CHAPTER 15 THERMODYNAMICS

CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS
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1. SSM REASONING AND SOLUTION The plunger of a bicycle tire pump is pushed down rapidly with the end of the pump sealed so that no air escapes. Since the compression occurs rapidly, there is no time for heat to ow into or out of the system. Therefore, to a very good approximation, the process may be treated as an adiabatic compression that is described by Equation 15.4: The person who pushes the plunger down does work on the system, therefore W is negative. It follows that the term must also be negative. Thus, the nal temperature Tf must be greater than the initial temperature Ti. This increase in temperature is evidenced by the fact that the pump becomes warm to the touch. Alternate Explanation: Since the compression occurs rapidly, there is no time for heat to ow into or out of the system. Therefore, to a very good approximation, the process may be treated as an adiabatic compression. According to the rst law of thermodynamics, the change in the internal energy is , since Q = 0 for adiabatic processes. Since work is done on the system, W is negative; therefore the change in the internal energy, U, is positive. The work done by the person pushing the plunger is manifested as an increase in the internal energy of the air in the pump. The internal energy of an ideal gas is proportional to the Kelvin temperature. Since the internal energy of the gas increases, the temperature of the air in the pump must also increase. This increase in temperature is evidenced by the fact that the pump becomes warm to the touch.

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2. REASONING AND SOLUTION The work done in an isobaric process is given by Equation 15.2: . According to the rst law of thermodynamics, the change in the internal energy is . One hundred joules of heat is added to a gas, and the gas expands at constant pressure (isobarically). Since the gas expands, the nal volume will be greater than the initial volume. Therefore, the term will be positive. Since Q = +100 J, and the term is positive, the change in the internal energy must be less than 100 J. It is not possible that the internal energy increases by 200 J.
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3. REASONING AND SOLUTION The internal energy of an ideal gas is proportional to its Kelvin temperature (see Equation 14.7). In an isothermal process the temperature remains constant; therefore, the internal energy of an ideal gas remains constant throughout an

THERMODYNAMICS

isothermal process. Thus, if a gas is compressed isothermally and its internal energy increases, the gas is not an ideal gas.
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4. REASONING AND SOLUTION According to the rst law of thermodynamics (Equation15.1), the change in the internal energy is U = Q W. The process is isochoric, which means that the volume is constant. Consequently, no work is done, so W = 0. The process is also adiabatic, which means that no heat enters or leaves the system, so Q = 0. According to the rst law, then, U = Q W = 0. There is no change in the internal energy, and the internal energy of the material at the end of the process is the same as it was at the beginning.
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5. REASONING AND SOLUTION a. It is possible for the temperature of a substance to rise without heat owing into the substance. Consider, for example, the adiabatic compression of an ideal gas. Since the process is an adiabatic process, Q = 0. The work done by the external agent increases the internal energy of the gas. Since the internal energy of an ideal gas is proportional to the Kelvin temperature, the temperature of the gas must increase. b. The temperature of a substance does not necessarily have to change because heat ows into or out of it. Consider, for example, the isothermal expansion of an ideal gas. Since the internal energy of an ideal gas is proportional to the Kelvin temperature, the internal energy, U, remains constant during an isothermal process. The rst law of thermodynamics gives , or Q = W. The heat that is added to the gas during the isothermal expansion is used by the gas to perform the work involved in the expansion. The temperature of the gas remains unchanged. Similarly, in an isothermal compression, the work done on the gas as the gas is compressed causes heat to ow out of the gas while the temperature of the gas remains constant.

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6. REASONING AND SOLUTION The text drawing shows a pressure-volume graph in which a gas undergoes a two-step process from A to B and from B to C. From A to B: The volume V of the gas increases at constant pressure P. According to the ideal gas law (Equation 14.1), , the temperature T of the gas must increase. According to Equation 14.7, , if T increases, then , the change in the internal energy, must be positive. Since the volume increases at constant pressure ( increases), we know from Equation 15.2, , that the work done is positive. The rst law of thermodynamics (Equation 15.1) states that ; since and W are both positive, Q must also be positive. From B to C The pressure P of the gas increases at constant volume V. According to the ideal gas law (Equation 14.1), , the temperature T of the gas must increase. According to Equation 14.7, , if T increases, then , the change in the internal energy, must be positive. Since the process occurs isochorically (), and according to Equation 15.2, , the work done is

Chapter 15 Conceptual Questions

zero. The rst law of thermodynamics (Equation 15.1) states that ; since W = 0, Q is also positive since is positive. These results are summarized in the table below: Q + + + + W + 0

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7. REASONING AND SOLUTION Since the process is an adiabatic process, Q = 0. Since the gas expands into chamber B under zero external pressure, the work done by the gas is W = PV = 0. According to the rst law of thermodynamics, the change in the internal energy is, therefore, zero: . The internal energy of an ideal gas is proportional to the Kelvin temperature of the gas (Equation 14.7). Since the change in the internal energy of the gas is zero, the temperature change of the gas is zero. The nal temperature of the gas is the same as the initial temperature of the gas.
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8. SSM REASONING AND SOLUTION A material contracts when it is heated. To determine the molar specic heat capacities, we rst calculate the heat Q needed to raise the temperature of the material by an amount T. From the rst law of thermodynamics, . When the heating occurs at constant pressure, the work done is given by Equation 15.2: . When the volume is constant, V = 0. Therefore, we have: and Equation 15.6 indicates that the molar heat capacities will be given by Therefore and Since the material contracts when it is heated, Vf is less than Vi. Therefore the term is negative. Hence, the numerator of CP is smaller than the numerator of CV. Therefore, CV is larger than CP.
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9. REASONING AND SOLUTION When a solid melts at constant pressure, the volume of the resulting liquid does not differ much from the volume of the solid. According to the rst law of thermodynamics, . Hence, the heat that must be added to melt the solid is used primarily to increase the internal energy of the molecules. The internal energy of the liquid has increased by an amount Q = mLf compared to that of the solid, where m is the mass of the material and Lf is the latent heat of fusion.

THERMODYNAMICS

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10. REASONING AND SOLUTION According to Equation 14.7, the Kelvin temperature T of the gas is related to its internal energy U by . The change in the internal energy is given by the rst law of thermodynamics (Equation 15.1), . It is desired to heat a gas so that its temperature will be as high as possible. If the process occurs at constant pressure, so that the volume of the gas increases, work is done by the gas. The available heat is used to do work and to increase the internal energy of the gas. On the other hand, if the process is carried out at constant volume, the work done is zero, and all of the heat increases the internal energy of the gas. From Equation 14.7, the internal energy is directly proportional to the Kelvin temperature of the gas. Since the internal energy increases by a greater amount when the process occurs at constant volume, the temperature increase is greatest under conditions of constant volume. Therefore, if it is desired to heat a gas so that its temperature will be as high as possible, you should heat it under conditions of constant volume.
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11. REASONING AND SOLUTION A hypothetical device takes 10 000 J of heat from a hot reservoir and 5000 J of heat from a cold reservoir and produces 15 000 J of work. a. According to the rst law of thermodynamics, . This is a statement of energy conservation. The hypothetical device does not violate energy conservation. It does not create or destroy energy. It converts one form of energy (15 000 J of heat) into another form of energy (15 000 J of work) with no gain or loss. b. This hypothetical device does violate the second law of thermodynamics. It converts all of its input heat (15 000 J) into work (15 000 J). Therefore, the efciency of this device is 1.0 or 100 %. But Equation 15.15 is a consequence of the second law of thermodynamics and sets the limits of the maximum possible efciency of any heat device. Since TC is greater than 0 K, the ratio must be positive. Furthermore, since TC < TH, the ratio must be less than one. Therefore, Equation 15.15 implies that the efciency of any device must be less than 1 or 100%. Since the efciency of the hypothetical device is equal to 100%, it violates the second law of thermodynamics.
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12. REASONING AND SOLUTION According to the second law of thermodynamics, heat ows spontaneously from a substance at a higher temperature to a substance at a lower temperature and does not ow spontaneously in the reverse direction. Therefore, according to the second law of thermodynamics, work must be done to remove heat from a substance at a lower temperature and deposit it in a substance at a higher temperature. In other words, the second law requires that energy in the form of work must be supplied to an air conditioner in order for it to remove heat from a cool space and deposit the heat in a warm space. An advertisement for an automobile that claimed the same gas mileage with and without the air conditioner would be suspect. Since the car would use more energy with the

Chapter 15 Conceptual Questions

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air conditioner on, the car would use more gasoline. Therefore, the mileage should be less with the air conditioner running.

13. REASONING AND SOLUTION Carnot's principle states that the most efcient engine operating between two temperatures is a reversible engine. This means that a reversible engine operating between the temperatures of 600 and 400 K must be more efcient than an irreversible engine operating between the same two temperatures. No comparison can be made with an irreversible engine operating between two temperatures that are different than 600 and .
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14. REASONING AND SOLUTION Equation15.15:

The efciency of a Carnot engine is given by . Three reversible engines A, B, and C, use the

same cold reservoir for their exhaust heats. They use different hot reservoirs with the following temperatures: (A) 1000 K; (B) 1100 K; and (C) 900 K. We can rank these engines in order of increasing efciency according to the following considerations. The ratio is inversely proportional to the value of TH. The ratio will be smallest for engine B; therefore, the quantity 1 has the largest efciency. Similarly, the ratio the quantity 1 will be largest for engine B. Thus, engine B will be largest for engine C; therefore,

will be smallest for engine C. Thus, engine C has the smallest

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efciency. Hence, the engines are, in order of increasing efciency: engine C, engine A, and engine B. The efciency of a Carnot engine is given by .

15. REASONING AND SOLUTION Equation15.15:

a. Lowering the Kelvin temperature of the cold reservoir by a factor of four makes the ratio one-fourth as great. b. ratio Raising the Kelvin temperature of the hot reservoir by a factor of four makes the one-fourth as great.

c. Cutting the Kelvin temperature of the cold reservoir in half and doubling the Kelvin temperature of the hot reservoir makes the ratio one-fourth as great. Therefore, all three possible improvements have the same effect on the efciency of a Carnot engine.

