Constitution of the Philippines

1. The Philippine Constitution was created. Answer : 1986 2. Constitution of the Philippines was ratified. Answer : February 2, 1987
3. The supreme law of the Philippines Answer: Constitution of the Philippines/Saligang Batas ng Pilipinas)

4. The Constitution currently in effect was enacted in 1987, during the administration of Answer: President Corazon C. Aquino

Background of the 1987 Constitution

In 1986, following the People Power Revolution which ousted Ferdinand E. Marcos as president, and following on her own inauguration, Corazon C. Aquino issued Proclamation No. 3, declaring a national policy to implement the reforms mandated by the people, protecting their basic rights, adopting a provisional constitution, and providing for an orderly transition to a government under a new constitution.[4] President Aquino later issued Proclamation No. 9, creating a Constitutional Commission (popularly abbreviated "Con Com" in the Philippines) to frame a new constitution to replace the 1973 Constitution which took effect during the Marcos martial law regime. Aquino appointed 50 members to the Commission. The members of the Commission were drawn from varied backgrounds, including several former congressmen, a former Supreme Court Chief Justice (Roberto Concepcin), a Catholic bishop (Teodoro Bacani) and film director (Lino Brocka). Aquino also deliberately appointed 5 members, including former Labor Minister Blas Ople, who had been allied with Marcos until the latter's ouster. After the Commission had convened, it elected as its president Cecilia Muoz-Palma, who had emerged as a leading figure in the anti-Marcos opposition following her retirement as the first female Associate Justice of the Supreme Court. The Commission finished the draft charter within four months after it was convened. Several issues were heatedly debated during the sessions, including on the form of government to adopt, the abolition of the death penalty, the continued retention of the Clark and Subic American military bases, and the integration of economic policies into the Constitution. Brocka would walk out of the Commission before its completion, and two other delegates would dissent from the final draft. The ConCom completed their task on 12 October 1986 and presented the draft constitution to President Aquino on October 15, 1986. After a period of nationwide information campaign, a plebiscite for its ratification was held on February 2, 1987. More than three-fourths of all votes cast, 76.37% (or 17,059,495 voters) favored ratification as against 22.65% (or 5,058,714 voters) who voted against ratification. On 11 February 1987, the new constitution was proclaimed ratified and took effect. On that same day, Aquino, the other government officials, and the Armed Forces of the Philippines pledged allegiance to the Constitution.

Parts of the 1987 Constitution

The Constitution is divided into 18 parts, excluding the Preamble, which are called Articles. The Articles are as follows:

Article I - National Territory Article II - Declaration of Principles and State Policies Article III - Bill of Rights Article IV - Citizenship Article V - Suffrage Article VI - Legislative Department Article VII - Executive Department Article VIII - Judicial Department

Article IX - Constitutional Commission Article X - Local Government Article XI - Accountability of Public Officers Article XII - National Economy and Patrimony Article XIII - Social Justice and Human Rights Article XIV - Education, Science and Technology, Arts, Culture and Sports Article XV - The Family Article XVI - General Provisions Article XVII - Amendments or Revisions Article XVIII - Transitory Provisions

Preamble of the 1987 Constitution

The Preamble reads:

PREAMBLE We, the sovereign Filipino people, imploring the aid of Almighty God, in order to build a just and humane society, and establish a Government that shall embody our ideals and aspirations, promote the common good, conserve and develop our patrimony, and secure to ourselves and our posterity, the blessings of independence and democracy under the rule of law and a regime of truth, justice, freedom, love, equality, and peace, do ordain and promulgate this Constitution.[1]

Significant features of the 1987 Constitution

The Constitution establishes the Philippines as a "democratic and republican State", where "sovereignty resides in the people and all government authority emanates from them". (Section 1, Article II) Consistent with the doctrine of separation of powers, the powers of the national government are exercised in main by three branches the executive branch headed by the President, the legislative branch composed of Congress and the judicial branch with the Supreme Court occupying the highest tier of the judiciary. The President and the members of Congress are directly elected by the people, while the members of the Supreme Court are appointed by the President from a list formed by the Judicial and Bar Council. As with the American system of government, it is Congress which enacts the laws, subject to the veto power of the President which may nonetheless be overturned by a two-thirds vote of Congress (Section 27(1), Article VI). The President has the constitutional duty to ensure the faithful execution of the laws (Section 17, Article VII), while the courts are expressly granted the power of judicial review (Section 1, Article VIII), including the power to nullify or interpret laws. The President is also recognized as the commander-in-chief of the armed forces (Section 18, Article VII). The Constitution also establishes limited political autonomy to the local government units that act as the municipal governments for provinces, cities, municipalities, and barangays. (Section 1, Article X) Local governments are generally considered as falling under the executive branch, yet local legislation requires enactment by duly elected local legislative bodies. The Constitution (Section 3, Article X) mandated that the Congress would enact a Local Government Code. The Congress duly enacted Republic Act No. 7160, The Local Government Code of 1991, which became effective on 1 January 1992.[5] The Supreme Court has noted that the Bill of Rights "occupies a position of primacy in the fundamental law".[6] The Bill of Rights, contained in Article III, enumerates the specific protections against State power. Many of these guarantees are similar to those provided in the American constitution and other democratic constitutions, including the due process and equal protection clause, the right against unwarranted searches and seizures, the right to free speech and the free exercise of religion, the right against selfincrimination, and the right to habeas corpus. The scope and limitations to these rights have largely been determined by Philippine Supreme Court decisions.

Outside of the Bill of Rights, the Constitution also contains several other provisions enumerating various state policies including, i.e., the affirmation of labor "as a primary social economic force" (Section 14, Article II); the equal protection of "the life of the mother and the life of the unborn from conception" (Section 12, Article II); the "Filipino family as the foundation of the nation" (Article XV, Section 1); the recognition of Filipino as "the national language of the Philippines" (Section 6, Article XVI), and even a requirement that "all educational institutions shall undertake regular sports activities throughout the country in cooperation with athletic clubs and other sectors." (Section 19.1, Article XIV) Whether these provisions may, by themselves, be the source of enforceable rights without accompanying legislation has been the subject of considerable debate in the legal sphere and within the Supreme Court. The Court, for example, has ruled that a provision requiring that the State "guarantee equal access to opportunities to public service" could not be enforced without accompanying legislation, and thus could not bar the disallowance of so-called "nuisance candidates" in presidential elections.[7] But in another case, the Court held that a provision requiring that the State "protect and advance the right of the people to a balanced and healthful ecology" did not require implementing legislation to become the source of operative rights.

