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Gabriel Popescu University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Beckman Institute Quantitative Light Imaging Laboratory http://light.ece.uiuc.edu
Principles of Optical Imaging Electrical and Computer Engineering, UIUC
E[ r , t ] = E j [ r , t ]
j
(6.1)
I [r , t ] = E[r , t ]
Where
Chapter 6: Interferometry
(6.2)
E1 E2 = E1 E2 cos
Assume parallel polarization
E1 E2
=> I = I1 + I 2 + 2 E1 E2 cos[[r , ]]
(6.4)
is generally a random variable For uncorrelated (incoherent) fields cos[ ] 0 => simplest case is a monochromatic field because it is fully coherent.
3
Chapter 6: Interferometry
I
T
(6.6)
I1 = I 2 => = 1
Chapter 6: Interferometry 4
I
4I
(6.7)
I = 2 I (1 + cos[0 ])
2I
Practical Advantages of Interference: a) Interference term is 2 I1 I 2 cos[ ] so if I1 is too small to be measured directly then I 2 can act as an amplifier. I1 I 2 gives a higher sensitivity
Chapter 6: Interferometry
= 1 2 =>
I1 I 2 cos[1t 2t ] cos[ t ]
=> can tune to high frequency ( > 1 kHz) => Low Noise
Chapter 6: Interferometry
Young Interferometer
The oldest interferometer
x K y
d 2 d 2
Small Slits
Chapter 6: Interferometry
d d 1 -functions: [ y ]; [y+ ]; 2 2
d d E = E1 + E2 = E0 ( [ y ] + [y+ ]) 2 2
Assume the observation plane is in the for zone => Fraunhoffer diffraction (Fourier)
d 2 d 2
(6.8)
E[q y ] = [ E[ y ]] = E0 [e
ig y
+e
ig y
y Remember q y = (chapter 3) z
d ] = E0 2 cos[q y ] 2
(6.9)
Fringes cos[ d y]
2 z
(6.10)
Chapter 6: Interferometry
I
d1
y
I
and d 2
Note: using Fourier it is easy to generalize to arbitrary slit/particle shape; similar to scattering from ensemble of particles (chapter 5, pp 12) => use convolution to express the arbitrary shape.
Chapter 6: Interferometry 9
y
d 2 d 2
=
d 2 d 2
S1
S2
M2
virtual sources S1 and S2 S1 and S2 act as Youngs pinholes same equations S1 and S2 are derived from the same sources and therefore coherent
10
Chapter 6: Interferometry
S
S and S
M
Young
Chapter 6: Interferometry
11
Films of oil break the white light into colors due to interference and phase = f ( )
d) Newtons rings:
k h
Chapter 6: Interferometry
12
L2
electron
Very sensitive to path length differences between arms Eg. It has been used to measure pressure in rarefied gases(place cell on one arm-> produce
Chapter 6: Interferometry 13
Well come back to Michelson with low-coherence light, temporal coherence, OCT, etc
Chapter 6: Interferometry
14
b) Plane parallel plate- transmission. Note: With plane wave incident, fringes are localized at infinity => Need lens
L P
Chapter 6: Interferometry 15
d) Mach-Zender Interferometer Very Common Shear interferometry Tilt one mirror Fringes analysis of surfaces
Sample
Chapter 6: Interferometry 16
Lens
Transmission
Fabny-Penot interferometry 2
(6.12)
Chapter 6: Interferometry
R1
R2
2k
2k + 2
R1 , R2 reflectivities R increases narrower lines i.e. More reflection orders participate in interference
In practice, Fabny-Perot gave accurate information about spectral lines(also called etalon)
D
Rayleigh Criterion:
1
1 2
S
is fixed etalon
Chapter 6: Interferometry
18
I (L)
S BS
L
OA
Ac
k
I1 + I 2
d
Chapter 6: Interferometry
20
(6.13)
Chapter 6: Interferometry
21
= I irradiance
So = E E Appl y again the correlation theorem (Eq 2.30)
[] = E ( ) E *( ) = E ( ) = S ( ) = Spectrum FTIR
(6.15)
So, the autocorrelation function ( ) relates to the optical spectrum of the field:
( ) = S ( ) e iw d
0
Chapter 6: Interferometry
Wiener-Kintchin theorem.
(6.16)
22
(6.17a) (6.17b)
where ( ) =
S (u ) eiu du; u = 0
( ) (0;1)
(6.19)
23
Etotal = E1 + E2 M2 E1 Irradiance: 2 I =< E1 (t ) + E2 (t + ) > (6.20) E2 Assume: E1 = E2 I = I1 + I '2' + E1 (t ) E2 *(t + ) + E *1 (t ) E2 (t + ) (6.21) = 2 I1 + 2 Re[( )]
M1
0
Chapter 6: Interferometry
24
Spectral width
c = coherence time
width of ( ) ( ) = [ S ( )] c = constant
0 = c T = c
2
(6.22)
; = (
2 c
) = 2 c
L = lc
=>
lc ( 2 3 m)
25
d >> lc
Chapter 6: Interferometry
26
L1
L2
L3
L4 L
The interface are resolved Reflectivity give info about refractive index L1,2,3,4 determine position of interfaces.
ODR: Successful for quantifying lasers in waveguides, fiber optics, etc. 1987-HP- fiber optic reflectometer.
Chapter 6: Interferometry
27
Tissue = continuous superposition of interfaces. Scanning M, a depth-resolved reflectivity signal is retrieved => can resolve regions inside tissue(e.g. Tumors).
Chapter 6: Interferometry 28
Chapter 6: Interferometry
30
Chapter 6: Interferometry
31
k
n( )
Above resonance
S ( )
Incident spectrum Below resonance
( ) = k ( ) d = k0 d n( )
Chapter 6: Interferometry
(6.26)
0
32
= 2 = group velocity dispersion (GVD) Different colors have different group velocities
Chapter 6: Interferometry 33
d 2k d 2
( ) S ( )
W ( ) = E1 ( ) E2 *( )
Then, the cross-correlation function is
(6.29)
12 ( ) = W ( )e i d
0
(6.30)
Chapter 6: Interferometry
34
W ( ) = E1 ( ) E2* ( ) = E1 E2* e
The cross-correlation function:
1 i 2 2 2
= S ( )e
1 i 2 2 2
(6.32)
12 ( ) = [W ( )] = [ S ( )e
1 i 2 2
1 i 2 2 2
(6.33)
] = 0 ( ) v h( )
(6.34)
35
1 2b
t2 e 4b
(6.35)
h ( ) =
( )
a ls o p a ra b o lic
( )
Chapter 6: Interferometry
lc
36
The coherence time is increased Frequency is chirped So, in OCT, is important to balance the interferometer=> minimum coherence length lc gives the depth resolution
Chapter 6: Interferometry 37