh-Ifpw kwhn-[m-\--fp-ap-hv. {]mY-anI aX-hn-Zym`ymk kuI-cy-fnm
{]tZi- Is-pI {]bmk-am-Ipw. hAvZpw, Jp-B
]T-\
- m-kp-Ifpw hym]-Ia
- mbn
\S-p-sIm-n-cn-p-p.
Fm, tIc-f
- n app-mbn-cpp aX-t_m-[tam kmaqlnI]cn-n-Xntbm krjvSn-s-Spn. CXns {][m\
Imc-Ww, \psS hnZym-`ym-kns t^mI-kns {]iv\-amsWv F\np tXmp-p.
AY-hm, FmWv Ckvemw
Fp ]d-p- sIm-Sp-p
coXn-I-fmWv \ap-p--Xv. ]Icw, apv \ne-\n-n-cp
t]mse, Fs\ apkven-amhmw
Fp ImWn-p-sIm-Sp-p
kwhn-[m-\-ambn \psS aX-hnZym-`ymkcwKw amdn-ht- c-X
- pv. Cu AY-n, HutZymKn-I-amb hnZym-`ymk kwhn-[m\-t- f-mtfm AXn\p
Xpeytam kmaq-lnI ]cn-X-nXn-Ipw Du \IstS--Xp-v. AY-hm, kmaq-lnI
am-tfmSv {Inbm-I
- a
- mbn
{]Xn-tcm-[n-m-\m-hW
- s
- a-n,
a{Z-kI
- t- f-mtfm AXn\p
Xpeytam Bb ]v apkvenw
IpSpw-_-fpw ap kmaq-lnI
m]-\-fpw Gs-Spp \SWsaYw.
Ah-km-\np
Imkv
kn-hn khokv ]co-bn 226mw dmtmsS Xnf-am hnPbw t\Snb FS-h-md kztZ-inbpw Fkv.-sI.-Fkv.-F-kv.-F-^v. {S v B.]n
bpamb apl--Zen inlm-_n\v
ZmdplpZm-bn hn kzoIcWw \In. ZmdplpZm
hnZymn bqWn-b (Un.-Fkv.-bp) \S-nb kzoI-cW
tbmKw Zmdp lpZm
skdn Cn-yq-j
ta[mhn DkvXmZv bqkp^v
ss^kn taapdn DZvLm-S\w
sNbvXp. DkvXmZv sI.kn aplZv _mJhn, DkvXmZv Aen
auehn Ccn--q, tUm.
kpss_ lpZhn tN-I-\q
XpS-n-b-h kw_-n-p.
ZmdplpZm Ckvem-anIv
bq\n-th-gvknn sshkv
Nmkedpw Am-cmjv{S
apkvenw ]WvUnX k`mw-K-hpamb tUm. _lm-D-o apl-Zv
\Zvhn ]n-am-{^n- cmPyamb sk\-K-en- \S
cmPymc apkvenw ]WvUnX
kt-f\
-
- n ]s-Spv
Im-kn Xncn-s-n.
temIs Adp-]t- Xmfw
apkvenw cmjv{S--fpsS s]mXpth-Zn-bmb HmK-ss\-tk-j
Hm^v Ckvem-anIv tIm^dkns B`n-ap-Jy-n- \S-s- cmPym-c ]cn-]m-Snbn H. sF. kn sNbam
IqSn-bmb dn-nIv Hm^v sk\K {]kn-U v A_vZpm
hmZns W-a\
- p-kc
- n-mWv
tUm. \Zvhn ]s-SpXv.
Zmdp lpZm Ckvem-anIv
bq\n-th-gvknnbpsS B{
Hm^v Im-kmb alPpdimZv Ad-_nIv tImtf-Pn
aqmw A[y-b\ hj-n\v
XpS-a
- m-bn. ]mW-mSv knZv
laoZv Aen inlm_v X
mkv DLmS\w \n-ln-p.
]pXp-Xmbn \m-n-bv
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lnZm-b (Atkm-kn-tbv FUn- sXfnw amknI), Aen Akvew,
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CkvXw-_q ût-j t^m kbkv BUv I-dns Ww kzoIcnv Xpn-bn-tev ]pd-s--Xv.
Xpn Xe--\-amb CkvXw-_q-fn \S-p C\m-j-W bMv
Am-U-ao-jykv tIm^-dkn hnhn[ temI-cm-jv{S--fnse kh-Iem-im-e-I-fn \nmbn Htsd Kth-jW hnZymn-I ]s-Sp-p-p-v.
tIm^-dkns hnhn[ skj-\p-I-fn-embn aqhcpw {]_--- A-h-X-cnn-pw.
ZmdplpZm Nmk-e ]mW-mSv knZv sslZ-cen inlm_v X,
t{]m Nmk-e sNdp-tcn ssk\p-o apkven-bm, Aen-KUv apkvenw
bq\n-th-gvknn tImv sa knZv _io-den inlm_v X, knZv ap\-den inlm_v X Fn-h aqh-scbpw A`n-\-n-p.
47
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CDdh: thelitcham@gmail.com
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49
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tI{w m]n-m-\p B{Klw {]I-Sn-n-p--Xpw.
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ae-_m Ckvem-anIv tImwIvkns \ne-hnse {]kn-U v
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DkvXm-Zns ktlm-Zcn ]p{X-\pamb XzmJ AlvaZv A
Akvl-cn-bm-Wv. P\. sk{I-dn
kakvX ImktKmUv Pnm
sk{I--dnbpw kn.Fw DkvXmZns \ngt]mse {]hn
{]apJ ]n-X-\p-amb bp.Fw
A_vZpd-lvam
apkven-bm-cmWv.
Printed and Published by Dr.Bahauddeen Nadwi on behalf of U Muhammed Shafi, printed at Majlis offset printers,
Hidaya Nagar and published @ Chemmad, Kerala. Chief Editor: Dr.Bahauddeen Muhammed Nadwi

Imkv (XHPW Ckvemapw Nne K N KW'M-J-W-SSƑ CMWTZHV Awn-B-D-Bn Acm-Jv (Sob /msiw

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