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16. SSM REASONING AND SOLUTION A refrigerator is kept in a garage that is not heated in the cold winter or air-conditioned in the hot summer. In order to make ice cubes, the refrigerator uses electrical energy to provide the work to remove heat from the interior of

THERMODYNAMICS

the freezer and deposit the heat outside of the refrigerator. In the summer, the "hot" reservoir will be at a higher temperature than it is in the winter. Therefore, more work will be required to remove heat from the interior of the freezer in the summer, and the refrigerator will use more electrical energy. Hence, it will cost more for the refrigerator to make a kilogram of ice cubes in the summer.
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17. REASONING AND SOLUTION The coefcient of performance of a heat pump is given by Equation 15.17: coefcient of performance = . From the conservation of energy, . Thus, the ratio can be written . The job of

a heat pump is to remove heat from a cold reservoir, and deliver it to a hot reservoir; therefore, the ratio must be nonzero and positive. Hence, the coefcient of performance, , must always be greater than one.

18. REASONING AND SOLUTION In a refrigerator, the interior of the unit is the cold reservoir, while the warmer exterior of the room is the hot reservoir. An air conditioner is like a refrigerator, except that the room being cooled is the cold reservoir, and the outdoor environment is the hot reservoir. Therefore, an air conditioner cools the inside of the house, while a refrigerator warms the interior of the house. 19. REASONING AND SOLUTION Heat pumps can deliver more energy into your house than they consume in operating. A heat pump consumes an amount of energy , which it uses to make an amount of heat ow from the cold outdoors into the warm house. The . This is greater

amount of energy the heat pump delivers to the house is than the amount of energy, , consumed by the heat pump.

20. REASONING AND SOLUTION A refrigerator is advertised as being easier to "live with" during the summer, because it puts into your kitchen only the heat that it removes from the food. The advertisement is describing a refrigerator in which heat is removed from the interior of the refrigerator and deposited outside the refrigerator without requiring any work. Since no work is required, the ow must be spontaneous. This violates the second law of thermodynamics, which states that heat spontaneously ows from a higher-temperature substance to a lower-temperature substance, and does not ow spontaneously in the reverse direction. Heat can be made to ow from a cold reservoir to a hot reservoir, but only when work is done. Both the heat and the work are deposited in the hot reservoir.
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21. REASONING AND SOLUTION On a summer day, a window air conditioner cycles on and off, according to how the temperature within the room changes. When the unit is on it

Chapter 15 Conceptual Questions

will be depositing heat, along with the work required to remove the heat, to the outside. Therefore, the outside of the unit will be hotter when the unit is on. Hence, you would be more likely to fry an egg on the outside part of the unit when the unit is on.
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22. REASONING AND SOLUTION The second law of thermodynamics states that the total entropy of the universe does not change when a reversible process occurs and increases when an irreversible process occurs . An event happens somewhere in the universe and, as a result, the entropy of an object changes by 5 J/K. If the event is a reversible process, then the entropy change for the rest of the universe must be +5 J/K; this results in a total entropy change of zero for the universe. If the process is irreversible, the only possible choice for the change in the entropy of the rest of the universe is +10 J/K; this results in a total entropy change of +5 J/K for the universe. The choices 5 J/K and 0 J/K are not possible choices for the entropy change of the rest of the universe, because they imply that the total entropy change would be negative. This would violate the second law of thermodynamics. 23. REASONING AND SOLUTION When water freezes from a less-ordered liquid to a moreordered solid, its entropy decreases. This decrease in entropy does not violate the second law of thermodynamics, because it is a decrease for only one part of the universe. In terms of entropy, the second law indicates that the total change in entropy for the entire universe must be either zero (reversible process) or greater than zero (irreversible process). In the case of freezing water, heat must be removed from the water and deposited in the environment. The entropy of the environment increases as a result. If the freezing occurs reversibly, the increase in entropy of the environment will exactly match the decrease in entropy of the water, with the result that . If the freezing occurs irreversibly, then the increase in entropy of the environment will exceed the decrease in entropy of the water, with the result that 24. REASONING AND SOLUTION Since we can interpret the increase of entropy as an increase in disorder, the more disordered system will have the greater entropy. a. The popcorn that results from the kernels is more disorderly than a handful of popcorn kernels; therefore, the popcorn that results from the kernels has the greater entropy. b. A salad has more disorder after it has been tossed; therefore, the tossed salad has the greater entropy. c. A messy apartment is more disorderly than a neat apartment; therefore, a messy apartment has the greater entropy.

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25. REASONING AND SOLUTION A glass of water contains a teaspoon of dissolved sugar. After a while, the water evaporates, leaving behind sugar crystals. The entropy of the sugar crystals is less than the entropy of the dissolved sugar, because the sugar crystals are in a more ordered state. However, think about the water. The entropy of the gaseous water vapor is greater than the entropy of the liquid water, because the molecules in the vapor are

THERMODYNAMICS

in a less ordered state. Since the increase in the entropy of the water is greater than the decrease in entropy of the sugar, the net change in entropy of the universe is positive. The process, therefore, does not violate the entropy version of the second law of thermodynamics.

Chapter 15 Conceptual Questions

26. REASONING AND SOLUTION Since we can interpret the increase of entropy as an increase in disorder, the more disordered state will have the greater entropy. The nished building is the most ordered state; therefore it has the smallest entropy. The burned-out shell of a building is the most disordered state; therefore it has the largest amount of entropy. The states can be ranked in order of decreasing entropy (largest rst) as follows: (3) the burned-out shell of a building, (1) the unused building material, and (2) the building.

THERMODYNAMICS

CHAPTER 15 THERMODYNAMICS
PROBLEMS
______________________________________________________________________________ 1. SSM REASONING Energy in the form of work leaves the system, while energy in the form of heat enters. More energy leaves than enters, so we expect the internal energy of the system to decrease, that is, we expect the change U in the internal energy to be negative. The rst law of thermodynamics will conrm our expectation. As far as the environment is concerned, we note that when the system loses energy, the environment gains it, and when the system gains energy the environment loses it. Therefore, the change in the internal energy of the environment must be opposite to that of the system. SOLUTION a. The system gains heat so Q is positive, according to our convention. The system does work, so W is also positive, according to our convention. Applying the rst law of thermodynamics from Equation 15.1, we nd for the system that

As expected, this value is negative, indicating a decrease.

b. The change in the internal energy of the environment is opposite to that of the system, so that . ______________________________________________________________________________ 2. REASONING The change U in the individuals internal energy is given by the first law of thermodynamics as (Equation 15.1), where Q is the heat and W is the work. Note that Q is negative since the individual gives off heat and that W is positive since the individual does work. We will apply the first law twice, once to the individual walking and again to the individual jogging. By taking advantage of the fact that U is the same in each case, we will be able to obtain the heat given off during the walking. SOLUTION Applying the first law of thermodynamics to walking and jogging gives

Since

, we have

Chapter 15 Problems

The value for magnitude of this heat is

is negative, indicating that the individual gives off heat. .

The

3. REASONING Since the student does work, W is positive, according to our convention. Since his internal energy decreases, the change U in the internal energy is negative. The rst law of thermodynamics will allow us to determine the heat Q. SOLUTION a. The work is W = +1.6104 J. b. The change in internal energy is U = 4.2104 J. c. Applying the rst law of thermodynamics from Equation 15.1, we nd that

______________________________________________________________________________ 4. REASONING According to the discussion in Section 14.3, the internal energy U of a monatomic ideal gas is given by (Equation 14.7), where n is the number of moles, R is the universal gas constant, and T is the Kelvin temperature. When the temperature changes to a final value of Tf from an initial value of Ti, the internal energy changes by an amount

Solving this equation for the final temperature yields

We are given n

and Ti , but must determine U. The change U in the internal energy of the gas is related to the heat Q and the work W by the first law of thermodynamics, U = Q W (Equation 15.1). Using these two relations will allow us to find the final temperature of the gas. SOLUTION Substituting U = Q W into the expression for the final temperature gives

THERMODYNAMICS

Note that the heat is positive (Q = +2438 J) since the system (the gas) gains heat, and the work is negative (W = 962 J), since it is done on the system. ______________________________________________________________________________ 5. REASONING Since the change in the internal energy and the heat released in the process are given, the rst law of thermodynamics (Equation 15.1) can be used to nd the work done. Since we are told how much work is required to make the car go one mile, we can determine how far the car can travel. When the gasoline burns, its internal energy decreases and heat ows into the surroundings; therefore, both U and Q are negative. SOLUTION According to the rst law of thermodynamics, the work that is done when one gallon of gasoline is burned in the engine is

Since

of work is required to make the car go one mile, the car can travel

______________________________________________________________________________ 6. REASONING AND SOLUTION b. a. For the weight lifter

U = Q W = mLv W = (0.150 kg)(2.42 106 J/kg) 1.40 105 J = Since 1 nutritional calorie = 4186 J, the number of nutritional calories is

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Chapter 15 Problems

7. REASONING We will apply the rst law of thermodynamics as given in Equation 15.1 (U= Q W) to the overall process. First, however, we add the changes in the internal energy to obtain the overall change U and add the work values to get the overall work W. SOLUTION In both steps the internal energy increases, so overall we have U = 228 J + 115 J = +343 J. In both steps the work is negative according to our convention, since it is done on the system. Overall, then, we have W=166J177J=343J. Using the rst law of thermodynamics from Equation 15.1, we nd

Since the heat is zero, the overall process is adiabatic. ______________________________________________________________________________ 8. REASONING When a gas expands under isobaric conditions, its pressure remains constant. The work W done by the expanding gas is W = P (Vf Vi), Equation 15.2, where P is the pressure and Vf and Vi are the final and initial volumes. Since all the variables in this relation are known, we can solve for the final volume. SOLUTION Solving W = P (Vf Vi) for the final volume gives