Historical constitutions
Constitution of Biak-na-Bato (1897)
The Katipunan revolution led to the Tejeros Convention where, at San Francisco de Malabn, Cavite, on 22 March 1897, the first presidential and vice presidential elections in Philippine history were heldalthough only the Katipuneros (members of the Katipunan) were able to take part, and not the general populace. A later meeting of the revolutionary government established there, held on 1 November 1897 at Biak-na-Bato in the town of San Miguel de Mayumo in Bulacn, established the Republic of Biak-na-Bato. The republic had a constitution drafted by Isabelo Artacho and Flix Ferrer and based on the first Cuban Constitution.[9] It is known as the "Constitucin Provisional de la Repblica de Filipinas", and was originally written in and promulgated in the Spanish and Tagalog languages.[10]

Malolos Constitution (1899)

The Malolos Constitution was the first republican constitution in Asia.[11] It declared that sovereignty resides exclusively in the people, stated basic civil rights, separated the church and state, and called for the creation of an Assembly of Representatives to act as the legislative body. It also called for a Presidential form of government with the president elected for a term of four years by a majority of the Assembly.[12] It was titled "Constitucin poltica", and was written in Spanish following the declaration of independence from Spain,[13] proclaimed on January 20, 1899, and was enacted and ratified by the Malolos Congress, a Congress held in Malolos, Bulacan.[14][15] The Preamble reads:

"Nosotros los Representantes del Pueblo Filipino, convocados legtimamente para establecer la justicia, proveer a la defensa comn, promover el bien general y asegurar los beneficios de la libertad, implorando el auxilio del Soberano Legislador del Universo para alcanzar estos fines, hemos votado, decretado y sancionado la siguiente"

(We, the Representatives of the Filipino people, lawfully covened, in order to establish justice, provide for common defense, promote the general welfare, and insure the benefits of liberty, imploring the aid of the Sovereign Legislator of the Universe for the attainment of these ends, have voted, decreed, and sanctioned the following)

Commonwealth and Third Republic (1935)

The 1935 Constitution was written in 1934, approved and adopted by the Commonwealth of the Philippines (19351946) and later used by the Third Republic of the Philippines (19461972). It was written with an eye to meeting the approval of the United States Government as well, so as to ensure that the U.S. would live up to its promise to grant the Philippines independence and not have a premise to hold onto its possession on the grounds that it was too politically immature and hence unready for full, real independence. The Preamble reads:

"The Filipino people, imploring the aid of Divine Providence, in order to establish a government that shall embody their ideals, conserve and develop the patrimony of the nation, promote the general welfare, and secure to themselves and their posterity the blessings of independence under a regime of justice, liberty, and democracy, do ordain and promulgate this constitution."

The original 1935 Constitution provided for unicameral National Assembly and the President was elected to a six-year term without re-election. It was amended in 1940 to have a bicameral Congress composed of a Senate and House of Representatives, as well the creation of an independent electoral commission. The Constitution now granted the President a four-year term with a maximum of two consecutive terms in office. A Constitutional Convention was held in 1971 to rewrite the 1935 Constitution. The convention was stained with manifest bribery and corruption. Possibly the most controversial issue was removing the presidential term limit so that Ferdinand E. Marcos could seek election for a third term, which many felt was the true reason for which the convention was called. In any case, the 1935 Constitution was suspended in 1972 with Marcos' proclamation of martial law, the rampant corruption of the constitutional process providing him with one of his major premises for doing so.

Second Republic (1943)

The 1943 Constitution was drafted by a committee appointed by the Philippine Executive Commission, the body established by the Japanese to administer the Philippines in lieu of the Commonwealth of the Philippines which had established a government-in-exile. In mid-1942 Japanese Premier Hideki Tj had promised the Filipinos "the honor of independence" which meant that the commission would be supplanted by a formal republic. The Preparatory Committee for Philippine Independence tasked with drafting a new constitution was composed in large part, of members of the prewar National Assembly and of individuals with experience as delegates to the convention that had drafted the 1935 Constitution. Their draft for the republic to be established under the Japanese Occupation, however, would be limited in duration, provide for indirect, instead of direct, legislative elections, and an even stronger executive branch. Upon approval of the draft by the Committee, the new charter was ratified in 1943 by an assembly of appointed, provincial representatives of the Kalibapi, the organization established by the Japanese to supplant all previous political parties. Upon ratification by the Kalibapi assembly, the Second Republic was formally proclaimed (19431945). Jos P. Laurel was appointed as President by the National Assembly and inaugurated into office in October 1943. Laurel was highly regarded by the Japanese for having openly criticised the US for the way they ran the Philippines, and because he had a degree from Tokyo International University. The 1943 Constitution remained in force in Japanese-controlled areas of the Philippines, but was never recognized as legitimate or binding by the governments of the United States or of the Commonwealth of the Philippines and guerrilla organizations loyal to them. In late 1944, President Laurel declared a state of war existed with the United States and the British Empire and proclaimed martial law, essentially ruling by decree. His government in turn went into exile

in December, 1944, first to Taiwan and then Japan. After the announcement of Japan's surrender, Laurel formally proclaimed the Second Republic as dissolved. Until the 1960s, the Second Republic, and its officers, were not viewed as legitimate or as having any standing, with the exception of the Supreme Court whose decisions, limited to reviews of criminal and commercial cases as part of a policy of discretion by Chief Justice Jos Yulo continued to be part of the official records (this was made easier by the Commonwealth never constituting a Supreme Court, and the formal vacancy in the chief justice position for the Commonwealth with the execution of Chief Justice Jos Abad Santos by the Japanese). It was only during the Macapagal administration that a partial, political rehabilitation of the Japaneseera republic took place, with the recognition of Laurel as a former president and the addition of his cabinet and other officials to the roster of past government officials. However, the 1943 charter was not taught in schools and the laws of the 1943-44 National Assembly never recognized as valid or relevant. The Preamble reads:

"The Filipino people, imploring the aid of Divine Providence and desiring to lead a free national existence, do hereby proclaim their independence, and in order to establish a government that shall promote the general welfare, conserve and develop the patrimony of the Nation, and contribute to the creation of a world order based on peace, liberty, and moral justice, do ordain this Constitution."

The 1943 Constitution provided strong executive powers. The Legislature consisted of a unicameral National Assembly and only those considered as anti-US could stand for election, although in practice most legislators were appointed rather than elected.

The New Society and the Fourth Republic (1973)

The 1973 Constitution, promulgated after Marcos' declaration of martial law, was supposed to introduce a parliamentary-style government. Legislative power was vested in a National Assembly whose members were elected for six-year terms. The President was ideally supposed to be elected as the symbolic and purely ceremonial head of state from the Members of the National Assembly for a six-year term and could be re-elected to an unlimited number of terms. Upon election, the President ceased to be a member of the National Assembly. During his term, the President was not allowed to be a member of a political party or hold any other office. Executive power was meant to be exercised by the Prime Minister who was also elected from the Members of the National Assembly. The Prime Minister was the head of government and Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces. This constitution was subsequently amended four times (arguably five depending on how one considers Proclamation No. 3 of 1986). On 1617 October 1976, a majority of barangay voters (Citizen Assemblies) approved that martial law should be continued and ratified the amendments to the Constitution proposed by President Marcos.[19] The 1976 amendments were:

an Interim Batasang Pambansa (IBP) substituting for the Interim National Assembly the President would also become the Prime Minister and he would continue to exercise legislative powers until martial law should have been lifted.

The Sixth Amendment authorized the President to legislate: Whenever in the judgement of the President there exists a grave emergency or a threat or imminence thereof, or whenever the Interim Batasang Pambansa or the regular National Assembly fails or is unable to act adequately on any matter for any reason that in his judgment requires immediate action, he may, in order to meet the exigency, issue the necessary decrees, orders or letters of instructions, which shall form part of the law of the land.

