Abdullah Mahmoud

Pe.abdullah36@gmail.com https://www.facebook.com/abdullah.amar

1. Factors affecting ROP

a- Bit Type and compatibility to formation
b- Formations characteristics…..Compressive strength (Minerals type)
c- Drilling parameters (WOB, RPM)
d- Drilling fluids properties (Rheology (Up-up) , M wt (Up-down), Solid percentage...etc)
e- Hydraulics (HHP of Bit, Flow rate, slip, Annular velocity and net velocity)
f- Differential pressure (Amount of overbalance applied on formation)

2. When drilling, the hydrostatic pressure must be greater than formation pressure, but if the
difference become too large cause different problems, state them?
a- Poor ROP
b- Tendency to Differential sticking
c- Tendency to Loss of circulations
d- Formation damage
e- In accurate formation logging results

3. What do you know about bit balling?

a- Definition
i. Cutting/formation is stick to Bit
b- Causes
i. Sticky formations
ii. Bad Shale inhibition
iii. Bad Hole cleaning
c- Indications
i. Reduction in ROP
ii. Reduction in torque
iii. Tendency to cause swabbing.
d- Treatment
i. Shale inhibition adjustment
ii. Adding caustic pill
iii. Adding 5% diesel to WBM as lubricity and anti-bit balling
iv. Nut plug
v. P/U 5-15 feet increase RPM, SPM & UP Down
vi. POOH to surface

Abdullah Mahmoud
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Abdullah Mahmoud
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4. How is differentiate between hole washout and drill string washout? (Definition, causes,
indications)
Hole washout Drill string washout
Definition Enlargement in hole size Hole/worn in the pipe body
Causes - High flow rate against soft formation - Inspection
- Mainly reaction between mud and - Abrasive formation with erratic
formation (salt & water) torque,
- Excessive reaming & back ream during - Corrosions due to mud acidic pH
tripping - Bad drilling practice DRLLER.
Indications - Gradually reduction in pump pressure, - Sudden drop in pump pressure
- BTM up volume, - Reduction in RPG if washout above
- Over pull while tripping downhole motor
- Drop in SIDPP

5. What is the function of float collar?

a- Prevents flow-back of the cement slurry when pumping is stopped.
The float collar creates a shoe track between it and the float shoe. The shoe track
contains and reduced the cement mud contamination to a restricted area, to prevent
wet shoe, the shoe track could be up to 6 joints or more depending on the extent of
contamination expected in the shoe

6. What is the function of cement plug?

a- Reducing contamination and maintaining predictable slurry performance
b- The cement bottom wiper plug , wipes the thin mud film that is formed on the inside
walls of the casing. It also acts as a spacer between mud and cement. The top wiper plug
acts as a spacer between cement and displacement mud.

7. What do you know about multi stage collar or DV tool?

a- The multistage cementing tool or stage collar is a tool that allows performing a cement
job in two stages , were weak formation is expected. DV Tool is the commercial name of
Halliburton stage cementing tool.

8. When we need to perform two stage cement?

a- Used when the pumping rate is long,
b- High pump pressures
c- CMT hydrostatic pressure can exceed the fracture pressure of some troublesome
formations.
d- 2 stage cementing job is required when a weak formation/ low frac gradient is known to
exist and to prevent lost circulation during cementing. Other solutions could be light
weight cement ( spherelite or other low density cementing systems)

Abdullah Mahmoud
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Abdullah Mahmoud
Pe.abdullah36@gmail.com https://www.facebook.com/abdullah.amar

9. The formation pressure affect on casing design, show how?

a- It has direct effect on burst and indirect effect on collapse pressure.
b- Collapse=1.125*FP/Burst= 1.1*FP>>>CSG Grade

10. How to describe casing joint?

Casing joint is identified by the following
a- Outer diameter
b- Nominal weight
c- Thread type and connection size
d- Tensile load
e- Collapse pressure
f- Burst pressure

11. Function of drilling fluids?

a- To cool and lubricate the drill string
b- To lift the cutting from bottom of well to surface
c- To suspend cutting when circulation is stopped
d- To support the wall of wellbore
e- To control the formation pressure
f- To form thin impermeable filter cake to reduce water loss
g- To give indication about the changes occur downhole
h- To transmit the geological information’s to surface

12. What are the types of drilling fluids?

a- Water base mud
b- Kcl-polymer mud
c- Oil base mud
d- Emulsion mud

13. Mechanical solids removal equipment can be grouped into two major classifications?
a- Screen device
i. Shale Shaker
b- Centrifugal separation device like
i. De-sander De-silter Centrifuge mud cleaner

14. The hydraulic horse power at the bit must be suitable to ensure…….
a- Good hole cleaning achieved to enhance ROP

Abdullah Mahmoud
Pe.abdullah36@gmail.com https://www.facebook.com/abdullah.amar
Abdullah Mahmoud
Pe.abdullah36@gmail.com https://www.facebook.com/abdullah.amar