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the expanding gas is equal to , where the work W done by the gas on the bullet can be found from the work-energy theorem (Equation 6.3). Assuming that the barrel of the gun is cylindrical with radius r, the volume of the barrel is equal to its length L multiplied by the area (r2) of its cross section. Thus, the change in volume of the expanding gas is . SOLUTION The work done by the gas on the bullet is given by Equation 6.3 as

The average pressure of the expanding gas is, therefore,

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THERMODYNAMICS

10. REASONING For segment AB, there is no work, since the volume is constant. For segment BC the process is isobaric and Equation 15.2 applies. For segment CA, the work can be obtained as the area under the line CA in the graph. SOLUTION a. For segment AB, the process is isochoric, that is, the volume is constant. For a process in which the volume is constant, no work is done, so W=0J. b. For segment BC, the process is isobaric, that is, the pressure is constant. Here, the volume is increasing, so the gas is expanding against the outside environment. As a result, the gas does work, which is positive according to our convention. Using Equation 15.2 and the data in the drawing, we obtain

c. For segment CA, the volume of the gas is decreasing, so the gas is being compressed and work is being done on it. Therefore, the work is negative, according to our convention. The magnitude of the work is the area under the segment CA. We estimate that this area is 15 of the squares in the graphical grid. The area of each square is (1.0105 Pa)(1.0103m3) = 1.0102J The work, then, is W = 15 (1.0102J) =

______________________________________________________________________________ 11. REASONING AND SOLUTION a. Starting at point A, the work done during the rst (vertical) straight-line segment is W1 = P1V1 = P1(0 m3) = 0 J For the second (horizontal) straight-line segment, the work is W2 = P2V2 = 10(1.0 104 Pa)6(2.0 103 m3) = 1200 J For the third (vertical) straight-line segment the work is W3 = P3V3 = P3(0 m3) = 0 J For the fourth (horizontal) straight-line segment the work is W4 = P4V4 = 15(1.0 104 Pa)6(2.0 103 m3) = 1800 J The total work done is

Chapter 15 Problems

W = W1 + W2 + W3 + W4 = b. Since the total work is positive, work is done .

______________________________________________________________________________ 12. REASONING The pressure P of the gas remains constant while its volume increases by an amount V. Therefore, the work W done by the expanding gas is given by (Equation 15.2). V is known, so if we can obtain a value for W, we can use this expression to calculate the pressure. To determine W, we turn to the first law of thermodynamics (Equation 15.1), where Q is the heat and U is the change in the internal energy. U is given, so to use the first law to determine W we need information about Q. According to Equation 12.4, the heat needed to raise the temperature of a mass m of material by an amount T is where c is the materials specific heat capacity. SOLUTION According to Equation 15.2, the pressure P of the expanding gas can be determined from the work W and the change V in volume of the gas according to

Using the first law of thermodynamics, we can write the work as (Equation 15.1). With this substitution, the expression for the pressure becomes (1) Using Equation 12.4, we can write the heat as into Equation (1). Thus, , which can then be substituted

13. SSM REASONING The work done in an isobaric process is given by Equation 15.2, ; therefore, the pressure is equal to . In order to use this expression,

THERMODYNAMICS

we must rst determine a numerical value for the work done; this can be calculated using the rst law of thermodynamics (Equation 15.1), . SOLUTION Solving Equation 15.1 for the work W, we nd

Therefore, the pressure is

The change in volume V, which is the nal volume minus the initial volume, is negative because the nal volume is 0.010m3 less than the initial volume. ______________________________________________________________________________ 14. REASONING AND SOLUTION According to the rst law of thermodynamics, the change in internal energy is U = QW. The work can be obtained from the area under the graph. There are sixty squares of area under the graph, so the positive work of expansion is

Since Q = 2700 J, the change in internal energy is

______________________________________________________________________________ 15. SSM WWW REASONING AND SOLUTION The rst law of thermodynamics states that . The work W involved in an isobaric process is, according to Equation 15.2, gives Since this is an expansion, have . Since . Combining these two expressions leads to . Solving for Q (1) , so . From the ideal gas law, , we , it follows that . The internal energy of an , it

ideal gas is directly proportional to its Kelvin temperature T. Therefore, since

follows that . Since both terms on the right hand side of Equation (1) are positive, the left hand side of Equation (1) must also be positive. Thus, Q is positive. By the convention described in the text, this means that

Chapter 15 Problems

______________________________________________________________________________ 16. REASONING AND SOLUTION The rod's volume increases by an amount V = V0T, according to Equation 12.3. The work done by the expanding aluminum is, from Equation15.2, W = PV = PV0T = (1.01 105 Pa)(69 106/C)(1.4 103 m3)(3.0 102 C) = ______________________________________________________________________________ 17. REASONING AND SOLUTION Since the pan is open, the process takes place at constant (atmospheric) pressure P0. The work involved in an isobaric process is given by Equation 15.2: W = P0V. The change in volume of the liquid as it is heated is given according to Equation 12.3 as V = V0T, where is the coefcient of volume expansion. Table 12.1 gives for water. The heat absorbed by the water is given by is the specic heat capacity of Equation12.4 as Q= cmT, where liquid water according to Table 12.2. Therefore,

where

is the density of the water (see Table 11.1). Thus, we nd

______________________________________________________________________________ 18. REASONING We can use the first law of thermodynamics, U = Q W (Equation 15.1) to find the work W. The heat is Q = 4700 J, where the minus sign denotes that the system (the gas) loses heat. The internal energy U of a monatomic ideal gas is given by (Equation 14.7), where n is the number of moles, R is the universal gas constant, and T is the Kelvin temperature. If the temperature remains constant during the process, the internal energy does not change, so U = 0 J. SOLUTION The work done during the isothermal process is

THERMODYNAMICS

The negative sign indicates that work is done on the system. ______________________________________________________________________________ 19. SSM REASONING According to the rst law of thermodynamics (Equation 15.1), . For a monatomic ideal gas (Equation 14.7), . Therefore, for the process in question, the change in the internal energy is expression for with Equation 15.1 yields . Combining the last

This expression can be solved for SOLUTION a. The heat is

, since it is absorbed by the system. The work is

since it is done by the system. Solving the above expression for values for the data given in the problem statement, we have

and substituting the

b. Since represents a

is negative, in temperature.

must be greater than

; this change

Alternatively, one could deduce that the temperature decreases from the following physical argument. Since the system loses more energy in doing work than it gains in the form of heat, the internal energy of the system decreases. Since the internal energy of an ideal gas depends only on the temperature, a decrease in the internal energy must correspond to a decrease in the temperature. ______________________________________________________________________________ 20. REASONING Since the gas is expanding adiabatically, the work done is given by Equation15.4 as . Once the work is known, we can use the rst law of thermodynamics to nd the change in the internal energy of the gas. SOLUTION a. The work done by the expanding gas is

Chapter 15 Problems

b. Since the process is adiabatic, Q = 0, and the change in the internal energy is

______________________________________________________________________________ 21. REASONING During an adiabatic process, no heat flows into or out of the gas (Q = 0 J). For an ideas gas, the final pressure and volume (Pf and Vf) are related to the initial pressure and volume (Pi and Vi) by where is the ratio of the specific in this problem). We will heat capacities at constant pressure and constant volume ( = use this relation to find Vf /Vi. SOLUTION Solving for Vf /Vi and noting that the pressure doubles

(Pf /Pi = 2.0) during the compression, we have

______________________________________________________________________________ 22. REASONING According to the first law of thermodynamics (Equation 15.1),

where U is the change in the internal energy, Q is the heat, and W is the work. This expression may be solved for the heat. U can be evaluated by remembering that the internal energy of a monatomic ideal gas is (Equation 14.7), where n is the

number of moles, R = 8.31 J/(molK) is the universal gas constant, and T is the Kelvin temperature. Since heat is being added isothermally, the temperature remains constant and so does the internal energy of the gas. Therefore, U = 0 J. To evaluate W we use (Equation 15.3), where Vf and Vi are the final and initial volumes of the gas, respectively. SOLUTION According to the first law of thermodynamics, as given in Equation 15.1, the heat added to the gas is

THERMODYNAMICS

Using the fact that U = 0 J for an ideal gas undergoing an isothermal process and the fact t h a t we can rewrite the heat as follows:

(Equation 15.3), expression for the

Since the volume of the gas doubles, we know that Vf = 2 Vi. Thus, it follows that

23. SSM REASONING When the expansion is isothermal, the work done can be calculated from Equation (15.3): . When the expansion is adiabatic, the work done can be calculated from Equation 15.4: .