The 1973 Constitution was further amended in 1980 and 1981. In the 1980 amendment, the retirement age of the members of the Judiciary was extended to 70 years. In the 1981 amendments, the false parliamentary system was formally modified into a French-style semipresidential system:

executive power was restored to the President; direct election of the President was restored; an Executive Committee composed of the Prime Minister and not more than fourteen members was created to "assist the President in the exercise of his powers and functions and in the performance of his duties as he may prescribe;" and the Prime Minister was a mere head of the Cabinet. Further, the amendments instituted electoral reforms and provided that a natural born citizen of the Philippines who has lost his citizenship may be a transferee of private land for use by him as his residence.

The last amendments in 1984 abolished the Executive Committee and restored the position of Vice-President (which did not exist in the original, unamended 1973 Constitution). In actual practice, while the 1973 Constitution was ideally supposed to set up a true parliamentary system, the late President Marcos had made use of subterfuge and manipulation in order to keep executive power for himself, rather than devolving executive powers to the Parliament, as headed by the Prime Minister. The end result was that the 1973 Constitution - due to all amendments and subtle manipulations - was merely the abolition of the Senate and a series of cosmetic text-changes where the old American-derived terminologies such House of Representatives became known as the "Batasang Pambansa" (National Assembly), Departments became known as "Ministries", cabinet secretaries became known as "cabinet ministers", and the President's assistant - the Executive Secretary - became known as the "Prime Minister." Ultimately, Marcos' so-called "Parliamentary System" therefore functioned as an authoritarianrun Presidential System due to the series of amendments and other modifications put in place after the 1973 Constitution was ratified.

"Freedom Constitution" (1986)

Following the EDSA People Power Revolution that removed President Ferdinand E. Marcos from office, the new President, Corazon C. Aquino issued Proclamation No. 3 as a provisional constitution. It adopted certain provisions from the 1973 constitution and granted the President broad powers to reorganise the government and remove officials from office, and mandated that the president would appoint a commission to draft a new constituti

Philippine Government
The political system in the Philippines takes place in an organized framework of a presidential, representative, and democratic republic whereby the president is both the head of state and the head of government within a pluriform multi-party system. This system revolves around three separate and sovereign yet interdependent branches: the legislative branch (the law-making body), the executive branch (the law-enforcing body), and the judicial branch (the law-interpreting body). Executive power is exercised by the government under the leadership of the president. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the two-chamber congress -the Senate (the upper chamber) and the House of Representatives (the lower chamber). Judicial power is vested in the courts with the Supreme Court of the Philippines as the highest judicial body.

National Government of the Philippines

The Republic of the Philippines has a representative democracy modeled after the United States of America's system of government. The 1987 Philippine constitution, adopted during the Corazon Aquino administration, re-established a presidential system of government with a bicameral legislature and an independent judiciary.

Executive branch

[edit]

Philippine Government
Executive Branch

Title

Name

President Head of State

Head of Government Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the Philippines

Benigno Aquino III

Vice President

Jejomar Binay

Executive Secretary

Paquito Ochoa

Presidential Spokesperson

Edwin Lacierda

National Economic and Development Authority/Socioeconomic Planning

Cayetano Paderanga

Agrarian Reform Secretary

Virgilio delos Reyes

Agriculture Secretary

Proceso Alcala

Budget and Management Secretary

Florencio Abad

Education Secretary

Armin Luistro

Energy Secretary

Jose Rene Almendras

Environment and Natural Resources Secretary

Ramon Paje

Finance Secretary

Cesar Purisima

Foreign Affairs Secretary

Alberto G. Romulo

Health Secretary

Enrique Ona

Interior and Local Government Secretary

Jesse Robredo

Justice Secretary

Leila de Lima

Labor and Employment Secretary

Rosalinda Baldoz

National Defense Secretary

Voltaire Gazmin

Public Works and Highways Secretary

Rogelio Singson

Science and Technology Secretary

Mario Montejo

Social Welfare and Development Secretary

Corazon Juliano-Soliman

Tourism Secretary

Alberto Lim

Transportation and Communication Secretary

Jose de Jesus

Trade and Industry Secretary

Gregory Domingo

Presidential Chief of Staff

Julia Andrea Abad

Central Bank Governor

Amando M. Tetangco, Jr.

National Security Adviser

Cesar Garcia

United Nations Permanent Representative

Libran Cabactulan

Legislative Branch

Senate

Title

Name

Senate President

Juan Ponce Enrile

Senate President Pro-Tempore

Jinggoy Estrada

Majority Floor Leader

Tito Sotto

Minority Floor Leader

Alan Peter Cayetano

Secretary

Oscar G. Yabes

Sergeant-at-Arms

M/Gen. Jose Balajadia

Senate Members

House of Representatives

Title

Name

Speaker

Feliciano Belmonte, Jr.

Deputy Speaker

Maria Isabella Climaco

Dep. Speaker

Raul Daza

Dep. Speaker

Arnulfo Fuentebella

Dep. Speaker

Pablo P. Garcia

Dep. Speaker

Jesus Crispin C. Remulla

Dep. Speaker

Lorenzo Taada III

Majority Floor Leader

Neptali M. Gonzales II

Minority Floor Leader

Edcel C. Lagman

Secretary-General

Roberto P. Nazareno

Sergeant-at-Arms

B/Gen. Bayani N. Fabic

House Members

Judicial Branch

Supreme Court

Title

Name

Chief Justice

Renato Corona

Official Court Administrator and Spokesperson

Midas Marquez

Justices of the Supreme Court

Sandiganbayan

Title

Name

Acting Presiding Judge

Edilberto Sandoval

Executive Clerk of Court

Renato Bocar

Security and Sheriff

Edgardo Urieta

Sandiganbayan Judges

Court of Appeals

Title

Name

Presiding Judge

Andres Reyes, Jr.

Clerk of Court

Teresita Marigomen

Court of Appeals Justices

The executive branch is headed by the President, Benigno "Noynoy" Aquino III (party affiliation: Liberal Party) 30 June 2010, who functions as both the head of state and the head of government. The president is also the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the Philippines. The president is elected by popular vote to a term of 6 years. The president, then, appoints (and may fire) his/her cabinet members whom he/she presides over. The executive seat of government is administered officially from Malacaang Palace - also the official residence of the president - in the capital City of Manila. The President may no longer run for reelection, unless he/she becomes president through constitutional succession and has served for no more than 4 years as president. The second highest official, Vice-President Jejomar C. Binay(party affiliation: Partido Demokratiko Pilipino-Lakas ng Bayan) 30 June 2010, is also elected by popular vote. The vice-president is second in line to succession should the president resign, be impeached or die in office. The vice-president usually, though not always, may be a member of the president's cabinet. If there is a vacancy in the position of Vice President, the President will appoint any member of Congress (usually a party member) as new Vice President. The appointment will be validated by a threefourths vote of Congress voting separately. The Executive Departments of the Philippines (also known as the "Cabinet") are the largest component of the national executive branch of the government of the Philippines. There are a total of nineteen executive departments. The departments comprise the largest part of the country's bureaucracy. The Cabinet secretaries are tasked to advise the President on the different affairs of the state like agriculture, budget, finance, education, social welfare, national defense, foreign affairs and etc. They are nominated by the President and then presented to the Commission on Appointments, a body of the Congress of the Philippines that confirms all appointments made by the head of state, for confirmation or rejection. If the presidential appointees are approved, they are sworn into office, receive the title "Secretary," and begin to function their duties. During the presidency of Ferdinand Marcos, upon the mandate of the then 1973 Constitution, he changed the departments into ministries from 1978 to the end of his government. Thus, the Department of Education]] became Ministry of Education, Culture and Sports.

