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possible. At point B the particles are just in contact with each other and beyond this point on further increase in velocity, the particles start moving freely in bed with frequent collision with each other. Point B is called the point of fluidization and the corresponding velocity is called the minimum fluidization velocity. Beyond point B on further increase in velocity the resistance to flow decreases as the particles get separated and become turbulent, also, there is rapid mixing of particles. Under these conditions the mixture of bed and gas behaves like a fluid and the burning of the fuel in such a state is called fluidized bed combustion.
Advantages of FBC: 1. Coal used is 2 to 3% of bed volume. Reminder space is occupied by the inert
material like sintered ash, fused alumina, sand etc. These materials help in controlling the bed temperature in the range of 800-1000C.
2. The low temperature of combustion in FBC allows ash to remain soft and less
abrasive.
3. SO2 emissions are much less due to addition of dolomite. 4. NOx emissions are low since the amount of excess air used is less and
temperatures are maintained are low in FBC in the range of 800-1000C
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compared to pulverized coal combustion system. It is so, since the fixation of free nitrogen at low temperature does not occur.
5. Their initial and operational costs are low. 6. The rates of heat transfer are much higher since the system behaves like a
violently burning liquid.
7. Combustion efficiencies obtained are as high as 99.5%. 8. Coal with high content of ash can be used. 9. Volatilization of alkali compound does not occur, therefore, their deposit on
boiler tubes is minimized.
10.
Disadvantages of FBC: 1. The coal feeding and ash handling systems is complex. 2. It requires crushed coal of proper size. 3. It needs auxiliary starting system like an oil or gas burner. 4. Large variation in load cannot be met with. 5. Difficult to control carbon carryover with the flue gases.
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Advantages:
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1. Pulverized coal is not needed. 2. NOx formation does not take place. 3. Desulphurization of coal take place at the bed due to addition of lime stone, therefore the exhaust gases can be cooled to lower temperature before discharged through the chimney. 4. Slagging problem is reduced due to combustion at low temperature. 5. Low grade coal can be used. 6. Cheaper alloys can be used for its construction due to low combustion temperature of fuel. 7. Heat release rates are 10 to 15 times higher compared to conventional boiler. 8. Size of plant is considerably reduced.
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atmospheric pressure. The power of gas turbine is used to run an air compressor for supplying the compressed air to the combustion chamber. FBC systems have various design e.g. FBC with gas turbine, FBC with steam turbine, FBC with SO2 recovery system.
Advantages:
1. High rate of coal loading with high rate of combustion is achieved. 2. Load variation on plant can be met easily by varying the coal loading on plant. 3. Considerable reduction in volume of furnace, hence size of plant is reduced. 4. High steam generation rates are achieved.
5. Low NOX emissions. 6. Reduced formation of SO2.
7. The cost of plant is reduced. 8. Requires reduced air velocity compared to CFBCB.
Disadvantages:
1. Combustion rates cannot be controlled. 2. Life of plant is low compared with conventional boiler. 3. Erosion of walls of furnace. 4. Complexity of operation.
Conclusion:
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