Since the gas does the same amount of work whether it expands adiabatically or isothermally, we can equate the right hand sides of these two equations. We also note that since the initial temperature is the same for both cases, the temperature T in the isothermal expansion is the same as the initial temperature for the adiabatic expansion. We then have or

SOLUTION Solving for the ratio of the volumes gives

______________________________________________________________________________ Pressure (105 Pa) 24. REASONING a. The work done6.00 the gas is equal to the area under the pressure-versus-volume curve. We by will measure this area by using the graph given with the problem.
4.00 2.00 0

A
0 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00

B
10.0 12.0

Volume, m3

Chapter 15 Problems

b. Since the gas is an ideal gas, it obeys the ideal gas law, PV = nRT (Equation 14.1). This implies that . All the variables except for TB in this relation are known. Therefore, we can use this expression to find the temperature at point B. c. The heat Q that has been added to or removed from the gas can be obtained from the first law of thermodynamics, Q = U + W (Equation 15.1), where U is the change in the internal energy of the gas and W is the work done by the gas. The work W is known from part (a) of the problem. The change U in the internal energy of the gas can be obtained from Equation 14.7, where n is the number of moles, R is the universal gas constant, and TB and TA are the final and initial Kelvin temperatures. We do not know n, but we can use the ideal gas law (PV = nRT ) to replace nRTB by PBVB and to replace nRTA by PAVA. SOLUTION a. From the drawing we see that the area under the curve is 5.00 squares, where each square has an area of Therefore, the work W done by the gas is

b. In the Reasoning section, we have seen that values for VB and VA from the graph, we have that

. Solving this relation

for the temperature TB at point B, using the fact that PA = PB (see the graph), and taking the

THERMODYNAMICS

c. From the Reasoning section we know that the heat Q that has been added to or removed from the gas is given by Q = U + W. The change U in the internal energy of the gas is . Thus, the heat can be expressed as

We now use the ideal gas law (PV = nRT ) to replace nRTB by PBVB and nRTA by PAVA. The result is

Taking the values for PB, VB, PA, and VA from the graph and using the result from part a that W = 2.00 106 J, we find that the heat is

______________________________________________________________________________ 25. REASONING AND SOLUTION a. Since the curved line between A and C is an isotherm, the initial and nal temperatures are the same. Since the internal energy of an ideal monatomic gas is U=(3/2)nRT, the initial and nal energies are also the same, and the change in the internal energy is U=0. The rst law of thermodynamics, then, indicates that for the process ABC, we have

The heat is equal to the work. Determining the work from the area beneath the straight line segments AB and BC, we nd that

b. The minus sign is included because the gas is compressed, so that work is done on the gas. Since the answer for Q is negative, we conclude that heat ows out of the gas . ______________________________________________________________________________ 26. REASONING AND SOLUTION Step A B The internal energy of a monatomic ideal gas is U=(3/2)nRT. Thus, the change is

Chapter 15 Problems

The work for this constant pressure step is W=PV. But the ideal gas law applies, so

The rst law of thermodynamics indicates that the heat is

Step B C The internal energy of a monatomic ideal gas is U=(3/2)nRT. Thus, the change is

The volume is constant in this step, so the work done by the gas is The rst law of thermodynamics indicates that the heat is

Step C D The internal energy of a monatomic ideal gas is U=(3/2)nRT. Thus, the change is

The work for this constant pressure step is W=PV. But the ideal gas law applies, so

The rst law of thermodynamics indicates that the heat is

Step D A The internal energy of a monatomic ideal gas is U=(3/2)nRT. Thus, the change is

THERMODYNAMICS

The volume is constant in this step, so the work done by the gas is The rst law of thermodynamics indicates that the heat is

______________________________________________________________________________ 27. SSM REASONING According to Equation 15.5, that . The ideal gas law states

for both the initial and nal conditions. Thus, we have

Since the ratio of the temperatures is known, the last expression can be solved for the nal pressure . SOLUTION Since , and , we nd that

______________________________________________________________________________ 28. REASONING AND SOLUTION The three-step process is shown on the P-V diagram at the right. From the rst law of thermodynamics, Q = U + W (1) However, the ideal gas is back in its initial state at the end of the three-step process, so that U=0 overall. With this value for U, Equation (1) becomes Q=W, and we conclude that

Using Equations 15.3 for the isothermal work and Equation 15.2 for the isobaric work, and remembering that there is no work done in an isochoric process, we nd that

Chapter 15 Problems

In this result, T=438K, P is the pressure for step In addition, we know that n = 1 mol. Therefore,

, and 2PV0 = 2(P3V0)/3 = 2nRT/3.

Since this answer is positive,

by the gas.

______________________________________________________________________________ 29. SSM REASONING AND SOLUTION a. The nal temperature of the adiabatic process is given by solving Equation 15.4 for Tf.

b. According to Equation 15.5 for the adiabatic expansion of an ideal gas, Therefore,

From the ideal gas law,

; therefore, the ratio of the pressures is given by

Combining the previous two equations gives

Solving for Vf we obtain

THERMODYNAMICS

Therefore,

______________________________________________________________________________ 30. REASONING When the temperature of a gas changes as a result of heat Q being added, the change T in temperature is related to the amount of heat according to where C is the molar specific heat capacity, and n is the number of moles. The heat QV added under conditions of constant volume is where CV is the specific heat capacity at constant volume and is given by and R is the universal gas constant. The heat QP added under conditions of constant pressure is constant pressure and is given by where CP is the specific heat capacity at It is given that QV = QP, and

this fact will allow us to find the change in temperature of the gas whose pressure remains constant. SOLUTION Setting QV = QP, gives

Algebraically eliminating n and solving for TP, we obtain

______________________________________________________________________________ 31. SSM REASONING AND SOLUTION According to the rst law of thermodynamics (Equation 15.1), . Since the internal energy of this gas is doubled by the addition of heat, the initial and nal internal energies are U and 2U, respectively. Therefore,

Chapter 15 Problems

Equation 15.1 for this situation then becomes

. Solving for Q gives (1)

The initial internal energy of the gas can be calculated from Equation 14.7:

a. If the process is carried out isochorically (i.e., at constant volume), then W=0, and the heat required to double the internal energy is

b. If the process is carried out isobarically (i.e., at constant pressure), then Equation (1) above becomes

, and (2)

From the ideal gas law,

, we have that

, and Equation (2) becomes (3)

The internal energy of an ideal gas is directly proportional to its Kelvin temperature. Since the internal energy of the gas is doubled, the nal Kelvin temperature will be twice the initial Kelvin temperature, or T = 350 K. Substituting values into Equation (3) gives

______________________________________________________________________________ 32. REASONING AND SOLUTION a. The amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of the gas at constant volume is given by Equations 15.6 and 15.8, Q = n CV T. Solving for T yields

b. The change in the internal energy of the gas is given by the rst law of thermodynamics with W = 0, since the gas is heated at constant volume:

THERMODYNAMICS

c. The change in pressure can be obtained from the ideal gas law,

______________________________________________________________________________ 33. REASONING AND SOLUTION The heat added at constant pressure is Q = CpnT = (5R/2) nT The work done during the process is W = PV. The ideal gas law requires that V = nRT/P, so W = nRT. The required ratio is then

Q/W = ______________________________________________________________________________ 34. REASONING The heat QP that needs to be added under constant-pressure conditions is given by , according to Equation 15.6, where CP is the molar specific heat capacity at constant pressure, n is the number of moles of the gas, and T is the change in the temperature. We have values for n and T, but not for CP. For an ideal gas of any type, however, Equation 15.10 applies, so that , where CV is the molar specific heat capacity at constant volume and R = 8.31 J/(molK) is the universal gas constant. This result is useful, because we can evaluate CV from the heat added under constant-volume conditions. SOLUTION According to Equation 15.6, we know that (Equation 15.10) into this expression, we obtain (1) Using Equation 15.6 again, this time for constant-volume conditions, we have where QV is the heat added. Substituting this result into Equation (1) gives , . Substituting

Chapter 15 Problems

35. SSM REASONING AND SOLUTION The amount of heat required to change the temperature of the gas is given by Equation 15.6, where CP is given by Equation 15.7.

____________________________________________________________________________________________

36. REASONING AND SOLUTION The total heat generated by the students is Q = (200)(130 W)(3000 s) = 7.8 107 J For the isochoric process. Q = CvnT = (5R/2)n T

The number of moles of air in the room is found from the ideal gas law to be

Now

______________________________________________________________________________ 37. REASONING The power rating of the heater is equal to the heat Q supplied to the gas divided by the time t the heater is on, (Equation 6.10b). Therefore, . The heat required to change the temperature of a gas under conditions of constant pressure is given by where CP is the molar specic heat capacity at constant pressure, n is the number of moles, and T = Tf Ti is the change in temperature. For a monatomic ideal gas, the specic heat capacity at constant pressure is Equation(15.7), where R is the universal gas constant. We do not know n, Tf and Ti, but we can use the ideal gas law, PV = nRT , (Equation 14.1) to replace nRTf by PfVf and to replace nRTi by PiVi, quantities that we do know. SOLUTION Substituting give into and using the fact that

THERMODYNAMICS

Replacing RnTf by PfVf and RnTi by PiVi and remembering that Pi = Pf , we nd

Since the volume of the gas increases by 25.0%, Vf = 1.250Vi. The time that the heater is on is

______________________________________________________________________________ 38. REASONING AND SOLUTION The change in volume is V = sA, where s is the distance through which the piston drops and A is the piston area. The minus sign is included because the volume decreases. Thus,

The ideal gas law states that V = nRT/P. But . Using these expressions for V and T, we nd that

. Thus,

______________________________________________________________________________ 39. REASONING AND SOLUTION Let P, V, and T represent the initial values of pressure, volume, and temperature. The rst process is isochoric, so Q1 = CVn T1 = (3R/2)n T1 The ideal gas law for this process gives T1 = 2PV/(nR), so Q1 = 3PV. The second process is isobaric, so Q2 = CPn T2 = (5R/2)n T2

Chapter 15 Problems

The ideal gas law for this process gives T2 = 3PV/nR, so Q2 = (15/2) PV. The total heat is Q = Q1 + Q2 = (21/2) PV. But at conditions of standard temperature and pressure (see Section 14.2), P = 1.01 105 Pa and V = 22.4 liters = 22.4 103 m3, so

______________________________________________________________________________ 40. REASONING According to Equation 15.11, the efciency of a heat engine is where is the magnitude of the work and ,

is the magnitude of the input heat. Thus,

the magnitude of the work is up to compute the extra work produced.

. We can apply this result before and after the tune-

SOLUTION Using Equation 15.11, we nd the work before and after the tune-up as follows:

Subtracting the before equation from the after equation gives

______________________________________________________________________________ 41. SSM REASONING AND SOLUTION The efciency of a heat engine is dened by Equation 15.11 as , where is the magnitude of the work done and is the magnitude of the heat input. The principle of energy conservation requires that , where is the magnitude of the heat rejected to the cold reservoir (Equation 15.12). Combining Equations 15.11 and 15.12 gives

______________________________________________________________________________ 42. REASONING According to the definition of efficiency given in Equation 15.11, an engine with an efficiency e does work of magnitude , where is the magnitude of the input heat. We will apply this expression to each engine and utilize the fact that in each

THERMODYNAMICS

case the same work is done. We expect to find that engine 2 requires less input heat to do the same amount of work, because it has the greater efficiency. SOLUTION Applying Equation 15.11 to each engine gives

Since the work is the same for each engine, we have

It follows, then, that

which is less than the input heat for engine 1, as expected.