Legislative branch
The bicameral Philippine legislature, the Congress, consists of the Senate and the House of Representatives; members of both are elected by popular vote. The Senate is elected at large. There are currently 24 senators. Of a possible 250 members of the House of Representatives, 206 are elected from the single-member

districts. The remainder of the House seats are designated for sectoral representatives elected at large through a complex "party list" system, hinging on the party receiving at least 2% to 6% of the national vote total. The upper house is located in Pasay City, while the lower house is located in Quezon City. The district and sectoral representatives are elected with a term of three years. They can be reelected but they are no longer eligible to run for the fourth consecutive term. The senators elected with a term of six years. They can be reelected but they are no longer eligible to run for the third consecutive term. The House of Representatives may opt to pass a resolution for a vacancy of a legislative seat that will pave way for a special election. The winner of the special election will serve the unfinished term of the previous district representative and will be considered as one elective term. The same rule applies in the Senate however it will only apply if the seat is vacated before the regular legislative election. This case applies when Senator Teofisto Guingona was appointed as Vice President before the May 2001 election. Senator Gregorio Honasan was in the 13th position in the Senatorial election and he served the unfinished term of Guingona. Honasan is no longer eligible to run for the 2004 elections. The case did not apply in 1998 when Gloria Arroyo was elected as Vice President and in 2004 when Noli de Castro was elected as Vice President. When Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo assumed the Presidency, her LAKAS-CMD party also regained its dominant position in Congress. The party leads the 187 member Sunshine Coalition composed of several major and minor parties. In the Senate, the pro-administration coalition controls 13 of the 24 seats. Members of the Philippine Congress tend to have weak party loyalties and change party affiliation easily. In October 2003, the Sunshine Coalition dissolved over Pres. Gloria MacapagalArroyo's decision to seek election for the presidency which she came into by succeeding Joseph Estrada during the EDSA 2 Revolution of 2001. Senate President: Juan Ponce Enrile Speaker of the House of Representatives: Feliciano Belmonte, Jr. Presidents of the Senate 1916-1935 Manuel Luis Quezon (Philippine Legislature) 1935 Jose Avelino 1935-1941 Dissolved, Unicameral Legislature 1941-1945 Dissolved, World War II 1945-1946 Manuel A. Roxas (Commonwealth of the Philippines) 1946-1949 Jose Avelino 1949-1951 Mariano Jesus Cuenco 1952-1952 Quintin Paredes 1952-1952 Camilo Osias 1952-1953 Eulogio Rodriguez 1953-1953 Jose Zulueta 1953-1963 Eulogio Rodriguez 1963-1965 Ferdinand E. Marcos 1966-1967 Arturo M. Tolentino 1967-1972 Gil J. Puyat 1972-1978 Dissolved, Martial Law 1978-1986 Dissolved, Interim Batasang Pambansa and Regular Batasang Pambansa 1986-1987 Dissolved, 1986 Constitutional Commission

1987-1992 Jovito R. Salonga 1992-1993 Neptali A. Gonzales 1993-1995 Edgardo J. Angara 1995-1996 Neptali A. Gonzales 1996-1998 Ernesto M. Maceda 1998-1998 Neptali A. Gonzales 1998-1999 Marcelo B. Fernan 1999-2000 Blas F. Ople 2000-2000 Franklin M. Drilon 2000-2001 Aquilino Pimentel 2001-2006 Franklin M. Drilon 2006-2008 Manuel B. Villar, Jr. 2008-present Juan Ponce Enrile Speakers of the House of Representatives 1907-1922 Sergio Osmea (Philippine Assembly) 1922-1933 Manuel A. Roxas (House of Representatives) 1933-1935 Quintin Paredes (House of Representatives) 1935-1935 Gil Montilla (National Assembly) 1938-1941 Jose Yulo (National Assembly) 1943-1944 Benigno Aquino Sr. (National Assembly, 2nd Republic) 1945-1946 Jose Zulueta (House of Representatives) 1946-1953 Eugenio Perez (House of Representatives) 1954-1957 Jose B. Laurel, Jr. (House of Representatives) 1957-1962 Daniel Romualdez (House of Representatives) 1962-1967 Cornelio Villareal (House of Representatives) 1967-1971 Jose B. Laurel, Jr. (House of Representatives) 1971-1972 Cornelio Villareal (House of Representatives) 1978-1984 Querube C. Makalintal (Interim Batasang Pambansa) 1984-1986 Nicanor E. Yniguez (Regular Batasang Pambansa) 1986-1987 Dissolved, 1986 Constitutional Commission 1987-1992 Ramon V. Mitra (House of Representatives) 1992-1998 Jose C. De Venecia, Jr.(House of Representatives) 1998-2000 Manuel Villar Jr. (House of Representatives) 2000-2001 Arnulfo Fuentebella (House of Representatives) 2001 Feliciano Belmonte, Jr. (House of Representatives) 2001-2008 Jose C. De Venecia, Jr. (House of Representatives) 2008-2010 Prospero Nograles (House of Representatives) 2010-present Feliciano Belmonte, Jr. (House of Representatives)

Judicial branch
The judiciary branch of the government is headed by the Supreme Court, which has a Chief Justice as its head and 14 Associate Justices, all appointed by the president on the recommendation of the Judicial and Bar Council.

Supreme Court Chief Justice: Renato Corona Chief Justices of the Supreme Court 1901-1920 Cayetano L. Arellano 1920-1921 Victorino M. Mapa 1921-1924 Manuel G. Araullo 1925-1941 Ramon Q. Avacea 1941-1942 Jose Abad Santos 1942-1944 Jose Yulo 1945-1951 Manuel V. Moran 1951-1961 Ricardo M. Paras 1961-1966 Cesar Bengzon 1966-1973 Roberto R. Concepcion 1973-1975 Querube C. Makalintal 1976-1979 Fred Ruiz Castro 1979-1985 Enrique M. Fernando 1985-1985 Felix V. Makasiar 1985-1986 Ramon C. Aquino 1986-1988 Claudio Teehankee, Sr. 1988-1988 Pedro Yap 1988-1991 Marcelo B. Fernan 1991-1998 Andres Narvasa 1998-2005 Hilario Davide, Jr. 2005-2006 Artemio Panganiban 2006-2010 Reynato Puno 2010-present Renato Corona

Offices of the Ombudsman

The government and all three of its branches are independently monitored by the Offices of the Ombudsman. The Ombudsman is given the mandate to investigate and prosecute any official/s in government that is allegedly guilty of crimes, especially Graft and Corruption. The Ombudsman leads a team composed of a sheriff and 6 deputies who lead the their respective divisions and/or bureaus.

Political parties and elections

For other political parties see List of political parties in the Philippines. An overview on elections and election results is included in Elections in the Philippines. Main article: Philippine general election, 2004
Candidate Party Votes %

Gloria MacapagalArroyo

Kabalikat ng Mamamayang Pilipino / LakasChristian Muslim Democrats/ Koalisyon ng Katapatan at Karanasan sa Kinabukasan

12,905,808 39.99

Fernando Poe, Jr.