15. List four principles indicates an influx had occurred whilst during drilling?
a- Increase in flow rate indicator (Flow show-paddle in flow line)
b- Increase in pit volume in tanks (Pit gain in tanks)
c- Increase in ROP (Fast break-chip hold down effect)
d- Increase in cutting size, quantity and shape
e- Increase in torque and drag

16. Show the effect of the following on mud pump pressure?

a- Lost of circulation……………………. (Decrease)
b- Gas cut mud……………………………. (Decrease)
c- Hole packing off……………………… (Increase)
d- Plugged nozzles……………………… (Increase)
e- Washout nozzles……………………. (Decrease)

17. What is the meaning of MAASP?

a- Maximum Allowable Annular Surface Pressure: the surface pressure (Above the
hydrostatic) which cause the formation to be fractured.

18. ECD is abbreviation of………….

a- Equivalent Circulating Density

19. Define: inclination, azimuth, horizontal displacement & dogleg?

a- Azimuth: The direction in which a deviated or horizontal well is drilled relative to
magnetic north.
b- Horizontal displacement: The horizontal distance between the vertical lines passing
through the target and the wellhead
c- Dogleg: A particularly crooked place in a wellbore where the trajectory of the wellbore
in three-dimensional space changes rapidly

20. What are the types of stuck and how to identify?

a- Mechanical sticking
i.
b- Differential sticking
i. Try to reduce OB value if it possible.
ii. 50 bbl. (water diesel + lax) spotting Pipe lax pill >> Cracking for filter cake

21. One of the well control methods is waiting and weight method,
The definition, advantage and dis-advantages of this method?
Definition: Conventional killing method used one circulation to circulate the influx out
meanwhile pumping the kill mud inside the well.
Advantage: it gives low Shoe pressure if OH volume > String volume, less time to kill well.
Disadvantage: Need to prepare KMW before starting killing.

Abdullah Mahmoud
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Abdullah Mahmoud
Pe.abdullah36@gmail.com https://www.facebook.com/abdullah.amar

22. Consider triplex pump have 6’’ liners and 11’’ stroke length operating at 120 spm and
discharge pressure of 3000 psi and the efficiency of pump equal to 100% calculate the flow
rate and horse power of pump?
a- Pump output= (ID^2*L*Eff*N)/(1029.4*12)= 0.0961 bbl/stroke
b- Flow rate= POP*SPM= 0.0961 *120=11.54 bpm = 484 GPM
c- HP = flowrate*pressure / 1417 = 484*3000 /1417 = 1024 HP

23. List the standard bit/casing sizes from the biggest conductor to the smallest
production/casing.

24. Why we drill a horizontal well?

1- Reduced water and gas coning because of reduced drawdown in the reservoir for a given
production rate, thereby reducing the remedial work required in the future
2- Increased production rate because of the greater wellbore length exposed to the pay zone
3- Reduced pressure drop around the wellbore
4- Lower fluid velocities around the wellbore
5- A general reduction in sand production from a combination of Items 3 and 4
6- Larger and more efficient drainage pattern leading to increased overall reserves recovery

25. If TVD=9,000 ft & inclination is 45 degree calculate the horizontal displacement at TD if we

drill 100 ft more?

26. If we like to put 40,000 ibs on a bit while drilling how much DC’s will need?
a- Given that length of dc joint 30 ft
b- Nominal weight for dc is 90 ib/ft

= 40,000 / 0.8 / 90 / 30=19 joints

Abdullah Mahmoud
Pe.abdullah36@gmail.com https://www.facebook.com/abdullah.amar
Abdullah Mahmoud
Pe.abdullah36@gmail.com https://www.facebook.com/abdullah.amar

27. Whilst drilling the 12 ¼’’ hole section this data was collected and …….. to the company man. At
what point in time would have ………….that the bit be pulled and why? If average trip time is 8
hr, and rig daily rate is 400 $/day and bit cost is 16,000$?
Drilling time Footage drilled
1 34
2 62
3 110
4 126
5 154
6 180
7 210
8 216
9 226

28. After pulling the bit out of hole we evaluated the bit by (0-8-B)
a- Zero is the first column refers to ………….………
b- Eight is the second column refers to ……………

29. What is the following abbreviation stand for?

a- LWD/MWD: Logging while drilling/ Measuring while drilling
b- DLS: Dog leg severity
c- TLC: Tough Logging Condition
d- WOB: Weight on Bit
e- IADC: International Association of Drilling Contractor
f- PDC: Polycrystalline Diamond Compact
g- ECD: Equivalent Circulating Density
h- WOW: Wait On Weather
i- BUR: Build Up Rate
j- GPM: Gallon Per Minute
k- RPM: Revolution Per Mint
l- BH: Bent Housing
m- PDM: Positive Displacement Motor
n- YP/PV: Yield point Plastic Viscosity
30. Mention all the types of well control methods?
a- Wait and weight method
b- Driller method
c- Volumetric method
d- Concurrent method
e- Bull heading method

