Environmental pollution

223

 ()Hydrology

()Limnology
(.)Oceanography

224

Environmental pollution

%

%
97.6

73.9
2.07

25.7
0.33

0.009

0.36
0.007

0.004
0.0001

0.04
0.001

225

Environmental pollution

 ()OCEANS
%71 .
%97.6
%3,5

(= 35/ = 35000 )

.
.

226

Environmental pollution

20-6 ppt

227

Environmental pollution

 ()GLACIERS

%85
2
%2,07 .
.
(
)

228

Environmental pollution

229

Environmental pollution

( )Runoff

230

Environmental pollution

GROUNDWATER

231

Environmental pollution


()Aquifer


( )1 ( )Unconfined Aquifer




( )2 ( )Confined Aquifer


232

Environmental pollution

Environmental pollution

233

 ()SURFACE WATER

234

.
%0,0001 .
.

.
.

Environmental pollution

 %97

%3
( %2 %1 )

235

Environmental pollution

236

Environmental pollution


)Fresh water(
)Brackish water(
)Saline water(
)Brine water(

)Hard water(
)Soft water(
)Polluted water(
)Purified Water(
)Distilled water(
)Deionized water(
)Sterilized Water(
Environmental pollution

237


()Fresh water

( )500 ppm

.

. ( 1000-

( )3000 ppm )Saline water ( )3000-10000 ppm
( .)10000-35000 ppm
35 =( %3,5/ = .)35000 ppm


%0,8 %33
.
( )500-30000 ppm
( )Brackish water .
.
( )50000 ppm
( )Brine water .
238

Environmental pollution



(( )Hard water )

( )Scum
.
2C17H35COONa + Ca2+ )C17H35COO)2Ca + 2Na+
( )1
( )2( )140-210 ppm ( 210-
)3( )320 ppm ( )4( )320-530 ppm
( )530 ppm
( )0-140 ppm

( )Soft water
. .
239

Environmental pollution

 ( )

( )Polluted water .
.
( )Purified Water .


( )Distilled water ( )
.

( )Deionized water ( )1 )2(
.
( )

( )Sterilized Water .
.
240

Environmental pollution


()Temperature

()Turbidity
()Taste and Smell
()Color

TDS

241

))Total Dissolved Solids

Environmental pollution

242

Environmental pollution

Turbidity is a measure of how cloudy or

hazy water is. A more scientific definition
is the degree to which a liquid loses its
transparency due to the presence of
suspended matter.
Environmental pollution

243

Turbidity is commonly measured in

Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTU)
NTU

Environmental pollution

244

 ()Taste and Smell

245

Environmental pollution

 ()Color

.

246

Environmental pollution

 ()Total Dissolved Solids, TDS

.
())%, g/100 mL, g/L or mg/L (ppm
% 3.5
3.5g/100mL 35g/L . 35000 ppm 5
. %0.0005

247

Environmental pollution


-1

.
. .

0.01 50
%0.02 200

248

Environmental pollution

 -2 ()Electrical Condutivity, EC

25 :
TDS (mg/L) = 0.64 X electrical conductivity
)(S/cm
) (S/cm /
249

Environmental pollution


: Fe

ppm 0.3

.
() Fe2+() Fe3+
.
Fe(OH)3
( )Crenothrix

.

Mn

.
- (
(NaPO3)6 )hexametaphosphate .

250

Sodium

Environmental pollution

 Na

()Cl-

( )> 210 ppm

()Sulfates

: .
.


.

251

Environmental pollution

252

Environmental pollution

 ( )WATER HARDNESS

()(Ca(HCO3)2 (aq) + CaCO3 (s) + H2O + CO2

253

Environmental pollution

( )



()Ion Exchangers

254

Environmental pollution

.

() .

255

Environmental pollution

256

()Dental amalgams
( )Merbromin
( )Thermometers



Thiomersal

Environmental pollution

metal halide
(Hg/Na/In/Tl)

Environmental pollution

257


-1953

1960 111 43
( 5-20 ppm
)Hg
1972
500 6500

258

Environmental pollution

259

Environmental pollution


( )Tetraethyl lead

.
( )PbS .