Koalisyon ng Nagkakaisang Pilipino/Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino

11,782,232 36.51

Panfilo Lacson

Independent

3,510,080 10.88

Raul Roco

Aksyon Demokratiko

2,082,762

6.45

Eduardo Villanueva

Bangon Pilipinas Movement

1,988,218

6.16

Total

32,269,100 100.0

[discuss] [edit]
Summary of the 10 May 2004 Senate of the Philippines election results

Rank Candidate

Party

Votes

1. Manuel Roxas II

K-4 - Liberal Party

19,372,888

2. Ramon Revilla Jr.

K-4 - Lakas CMD

15,801,531

3. Aquilino Pimentel, Jr.

KNP / PDP-LABAN

13,519,998

4. Maria Ana Consuelo Madrigal

KNP - Independent

13,253,692

5. Richard Gordon

K-4 - Lakas CMD

12,707,151

6. Pilar Juliana Cayetano

K-4 - Lakas CMD

12,542,054

7. Miriam Defensor-Santiago

K-4 - PRP

12,187,401

8. Alfredo Lim

KNP - Independent

11,286,428

9. Juan Ponce Enrile

KNP - PMP

11,191,162

10. Jinggoy Estrada

KNP - PMP

11,094,120

11. Manuel Lapid

K-4 - Lakas CMD

10,970,941

12. Rodolfo Biazon

K-4 - Liberal Party

10,635,270

13. Robert Barbers

K-4 - Lakas CMD

10,624,585

14. Ernesto Maceda

KNP - NPC

9,944,328

15. John Henry Osmea

K-4 - Independent

9,914,179

16. Orlando S. Mercado

K-4 - Independent

8,295,024

17. Robert Jaworski

K-4 - Lakas-CMD

6,921,425

18. Maria Elisa Anson-Roa

KNP - PMP

5,873,845

19. Francisco Tatad

KNP - LDP

5,718,740

20. Heherson Alvarez

Independent

4,791,085

21. Ernesto Herrera

KNP - Independent

4,612,036

22. Perfecto Yasay Jr.

Aksyon Demokratiko

4,408,808

23. Francisco Chavez

Aksyon Demokratiko

4,286,838

24. Carlos M. Padilla

Independent (LDP Aquino Wing)

3,863,693

25. Salvador Escudero III

KNP - Independent / NPC

3,780,469

26. Amina Rasul

KNP / PDP-LABAN

3,456,480

27. Jose Sonza

Aksyon Demokratiko

2,839,442

28. Parouk Hussin

K-4 - Lakas-CMD

2,821,522

29. Didagen Dilangalen

KNP - PMP

2,222,069

30. Melanio Mauricio

Aksyon Demokratiko

1,144,279

31. Pilar Pilapil

Independent

692,137

32. Eduardo Nonato Joson

Aksyon Demokratiko

631,041

33. Edgar Ilarde

Independent

527,865

34. Nicanor Gatmaytan Jr.

Aksyon Demokratiko

453,693

35. Olivia Coo

Aksyon Demokratiko

338,846

36. Oliver Lozano

KBL

238,272

37. Alvin Alvincent Almirante

KBL

206,097

38. Ramon Montao

Partido Isang Bansa Isang Diwa

159,735

39. Matuan Usop

Partido Isang Bansa Isang Diwa

137,376

40. Angel Rosario

Partido Isang Bansa Isang Diwa

98,932

41. Ismael Aparri

Partido Isang Bansa Isang Diwa

97,430

42. Norma Nueva

KBL

96,129

43. Carmen X. Borja

Partido Isang Bansa Isang Diwa

95,755

44. Pendatun Decampong

Partido Isang Bansa Isang Diwa

94,713

45. Gerardo del Mundo

Independent

88,962

46. El Cid Fajardo

Partido Isang Bansa Isang Diwa

79,471

47. Iderlina Pagunuran

Partido Isang Bansa Isang Diwa

59,712

48. Arturo Estuita

Partido Isang Bansa Isang Diwa

39,094

Note: A total of 48 candidates ran for senator. Source: Philippine Commission on Elections

[discuss] [edit]
Summary of the 10 May 2004 House of Representatives of the Philippines election results

Parties

Seats

This is the division of seats as published on the website of the House of Representatives. The first party affiliation mentioned is counted. This is not the result of the elections.

Lakas-Christian and Muslim Democrats (Power-Christian and Muslim Democrats)

79

Nationalist People's Coalition

40

Liberal Party

34

Kabalikat ng Mamamayang Pilipino

26

Nacionalista Party {Nationalist Party)

12

Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino {Struggle for Democratic Filipinos}

Pwersa ng Masang Pilipino (Force of the Philippines Masses)

Democratic Socialist Party of the Philippines (Partido Demokratiko Sosyalista ng Pilipinas)

Buhay

Democratic Action (Aksyon Demokratiko)

Partido Demokratikong Pilipino-Lakas ng Bayan (Philippines Democratic Party-National Struggle)

Kilusang Bagong Lipunan (New Society Movement)

Sarro

Partido ng Demokratikong Reporma-Lapiang Manggagawa (Democratic Reform Party)

Alayon

Partido Magdala

Akbayan ! Citizens' Action Party

Bayan Muna (Nation First)

Association of Philippine Electric Cooperatives

Anakpawis (Toiling Masses)

Butil Farmers Party

Coop

VFP

Amin

Ave

Alagad

Gabriela Women's Party

An Waray

Workers' Party (Partido ng Manggagawa)

Alif

Citizen's Battle Against Corruption (Cibac)

Non-partisans

Total

235

Source: Congress Web site

[discuss] [edit]
Summary of the 10 May 2004 House of Representatives of the Philippines Party-List election result

Party-list

Votes

Below is the result of the party-list vote. Most seats in the Congress are not elected through the party list system

Bayan Muna

1,203,305

9.4585

Association of Philippine Electric Cooperatives

934,995

7.3495

Akbayan ! Citizens' Action Party

852,473

6.7008

Buhay

705,730

5.5473

Anakpawis

538,396

4.2320

Citizen's Battle Against Corruption

495,193

3.8924

Gabriela Women's Party

464,586

3.6518

Partido ng Manggagawa

448,072

3.5220

Butil Farmers Party

429,259

3.3742

Alliance of Volunteer Educators

343,498

2.7000

Alagad

340,977

2.6802

Veterans Freedom Party

340,759

2.6785

Cooperative NATCCO Network Party

270,950

2.1298

Anak Mindanao

269,750

2.1204

Ang Laban ng Indiginong Filipino

269,345

2.1172

An Waray

268,164

2.1079

ABA-AKO

251,597

1.9777

Alliance for Nationalism and Democracy

244,137

1.9190

Senior Citizens/Elderly

236,571

1.8595

Philippines Guardians Brotherhood, Inc.

213,662

1.6795

Anak ng Bayan

213,068

1.6748

Trade Union Congress Party

201,396

1.5831

Sanlakas

189,517

1.4897

Bigkis Pinoy Movement

186,264

1.4641

Suara Bangsamoro

164,494

1.2930

Cocofed - Philippine Coconut Producers Federation, Inc.

163,952

1.2887

Sagip-Katwa Foundation, Inc.