43. REASONING AND SOLUTION a. The efciency is , where magnitude of the input heat. It follows that

is the magnitude of the work and

is the

b. The magnitude of the rejected heat is

______________________________________________________________________________ 44. REASONING The efficiency e of an engine can be expressed as (see Equation 15.13) , where is the magnitude of the heat delivered to the cold reservoir and is the magnitude of the heat supplied to the engine from the hot reservoir. Solving gives . We will use this expression twice, once for

this equation for

the improved engine and once for the original engine. Taking the ratio of these expressions will give us the answer that we seek.

Chapter 15 Problems

SOLUTION Taking the ratio of the heat rejected to the cold reservoir by the improved engine to that for the original engine gives

But the input heat to both engines is the same, so becomes

. Thus, the ratio

______________________________________________________________________________ 45. SSM WWW REASONING The efciency of either engine is given by Equation 15.13, . Since engine A receives three times more input heat, produces ve times more work, and rejects two times more heat than engine B, it follows that , , and . As required by the principle of energy conservation for engine A (Equation 15.12),

Thus, (1)

Since engine B also obeys the principle of energy conservation (Equation 15.12), (2)

Substituting Solving for

from Equation (2) into Equation (1) yields

gives

THERMODYNAMICS

Therefore, Equation (2) predicts for engine B that

SOLUTION a. Substituting have

and

into Equation 15.13 for engine A, we

b. Substituting

into Equation 15.13 for engine B, we have

______________________________________________________________________________ 46. REASONING AND SOLUTION The efciency is given by e = 1 (TC/TH) = 1 [(200 K)/(500 K)] = 0.6 = The work is = (0.6)(5000 J) = ______________________________________________________________________________ 47. REASONING We will use the subscript 27 to denote the engine whose efficiency is 27.0% (e27 = 0.270) and the subscript 32 to denote the engine whose efficiency is 32.0% (e32 = 0.320). In general, the efficiency eCarnot of a Carnot engine depends on the Kelvin temperatures, TC and TH, of its cold and hot reservoirs through the relation (see Equation 15.15) eCarnot = 1 (TC/TH). Solving this equation for the temperature TC, 32 of the engine whose efficiency is e32 gives TC, 32 = (1 e32)TH, 32. We are given e32, but do not know the temperature TH, 32. However, we are told that this temperature is the same as that of the hot reservoir of the engine whose efficiency is e27, so TH, 32 = TH, 27. The temperature TH, 27 can be determined since we know the efficiency and cold reservoir temperature of this engine.

Chapter 15 Problems

SOLUTION The temperature of the cold reservoir for engine whose efficiency is e32 is TC, 32 = (1 e32)TH, 32. Since TH, 32 = TH, 27, we have that TC, 32 = (1 e32)TH, 27 The efficiency e27 is given by Equation 15.15 as e27 = 1 (TC, equation for the temperature TH, Equation 1 yields
27 27/TH, 27).

(1) Solving this

of the hot reservoir and substituting the result into

______________________________________________________________________________ 48. REASONING The efficiency e Carnot of a Carnot engine is

(Equation 15.15), where TC and TH are, respectively, the Kelvin temperatures of the cold and hot reservoirs. After the changes are made to the temperatures, this same equation still applies, except that the variables must be labeled to denote the new values. We will use a prime for this purpose. From the original efficiency and the information given about the changes made to the temperatures, we will be able to obtain the new temperature ratio and, hence, the new efficiency. SOLUTION After the reservoir temperatures are changed, the engine has an efficiency that, according to Equation 15.15, is

where the prime denotes the new engine. Using unprimed symbols to denote the original engine, we know that and . With these substitutions, the efficiency of the new engine becomes (1)

To obtain the original ratio

, we use Equation 15.15:

THERMODYNAMICS

Substituting this original temperature ratio into Equation (1) gives

49. SSM REASONING The efciency e of a Carnot engine is given by Equation 15.15, , where, according to Equation 15.14, . Since the efciency is given along with Once calculate is known, the ratio . and , Equation 15.15 can be used to calculate .

is thus known, and Equation 15.14 can be used to

SOLUTION a. Solving Equation 15.15 for

gives

b. Solving Equation 15.14 for

gives

______________________________________________________________________________ 50. REASONING AND SOLUTION In order to nd out how many kilograms of ice in the tub are melted, we must determine , the amount of exhaust heat delivered to the cold reservoir. Since the hot reservoir consists of boiling water (TH = 373.0 K) and the cold reservoir consists of ice and water (TC = 273.0 K), the efciency of this engine is

The work done by the engine is

Chapter 15 Problems

= (0.2681)(6800 J) = 1823 J Therefore, the amount of heat delivered to the cold reservoir is = 6800 J 1823 J = 4977 J Using the denition of the latent heat of fusion (melting) Lf , we nd that the amount of ice that melts is

______________________________________________________________________________ 51. REASONING AND SOLUTION The efciency of the engine is e = 1 (TC/TH) so (i) Increase TH by 40 K; e = 1 [(350 K)/(690 K)] = 0.493 (ii) Decrease TC by 40 K; e = 1 [(310 K)/(650 K)] = 0.523 the temperature of the cold reservoir.

The greatest improvement is made by

______________________________________________________________________________ 52. REASONING AND SOLUTION determined from Equation15.12, The amount of work delivered by the engines can be . Solving for for each engine gives:

The total work delivered by the two engines is

But we know that

, so that (1)

Since these are Carnot engines,

Similarly, noting that

and that TH2=TC1, we have

THERMODYNAMICS

Substituting into Equation (1) gives

______________________________________________________________________________ 53. SSM REASONING The maximum efciency e at which the power plant can operate is given by Equation 15.15, . The power output is given; it can be used to nd the magnitude of the work output for a 24 hour period. With the efciency and , can be used to nd , the magnitude of the input

known, Equation15.11, heat. The magnitude . SOLUTION a. The maximum efciency is

of the exhaust heat can then be found from Equation15.12,

b.

Since the power output of the power plant is P = 84 000 kW, the required heat input for a 24 hour period is

Therefore, solving Equation 15.12 for

, we have

______________________________________________________________________________ 54. REASONING AND SOLUTION The temperature of the gasoline engine input is T1 =904K, the exhaust temperature is T2 =412 K, and the air temperature is T3 = 300 K. The efciency of the engine/exhaust is e1 = 1 (T2/T1) = 0.544 The efciency of the second engine is e2 = 1 (T3/T2) = 0.272

Chapter 15 Problems

The

magnitude

of

the since

work

done

by

each

segment

is

and

Now examine

to nd the ratio of the total work produced by both engines

to that produced by the rst engine alone.

But,

, so that

. Therefore,

______________________________________________________________________________ 55. SSM REASONING AND SOLUTION The efciency e of the power plant is threefourths its Carnot efciency so, according to Equation 15.15,

The power output of the plant is input per unit time is

watts. According to Equation 15.11,

. Therefore, at 33% efciency, the magnitude of the heat

From the principle of conservation of energy, the heat output per unit time must be

The rejected heat is carried away by the owing water and, according to Equation 12.4, . Therefore,

THERMODYNAMICS

Solving the last equation for t, we have

______________________________________________________________________________

56. REASONING The expansion from point a to point b and the compression from point c to point d occur isothermally, and we will apply the first law of thermodynamics to these parts of the cycle in order to obtain expressions for the input and rejected heats, magnitudes and , respectively. In order to simplify the resulting expression for , we will then use the fact that the expansion from point b to point c and the compression from point d to point a are adiabatic. SOLUTION According to the first law of thermodynamics, the change in internal energy U is given by (Equation 15.1), where Q is the heat and W is the work. Since the internal energy of an ideal gas is proportional to the Kelvin temperature and the temperature is constant for an isothermal process, it follows that for such a case. The work of isothermal expansion or compression for an ideal gas is (Equation 15.3), where n is the number of moles, R is the universal gas constant, T is the Kelvin temperature, Vf is the final volume of the gas, and Vi is the initial volume. We have, then, that

Applying this result for Q to the isothermal expansion (temperature = TH) from point a to point b and the isothermal compression (temperature = TC) from point c to point d, we have

Chapter 15 Problems

where

and ,

for the isotherm at TH and is positive, and we have

and

for the isotherm

at TC. In this problem, we are interested in the magnitude of the heats. For QH, this poses no problem, since

(1) However, for QC, we need to be careful, because we write for the magnitude of QC that (2) and is negative. Thus,

According to Equations (1) and (2), the ratio of the magnitudes of the rejected and input heats is

(3)

We now consider the adiabatic parts of the Carnot cycle. For the adiabatic expansion or compression of an ideal gas the initial pressure and volume (Pi and Vi) are related to the final pressure and volume (Pf and Vf) according to (15.5) where is the ratio of the specific heats at constant pressure and constant volume. It is also true that (Equation 14.1), according to the ideal gas law. Substituting this expression for the pressure into Equation 15.5 gives

THERMODYNAMICS

Applying this result to the adiabatic expansion from point b to point c and to the adiabatic compression from point d to point a, we obtain

Dividing the first of these equations by the second shows that

With this result, Equation (3) becomes

57. REASONING

The coefficient of performance COP is defined as is the magnitude of the heat removed from the cold reservoir

(Equation 15.16), where and

is the magnitude of the work done on the refrigerator. The work is related to the of the heat deposited into the hot reservoir and by the conservation of

magnitude energy,

. Thus, the coefficient of performance can be written as (after some

algebraic manipulations)

The maximum coefficient of performance occurs when the refrigerator is a Carnot refrigerator. For a Carnot refrigerator, the ratio is equal to the ratio of the Kelvin temperatures of the hot and cold reservoirs, SOLUTION Substituting (Equation 15.14).