Abdullah Mahmoud
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Abdullah Mahmoud
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31. An oil well was subjected to test after adding new intervals, the results of well testing are as
follows:
Water cut: 40%
Net oil production: 340 bbl’s
Gas rate: 1.3 MMSCF/D Co2: 3 ppm H2s: 10 ppm
What will be the gross well production from this well
(480 bbl’s – 510 bbl’s – 850 bbl’s – 640 bbl’s)
Gross production = 340 + 266.6 = 566.6 bbl.
Water production X 0.4
340 0.6
X = (0.4*340 /0.6) = 226.6 bbl.

32. Which of the following statements (a,b or c) describes each of the following hole assemblies:
Fulcrum Assembly, Pendulum Assembly, Packed Assembly.
a- Holds hole angle. “Packed”
b- Drops hole angle. “Pendulum”
c- Builds hole angle. “Slick”

33. An oil well have the following data:

Completion depth 8,700 ft
Casing size 7‘’, 26#, ID: 6.276’’, PBTD : 8,700 ft
Tubing used: 2 7/8’’ EUE: OD: 2.875’’, ID:2.441’’
Internal TBG Cap. : 0.00221 bbl./ft.
What will be the total volume of brine will be required in order to circulate the hole two
times:
(650 bbl’s - 564 bbl’s – 664 bbl’s – 38 bbl’s)

34. Draw sketch of BHA of vertical and directional holes?

35. Water base mud Soft mushy cutting over the shaker: what down hole problem does this
indicate?
a- A soft shale formation is being drilled
b- A water sensitive shale formation is adsorbing water from the mud.
c- Excessive circulating rate is washing out a shale formation
d- A mobile shale formation is squeezing into wellbore
36. What is the meaning of SSCSV?
a- Sub-surface controlled surface valve
b- Sub-surface controlled system valve
c- Sub-surface controlled safety valve

Abdullah Mahmoud
Pe.abdullah36@gmail.com https://www.facebook.com/abdullah.amar
Abdullah Mahmoud
Pe.abdullah36@gmail.com https://www.facebook.com/abdullah.amar

37. Where is a wireline entry guide fitted?

a- Bottom of tubing
b- Top of tubing
c- End of perforation

38. Harder formations required (Low/High) RPM.

39. For a well with 15,000 ft MD and 10,000 ft TVD and the hole is full with 10 ppg mud what is
the maximum hydrostatic pressure?
a- 5,200 psi
b- 7,800 psi

40. What do we mean by the term Primary Well Control?

a- The pressure of the fluids in the wellbore is less than the formation pressure
b- The hydrostatic head of mud in the well bore is equal to or slightly greater than the
formation pressure.
c- The formation cannot be controlled, for example due to an underground blowout.
41. What do we mean by the term ‘normal formation pressure’?
a- .465 psi/ft
b- .0465 psi/ft
c- 4.65 psi/ft
42. What does the term abnormal pressure mean with regarding the fluid pressure in the
formaton?
a- High density mud used to create a large overbalance
b- Formation pressure that exceeds saline water hydrostatic pressure
c- The excess pressure that needs to be applied to cause “leak off” in normal pressure
formation.
43. What is the required data gained from static pressure survey?
a- The pressure/temperature gradient
b- The pressure/time graph
c- The geothermal gradient
d- Volume / depth capacities

Abdullah Mahmoud
Pe.abdullah36@gmail.com https://www.facebook.com/abdullah.amar
Abdullah Mahmoud
Pe.abdullah36@gmail.com https://www.facebook.com/abdullah.amar

44. Which of the following are purposes of Cementing?

a- To form a seal in the event of a kick (sudden pressure increase) during further drilling
and to protect the pipe and producing formations
b- To prevent pipe corrosion, to seal off troublesome formations and to helps prevent
blowouts and loss circulation
c- To bond the rock formations and provide support for the casing.