161,797

1.2718

Aksyon Sambayan

156,467

1.2299

People's Movement against Poverty

144,740

1.1377

Barangay Association for National Advancement and Transparency

143,454

1.1276

Abay Pamiliya Foundation, Inc.

133,952

1.0529

SMILE

133,425

1.0488

Abanse! Pinay

115,855

0.9107

Total

12,721,952

Source: COMELEC

During the American occupation, the Nacionalista Party (more like the Republicans) was the dominant party at the time. This, however, was interrupted by World War II, when during the Japanese occupation, a new party, the Kapisanan ng Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas (KALIBAPI), was formed. It was the only party that was allowed to operate during the Japanese occupation of the Philippines.

After the war, KALIBAPI was abolished and the Nacionalistas returned to power. However, a new party, the Liberal Party (similar to the Democrats), was formed after some Nacionalistas split from the original party. This de facto two-party system was kept until 1972. However, when Ferdinand Marcos declared martial law, he formed his own monolithic party, the Kilusang Bagong Lipunan (KBL, New Society Movement). The traditional parties were sidelined. Worse, most of his political opponents were incarcerated, tortured or even killed. But, a majority of the KBL members were ex-Nacionalistas. In 1978, Marcos called an election to the interim Batasang Pambansa and an opposition party was formed known as LABAN. Among the candidates then were Benigno Aquino, Alex Bongcayao and Ernesto Maceda, to name a few. During that election, only Maceda was elected into office. In 1984, many opposition parties sprang up. Among them are PDP-LABAN (different from the original LABAN party) of Aquilino Pimentel and UNIDO, or the United Nationalists Democratic Organizations, of Salvador Laurel. The UNIDO would later be an umbrella coalition of opposition against Ferdinand Marcos. After Marcos was overthrown in the People Power Revolution, other parties appeared, such as Lakas ng Bayan, Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino or LDP, and the National Union of Christian Democrats (NUCD) of Senator Raul Manglapus. In 1992 elections, the LDP was split in half. Fidel V. Ramos formed his own party known as the Partido Lakas ng Tao, which coalesced with the National Union of Christian Democrats. Their union was later known as the Lakas-NUCD, now known as Lakas-Christian and Muslim Democrats. The LDP was bannered by Ramon Mitra. During these elections, the Nacionalista Party was also split into two. The Nacionalistas were led by Salvador Laurel while the splinter group led by Danding Cojuangco was known as the Nationalist People's Coalition or NPC. In the 1998 elections, three new political parties were formed: the Partido ng Masang Pilipino of Joseph Estrada, the Aksyon Demokratiko (Democratic Action) of Raul Roco, and the Kabalikat ng Mamamayang Pilipino (KAMPI) of Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo. There are other regional political parties, such as Panaghiusa (precursor of the Osmeas' BO-PK) and the Mindanao Alliance in Mindanao. However, many of these parties are now defunct. It is believed that Philippine political parties share one common platform. However, it is also perceived that Philippine political parties are also not based on political platform, but rather on personality. Turncoatism is so widespread that there were moves from lawmakers in the past to make this illegal, since it is believed that switching party allegiances are easy in Philippine politics. The image of turncoatism among politicians also fuels the belief that many Philippine politicians are opportunist, using their political power for personal gain.

Local government/administrative subdivisions

The Philippines is divided into a hierarchy of local government units (LGUs) with the province as the primary unit. As of 2006, there are 80 provinces in the country. Provinces are further subdivided into cities and municipalities, which are in turn, composed of barangays. The barangay is the smallest

local government unit. A Philippine province is headed by a Governor. The Provincial Council (Sangguniang Panlalawigan) is composed of the Vice Governor (Presiding Officer) and Provincial Board Members. A Philippine city and municipality is headed by a Mayor. The City Council (Sangguniang Panlungsod) or Municipal Council (Sangguniang Bayan) is composed of the Vice Mayor (Presiding Officer) and City or Municipal Councilors. A barangay is headed by a Barangay Captain who is also the presiding officer of the barangay council. The Barangay Council is composed of kagawads. A similar unit called Youth Council (Sangguniang Kabataan) is headed by a SK Chairperson who had similar rank of a Barangay Captain. The council is composed of SK Members. The term of office of all local elective officials elected is three (3) years, starting from noon of June 30 of an election year. No local elective official shall serve for more than three (3) consecutive terms in the same position. Voluntary renunciation of the office for any length of time shall not be considered as an interruption in the continuity of service for the full term for which the elective official concerned was elected. Barangay and SK officials are elected to a term of five years starting from noon of the date as prescribed by law. The current barangay organic law sets the date of November 12 2007 as effectivity date. The current barangay and SK officials started terms August 15 2002. The next barangay and SK election will be on October 29 2007. All provinces are grouped into 17 regions for administrative convenience. Most government offices establish regional offices to serve the constituent provinces. The regions themselves do not possess a separate local government, with the exception of the Muslim Mindanao region, which is autonomous. The Cordillera Administrative Region will become an autonomous region and will receive the setup granted to Muslim Mindanao if voters would approve an organic law that would create a Cordillera Autonomous Region.

Plans
As of December 2006 President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo and others are hoping to amend the constitution to a unicameral, federal, parliamentary system similar to the German constitution. Parliament would be given the power to split the Philippines into states with each one having a local legislature responsible for certain functions. Included in the amendments are plans to remove or ease the current ban on foreign ownership of property, land and commercial organizations in the Philippines; to removed term limits; to further restrict who can run for office; and to change slightly but perhaps meaningfully the freedom of speech clause. So far efforts have failed. The Senate has not agreed to meet with the House in a Constituent Assembly (ConAss), though the House may soon try to meet as a ConAss without the Senate. An attempt to use an initiative petition to amend was struck down by the Supreme Court. Any amendments proposed by a ConAss, an initiative petition or the third alternative, a Constitutional Convention (representatives directly elected to amend the Constitution) must be approved by the voters.

International organization participation

The Philippines is a founding and active member of the United Nations since its inception on October 24 1945 and is a founding member of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). The Philippines is also a member of the East Asia Summit (EAS)), an active player in the AsiaPacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), the Latin Union and a member of

the Group of 24. The country is a major non-NATO ally of the U.S., but also a member of the Non-Aligned Movement. Memberships: APEC (1989), AsDB (1966), ASEAN, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Inmarsat, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, ITUC, NAM, OAS (observer), OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNHRC, UNIDO, UNMIK, UNMIL, UNMISET, UNOCI, UNU, UPU, ITUC, WCO, WFTU,

Philippine National Police

The Philippine National Police (PNP) (Filipino: Pambansang Pulisya ng Pilipinas) is the national police force of the Republic of the Philippines. It is both a national and a local police force in that it does provides all law enforcement services throughout the Philippines. To The Philippine National Police, which was a result of a merger of the Philippine Constabulary and the Integrated National Police, was activated on January 29, 1991. Its national headquarters are based at Camp Crame in Quezon City. It has a manpower of 140,000.