into the expression above for the COP gives

Chapter 15 Problems

______________________________________________________________________________ 58. REASONING AND SOLUTION We know that

Therefore,

______________________________________________________________________________ 59. SSM WWW REASONING AND SOLUTION Equation 15.14 holds for a Carnot air conditioner as well as a Carnot engine. Therefore, solving Equation 15.14 for , we have

______________________________________________________________________________ 60. REASONING Since the refrigerator is a Carnot device, we know that (the

(Equation 15.14). We have values for TH (the temperature of the kitchen) and

magnitude of the heat removed from the food). Thus, we can use this expression to determine TC (the temperature inside the refrigerator), provided that a value can be obtained for (the magnitude of the heat that the refrigerator deposits into the kitchen). Energy (Equation 15.12), where is the magnitude of conservation dictates that

the work that the appliance uses and is known. SOLUTION From Equation 15.14, it follows that

Substituting

(Equation 15.12) into this result for TC gives

THERMODYNAMICS

61. REASONING AND SOLUTION a. The work is

b. The coefcient of performance (COP) is

______________________________________________________________________________ 62. REASONING The coefcient of performance of an air conditioner is to Equation 15.16, where , according

is the magnitude of the heat removed from the house and

is the magnitude of the work required for the removal. In addition, we know that the rst law of thermodynamics (energy conservation) applies, so that , according to Equation15.12. In this equation we have no direct information about is the magnitude of the heat discarded outside. While and , we do know that the air conditioner is a . Thus, the

Carnot device. This means that Equation15.14 applies: given temperatures will allow us to calculate the coefcient of performance.

SOLUTION Using Equation 15.16 for the denition of the coefcient of performance and Equation 15.12 for the fact that , we have

Equation 15.14 applies, so that

. With this substitution, we nd

Chapter 15 Problems

______________________________________________________________________________ 63. REASONING The conservation of energy applies to the air conditioner, so that , where is the amount of heat put into the room by the unit, is the is the amount of work needed is added to and heats up the and

amount of heat removed from the room by the unit, and to operate the unit. Therefore, a net heat of

room. To nd the temperature rise of the room, we will use the COP to determine then use the given molar specic heat capacity.

SOLUTION Let COP denote the coefcient of performance. By denition (Equation 15.16), , so that

The temperature rise in the room can be found as follows: Solving for T gives

______________________________________________________________________________ 64. REASONING AND SOLUTION The amount of heat removed when the ice freezes is = [4186 J/(kgC)](1.50 kg)(20.0 C) + (1.50 kg)(33.5 104 J/kg) = 6.28 105 J , the magnitude of the work done by

Since the coefcient of performance is the refrigerator is

The magnitude of the heat delivered to the kitchen is

The space heater has a power output P of

THERMODYNAMICS

Therefore,

______________________________________________________________________________ 65. SSM WWW REASONING Let the coefcient of performance be represented by the symbol COP. Then according to Equation 15.16, energy conservation for a Carnot refrigerator (Equation 15.12), Equations 15.16 and 15.12 leads to . From the statement of . Combining

Replacing the ratio of the heats with the ratio of the Kelvin temperatures, according to Equation 15.14, leads to (1)

The heat

that must be removed from the refrigerator when the water is cooled can be ; therefore,

calculated using Equation 12.4,

SOLUTION a. Substituting values into Equation (1) gives

(2)

b. Substituting values into Equation (2) gives

______________________________________________________________________________

Chapter 15 Problems

66. REASONING According to the conservation of energy, the work W done by the electrical energy is , where is the magnitude of the heat delivered to the outside (the hot reservoir) and is the magnitude of the heat removed from the house (the cold

reservoir). Dividing both sides of this relation by the time t, we have

The term

is the magnitude of the work per second that must be done by the electrical and are, respectively, the magnitude of the heat per

energy, and the terms

second delivered to the outside and removed from the house. Since the air conditioner is a Carnot air conditioner, we know that is equal to the ratio of the Kelvin temperatures of the hot and cold reservoirs, expression, along with the one above for (Equation 15.14). This , will allow us to determine the magnitude of

the work per second done by the electrical energy. SOLUTION Solving the expression into the relation , and recognizing that for , substituting the result = 10 500 J/s, give

In this result we have used the fact that TH = 273.15 + 33.0 C = 306.15 K and TC = 273.15 + 19.0 C = 292.15 K. ______________________________________________________________________________ 67. SSM REASONING The efciency of the Carnot engine is, according to Equation 15.15,

THERMODYNAMICS

Therefore, the magnitude of the work delivered by the engine is, according to Equation 15.11,

The heat pump removes an amount of heat of heat

from the cold reservoir. Thus, the amount

delivered to the hot reservoir of the heat pump is

Therefore,

. According to Equation 15.14, gives

, so

SOLUTION Solving for

______________________________________________________________________________ 68. REASONING According to the discussion on Section 15.11, the change Suniverse in the entropy of the universe is the sum of the change in entropy SC of the cold reservoir and the change in entropy SH of the hot reservoir, or Suniverse = SC + SH. The change in entropy of each reservoir is given by Equation 15.18 as S = (Q/T)R, where Q is the heat removed from or delivered to the reservoir and T is the Kelvin temperature of the reservoir. In applying this equation we imagine a process in which the heat is lost by the house and gained by the outside in a reversible fashion. SOLUTION Since heat is lost from the hot reservoir (inside the house), the change in entropy is negative: SH = QH/TH. Since heat is gained by the cold reservoir (the outdoors), the change in entropy is positive: SC = +QC/TC. Here we are using the symbols QH and QC to denote the magnitudes of the heats. The change in the entropy of the universe is

Chapter 15 Problems

In this calculation we have used the fact that TC = 273 15 C = 258 K and TH = 273 + 21 C = 294 K. ______________________________________________________________________________ 69. REASONING AND SOLUTION Equation 15.19 gives the unavailable work as (1) where . We also know that . Furthermore, we can apply

Equation 15.18 to the heat lost from the 394-K reservoir and the heat gained by the reservoir at temperature T, with the result that

With these substitutions for T0, Wunavailable, and S, Equation (1) becomes

______________________________________________________________________________ 70. REASONING The total entropy change of the universe is the sum of the entropy

changes of the hot and cold reservoir. For each reservoir, the entropy change is given by (Equation 15.18). As indicated by the label R, this equation applies only to reversible processes. For the two irreversible engines, therefore, we apply this equation to an imaginary process that removes the given heat from the hot reservoir reversibly and rejects the given heat to the cold reservoir reversibly. According to the second law of thermodynamics stated in terms of entropy (see Section 15.11), the reversible engine is the one for which , and the irreversible engine that could exist is the one for which . SOLUTION Using Equation 15.18, we write the total entropy change of the universe as the sum of the entropy changes of the hot (H) and cold (C) reservoirs. . The irreversible engine that could not exist is the one for which

THERMODYNAMICS

In this expression, we have used reservoir loses heat. We have used

for the heat from the hot reservoir because that for the heat rejected to the cold reservoir because

that reservoir gains heat. Applying this expression to the three engines gives the following results:

Since

for Engine II, it is reversible. Since

for Engine I, for Engine III, it is irreversible

it is irreversible and could exist. Since and could not exist.

71. SSM REASONING AND SOLUTION a. Since the energy that becomes unavailable for doing work is zero for the process, we have from Equation 15.19, . Therefore, and according to the discussion in Section 15.11, the process is b. Since the process is reversible, we have (see Section 15.11) .

Therefore,

______________________________________________________________________________ 72. REASONING AND SOLUTION a. We know that the hot and cold waters exchange equal amounts of heat, i.e., Qhw = Qcw, so that (mcT)hw = (mcT)cw, or (1.00 kg)[4186 J/(kgC)](373 K Tf) = (2.00 kg)[4186 J/(kgC)](Tf 283 K)

Chapter 15 Problems

Solving for Tf, we obtain b. Since S = mc ln(Tf/Ti):

Shw = mhwc ln[(313 K)/(373 K)] = 734 J/K Scw = mcwc ln[(313 K)/(283 K)] = +844 J/K Therefore, Suniverse = Shw + Scw = c. The energy unavailable for doing work is, therefore, Wunavailable = T0 Suniverse = (273 K)(1.10 102 J/K) = ______________________________________________________________________________ 73. REASONING The change Suniverse in entropy of the universe for this process is the sum of the entropy changes for (1) the warm water (Swater) as it cools down from its initial temperature of 85.0 C to its final temperature Tf , (2) the ice (Sice) as it melts at 0 C, and (3) the ice water (Sice water ) as it warms up from 0 C to the final temperature Tf: Suniverse = Swater + Sice + Sice water. To find the final temperature Tf , we will follow the procedure outlined in Sections 12.7 and 12.8, where we set the heat lost by the warm water as it cools down equal to the heat gained by the melting ice and the resulting ice water as it warms up. The heat Q that must be supplied or removed to change the temperature of a substance of mass m by an amount T is Q = cmT (Equation 12.4), where c is the specific heat capacity. The heat that must be supplied to melt a mass m of a substance is Q = mLf (Equation 12.5), where Lf is the latent heat of fusion. SOLUTION a. We begin by nding the nal temperature Tf of the water. Setting the heat lost equal to the heat gained gives

Solving this relation for the nal temperature Tf yields

THERMODYNAMICS

We have taken the specic heat capacity of the latent heat of Tf = (273 + 30.0 C) = 303 K.

for water from Table 12.2 and

from Table 12.3. This temperature is equivalent to

The change Suniverse in the entropy of the universe is the sum of three contributions: [Contribution 1]

where Ti = 273 + 85.0 C = 358 K. [Contribution 2]

[Contribution 3]

The change in the entropy of the universe is Suniverse = Swater + Sice + Sice water =

b. The entropy of the universe

, because the mixing process is irreversible.

