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Cementing
CEMENTING
The purposes of this chapter are to present:
1. The primary objectives of cementing
2. The test procedures used to determine if the cement slurry and set-cement have suitable properties for meeting those objectives. 3. The common additives used to obtain the desirable properties under various well conditions. 4. The techniques used to place the cement at the desired location in the well.
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TYPES OF CEMENT
3.1 Composition of Portland Cement
Portland cement made by burning limestone and clay. Oxides of Ca, Al, Fe, Si react at high temperatures in the Klin (2600 2800 oF).
When it cools, it becomes balls of cement clinker. After aging in the storage, the seasoned clinker is taken to the grinding mills where gypsum is added to (CaSO4.2H2O) to retard setting time and increase ultimate strength. It is sold in units of barrels = 376 lbm or four, 94 lbm sacks.
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Cement is thought to be made up of four crystalline components in the clinker that hydrate to form a rigid structure.
1. 2. 3. 4.
Tricalcium silicate (3 CaO.SiO2 or C3S) Dicalcium silicate (2 CaO.SiO2 or C2S) Tricalcium Aluminate (3 CaO.Al2O3 or C3A) Tetracalcium aluminoferrite(4CaO.Al2O3.Fe2O3C4AF)
The reaction is exothermic and generates a considerable quantity of heat. The main cementing compound is 3CaO.2SiO2.3H2O or tobermorite gel = it has extremely fine particle size.
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6. Specimen molds and strength testing machines for determining the tensile and compressive strength. 7. Autoclave : to determine the soundness of cement. 8. Turbidimeter : to determine the fineness of cement.
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To provide uniformity in testing it is necessary to specify the amount of water to be mixed with each type of cement. Water content ratio, or normal water content or API water of the cement class. Table 3.6
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Well depth and cementing time relationship used in definition of API cement classes.
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For each wt% of bentonite added the water content should be increased by 5.3% For each wt% of barite added 0.2% of water should be added. For 3.5 :
Cement mixing time Displacement rate Casing OD Area of Casing = 20 cuft/min = 50 cuft/min = 7.0 in, = 33.57 sq.in.
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PROPERTIES OF CEMENT
Protect and support the casing Prevent movement of the fluid through the annular space outside the casing Stop the movement of fluid into regular or fractured formations. Close an abandoned portion of the well.
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Slurry density usually is increased by using a lower water content or adding high specific gravity solids. High specific gravity solids used to increase slurry density include: (a) Hematite (b) Ilmenite (c) Barite (d) Sand
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EXAMPLE 3.5 : Use hematite to increase the density of cement to 17.5 lbm/gal. If the water requirement are 4.5 gal/94 lbm class H cement and 0.36 gal per 100 lbm hematite compute the amount of hematite that should be blended with each sack.
Solution: Assume X = lbm of hematite / sack of cement Total water requirement of slurry = 4.5 + .0036 X
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3.4.2 Bentonite
Use for building drilling fluid viscosity. Also used extensively as an additive for lowering cement density. The addition of bentonite lowers the slurry density because of its lower specific gravity and because its ability to hydrate permits the use of much higher water concentration. In addition to lowering slurries density, the addition of bentonite lowers slurry cost.
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3.4.3 Diatomaceous A special grade of diatomaceous earth is used in portland cements to reduce slurry density. Lower specific gravity than bentonite. Permits higher water/cement ratios without resulting in free water.
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3.4.7 Hematite Reddish iron oxide core (Fe2O3) having s specific gravity of approximate 5.02. Can be used to increase the density of a cement slurry to as high as 19 lbm/gal. The water requirement for the hematite is approximately 0.36gal/100 lbm hematite.
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3.4.9 Barite Barite or barium sulphate is extensively used for increasing the density of a cement slurry. Water requirement for barite is about 2.4 gal/100 lbm of barite. The large amount of water required decreases the compressive strength of the cement and dilutes the other chemical additives.
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3.4.10 Sand Sand having low specific gravity of about 2.63, sometimes used to increase slurry density. Sand requires no additional water to be added to the slurry. Has little effect on the strength or pumpability of the cement, but causes the cement surface to be relatively hard. Also used to form a plug in an open hole as a base for setting a whipstock tool used to change the direction of the hole.
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The cement must set and develop strength before drilling activities can be resumed. Compressive strength = 500 psi common Tensile strength = 40 psi common
For shallow, low temperature wells it may be necessary to accelerate the cement hydration so that the waiting period after cementing is minimized.
