THE BIAK- NA- BATO REPUBLIC

President Emilio Aguinaldo and his men headed for Bulacan. Finally on June 24, 1897, they arrived at Biak-na-Bato, San Miguel de Mayumo. Aguinaldo and his men joined the troops of General Mariano Llanera of Nueva Ecija in assaulting Spaniards stationed in the Central Luzon provinces.

First document, called PROGRAMprovided that Governor Primo de Rivera would pay 800,000 pesos to those who rose in arms and would let Aguinaldo and his men to retire in voluntary exile to Hong kong. Second documemt, called ACT OF AGREEMENT- reiterated the granting of amnesty to those who would lay down their arms and the privilege to move freely in the Philippines and abroad. . The third document discussed the question of INDEMNITY, wherein Spain would pay a total of 1,700,000 pesos, of which 800,00 pesos was to be paid to those who would lay down their arms as mentioned in the first document. The remaining 900,000 pesos was to be distributed among the civilian population as indemnity for the damages created by the war.

On November 1 the revolutionary leaders met and adopted a constitution titled the Provisional Constitution of the Philippine Republic. It was intended to be effective for 2 years It declared that the aim of the revolution was the separation of the Philippines from Spanish Monarchy and the formation of an independent state. Isabelo Artacho & Felix Ferrer wrote the provisional constitution, which we based on the Cuban constitution known as Jimaguayu Constitution Biak na Bato Republic was inaugurated and the officials were: President: Emilio Aguinaldo Vice President: Mariano Trias Secretary of the interior: Isabelo Artacho Secretary of foreign affairs: Antonio Montenegro Secretary of the treasury: Baldomero Aguinaldo Secretary of war: Emiliano Riego de Dios Governor General Primo de Rivera sent Pedro Paterno to Biak na Bato for peaceful negotiations with the revolutionaries, which began in August and was concluded in December. This agreement known as the PACT OF BIAK NA BATO, resulted to the voluntary exile of Aguinaldo and his men to Hongkong . PACT OF BIAK NA BATO CONSIST OF 3 DOCUMENTS: The first two were signed on December 14 and the third on December 15, 1897.
REPORTED BY: JONAH ANNE ALDEA BSN 3A

On December 25,1897, Aguinaldo with Pedro Paterno and others went to Lingayen, Pangasinan, from where a spanish merchant steamer was to take them to Hong Kong on board the steamer Uranus, in compliance with the pact. General Artemio Ricarte stayed behind at Biak na Bato to supervise the surrender of arms by the revolutionaries. The spanish government announced the end of hostilities on January 23,1898. it proclaimed amnesty 2 days later; and it gave part of the promised money to the rebels in Hong Kong. March 7, 1898- the revolutionaries in Zambales besieged the cable station Bolinao and seized the telegraph line connected to Manila. March 25 Federico Isabelo Abaya and his men were able to get Candon, Ilocos Sur, from the Spaniards. Pantaleon Villegas, popularly known as Tres de Abril in retaliation of the March 25 incident when the spaniards massacred many visayans sailors at Camba street manila. In Malolos, General Isidro Torres established his camp to continue the revolutionary spirit.
PHILIPPINE HISTORY

Revolts were also experienced in Bohol, Cebu, Panay and other islands in the country.

Feliciano Jocson, a pharmacist incited the patriots in Manila to continue the fight against Spaniards. Aguinaldo and his officers went into exile but did not end the fight to win independence from spain. On a letter written in Hongkong dated February 19,1898, Mariano Ponce stated that General Aguinaldo has signed the Pact of Biak- na - Bato because under its terms, the Filipino revolutionists could rest and regain their lost strength and then return to combat with renewed vigor.

side of Cubans. This idea won widespread support among American citizens and politicians. This give rise to the belief of Manifest Destiny, where the United States has the divinely obtained duty to help troubled countries.

A letter of Spains ambassador to US ( Dupuy de Lome) to a friend in Havana, Cuba was stolen and published in a New York periodical. It stated that US President William Mckinley was a weakling and a low politician. This created an national feeling among the Americans to support the war against Spain. The replacement of the spanish ambassador could not, however relieve the aggrieved american populace. The provocation was heated up after the mysterious blowing up of the US battleship Maine in Havana, Cuba, which was sent by the US consul general in city to protect American citizens and property. This incident happened on the night of February 18,1898 . It reportedly resulted in the death of 266 officers and men. The american authorities viewed the assault in Havana as an act of treachery. US newspapers blamed Spain for the tragedy and evoked American sympathy with this cry REMEMBER THE MAINE On April 19 the US congress passed several resolutions demanding the pull out of Spanish forces in Cuba. To save her honor, Spain declared war against the US on April 24. the next day US Congress declared war on Spain and thus, the Spanish- American war begin. April 25, Commodore George Dewey commander of Asiatic Squadron received a cable from the secretary of Navy stating that war has commenced between US and Spain. He was instructed to proceed against spain fleet anchored in Manila bay. The conclusion of Spanish American war which resulted to the victory of the Americans paved the way to the end of Spanish colonial rule and the rise of US as a global power.

THE SPANISH AMERICAN WAR

(1898)

The spanish american war, which broke out on April 25, 1898, ended on August 12 of the same year.

FACTORS CONTRIBUTED TO THE US DECISION TO OPEN HOSTILITIES AGAINST SPAIN: The Cuban struggle for independence Efforts of the americans to extend influence overseas. The sinking of the U.S. warship Maine.

Under the leadership of Jose Marti, the cubans revolted in 1895. The cuban rebels rejected Spains offer of autonomy , instead of complete independence. The brutalities committed by the spanish government in Cuba such us the rounding up of peasant population and placing them in concentration camps were made to suppress local rebellion . Thousand died due to ilnesses and limited food provisions. Such cruelties infuriated the American public. New York Journal & New York Worldwere among the American newspapers which published the stories about the alleged atrocities committed by the Spanish government in Cuba. They called for the US government to intervene on the

REPORTED BY: JONAH ANNE ALDEA BSN 3A

PHILIPPINE HISTORY