environment pollution

Chem 271
2 credit hours
40 points two mid-term exams
10 points activities, reports,
50 points final exam

Environment Pollution

Chem 271

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Chem 373
2

 ()Environment
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.

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 ()Physical Environment
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 ()Man Made Environment

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 ()Social Environment
:
(
)...

.
.

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 ()Economic Environment
:




.

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 ()Aesthetic Environment
:


.

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 ()Ecosystem


( )Habitat
.
()Biotic factors
( )Abiotic factors
.


......
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( )


... .

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( Autotrophic producer
)organisms
.
.
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 ( )Heterotrophic consumer organisms

.
(
)Herbivorous

( )Carnivorous

( )Omnivorous
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:
Pollution

 () ( )Decomposers
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( )Autolysis
.

.

.

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()Ecosystem Homeostasis



.
( +
+ + +)
( + +
+ +
).
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()

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 (1960-1750) (2010-1970)

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19

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( )CO, CO2 .

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 Pollution
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pollutants

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contaminants

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[ ]1

[ ]2

[ ]3

[ ]4

[ ]5

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( ):

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 %95

%98.8

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 Pools
(

)

(.)Residence time

Reservoirs
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)

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()

()

()

()

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evaporation and transpiration

condensation and precipitation

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/ ( )
()
CO2 ()
/ CO2 / ()
/ ( )
/


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http://duelo-catarsis.bloguen.com/dio-carbon-oxygen-cycle.shtml
http://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/earth/geophysics/earth3.htm
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/ ( )
()
CO2 ()
/ CO2 / ()
/ ( )
/


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/ ( )
()
CO2 ()
/ CO2 / ()
/ ( )
/


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 CO2

( CO2 ) ...

( )

CO2 .
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/ ( )
()
CO2 ()
/ CO2 / ()
/ ( )
/


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CO2

Man-use

air

CaO + CO2

CaCO3

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() (

/ ( )
()
CO2 ()
/ CO2 / ()
/ ( )
/


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 ( )






.

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/ ( )
()
CO2 ()
/ CO2 / ()
/ ( )
/


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The Arenal volcano that is roughly four

hours away by drive to the north of
San Jos into the middle gorge.

CO2

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The carbon dioxide cycle

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DNA

protein

Amino
acid

%78



( )Nitrogen Fixation ( )NH4+, NO2-, or NO3-


.
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Rhizobium
or Azobacter

NO3-

NO2-

Nitrobacter

NH4+

Nitrosomonas

N2
Nitrogenase
enzyme

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The nitrogen cycle

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http://bioh.wikispaces.com/More+Elemental+Cycles


) 2NO ( N2 + O2 +
2NO + O2 2NO2
4NO2 + 2H2O (rain) + O2 4HNO3

.
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( -)

N2 + 3H2 2NH3

) + H2O 2HNO3 ( N2 + O2 +
NH3 + HNO3 NH4NO3

NH3 + H3PO4 (NH4)3PO4

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 ( )
(
)
45 /
.

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( )
( )



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( )1
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( )2 ( )
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( )4


( . )Eutrophication
.
( )5
( )NO2-, NO3- ( )N2
(.)Denitrification

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54

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.
( )PO43-
( )

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RNA/DNA/
ATPPollution
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57

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(
)

(.)guano

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59

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.
( SO42-
)CaSO4.2H2O
.

.

( ) .

.
(. )SO2, H2S

( ).

( )Sporovibro
. .
( .)FeS2
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http://www.agnr.umd.edu/users/agron/nutrient/Factshee/sulfur/Sulfur.html

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The table below lists the most important sulfur compounds in nature.

Elemental Sulfur

H2S

Hydrogen Sulfide

H2SO4

Sulfuric Acid

2-

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SO4

Sulfate

SO2

Sulfur Dioxide
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- Component of protein
- Cycles in both a gas and sedimentary cycle.
- The source of Sulfur is the lithosphere(earth's
crust.
- Sulfur (S) enters the atmosphere as hydrogen
sulfide (H2S) during fossil fuel combustion, volcanic
eruprtions, gas exchange at ocean surfaces, and
decomposition.
- H2S is immediately oxidized to sulfur dioxide (SO2)
- SO2 and water vapor makes H2SO4 ( a weak sulfuric acid),
which is then carried to Earth in rainfall.
- Sulfur in soluble form is taken up by plant roots and
incorporated into amino acids such as cysteine. It then
travels through the food chain and is eventually released
through decomposition.

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