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Cement setting time is also a function of: Cement composition Fineness Water content Increases compressive strength (generally) at saturations > 5% it acts as retarders used to cement salt and shale formations. NaCl, CaCl2, MgCl2, at concentrations present in sea water all act as accelerators. At T > 160oF use retarders when using sea water.
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3.4.12 Calcium Chloride Concentration up to 4% by weight commonly is used as a cement accelerator in wells having bottomhole temp < 125oF. Available in regular grade (77% calcium chloride) and an anhydrous grade (96% calcium chloride). Anhydrous grade is in more general use because it absorbs moisture less readily and is easier to maintain in storage.
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3.4.13 Sodium Chloride An accelerator used in low concentration. Max. accelerator occurs at a concentration of about 5% (by weight of mixing water) for cements containing no bentonite. Saturated sodium chloride cements are used primarily for cementing through salt formations and through shale formation that are highly sensitive to fresh water.
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3.4.16 Retarders:
Deflocculants ( lignosulfonates) (thinners, dispersants) Halliburton (HR-12) Borax CM HEC
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Commonly used:
Latex Bentonite with a dispersant CMHEC Various organic polymers, such as Halliburton HALAD-9
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SLURRY DESIGN
EXAMPLE 3.6 Bil = 17 in OD = 13.375 in. csg ID = 12.415 in csg Depth = 2500 ft high strength cement column at bottom = 500 ft composed of class A cement + 2% CaCl2. upper 2000 ft low density slurry class A cement + 16% bentonite + 5% sodium chloride Water cement ratio = 13 gal/sack Excess factor = 1.75
Compute the slurry volume and number of cement sacks. Annular capacity
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For Lead (low strength) = Volume of one sack of cement (A) + Volume of added bentonite per sack (B) + Volume of salt water per sack (C)
94 lbm / sack ft3 (a ) 0.4797 3 v c w 3.14(62.4) lbm / ft sack wt 94
(b)
wt. of Bentonite
bentonite
(c)=Volume of water Water- cement ratio Water wt. Wt. of fraction of NaCl
= Wt. Of 5% NaCl = .05 (94) = 4.7 lbm = 13 gal/sack = 13 g.(8.34 ppg)/sack = 108.4 lbm/sack =
4.7 0.0415 108.4 4.7
Yield = 0.4797 + 0.0910 + 1.7633 = 2.334 cuft/sack No. of sack = 2102 cuft/2.334 cuft/sack = 901 sacks
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High strength tail slurry volume 2 40 = (.6006) (500) (1.75) + 4 (12.45) 144 = 559.2 cuft
Yield = volume/sack
Volume = vol. of cement (one sack) + Vol. of CaCl2 94 0.4797 ft 3 / sack (3 14 )( 62 .4) Cement Volume Wt. of CaCl2 = (0.02) (94) = 1.88 lbm Wt. Water = (5.2) (8.34) = 43.4 lbm 1.88 0.0415 Wt. Fraction = 1.88 43.4
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CaCl 1.0329
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Answer
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Outside casing:
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Centralizers: (a) Bow springs welded on end rings (b) centralizer with
reflector vanes (c) slim-hole centralizer (Halliburton Sales and Service Catalog) 39
Cement baskets (a) in place within the casing and (b) with
limit rings(Courtesy World Oils Cementing Handbook)
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Cementing casing strings Cementing liner strings Setting cement plugs Squeeze cementing
To avoid fracturing formations by reducing cement column length. To make sure cement is not lost in low-pressure highly permeable zones.
To reduce cementing time and amount of cement left in the shoe joint of large diameter casing. Performed using drill pipe or tubing.
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3.5.4 Annular-Cementing through tubing: It is used to bring cement top of the previously placed cement to the surface Or to repair casing. 3.5.5 Multiple String Cementing
It is a multiple completion method that involves cementing several strings of tubing in the hold without the use of an outer casing strings.
It is used when extremely low-strength formation were present near the bottom of the hole.
The cement is displaced (pumped) down the annulus and the mud is displaced back through the casing.
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When wiper-plug reaches the float collar a pressure increase at the surface signifies the end of the cement displacement. Liner setting tool are activated by: 1. mechanical device (drill pipe rotated and lowered)
2. hydraulic device : drill pipe rotated or a ball or a plug is dropped and then set by applying pressure.
Tie-back liner = to the top. Stub-liner = up the liner but not to the top = to repair leak at liner top.
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3.5.9
Plug Cementing
Prevent fluid communications between an abandoned lower portion of the well and the upper part of the well. Placed using drill pipe or tubing. Bridge plug is used to assist in forming a good hydraulic seal.
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