CHAPTER 4 : MATTER AND SUBSTANCE

PROPERTIES OF MATTER
PROPERTY OF MATTER ARRANGEMET OF PARTICLE SOLID LIQUID GAS

KINETIC THEORY OF MATTER Matter is made up of very fine and discrete particles The particle of matter constantly move or vibrate The particle constantly collide against one another and the walls of the container Forces of attraction exist among the particles in matter. the forces of attraction becomes stronger when the particles are packed closely together. The higher the temperature,the higher the kinetic energy of the particles

Diffusion : movement of particles in matter from an area of _______concentration to an area of ______ concentration until both areas have the same concentration. The particles of liquid and gase move randomly and collide against one another.this movement is called B___________ movement. Temperature influences the kinetic energy content of matter. (higher Temperature,higher kinetic energy of the particles)
MOVEMENT OF PARTICLES FORCES OF ATTRACTION BETWEEN PARTICLES ENERGY CONTENT SHAPE VOLUME COMPRESSION

-particles are arranged closely,compactly and orderly in fixed positions -very little empty space between one particle and another Do not move freely,only vibrate at their fixed positions

-not nearly nor closely arranged -they are empty spaces among particles -most of the particles keep contact with one another Move slowly in a random manner

-not nearly arranged and are further apart from one another.

Move fast in a random manner and in all direction

fixed fixed

moderate Following shape of container fixed Very difficult to compress

Not fixed Not fixed

Properties of matter in solid,liquid and gaseous state. Science Form4 || Miss Erina

CHANGES IN THE STATE OF MATTER

-HEAT is the energy that determine the movement of particles in matter. -if the temperature of matter increases,particles will get higher kinetic energy to move faster -changes in the state of matter occur through the process of heating or cooling,( when energy is absorbed or released from the matter) -when heat is applied,state of matter will change from solid to liquid to gas. Melting boiling sublimation -when heat is released,state of matter will change from gas to liquid to solid Freezing condensation sublimation SUBLIMATION = occurs when the state of matter changes from solid to gas or vice versa without going through the liquid stage. -changes in the state of matter can be explained graphically

STAGE AB: (a) at A,the substance is in a_______ state (b) at AB,energy is absorbed by particles when heated. Temperature of the substances rises and kinetic energy __________ STAGE BC: (c) at B, substance still in solid state.the energy absorbed by the particles is sufficient to __________ the forces of attraction between particles. Solid begins to ______ (d) at BC, the substance is in a _________ state. Temperature does not rise even though heating continues. Heat enerfy supplies is used to overcome forces of attraction between particles.this results in the change of state from solid to liquid. The constant temperature is calles melting point STAGE CD: (e) at C,the substance is in _______ state (f) at CD, heating is continued.the temperature rises causing the particles to obtain more energy and move faster as their kinetic energy has _________ causing the temperature to rise. STAGE DE: (g) at D,substance is in a liquid state. Energy absorbed by the particles is sufficient to overcome the forces of attraction between particles. The particles move freely to form gas.

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(h) at DE,the substance is in a ______________ state. The heat energy supplied is used to overcome the forces of attraction between liquid particles to become gas. The constant temperature is called ___________ STAGE EF: (i) at E,substance is in ___________ state (j) at EF,the particle continue to absorb heat and move faster. Their temperature comtinue to rise. - if a substance is cooled,the changes in the state of matter can also be explained graphically.

STAGE QR: (c) at Q,the substance is still in a __________ state. The forces of attraction formed among the particls. The gas begins to condense to form _________ (d) at QR, the substance is in a gaseous-liquid state. The forces of attraction between particle that change gas to liquid causes the release of energy. The constant temperature is called boiling point. STAGE RS : (e) at R,the substance is in a ______ state (f) at RS, the temperature falls and the particles begins to release energy and move increasingly slower when cooled. STAGE ST : (g) at S,the liquid begins to _______ and the particles are arranged closely to each other and in an orderly arrangement. (h) at ST, the substance is in a _____________ state. The particles continue to release energy and are held together by strong forces of attraction between them. The temperature at this stage is constant and is called _______________

STAGE PQ: (a) at P,the substance is in a ________state and the particle is move freely. (b) at PQ,the particles loss ________ energy and temperature falls when cooled

STAGE TU : (i) at T,all liquid is in a ________ state. The particles are closely and uniformly arranged. (j)at TU,the temperature of the solid keeps going down when cooling is continued.

