1

Lab Report
Visit to 132(Kv) Grid Station

The Department of Electrical Engineering Swedish College of Engineering and Technology Wah Cantt

Prepared by: M.SHAHID MANZOOR 2k9-SCET-EE/64

Objective:
To observe the high voltage transmission and distribution with protection system of grid station and how grid station is helpful for transmission and distribution and how we protect the entire system safely.

About this Report: This report is an overview of the principles and theory of grid station and operation. The objective is to provide grid station personnel with a basic understanding of the major components of the grid station and the role of each component in achieving grid station efficiency. This report is mainly about the electrical engineering. i have tried to explore our knowledge as more as we could but we also understand that there is a lot of things left in this report. This is my first

2 attempt to present any kind of report at professional level, so this can also be one of the reasons for the weak points in this report. As my report mainly concern to the electrical point of view, so we have discussed almost everything related to electrical, not in detail but we have touched almost all. Like there is knowledge about Switch yard, Transformer, Generator. We have also discussed about the protection system of Switch yard, Transformer, control room and switching room.

About Grid Station:

Grid stations are the station which reduce the High Voltage to Low Voltage and increase the Current, the Current is Low and Voltage is high at the Generation Plant to reduce the energy losses during transmission of Electricity. We visit to 132 Kv grid stations which located in D-12 Islamabad. Its an outdoor grid station and distributes electricity to Islamabad. There are two transmission lines comes from Treble Dam & Mangla Dam. In this grid station use single circuit breaker scheme. It is connected with Ring system

Inside the switch yard:

Mainly there are different but most important things for the protection, measurement, metering and for the other purposes. 1. Transformer 2. Isolator 3. Insulator 4. Insulator strings 5. Current transformer (C.T.) 6. Potential transformer (P.T.) 7. Relays 8. Circuit Breaker (SF 6) 9. Bus Bars 10. Step down Transformer 11. Lightening Arrester 12. Earthing 13. Earth Switch

Transformer:
In this grid station use step down transformer and its cooling type is oil natural and air natural (O/N & A/N). Its an one to one transformer and transformer ratio is 20/26 MVA. Its input is 132 KVA and output is 11.5 KVA

Transformer consists of following parts. 1. Power fans 2. Condenser type bushing 3. Oil conservator tank 4. Bucholz relay 5. Air drier 6. Pressure relief valve 7. Winding temperature controller 8. Thermostat and thermometer 9. Iron and oil temp detector 10. Current transformers 11. Tap changer 12. Fire protection cooling system 13. Automatic voltage regulator

Isolator:
These are used for the protection of the any unit. This is a mechanical device and information about the opening and closing of the isolator is send to the C.C.R. Its main purpose is to isolate one unit from the other unit. Mainly two isolators are used for the protection of breaker.

Insulation String:
Its main purpose is to provide the insulation between the transmission line, substation, transformer etc. This is such an important device that without it there is not any concept of the transmission.

Current Transformer (C.T):

There are five coils of CT and these are basic purposes of using of CT. Measurement of the current. Protection of the relays and breakers etc. Metering For the Breaker failure protection. As very high amount of current is flowing through the line so we cant measure such a big amount of current by simple ammeters. If we want to design an ammeter for this purpose, then the size and the cost of that meter will be very big costly respectively.

4 So, to overcome this problem, we use CT which gives output in ratio like 2400/1 or 600/1 or 24/1 which means that if suppose 2400 amperes current is flowing then it will give the output as 1 ampere. Similarly we can say that if 1 amp current is flowing in secondary of CT then its mean that 2400 or 600 amp are flowing in the primary of it.

Potential transformers (P.T):

It is used to measure the voltages and it has been installed with the bus bar to measure the voltage across the bus bar. We are checking for high voltage and low voltage but carefully for the low voltage because the auxiliaries which we are running from this voltage will draw very high current if the voltage is very low and this can damage our equipment. So, we keep on checking for the low voltage and the high voltage. We have to use P.T. because we cant design such a big voltmeter.

Relays:
These are operated by taking information from C.T. and P.T. Each and every thing of the system even in the switch yard is being protected by relays because they are made very much sensitive for the faults. They sense every fault for which it has been designed and then some other important devices are operated from the signal of the relay. There are many types of the relays, Differential Protection relay. Over current & Over voltage protection relay. Under voltage relay. Directional over current relay. Buchholz relay Similarly there are many other types of the relays which we will discuss later.

Differential Protection Relay:

Differential protection is a very reliable method of protecting generators, transformers, buses, and transmission lines from the effects of internal faults.

5 Figure: Differential Protection of a Generator In a differential protection scheme in the above figure, currents on both sides of the equipment are compared. The figure shows the connection only for one phase, but a similar connection is usually used in each phase of the protected equipment. Under normal conditions, or for a fault outside of the protected zone, current I1 is equal to current I2 . Therefore the currents in the current transformers secondarys are also equal, i.e. i1 = i2 and no current flows through the current relay. If a fault develops inside of the protected zone, currents I1 and I2 are no longer equal, therefore i1 and i2 are not equal and there is a current flowing through the current relay.