______________________________________________________________________________ 74. REASONING An adiabatic process is one for which no heat enters or leaves the system, so Q=0J. The work is given as W=+610J, where the plus sign denotes that the gas does work, according to our convention. Knowing the heat and the work, we can use the rst law

Chapter 15 Problems

of thermodynamics to nd the change U in internal energy as U = Q W (Equation 15.1). Knowing the change in the internal energy, we can nd the change in the temperature by recalling that the internal energy of a monatomic ideal gas is U= nRT, according to Equation 14.7. As a result, it follows that U = nRT.

SOLUTION Using the rst law from Equation 15.5 and the change in internal energy from Equation 14.7, we have Therefore, we nd

The change in temperature is a decrease. ______________________________________________________________________________ 75. SSM REASONING AND SOLUTION a. Since the temperature of the gas is kept constant at all times, the process is isothermal; therefore, the internal energy of an ideal gas does not change and . b. From the rst law of thermodynamics (Equation 15.1), that . Since work is done on the gas, the work is negative, and . But . , so

c. The work done in an isothermal compression is given by Equation 15.3:

Therefore, the temperature of the gas is

76. REASONING According to Equation 15.11, the efficiency e of a heat engine is , where is the magnitude of the work done by the engine and is the magnitude of the input heat that the engine uses. However, energy conservation requires that is given, but is unknown.

(Equation 15.12), where

THERMODYNAMICS

is the magnitude of the heat rejected by the engine and is given. therefore, a value for can be obtained. SOLUTION According to Equation 15.11, the efficiency is

From this equation,

Since

(Equation 15.12), we can solve for . Substituting this result into the efficiency expression gives

to show that

77. REASONING AND SOLUTION The work done by the expanding gas is W = Q U = 2050 J 1730 J = 320 J The work, according to Equation 6.1, is also the magnitude F of the force exerted on the piston times the magnitude s of its displacement. But the force is equal to the weight mg of the block and piston, so that the work is W = Fs = mgs. Thus, we have

______________________________________________________________________________ 78. REASONING For any refrigerator, the rst law of thermodynamics (Equation 15.12) indicates that . In this expression, we know that and wish to nd . To do so, we need information about . But the refrigerator is a Carnot (Equation 15.14). With this

device, so we know in addition that additional equation, we can solve for process an equation that contains only SOLUTION

and substitute into the rst law, obtaining in the as an unknown.

From Equation 15.14 we have

Chapter 15 Problems

Substituting this expression for

into the rst law of thermodynamics gives

Solving for

, we nd

______________________________________________________________________________ 79. SSM REASONING AND SOLUTION The change in entropy S of a system for a process in which heat Q enters or leaves the system reversibly at a constant temperature T is given by Equation 15.18, . For a phase change, , where L is the latent heat (see Section 12.8). a. If we imagine a reversible process in which 3.00 kg of ice melts into water at 273 K, the change in entropy of the water molecules is

b. Similarly, if we imagine a reversible process in which 3.00 kg of water changes into steam at 373 K, the change in entropy of the water molecules is

c. Since the change in entropy is greater for the vaporization process than for the fusion process, the in the collection of water

molecules. ______________________________________________________________________________ 80. REASONING AND SOLUTION The amount of heat removed at constant volume is

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THERMODYNAMICS

81. REASONING AND SOLUTION Suppose this device were a Carnot engine instead of a heat pump. We know that its efciency e would be e = 1 (TC/TH) = 1 [(265 K)/(298 K)] = 0.111 The efciency, however, is also given by

Since the heat pumps coefcient of performance COP is

, we have that

______________________________________________________________________________ 82. REASONING The smallest possible temperature of the hot reservoir would occur when the engine is a Carnot engine, since it has the greatest efficiency of any engine operating between the same hot and cold reservoirs. The efficiency eCarnot of a Carnot engine is (see Equation 15.15) eCarnot = 1 (TC/TH), where TC and TH are the Kelvin temperatures of its cold and hot reservoirs. Solving this equation for TH gives TH = TC/(1 eCarnot). We are given TC, but do not know eCarnot. However, the efficiency is defined as the magnitude of the work done by the engine divided by the magnitude reservoir, so requires that the magnitude of the input heat from the hot

(Equation 15.11). Furthermore, the conservation of energy of the input heat equals the sum of the magnitude of

the work done by the engine and the magnitude reservoir,

of the heat it rejects to the cold

. By combining these relations, we will be able to find the

temperature of the hot reservoir of the Carnot engine. SOLUTION From the Reasoning section, the temperature of the hot reservoir is TH = TC/(1 eCarnot). Writing the efficiency of the engine as expression for the temperature becomes

, the

Chapter 15 Problems

From the conservation of energy, we have that for into the one above for TH gives

. Substituting this expression

______________________________________________________________________________ 83. SSM REASONING The work done in the process is equal to the "area" under the curved line between A and B in the drawing. From the graph, we nd that there are about 78 "squares" under the curve. Each square has an "area" of

SOLUTION a. The work done in the process has a magnitude of

b. The nal volume is smaller than the initial volume, so the gas is compressed. Therefore, work is done on the gas so the work is negative. ______________________________________________________________________________ 84. REASONING AND SOLUTION a. The work is the area under the path ACB. There are 48 "squares" under the path, so that

The minus sign is included because the gas is compressed, so that work is done on it. Since there is no temperature change between A and B (the line AB is an isotherm) and the gas is ideal, U = 0, so Q = U + W = W =

b. The negative answer for W means that heat ows

of the gas.

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THERMODYNAMICS

85. SSM REASONING According to Equations 15.6 and 15.7, the heat supplied to a monatomic ideal gas at constant pressure is , with . Thus, . The percentage of this heat used to increase the internal energy by an amount U is (1)

But according to the rst law of thermodynamics, and for an ideal gas and the change in the internal energy is

. The work W is

, .

. Therefore, the work W becomes

Combining this expression for U with Equation (1) above yields a numerical value for the percentage of heat being supplied to the gas that is used to increase its internal energy. SOLUTION a. The percentage is

b. The remainder of the heat, or

, is used for the work of expansion.

______________________________________________________________________________ 86. REASONING AND SOLUTION The magnitude of the heat removed from the ice = mLf = (2.0 kg)(33.5 104 J/kg) = 6.7 105 J The magnitude of the heat leaving the refrigerator = is therefore, is

(TH/TC) = (6.7 105 J)(300 K)/(258 K) = 7.8 105 J

The magnitude of the work done by the refrigerator is therefore, = 1.1 105 J

At $0.10 per kWh (or $0.10 per 3.6 106 J), the cost is

Chapter 15 Problems

______________________________________________________________________________ 87. REASONING During an adiabatic process, no heat flows into or out of the gas (Q = 0 J). For an ideas gas, the final pressure and volume (Pf and Vf) are related to the initial pressure and volume (Pi and Vi) by where is the ratio of the specific in this problem). The initial

heat capacities at constant pressure and constant volume ( =

and final pressures are not given. However, the initial and final temperatures are known, so we can use the ideal gas law, PV = nRT (Equation 14.1) to relate the temperatures to the pressures. We will then be able to find Vi/Vf in terms of the initial and final temperatures. SOLUTION Substituting the ideal gas law, PV = nRT, into gives

Solving this expression for the ratio of the initial volume to the final volume yields

The initial and final Kelvin temperatures are Ti = (21 C + 273) = 294 K and Tf = (688 C + 273) = 961 K. The ratio of the volumes is

______________________________________________________________________________ 88. REASONING The change in the internal energy of the gas can be found using the rst law of thermodynamics, since the heat added to the gas is known and the work can be calculated by using Equation 15.2, W = P V. The molar specic heat capacity at constant pressure can be evaluated by using Equation 15.6 and the ideal gas law. SOLUTION a. The change in the internal energy is

THERMODYNAMICS

b. According to Equation 15.6, the molar specic heat capacity at constant pressure is CP = Q/(n T). The term nT can be expressed in terms of the pressure and change in volume by using the ideal gas law: P V = n R T or n T = P V/R

Substituting this relation for n T into CP = Q/(n T), we obtain

______________________________________________________________________________ 89. REASONING The heat added is given by Equation 15.6 as Q=C VnT, where CV is the molar specic heat capacity at constant volume, n is the number of moles, and T is the change in temperature. But the heat is supplied by the heater at a rate of ten watts, or ten joules per second, so Q = (10.0 W)t, where t is the on-time for the heater. In addition, we know that the ideal gas law applies: PV = nRT (Equation 14.1). Since the volume is constant while the temperature changes by an amount T, the amount by which the pressure changes is P. This change in pressure is given by the ideal gas law in the form (P)V = nR(T). SOLUTION Using Equation 15.6 and the expression Q = (10.0 W)t for the heat delivered by the heater, we have

Using the ideal gas law in the form (P)V = nR(T), we can express the change in temperature as T = (P)V/nR. With this substitution for T, the expression for the time becomes

According to Equation 15.8, CV =

R for a monatomic ideal gas, so we nd

Chapter 15 Problems

____________________________________________________________________________________________

90. REASONING AND SOLUTION From Equation 15.14 we know that the magnitude of the input heat and the magnitude of the exhaust heat of a Carnot engine are related to . We

the Kelvin temperatures of the hot and cold reservoirs according to also know that a. Therefore, we nd , according to Equation 15.12. as follows:

b. Similarly, we nd

as follows:

______________________________________________________________________________ 91. SSM REASONING AND SOLUTION We wish to nd an expression for the overall efciency e in terms of the efciencies and . From the problem statement, the overall efciency of the two-engine device is where (1)

is the input heat to engine 1. The efciency of a heat engine is dened by

,

Equation 15.11, and

so we can write (2)

Since the heat rejected by engine 1 is used as input heat for the second engine, and the expression above for can be written as

THERMODYNAMICS

(3) , so that Equation (3) becomes (4)

According to Equation 15.12, we have

Substituting Equations (2) and (4) into Equation (1) gives

Algebraically canceling the desired result:

's in the right hand side of the last expression gives the

______________________________________________________________________________ 92. REASONING AND SOLUTION Let the left be side 1 and the right be side 2. Since the partition moves to the right, side 1 does work on side 2, so that the work values involved satisfy the relation . Using Equation 15.4 for each work value, we nd that

