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[Ne] 3s2 3p2

[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p2

[He] 2s2 2p2

[Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p2

[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2

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( )

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d .

.

C=C, CC , CN

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 -1 :
Ge, Si
( )d 10

Pb, Sn
( )f 14
.
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 ( )d,f
( )s,p

s>p>d>f

-2
.

-3 M4+
.

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s
.

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complexes
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 ...

sp3

sp2

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.

Alkanes CnH2n+2 ()CH4, C2H6, C3H8

Alkenes CnH2n ()C2H4 , C3H6

Alkynes CnH2n-2 HCCH

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 SinH2n+2

Mg2Si:
H SO

2Mg Si Mg 2Si 2
4 SiH 4 , Si 2H 6

SiH4 LiAlH4
SiCl4 + LiAlH4 SiH4

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 PbI4
- ( PbF4 , SnF4
).
CF4

CF2Cl2 , CFCl3

.
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What is Ozone?

O3

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What is Ozone?

O
O

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What is Ozone?

O
O

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What is Ozone?

O
O

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-1

,



, .

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: , 17
.

: 17 50
.

: 80 - 70
.

: 100
.
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The Stratosphere

20 km

Stratosphere

10 km

Troposphere

Lithosphere
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Formation of Ozone in the

Stratosphere
O2 + UVC O + O
O + O2 O3

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Function of Ozone in the Stratosphere

O3 + UVB O + O2
O + O2 O3
and the cycle continues

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Scattered UV
Incoming UV

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Movie 1
Stratospheric ozone

Movie 2
Ozone destruction

Movie 3
CFC compounds

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( )

()CFCs
-1 .
2 .
3
.

4
.
5
.
6
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CFCs
Chlorofluorocarbons
example: CF2Cl2 (dichlorodifluromethane)
Developed by General Motors in 1928 to be used
as non-toxic, non-flammable refrigereants

Previous refrigerants used

ammonia (NH3) - TOXIC!
Butane (C4H10) - FLAMMABLE!

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Cl

Cl
F
F
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So what is the problem with

CFCs?

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THEY ARE TOO STABLE!

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CFCs will not react in the

Troposphere and will eventually
reach the Stratosphere where they
can react with high energy UV
light

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Reaction of CF2Cl2 in the

stratosphere
CF2Cl2 + UV CF2Cl + Cl
Cl + O3 ClO + O2
ClO + O Cl + O2
and the Cl atom is free to continue its cycle
of destruction
Cl speeds up (catalyzes) the conversion of
O3 to O2

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Fact: CFCs are DENSER than air

How do they get to the
stratosphere?

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Usama El-Ayaan

.

( ) .

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:






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HCOOH H 2SO 4
CO H 2O

.

Fe 2O 3 3CO 2Fe 3CO 2
CuO CO Cu CO 2
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CaCO 3 2HCl CaCl 2 CO 2 H 2O

C O 2 CO 2

CO2

CaCO 3 CaO CO 2

CO2 Ca(OH)2

Ca(OH)2 CO 2 CaCO 3 H 2O
HO

2
CaCO 3 CO 2
Ca( HCO 3 )2
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CO 2 H 2O H 2CO 3

CO2

O=C=O
sp

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SiO 2 Si 2SiO
()
CO2 - SiO2

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 NaOH, HF
SiO 2 4HF SiF4 2H 2O
SiO 2 NaOH ( Na 2SiO 3 )n

Transistors

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-1

-1

-2

-2

-3

-3

-4 ()3930

-4

-5 sp3
( )

-5 sp2

-6

-6
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Usama El-Ayaan

B4C, SiC

[CC]2-

SiC

Usama 2000 C
El-Ayaan