Leadership
Chief, PNP: Police Director-General - Nicanor A Bartolome
Deputy Chief for Administration (DCA): Police Deputy Director General - Arturo G. Cacdac Jr. Deputy Chief for Operations (DCO): Police Deputy Director General - Emelito Soriano The Chief PNP Directorial Staff (TCDS): Police Deputy Director - Raul Heredia

Organization
The passage into law on December 13, 1990 of Republic Act No. 6975 entitled An Act Establishing the Philippine National Police under a reorganized Department of the Interior and Local Government and Other Purposes ended the existence of the Philippine Constabulary and the Integrated National Police and gave way to the creation of the Philippine National Police, now known as the country's police force that is national in scope and civilian in character. It is administered and controlled by the National Police Commission.

Mandate
Republic Act 6975 entitled An Act Establishing the Philippine National Police under a reorganized Department of the Interior and Local Government and Other Purposes as amended by RA 8551 Philippine National Police Reform and Reorganization Act of 1998 and further amended by RA 9708.[8]

Philosophy
Service, Honor and Justice.

Core values
Maka-Diyos (God-fearing) Makabayan (Nationalistic) Makatao (Humane) Makakalikasan (Environment -Friendly

Mission
To enforce the law, prevent and control crimes, maintain peace and order, and ensure public safety and internal security with the active support of the community.

Functions
Law Enforcement. Maintain peace and order. Prevents and investigates crimes and bring offenders to justice. Exercise the vested powers from the Philippine Constitution and pertinent laws. Detain an arrested person for a period not beyond what is prescribed by law. Implements pertinent laws and regulations on firearms and explosives control. Supervise and control the training and operations of security agencies.

Reorganization in 1998
With the effectivity of Republic Act No. 8551, otherwise known as the Philippine National Police Reform and Reorganization Act of 1998, the PNP was envisioned to be a community and service oriented Agency.

Internal branches and organizations

As mandated by law, the PNP activated/created the Internal Affairs Service (IAS) on a national scope on June 1, 1999. It is an organization within the structure of the PNP and one of its tasks is to help the Chief, PNP institute reforms to improve the image of the police force through assessment, analysis and evaluation of the character and behavior of the PNP Personnel. It is headed by the Inspector General. The PNP has the following branches included the following organizations"[9]

Philippine National Police Aviation Security Command Special Action Force Program Management Office PNP Maritime Group PNP Intelligence Group PNP Regional Public Safety Battalion

Recruitment and training

Two members of the PNP rappel down a tower during a joint U.S.-AFP-PNP Subject Matter Expert Exchange (SMEE).

The PNP conducts regular recruitment programs, depending on annual budget allocations. The entry level for non-commissioned officers is the rank of Police Officer 1 or PO1. The new recruits undergo Police Basic Recruit Course for six months, and a Field Training Program for another six months prior to deployment to various units. Officers for the Philippine National Police are sourced from the Philippine National Police Academy as well as through Lateral Entry, for specialized disciplines and requirements such as doctors, engineers and other technical positions. The Philippine National Police Academy is located at Camp Gen. Mariano N. Castaneda, Silang, Cavite and is the premier training academy for the PNP,BJMP and BFP.

Ranks
The following ranks are observed in the PNP as of 2009 with the following (in descending order):[10]

Commissioned officers
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Director General (P D/Gen.) - General Deputy Director General (P D/DGen.) - Lieutenant General Director (P Dir.) - Major General Chief Superintendent (P C/Supt.) - Brigadier General Senior Superintendent (P S/Supt.) - Colonel Superintendent (P Supt.) - Lieutenant Colonel Chief Inspector (P C/Insp.) - Major Senior Inspector (P S/Insp.) - Captain Inspector (P Insp.) - Lieutenant

Note: Rank in Italics is the Army equivalent. There is no Second Lieutenant rank-equivalent in the P.N.P.

Non-commissioned officers
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Senior Police Officer IV (SPO4) - Senior Master Sergeant / Chief Master Sergeant <<<*|||| Senior Police Officer III (SPO3) - Master Sergeant <<<||| Senior Police Officer II (SPO2) - Technical Sergeant <<<|| Senior Police Officer I (SPO1) - Staff Sergeant <<<| Police Officer III (PO3) - Sergeant <<< Police Officer II (PO2) - Corporal << Police Officer I (PO1) - Private First Class <

VERBAL REASONING
VOCABULARY
1. Many experts emphasize that the positive effects of declining inflation will .............. expectations. A) overcome B) surpass C) undermine D) rectify E) succeed

2. Dentists strongly suggest brushing teeth using toothpaste to ............. them from decaying. A) defer B) protect C) guard D) waste E) condemn 3. He has recently ............ drawing to make himself relaxed. A) adopted B) relinquished C) adjusted D) benefited E) progressed 4. Lots of .......... crafts like weaving are slowly being revived. A) habitual B) vivid C) hard D) proportional E) traditional 5. I ............ whether our opponent company will make any profit at all. A) expect B) claim C) doubt D) admit E) recommend 6. The rise in the prices ............... her to sell her share for a nice profit. A) achieved B) annoyed C) meditated D) advised E) facilitated 7. Should that company wish to attract workers, it ought to ........... the pay. A) lower B) raise C) spread D) rise E) accrue 8. The kidney transplant operation was .............. complicated, so the operating team had to take special care to ensure its success. A) slightly B) nearly

C) immediately D) extremely E) probably 9. Before the invention of refrigeration, the ............. of fish and meat must have been a problem. A) treatment B) maintenance C) addition D) presentation E) preservation 10. The police finally arrested the ............... criminal. A) famous B) renowned C) respectable D) notorious E) temporary

SAT Sample Test

adj. smooth and pleasant in manner

(a) suave (b) obituary (c) pusillanimous (d) robust

adj. characterized by rivalry

(a) impious (b) inestimable (c) bellicose (d) competitive

adj. pertaining to the process of plant-life

(a) vegetative (b) quixotic (c) sympathetic (d) antediluvian

adj. of good ancestry

(a) deterrent (b) frantic (c) well-bred (d) pastoral

v. to overcome by force of will

(a) surmount (b) dissuade (c) contaminate (d) subjugate

v. to be an obstacle or to place obstacles in the way of

(a) actuate (b) impede (c) defame (d) extol

adj. of or pertaining to heat

(a) mediocre (b) chameleon

(c) indignant (d) thermal

COMPREHENSION
# Passage 2 #

Official records state that the Pueblo Indians lived in New Mexico and Arizona . The word "Pueblo" comes from the Spanish word "pueblo," meaning town or village. The Spaniards found these Indians living in apartment houses, some of them on the side of a cliff in order that they could be reached only by ladders. Whenever they were attacked by Apaches, the Pueblos would pull up the ladders. They grew corn, which they watered with water flowing down in ditches. They wove cloth, made wonderful baskets, and created jars and pots out of clay proving how skilful they were at hand-craft.
1. From the passage we understand that the Pueblo Indians were afraid of ............. . a) cliff dwelling b) Apache Indians c) apartment houses d) water flowing down in ditches e) solitary life

2. Why the Spaniards called these Indians "Pueblos" is because they ................ . a) were close to the Apaches b) lived together in a town or village c) farmed and brought down water in ditches d) pulled up their ladders when attacked e) achieved fame thanks to their hand-craft

3. The Pueblo Indians lived on the side of a cliff ................ . a) although they had apartment houses b) to observe the stars in the sky for rain season c) so that they could provide themselves with shelters d) and, the didn't have a lake, a stream, or a pond e) as long as they were all together