We now seek a second equation for the two unknowns adiabatic process indicates that equations and using the facts that and , gives

. Equation 15.5 for an . Dividing these two

Using the ideal gas law, we nd that

Since

, the result above reduces to

Chapter 15 Problems

Using this expression for the ratio of the nal temperatures in nd that

, we

______________________________________________________________________________ 93. CONCEPT QUESTIONS a. By itself, the work would decrease the internal energy of the system. This is because the system does work and would use some of its internal energy in the process. b. By itself, the heat would increase the internal energy of the system, because it ows into the system. Thus, it would add to the supply of internal energy that the system already has. c. The conservation-of-energy principle indicates that energy can neither be created nor destroyed, but can only be converted from one form to another. Therefore, the internal energy of the system increases, because more energy enters the system as heat than leaves the system as work. SOLUTION Using the rst law of thermodynamics (conservation of energy) from Equation 15.1, we obtain

The plus sign indicates that the internal energy increases, as expected. ______________________________________________________________________________ 94. CONCEPT QUESTIONS a. The energy gain in the form of heat means that the internal energy of the system would increase by an equal amount in the absence of work. This follows from the rst law of thermodynamics:U = Q W (Equation 15.1). But the internal energy increases by an even greater amount, which means that energy also enters the system because work is being done on it. b. According to our convention, work done on the system is negative. c. The volume of the system decreases. This is because work is done on the system. In other words, the environment is pushing inward on the system, compressing it. Alternatively, Equation 15.2 indicates that work W done at constant pressure P is W=PV, where V is the change in volume. Since we know that the work is negative, the change in

THERMODYNAMICS

volume must also be negative. But V = Vf Vi, so the nal volume Vf is less than the initial volume Vi. SOLUTION Using Equations 15.1 (U = Q W) and 15.2 (W=PV), we get

Solving for V gives

As expected, V is negative, reecting a decrease in volume. ______________________________________________________________________________ 95. CONCEPT QUESTIONS a. The internal energy of an ideal gas remains the same during an isothermal process. The temperature is constant in an isothermal process, and the internal energy of an ideal gas is proportional to the kelvin temperature, as Section 14.3 discusses. Since the temperature is constant, the internal energy is constant. b. The work done is equal to the heat that ows into the gas. According to the rst law of thermodynamics, the change U in the internal energy is given by Equations 15.1 as U=Q W. Since the internal energy U is constant, we have U = 0 = Q W, or W= Q. SOLUTION According to Equation 15.3, the work done in an isothermal process involving an ideal gas is

Since W = Q for an isothermal process utilizing an ideal gas, we nd

______________________________________________________________________________ 96. CONCEPT QUESTIONS a. The 4.1106J of energy equals the magnitude for this energy to be the magnitude

of the input heat. It makes no sense

of the work, because then the work would be

Chapter 15 Problems

independent of the climb. Common sense indicates that more work is done when the climb is through a greater versus a smaller height. b. The work done in climbing upward is related to the vertical height of the climb via the work-energy theorem (Equation 6.8), which is

Here, Wnc is the net work done by nonconservative forces, in this case the work done by the climber in going upward. Since the climber starts at rest and nishes at rest, the nal kinetic energy KEf and the initial kinetic energy KE0 are zero. As a result, we have Wnc = =PEf PE0, where PEf and PE0 are the nal and initial gravitational potential energies, respectively. Equation6.5 gives the gravitational potential energy as PE = mgh, where h is the vertical height. Taking the height at her starting point to be zero, we then have Wnc= =mgh.

SOLUTION Using Equation 15.11 for the efciency and relating the work to the height via the work-energy theorem, we nd

______________________________________________________________________________ 97. CONCEPT QUESTIONS a. According to Equation 15.11, the efciency of a heat engine is is the magnitude of the work and magnitude of the work is

, where

is the magnitude of the input heat. Thus, the . The engine that delivers more work for a given heat

input is the engine with the higher efciency. In this case, that is engine B. b. The efciency of a Carnot engine is given by Equation 15.15 as eCarnot = 1TC/TH. Smaller values of the cold-reservoir temperature TC mean greater efciencies for a given value of the hot-reservoir temperatureTH. Thus, the engine with the greater efciency has the lower cold-reservoir temperature. In this case, that is engine B. SOLUTION Using Equation 15.11, we nd the work delivered by each engine as follows:

THERMODYNAMICS

Equation 15.15 for the efciency eCarnot of a Carnot engine can be solved for the temperature of the cold reservoir:

Applying this result to each engine gives

As expected, engine B delivers more work and has the lower cold-reservoir temperature. ______________________________________________________________________________ 98. CONCEPT QUESTIONS a. An air conditioner removes heat from a room by doing work to make the heat ow up the temperature hill from cold to hot. More work is required to remove a given amount of heat when the temperature difference against which the air conditioner is working is greater. Here the hot temperature outside is the same for each unit, but the room serviced by unit A is kept colder. Thus, unit A must work against the greater temperature difference and uses more work than unit B. b. The heat deposited outside is equal to the heat removed plus the work done. Since both units remove the same amount of heat, the unit that deposits more heat outside is the unit that uses the greater amount of work. That is unit A. SOLUTION According to the rst law of thermodynamics (Equation 15.12), we know that . In addition, since the air conditioners are Carnot devices, we know that the ratio of the magnitude of the heat magnitude of the heat temperatures or removed from the cold reservoir to the

deposited in the hot reservoir is equal to the ratio of the reservoir (Equation15.14). Using these two equations, we have

Chapter 15 Problems

Applying this result to each air conditioner gives

We can nd the heat deposited outside directly from Equation 15.14 by solving it for

Applying this result to each air conditioner gives

As expected, unit A uses more work and deposits more heat outside. ______________________________________________________________________________

THERMODYNAMICS

99. CONCEPT QUESTIONS a. There is no work done for the process AB. The reason is that the volume is constant (see the drawing), which means the change V in the volume is zero. In words, the area under the plot of pressure volume is zero, and we see that WAB = b. If the change UBC in the internal

t h a t other versus 0 J.

Pressure

energy of the gas and the work WBC are known for the process + WBC (Equation 15.1).

Volume

BC, the

heat QBC can be determined by using the first law of thermodynamics as QBC = UBC

c. Yes. For the process CA it is possible to find the change in the internal energy of the gas if the change in the internal energies for the processes AB and BC are known. The total change Utotal in the internal energy for the three processes is Utotal = UAB + UBC + UCA. We can use this equation to find UCA. The quantities UAB and UBC are known. We also know Utotal, which is the change in the internal energy for the total process ABCA. This process begins and ends at the same place on the pressureversusvolume plot. Therefore, the value of the internal energy U is the same at the start and the end, with the result that Utotal = 0 J. SOLUTION a. Since the change in volume is zero (V = 0 m3), the area under the plot of pressure versus volume is zero, with the result that the work is WAB = . b. The change in the internal energy of the gas for the process AB is UAB = QAB WAB = +561 J 0 J = .

c. According to the first law of thermodynamics, the change in the internal energy of the gas for the process BC is UBC = QBC WBC. Thus, the heat added to the gas is QBC = UBC + WBC = +4303 J + 2867 J = .

d. According to the first law of thermodynamics, the change Utotal in the total internal energy for the three processes is Utotal = UAB + UBC + UCA. Solving this equation for UCA gives UCA = Utotal UAB UBC. As discussed in part c of

Chapter 15 Problems

the Concept Questions, Utotal = 0 J, since the third process ends at point A, which is the start of the first process. Therefore, UCA = 0 J 561 J 4303 J = .

e. According to the first law of thermodynamics, the change in the internal energy of the gas for the process CA is UCA = QCA WCA. The heat removed during this process is QCA = UCA + WCA = 4864 J 3740 J = . ______________________________________________________________________________ 100. CONCEPT QUESTIONS a. According to the discussion in Section 15.11, the change Suniverse in the entropy of the universe is the sum of the change in entropy SH of the hot reservoir and the change in entropy SC of the cold reservoir, so Suniverse = SH + SC. The change in entropy of each reservoir is given by Equation 15.18 as S = (Q/T)R . The engine is irreversible, so we must imagine a process in which the heat Q is added to or removed from the reservoirs reversibly. T is the Kelvin temperature of a reservoir. Since heat is lost from the hot reservoir, the change in entropy is negative: SH = /TH. Since heat is gained by the cold reservoir, the change in entropy is positive: SC = + /TC. The change in entropy of the universe is

b. The change in the entropy of the universe is greater than zero,

, as it

must be for any irreversible process. (This is the second law of thermodynamics stated in terms of entropy.) c. When a reversible engine (a Carnot engine) operates between the same hot and cold temperatures as the irreversible engine, the reversible engine produces more work, assuming that the magnitude of the input heat to both engines is the same. This is because the reversible engine is more efficient, according to the second law of thermodynamics. d. The difference in the work produced by the two engines is labeled Wunavailable in

Section15.11, where Wunavailable = Wreversible Wirreversible. The difference in the work is related to the change in the entropy of the universe by Wunavailable = T0 Suniverse (Equation 15.19), where T0 is the Kelvin temperature of the coldest heat reservoir. In this case T0 = TC. SOLUTION

THERMODYNAMICS

a. From part a of the Concept Questions, the change in entropy of the universe is

The magnitude

of the heat rejected to the cold reservoir is related to the magnitude of the

of the heat supplied to the engine from the hot reservoir and the magnitude work done by the engine via

(Equation 15.1). Thus, Suniverse becomes

As expected, the entropy of the universe increases when an irreversible process occurs. b. The magnitude heat via of the work done by any engine depends on its efficiency e and input (Equation 15.11). For a reversible engine, the efficiency is related

to the temperatures of its hot and cold reservoirs by e = 1 (TC/TH), Equation 15.15. The work done by the reversible engine is

c. According to the discussion in part d of the Concept Questions, the difference between the work done by the reversible and irreversible engines is

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