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RESPIRATION

Chapter one

PMR

Chapter Review: Labeling of respiratory system Flow of air in and out of lungs Structure and functions of the parts in respiratory system The process of inhalation and exhalation Function of blood and the haemoglobin How gaseous exchange happens Cellular respiration and glucose oxidation Bell Jar model experiment Cigarette smoking:- What it contains and the effect of smoking Diseases caused by cigarette smoking Effects of smoking experiment Pollution:- what it contains and the effect of smoking Ways to improve the quality of air http://mrsuntharanmuniandy.blogspot.com Copyright reserved
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Human Respiratory system

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Airflow in and out of lungs Nasal Cavity Trachea Bronchus Bronchiole Alveolus

Inhalation Process: Air Taken in to lungs. External intercostal muscle contract, ribcage moves upward and inwards. Diaphragm contract and flattens, volume increase and pressure decrease. Atmospheric pressure forces outside air into lungs Exhalation Process: Air released out of lungs. Intercostal muscle contract , ribcage moves downwards and inwards. The diaphragm relaxes and curves upwards, volume decrease and pressure increase. Higher pressure in the lungs will force the air out of the lungs

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RESPIRATION
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Function of important structure of respiratory system Nasal Cavity: Hair particles and mucus filters the air Trachea: Built with C-shape cartilage to prevent the trachea from collapsing during respiration. Alveolus: One cell thick, balloon shape and present in large number for large surface area, moist surface for easy diffusion of gaseous. Rib cage: Protects the lungs Diaphragm and Intercostal muscle: Contract and relax to expand and deflate the lungs

Prepared by Mr. Suntharan Muniandy 2012 edition Transport of oxygen in the human body

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Oxygen diffuses in and carbon dioxide diffuses out. Oxygen moves in to Red Blood Cell (RBC) and binds with haemoglobin to form oxyhaemoglobin. Oxygenated blood is sent to heart and the heart pumps oxygentaed blood to the whole body. Oxygenated blood will release the oxygen from RBC to the body cell and receive carbon dioxide in return and becomes deoxygenated blood. Body cell will conduct cellular respiration. Food (Glucose) will be oxidized by using oxygen to produce energy, carbon dioxide and water. Carbon dioxide and water (water vapor) will be excreted out.

Pollution

Acidic gas from factories - Sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide: Damages the breathing channels and lungs. Vehicle Fumes - Carbon monoxide: Competes with carbon dioxide for haemoglobin. Reduces the ability of blood to transport oxygen and causes death in severe cases. Burning forest or garbage (haze) - Damages the lungs, causes asthma Burning plastic materials: Corrodes the breathing channel.

Cigarette Smoking Tar - Darkens/blackens and thickens the lungs. Causes them less efficient for gaseous exchange Nicotine - A type of drug that causes addiction. Carbon dioxide - Acidic gas that corrodes alveolus wall - causes coughing, asthma, bronchitis and lung emphysema. Carcinogens - Causes cancer/tumor. Example: Lung cancer, throat cancer, mouth cancer. Heat - Dries the moist alveolus and causes difficulty in diffusion process Other symptoms are: breathing difficulty, tiredness and excessive coughing http://mrsuntharanmuniandy.blogspot.com

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Prepared by Mr. Suntharan Muniandy 2012 edition

Bell Jar Experiment

Aim: To study the action of the diaphragm in the breathing mechanism. ANALYSIS The parts in the human respiratory system that is analogous to the simple model in this experiment are as follows: - Rubber sheet: Diaphragm Copyright reserved - Bell jar: Thoracic cavity Prepared by Mr. Suntharan - Glass tube: Trachea Muniandy - Y-shaped tube: Bronchus 2012 edition - Balloon: Lungs The condition when the handle is pulled down represents inhalation in humans. When the rubber sheet is pulled down, the volume in the bell jar increases. This will result decrease of pressure in the bell jar The atmospheric pressure, which is more then the pressure in the bell jar will force the air to move in the bell jar. This will cause the balloon to inflate or expand. The condition when the handle is released represents exhalation in humans. When the rubber sheet is released or pushed up, the volume of the bell jar decrease. The pressure in the bell jar is more then the atmospheric pressure. This will cause the air forced out of the bell jar. This will cause the balloon to deflate. CONCLUSION: Inhalation takes place when the diaphragm is flat Exhalation takes place when the diaphragm curves

Cigarette Smoking Experiment

Aim: To study the effects of smoking on the human respiratory system. OBSERVATION: Materials Observation Thermometer The temperature rises White cotton wool Became darkish yellow Hydrogen carbonate indicator Changed form red to yellow ANALYSIS: The thermometer showed a change in temperature because cigarette smoke is hot. The white cotton wool became darkish yellow because of the presence of tobacco tar. The hydrogen carbonate indicator that changed from red to yellow shows that cigarette smoke is acidic. CONCLUSION: Smoking raises the lung temperature, blackens the lung and corrodes the lung cells.

RESPIRATION EXPERIMENTS

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Prepared by Mr. Suntharan Muniandy 2012 edition

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The experiment above was not written in proper experimental procedure. This is just a simplified explanation. PLEASE DO NOT FOLLOW THIS PROCEDURE FOR YOUR SCHOOL REPORT

Prepared by Mr. Suntharan Muniandy 2012 edition

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Prepared by Mr. Suntharan Muniandy 2012 edition