# Passage 3 #

It was a man who lived before the time of Christopher Columbus that was the

world's first great traveler. His name was Marco Polo. With his father and his uncle, he traveled from Italy to China, crossing mountains and deserts to get there. In China a king called Kublai Khan was pleased to see the Polos and had them live near to him. They stayed for twenty-three years. Kublai Khan sent Marco to other countries to do business for him. When Marco finally returned to Italy, he wrote all about his adventures in a book, which was read by Columbus and many other people, who also became interested in traveling to strange countries.
1. This story is mainly about ............. . a) the world's first great traveler b) traveling from Italy to China c) why Polo went to the far east d) Marco Polo and Kublai Khan e) in what ways Columbus affected Polo

2. The reason that Marco Polo is called great is not that ................ . a) he traveled very far to reach China for a new world b) he wrote about his adventures in a book, which many people read c) he was so well liked by the king of China d) he crossed mountains and deserts to reach China e) he achieved fame thanks to his good reasoning

3. We know from the story that after he turned back, ................ . a) Marco brought out a book inspiring new voyages b) Marco stayed in Italy for twenty-three years c) Kublai Khan knew that Marco had crossed mountains and deserts d) Kublai Khan sent Columbus to other countries for business e) Marco set out for a new adventure

GRAMMAR
1. ______ shall I say is calling?. Who Whom Whose Whos 2. ___ hour ago we met ___ history teacher. a / an a/a an / a an / an 3. Sentences can be broken down into:.

periods predicates objects clauses 4. Charles and ___ are attending the conference. me I myself mine 5. Homophones are:. two or more words that share the same pronunciation but have different meanings. two or more words that share the same meaning but have different pronunciations two or more words that share the same spelling but have different meanings two or more words that share the same pronunciation but have different spellings 6. He was not thinking well __ that occasion. at in on when 7. Love, courage, and childhood are examples of: proper nouns abstract nouns relative nouns countable nouns 8. Microsoft announced ________ releasing a new product next week. it is they are itself is she is 9. We need three _______ and two _______ for the soup. fungi / potatos fungus / potatoes fungis / potatoes fungi / potatoes 10. Adverbs can modify: nouns adjectives pronouns sentences 11. The boy _______ threw the ball was blond.

himself that which who 12. Those are all prepositions, except:. upon from so like 13. The other boys or Henry ____ to blame. is are were will 14. The two types of adjectives are:. attributive and relative predicative and collective attributive and predicative predicative and alternative 15. The cat has ___ the canary. eat eaten ate eated 16. Which of the following is NOT an article: a it the an 17. Chairs _______ dont have cushions are uncomfortable to sit on. that which whose where 18. Those are all coordinating conjunctions, except: for yet from but 19. Which of the following is NOT a type of incomplete verb:

auxiliary verb intransitive verb semi-auxiliary verb being verb 20. This will be just between you and ___ . myself I me mine

QUANTITATIVE REASONING
BASIC CONCEPT/PROBLEM SOLVING
A 1 3, 11, 19, 27, ? 33 B 35 C 37 D 39 E 41

A 2 3, 6, 11, 18, ? 24

B 25

C 26

D 27

E 28

A 3 516, 497, 478, 459, ? Identify the missing number within the series. A 4 33, ?, 19, 12, 5 31 436

B 440

C 438

D 452

E 442

B 26

C 29

D 27

E 24

A 5 11, 19, ?, 41, 55 31

B 29

C 26

D 39

E 34

A 6 98, 94, ?, 70, 38 89

B 85

C 86

D 87

E 88

7 Identify the missing number. 7 5 A 41 8 Identify the missing number. 4 35 A 51 9 It costs a manufacturer X dollars per A 4 6 B 36 14 26 B 56 B C 45 C C 35 49 25 D 18 11 73 D 55 D 16 ? E 37 34 ? E 52 E

component to make the first 1,000 components. All subsequent components cost X3 each. When X = $1.50 How much will it cost to manufacture 4,000 components?

$3,500

$3,000

$4,000

$3,250

$4,500

10 A train traveling at 60 mph enters a tunnel that is 5 miles long. The train is one mile long. How many minutes does it take for the whole train to pass through the tunnel? A 7 B 4 C 10 D 5 E 6

11 In the Shelbyville election, the Republican candidate received one and a half times as many votes as the Democrat candidate. The Democrat candidate received one third more votes than the Independent candidate. 900 votes were cast for the Independent candidate. How many votes were cast for the Republican candidate? A 900 B 1,400 C 1,600 D 1,000 E 1,800

12 Anna and John both drive to their new home 400 miles away. Anna drives the family car at an average speed of 60 mph. John drives the removal truck at an average speed of 50 mph. During the journey, Anna stops for a total of 1 hour and 20 minutes, John stops for half as long. What is the difference in minutes between their arrival times? A 60 B 55 C 40 D 90 E 80

LOGICAL REASONING
1. In a horse race: Hill Royal came in ahead of Trigger. Hill Royal finished after Black Beauty. Copenhagen beat Black Beauty but finished after Bucephalus Where did Copenhagen finish? ANSWER : SECOND 2. In a horse race: Hill Royal came in ahead of Trigger. Hill Royal finished after Black Beauty. Copenhagen beat Black Beauty but finished after Bucephalus Where did Hill Royal finish? ANSWER : FOURTH 3. THE TIMED TEST WILL BEGIN AFTER THIS QUESTION. Forty two is seven times a particular number. What is eleven times that number? ANSWER : 66

4. Debbie, Kimi and Michael have Ferraris. Michael also has a Reliant Robin. Jensen has a Mercedes and a Model T. Rubens also has a Mercedes. Debbie also has a Bugatti Veyron. Rubens has just bought a Toyota Prius. Who has the fewest cars? ANSWER : Kimi

5. Jensen, Lewis and Mika need to be able to run 100m in under 12.5 seconds to qualify for a championship. Lewis and Mika run faster than Jensen. Jensen's best time for the 100m is 13.1 seconds. Which of the following MUST be true? ANSWER : Jensen doesnt qualify 6. Wayne is double the age of Fernando and one third as old as Didier who will be 48 years old in 6 years. How old is Fernando? ANSWER : 7

7. Hanif, Horace, Hilary and Hannah are students. Hanif and Horace speak Chinese, whereas the others speak Arabic. Horace and Hannah speak Albanian. Everyone except Hanif speaks Esperanto. Who only speaks Arabic and Esperanto? ANSWER : Hilary 8. Hanif, Horace, Hilary and Hannah are students. Hanif and Horace speak Chinese, whereas the others speak Arabic. Horace and Hannah speak Albanian. Everyone except Hanif speaks Esperanto. Who speaks more than one language but not Arabic?

ANSWER : Horace

9. Josh the postman has eleven red rubber bands; he gives Sunita three bands. Sunita now has twice the number of bands Josh has left. How many bands did Sunita have at the beginning?

ANSWER : 13

10. Simon, Cheryl and Dannii are all going by train to London to watch a singing competition. Cheryl gets the 2.15 pm train. Simon's train journey takes 50% longer than Dannii's. Simon catches the 3.00 train. Dannii leaves 20 minutes after Cheryl and arrives at 3.25 pm. When will Simon arrive? ANSWER : 4.15 pm