45. The roller cone bit (Crushing- grinding- shear) the formation.

46. The PDC bit (crushing – grinding-shear) the formation

47. The natural diamond bit (crushing-grinding—shear) the formation

48. The function of sliding side door in a sucker rod completion is to?
a- Kill the well
b- Unset the hydraulic set retrievable packers
c- Keep the memory gauges under monitoring
d- Measure the fluid level be echometer

Abdullah Mahmoud
Pe.abdullah36@gmail.com https://www.facebook.com/abdullah.amar
Abdullah Mahmoud
Pe.abdullah36@gmail.com https://www.facebook.com/abdullah.amar

49. Talk about MODUSPEC Audit?

a- Drop object survey (ladder/Monkey board/Crown area)
b- Mud pump alignment
c- Pulsation Dampener bladder and pressure
d- Mud pump efficiency
e- Mud pump RV
f- O matic
g- Agitator HP
h- SH SH screens
i- SH SH Switch board
j- Trip pump
k- BOP Bonnet studs & Blind ram rubber
l- Accumulator RV
m- Accumulator Oil level
n- Accumulator 4 way valve
o- Accumulator Control lines second rention P/T
p- Master bushing bowls

50. Talk about rig acceptance?

a- Operations and HSE
b- Operation items like to check mud system, agitators, mud pump, test surface line, check
for all X-Overs needed for operation according to contract, equipment list in the
contract
c- Also alignment for rig to wellhead, communications between Co. man, TP & rig floor
d- HSE items usually checked by HSE department but you can check BOP by pressure
testing same on test stump, function test, check accumulator unit cylinders precharge
pressure, check electric pump & air pump
e- Check all certificates for equipment included 5 years inspection & overhauling
certificates
f- Check doctor clinic like medicine & available equipment
g- Hygiene condition for kitchen & accommodation area
h- All this should be included in the contract & you have to check
i- Drilling rig also different than Workover rig as alignment for mast should be sharp in
drilling than Workover as rig should be rigged up in center position to guide conductor
pipe
j- Check firefighting system with all fire extinguishers
k- These are some of items should you check before acceptance

Abdullah Mahmoud
Pe.abdullah36@gmail.com https://www.facebook.com/abdullah.amar
Abdullah Mahmoud
Pe.abdullah36@gmail.com https://www.facebook.com/abdullah.amar

Bullheading
Bullheading is one of the well control methods which may be utilized in some
occasions in order to control the well. Concept of bullheading is to pump kicks back into
formations by using kill weight fluid. People usually use this method when normal
circulation is impossible and volumetric method is not feasible to perform.

When May You Consider Using the Bullheading Well Control Method?

• When the kick size is very big so you may not be able to control the excessive
volume coming to the surface.
• When you need to reduce surface pressure in order to start further well control
operations.
• When there is a possibility to exceed surface pressure and volume gas on the
surface if the conventional methods (drillers’ method, wait and weight and
volumetric) are performed.
• When there is no pipe in the hole while taking influx.
• The influx contains high level of H2S which can cause safety of personnel on the rig.
• When there is no feasible way to strip back to the bottom in order to kill in the flux
below.
For every drilling operation, decision to perform bullheading must be discussed because
if the well is shut in and wait for a long time before making decision to bullhead the well,
it might be very difficult to perform because the surface pressure at that time may
increase so high due to gas migration. The chance of pushing the kick back into
reservoir becomes smaller.
Note: Bullheading may or may not fracture formations.

There are some factors affecting the feasibility of bullheading as listed below;

Reservoir permeability – pumping fluid back into low permeability reservoir takes
longer time than pumping into high permeability zone. It might require breaking the
formation in order to successfully bullheading the well.

Surface pressure rating – rating of surface equipment as BOP, wellhead, casing, etc
will limit the maximum allowable pumping pressure.

Type of influx – Gas influx will migrate and it will increase surface pressure, however,
liquid influx (oil or water) will not cause increasing in surface pressure because it will not
migrate.

Abdullah Mahmoud
Pe.abdullah36@gmail.com https://www.facebook.com/abdullah.amar
Abdullah Mahmoud
Pe.abdullah36@gmail.com https://www.facebook.com/abdullah.amar

Procedure of Bullheading (Example)

This procedure below will give you only overview of how to perform bullheading
therefore you must need to add the site specific information before conducting the
actual work.

1. Determine surface pressure limitation of surface equipment.

2. Calculate surface pressure which will fracture formation during bullheading
operation.
3. Prepare a bullheading pressure chart representing strokes pumped vs pumping
pressure.
4. Ensure correct line up.
5. Bring the pump to speed at low rate to overcome surface pressure.
6. Slowly increase pump rate to the planned pump rate.
7. Closely monitor tubing, casing pressure to ensure that pressures will not exceed the
equipment limitation at any stage of operation.
8. Slow down pump rate when the kill fluid close to reservoir. You will see surface
pressure decrease over time while pumping kill mud into the well because the kill
weight mud will increase hydrostatic pressure.
9. Observed pressure increase when the kill weight fluid is pushed into formation.
10. Shut the pump down and shut in the well.
11. Monitor pressure. Bleed trapped pressure if required.
We wish you would get more understanding about the bullheading well control.
Additionally, we will demonstrate some calculations related to this topic. Please feel free
to leave any comments

Abdullah Mahmoud
Pe.abdullah36@gmail.com https://www.facebook.com/abdullah.amar