Buchholz relay
Two ball-shaped floats and two glass-enclosed reed switches are visible inside this cutaway view of a Buchholz relay In the field of electric power distribution and transmission, a Buchholz relay is a safety device mounted on some oil-filled power transformers and reactors, equipped with an external overhead oil reservoir called a conservator. The Buchholz Relay is used as a protective device sensitive to the effects of dielectric failure inside the equipment. Depending on the model, the relay has multiple methods to detect a failing transformer. On a slow accumulation of gas, due perhaps to slight overload, gas produced by decomposition of insulating oil accumulates in the top of the relay and forces the oil level down. A float switch in the relay is used to initiate an alarm signal. Depending on design, a second float may also serve to detect slow oil leaks. If an arc forms, gas accumulation is rapid, and oil flows rapidly into the conservator. This flow of oil operates a switch attached to a vane located in the path of the moving oil. This switch normally will operate a circuit breaker to isolate the apparatus before the fault causes additional damage. Buchholz relays have a test port to allow the accumulated gas to be withdrawn for testing. Flammable gas found in the relay indicates some internal fault such as overheating or arcing, whereas air found in the relay may only indicate low oil level or a leak

Overvoltage & Over current Protection

In grid station, high voltage power supply spikes with durations ranging from a few microseconds to hundreds of milliseconds are commonly encountered. The electronics within these systems must not only survive transient voltage spikes, but in many cases also operate reliably throughout the event. In systems where power is distributed over long wires severe transients are generated by load steps. Corroded connections between a power source and load can lead to an abrupt interruption of current flow, and a high value of dI/dt. The best example of this condition is automotive load dump; where there is a sudden break in the connection to the battery caused by vibration and corroded terminals. These transients pose a difficult challenge for engineers trying to protect sensitive electronics

Circuit Breakers (SF6):

Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) gas is an alternative to air as an interrupting medium. SF6 is a colorless nontoxic gas, with good thermal conductivity and density approximately five times that of air. SF6 is chemically inert up to temperature of 150 C and will not react with metals, plastics, and other materials commonly used in the construction of high voltage circuit breakers. In this grid station the pressure of SF6 gas is 6.4 bar.

Principal
The principle of operation is similar to the air blast breakers, except that the SF6 gas is not discharged into the atmosphere. A closed circuit completely sealed and self-contained construction is used. The equipment consists of a compressor, a storage container, a blast valve that admits gas to the interrupting chamber, and a filter through which the exhaust gas is returned to the compressor. This is called the double pressure breaker design. Improvement on the double pressure design is the puffer design, also sometimes called the single pressure design. SF6 gas is normally under constant pressure of about 5 ATM. During the opening operation the gas contained inside a part of the breaker is compressed by moving cylinder that supports the contacts or by a piston. This forces the SF6 through the interrupting nozzle. By connecting several interrupting heads in series, SF6 breakers can be constructed for voltages of up to 765 kV Sequence of Opening Operation in SF6 Puffer Breaker:

Figure 17 Sequence of Opening Operation in SF6 Puffer Breaker

7 (a) (b) (c) (d) Contacts closed Contacts begin to separate - arc is established Contacts continue separation - gas is blown through arc Contacts fully opened - arc extinguished

Sulfur hexafluoride (Sf6):

Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) is an inorganic, colorless, odorless, and non-flammable greenhouse gas. SF6 has an octahedral geometry, consisting of six fluorine atoms attached to a central sulfur atom. It is a hypervalent molecule. Typical for a non-polar gas, it is poorly soluble in water but soluble in non-polar organic solvents. It is generally transported as a liquefied compressed gas. It has a density of 6.12 g/L at sea level conditions, which is considerably higher than the density of air (1.225 g/L). Applications Of the 8,000 tons of SF6 produced per year, most (6,000 tons) is used as a gaseous dielectric medium in the electrical industry, an inert gas for the casting of magnesium, and as an inert filling for insulated glazing windows.

Bus Bar:
In electrical power distribution, a bus bar is a strip or bar of copper, brass or aluminum that conducts electricity within a switchboard, distribution board, substation, battery bank or other electrical apparatus. Its main purpose is to conduct electricity, not to function as a structural member. The cross-sectional size of the bus bar determines the maximum amount of current that can be safely carried. Bus bars can have a cross-sectional area of as little as 10 mm2 but electrical substations may use metal tubes of 50 mm in diameter (20 cm2) or more as bus bars. An aluminum smelter will have very large bus bars used to carry tens of thousands of amperes to the electrochemical cells that produce aluminum from molten salts.

Lightning arrester:
A lightning arrester (in Europe: surge arrester) is a device used on electrical power systems and telecommunications systems to protect the insulation and conductors of the system from the damaging effects of lightning. The typical lightning arrester has a high-voltage terminal and a ground terminal. When a lightning surge (or switching surge, which is very similar) travels along the power line to the arrester, the current from the surge is diverted through the arrestor, in most cases to earth

Earthing Switch:
Earthing switch connect the live parts/ line conductors and earth. This switch is normally open. Earthing switch is used to earth the live parts during maintenance and during testing. During maintenance although circuit is open still there are some voltages on line , due to which capacitance between line and earth is charged. Before proceeding to maintenance work the voltage s discharged to earth, by closing the earth switch. Maintenance Earthing Switch: These are two or three pole units with a manual operating mechanism. High Speed Earthing Switch: These are operated by spring energy. Spring is charged by motor-mechanism.

Battery Room:
PURPOSE: The purpose of the battery room is to provide D.C. supply needed for the relay action (mostly for protection purposes). They are also source of excitation in case of blackout thud have vital use as D.C backup supply.

Control Room: Component of Control Room Protection Relays panels Auto Transformer Bank (ATB) Panel Bus bar Panel Shunt Reactor Panel Rectifier Extinguisher