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STRUCTURE OF ATOM
1. all matter consists of tiny units called atoms. 2.atom is a basic unit of all matter 3. atoms cannot be seen with an ordinary microscope because they are too tiny 4.an atom consists of a nucleus in the centre surrounded by electrons.electrons move around the nucleus following a certain orbit. SUBATOMIC PARTICLES An atom is made up of particles that are even smaller called subatomic particles There are three type of subatomic particles which are: 1. __________ 2.____________ 3.____________ Ions are atoms or particles which have charge. Ions are produced when the _______________ (positive charge) and the ______________ (negative charge) are not balanced Positive ions = particles that are positively charged (produced when the number of protons is more than the number of electrons) Negative ions = particle that are negatively charged. (produced when the number of electrons is more than the number of protons.)

- protons and neutrons form the nucleus in the centre of an atom - Electrons move around the nucleus at high speed -the mass of an atom is concentrated in its nucleus. -atoms of any element are neutral because the number of protons and the number of electrons in an atom are the same - in a neutral atom, the total positive charges in the nucleus are the same as the total negative charges from the electrons which orbit around the nucleus. Number of protons = number of electrons OR Number or positive charges = number of negative charges.

PROTON NUMBER AND NUCLEON NUMBER

PROTON NUMBER = NUMBER OF PROTONS in an atom of an element. Elements can be differentiate by referring to their proton number In a neutral atom,the proton number also refers to the number of electrons in that atom. NUCLEON NUMBER : total number of protons and neutrons in an atom of an element. NUMBER OF NEUTRONS = can be calculated if its proton number and nucleon number are known.

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In a neutral atom : Nucleon number = no.of electrons + no.of neutrons = nucleon number no.of protons

ISOTOPES
Atoms of the same element that possess the same ______________but different ______________ OR Atoms of the same element with the same proton number but different nucleon number. Isotopes of the same elements possess the same chemical properties. The physical properties of isotopes are different.

Most transition elements are hard and shiny. All transition elements are good conductors of electricity (show metal properties) In Period 6,elements numbered from 58 to 71 = Lanthanide series. In Period 7,elements numbered from 90 to 103 = Actinide series

LOCATION OF METALS,NON-METALS AND SEMI-METALS

Most elements in Periodic table are metals.(Group 1,2,13 and transition metals) Most non-metals elements are located in Group 16,17,and 18 Seven metals between metals and non-metals are semi-metals . semi metals possess certain properties of metals and non-metals Examples of semi metals = boron,silicon,and antimony When moving across a period from left to right, peoperties of metals change gradually to those of semi-metals and finally to non-metal.

CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS IN THE PERIODIC TABLE

In Periodic Table,the elements are arranged in order of increasing proton number.(proton number increases from left to right and from top to bottom) Vertical column = _______ Elements in same group have similar chemical properties Horizontal row = _________ Chemical and physical properties of elements are gradually changed when crossing periods There are ___ groups and ____ periods. Group 1 (alkali metals) and Group 2 (earth alkali metals) consists of reactive metals Group 17 = non metals (halogens) Group 18 = noble (inert) gases which are chemically stable and unreactive. Elements located between Groups 2 and 13 are transition elements

IMPORTANCE OF THE PERIODIC TABLE Study elements in an orderly and systematic approach Helps us to know the properties of elements easily because elements with similar properties are located in same group Help to predict the properties and uses of an elements.

PROPERTIES OF SUBSTANCES BASED ON THEIR PARTICLE CONTENT 3 types of molecules 2.molecules 3.ions

1. atoms

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 ATOMS = the tiniest particle in an element MOLECULES = groups of atoms joined together. A molecule consists of two or more atoms IONS = particle which carry positive or negative charges.