260

Environmental pollution

Galena

Environmental pollution

261





( Blue baby
)syndrome

.
262

Environmental pollution

263

Environmental pollution

pH
Na+
ClK+
Ca2+
Mg2+
SO42HCO3SiO2
B

264

()ppm, mg L-1

250
150
850
155
35000
8
)(0.015%
)(3.5%
)(0.0008%
5.7
1.98
3.79
0.3
0.09
0.27
0.58
0.12
10-10-10-6

7.5-8.5
19200
10700
400
400
1300
2700
150
3
5
10-8-10-4

6.0-8.0
10
10
1
5
5
20
60
5

6.0-7.0
90
140
90
60
65
100
360
30

6.0-7.0
10
4
4
15
5
7
70
35

6.0-7.0
5
5
1
50
5
7
170
10

10-9-10-3
Environmental pollution




:
-1 ()
.
-2 .
-3

.

265

Environmental pollution


(
)

266

Environmental pollution

(

).
( ).
.
.
( Cl2,
)Al3+, NH4+, Fe3+, F-, Cu2+
.

(
)

267

Environmental pollution

( ).

268

Environmental pollution

269

Environmental pollution

270

Environmental pollution






) (1
) (2

) (3
) (4


271

Environmental pollution

272

Environmental pollution



( - -)

( )
( )

273

Environmental pollution


(
)

24 .
.

( ).

:
CO2 + H2O + Algae / sunlight O2 + Organic matter
274

Environmental pollution



14 trace element
ppm :
)(As, Be, B, Cr, Cu, F-, I-, Fe, Pb, Mn, Hg, Mo, Se, Zn
15 ( )As, Be, Cd, Hg, Pb
()U, Th

( (CH3)2As, CH3-HgCl, (CH3)2Hg, Pb(C2H5)4,
)(CH3)2SnCl2 ( )
()CN-, S2-, NO2-, NO3-, NH4+, SO42-, PO43-, .etc

275

Environmental pollution

(
)


.

276

Environmental pollution


Detergents or Surfactant = Surface Active Agent

(Non-ionic; Ionic: Cationic, Anionic & Zwitterionic)

)Polyether(

Environmental pollution

277

soap

found in a shampoo or clothes "rinse"

Environmental pollution

278

zwitterionic detergent

They are very potent at high pH and very mild at low

pH

used as shampoo
and as conditioner

used in dish washing liquids

Environmental pollution

279

 :

()C10-C18
()-COONa or -SO3Na

280

Environmental pollution


( )

281

Environmental pollution

Environmental pollution

282


()Ca2+, Mg2+
()

283

Environmental pollution



( )Ca2+, Mg2+

( )AlPO4

284

Environmental pollution

 ( )LAS ( )ABS

285

Environmental pollution

)(R=C16

R-

N+(CH3)3Cl

286

Environmental pollution


%25

:
% 87-80
%13-9
Etraoleum
%3-0.01

%1-0.01
N

....
287

Oleum

Etra

Environmental pollution



.

.



1- Pseudomonas.
2- Arthrobacteria.
3- Cornybacteria

Pseudomonas

288

Environmental pollution

 :
-1
-2

289

Environmental pollution

) ( CO2, O2, N2, NH3, H2S, CH4, NOx, SOx

.

290

Environmental pollution

( anoxic
)water

291

Environmental pollution

 ( )
.
( )
( )H2S, CH4 .

292

Environmental pollution


:


:
.
.
.

293

Environmental pollution


:
.
.
.

294

Environmental pollution

( )Dissolved Oxygen

2H+ + NO3- + H2O

NH4+ + 2O2

4Fe2+ + O2 + 4 H+ 4 Fe3+ + 2H2O

2SO32- + O2 2SO42-

295

Environmental pollution

)(Biological Oxygen Demand, BOD

()Chemical Oxygen Demand, COD

296

Environmental pollution

 BOD

COD

( )COD ()BOD
297

Environmental pollution

298

Environmental pollution

( )4 mg/L O2

299

Environmental pollution


( )NH3

NH3, NH4+

organic
nitrogen

300

Environmental pollution


Water Resources Management





:

301

Environmental pollution

( )1 ()Desalination
( )2 ()Dams Construction
( )3 ()Water Harvesting

( )4
()Waste Water Treatment and Recycling
( )5
()Domestic Water Conservation
( )6

( )7
( )8
302

Environmental pollution

)Desalination(

Environmental pollution

303

 ()Dams Construction

Waste Water Treatment and Recycling

304

Environmental pollution

 ()Domestic Water Conservation

.
() ( )shower 10

200
()
()
()

() ()

() .
% 46 . 2001
305

Environmental pollution

Flooding irrigation

dropping

sprinkler
306

Environmental pollution



( )

307

Environmental pollution