Can also made up of two or more atoms of different types (1 nitrogen atom combine with 3 hydrogen atoms to form 1 ammonia molecule)

Molecules are made up of non-metal atoms held together by a strong ___________ Forces attraction between molecules in a molecular substance are relatively weak. (Van der Waals forces)

ATOMIC SUBSTANCES Substance that consists of only ______ All metals are atomic substance.(example: iron,lead,sodium) Atoms in atomic substances are packed closely,compactly and arranged orderly in fixed positions Atoms are held together by a strong chemical bond

IONIC SUBSTANCES Formed when atoms of ________ combined with atoms of _________ through chemical bonding to form compounds Ex: sodium chloride,lead(II) bromide When sodium(metal) reacts with chlorine (gas) to form a compound, the sodium atom will lose an electron to form the positive ion,Na+ Chlorine atoms will receive the electron to form the negative ion,ClPositive ion and negative ion attract one another . (electrostatic force) PROPERTIES AND USES OF METALS AND NON-METALS METALS = ex: iron,aluminium,zinc,copper,lead,tin,and gold = all metals exist in a solid state at room temperature except mercury(liquid) NON-METALS = carbon,iodine,bromine,sulphur,phosphorus,chlorine Science Form4 || Miss Erina

MOLECULAR SUBSTANCE Molecules are the simplest particles found in molecular substance. Ex: nitrogen,sulphur dioxide and iodine Made up of molecules which have __________ atoms of the same type (2 oxygen atoms combine to form one oxygen molecule)

-non metals exist in a solid,liquid or gaseous state at room temperature Metals and non-metals possess different physical properties

USES OF METALS AND NON-METALS IN DAILY LIFE

METAL IRON PHYSICAL PROPERTIES High tensile strength USE Railway tracks and framework for bridges Kitchen utensils,food wrapper and electric cables Electrical wire

LUMINOSITY = shiny appearance DUCTILITY= substances that are ductile can be stretched out like a long wire MALLEABILITY = substances are malleable ,they can be hammered or rolled into a thin sheet TENSILE STRENGTH = ability of a substance to support pressure or load ELECTRICAL AND HEAT CONDUCTIVITY = ability to let electricity flow through and to transfer heat.

ALUMINIUM

Light weight Good conductor of electricity and heat Ductile and malleable Good conductor of electricity and heat Does not rust Does not rust and shiny Ductile malleable PHYSICAL POPERTIES Soft and smooth Good conductor of electricity hard Poor conductor of heat acidic

COPPER

TIN GOLD LEAD

Electroplating of food cans Jewellery Cable casing

METALS Shiny surface Ductile High tensile strength Good conductor of electricity Good conductor of heat melting point density at room temperature except mercury

NON-METALS Dull surfaces Not ductile Not malleable Low tensile strength Do not conduct electricity except carbon Poor conductor of heat (heat insulator) melting point and boiling point density Solid,iquid or gas at room temperature

NON-METALS CARBON (GRAPHITE)

CARBON (DIAMOND) NEON GAS AND KRYPTON CHLORINE

USE Lead of pencils Electrodes in electrolysis and in dry cells Drill bits for cutting stone Light uses for billboards Kills germs in drinking water

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METHODS OF SUBSTANCE PURIFICATION

Pure substance do not contain any __________ Pure substance always have specific melting(freezing) point and boiling point. Impurities can be separated from pure substances = purification 2 methods of purification :1.____________ 2. _________________

Can be conducted to separate mixtures of substance such as purifying alcohol from a mixture of alcohol and water and also purifying water from a mixture of water and salt. The substance with a lower boiling point _____ and _________ earlier . then the gas (vapour ) will go through condensation to form the pure conduct of distillation.

DISTILLATION
Used to obtain pure liquid from a solution which contains impurities Used to separate 2 liquids mixture that : __________ one another Do not _________ Possess _________________ Distillation involves process of heating liquid until it become vapour (gas). This vapour then condenses to become pure liquid. Examples : Breaking crude petroleum into its fractions in a petroleum fractional distillation tower to produce fuels and to make various kinds of plastic material Production of pure oxygen for use as rocket fuel and oxygen supply for oxygen tanks Production of pure water or distilled water for use in the preparation of chemical solutions in laboratories or medicine in hospitals ,food industries Obtaining pure ethanol from fermentation of sugar solution and yeast.

CRYSTALLISATION
Purification method carried put to obtain pure crystals from a saturated solution of the substance. Ex: purification of salt from its saturated solution SATURATED SOLUTION = solution containing maximum quantity of ____________ Examples: Production of salt from sea water Preparation of white sugar crystals from sugarcane juice.

EXISTENCE AND USES OF VARIOUS PROPERTIES OF SUBSTANCES Property of _________ enables metals like copper and aluminium to be stretched and become wire Property of ____________enable utensils like knife,pot,spoon and fork to be made or forged Electrical conductivity of some metals enables electrical wire to be made Tensile strength of metals enables bridges to be built Nitrogeneous compound which easily dissolves in water is used to make fertiliser.

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