JOURNEES DETUDE CERTA DISCOURS RAPPORTE(S) :APPROCHE(S) LINGUISTIQUES ET/OU TRADUCTOLOGIQUE , 25-26 NOVEMBRE 2004.

PROPOSITIONS RELATIVES APPOSITIVES ET DISCOURS RAPPORTE

Rudy LOOCK Universit de Lille III U.F.R. Angellier U.M.R. 8528 SILEX rudyloock@ifrance.com

En particulier : rapporter les propos de quelquun dautre que lnonciateur de faon : explicite (la source est directement voque) : implicite : aucune vocation de la source. Les indices de dcrochage sont trouver ailleurs. 1. LA PRA DE DISCOURS RAPPORTE 1.1. De faon explicite

POINT DE DEPART : Etude des fonctions discursives de la proposition relative appositive (PRA) : proposition de taxonomie dans Loock (2003) et Loock ( paratre). (1) voir annexe. La PRA est donc, entre autres fonctions, le lieu privilgi de lexpression dun commentaire, dun jugement, dune opinion de lnonciateur ou dune personne autre que celui-ci. (2) This incredible spirit which Chelsea so clearly lack is summed up beautifully by Gemmill, who has been unable to command a regular plane and has also been a target for some of the fans on his rare appearances. (3) The mens 4 x 100m team, who might not have qualified anyway, went out in the heats when they bungled a change-over, straying out of the prescribed area. (4) Such defensive reactions are, in part, a response to the growing problem of litigation, which is creating a culture of punishment. (5) The singer, who believes she is a rock diva trapped in the body of a pop star, launched into her new single... (6) After Atlanta, where southern hospitality was killed off by incompetence and corporate greed, the movement desperately needed a feel-good Olympics. Dcrochage nonciatif entre : un niveau REFERENTIEL un niveau COMMENTATIF (Mlis 1999)

La source est cite : on trouve soit un verbe introducteur de parole ou de pense, soit des propositions incises voquant la source 1.1.1. Prsence de verbes introducteurs

(7) Mr Chapman yesterday announced the launch of Chapmans Publishers, which he said would be an independent general publisher across a wide spectrum. (8) Monsieur Bonte, a pastor recently installed in the neighbouring village of Warquignies, saw nothing odd in his amazing behaviour, which, he said, revealed the originality of his aspirations. (9) Mr Ritblat said he and his fellow directors were showing their commitment to New British Land by investing almost 12million in cash into the new company, which he said would concentrate on the UK but also look for overseas opportunities provided by the creation of the Single European market. (10) Bala was outspokenly critical of Nigerian foreign policy which, he said, helped French imperialism and French-supported puppet regimes in West Africa. (11) Members of two Norwegian environmental groups have staged spectacular protests against oil exploration in the Barents Sea, which they claim is too risky because the inhospitable climate and months of winter darkness would make a clean-up operation impossible in case of a pollution accident. (12) At his Swiss trial he admitted murdering Setty, whom he claimed was the father of his wife' child. s

JOURNEES DETUDE CERTA DISCOURS RAPPORTE(S) :APPROCHE(S) LINGUISTIQUES ET/OU TRADUCTOLOGIQUE , 25-26 NOVEMBRE 2004.

(I) INTGRATION SYNTAXIQUE : (9) Mr Ritblat said he and his fellow directors were showing their commitment to New British Land by investing almost 12million in cash into the new company, which he said would concentrate on the UK but also look for overseas opportunities provided by the creation of the Single European market. (13) In any event, we know he lied, because we know the swift boat crews had M-16 automatic rifles in addition to .50 caliber machine guns, which Kerry claimed was the only weapon his crew was given. (II) PROPOSITION INCISE : (10) Bala was outspokenly critical of Nigerian foreign policy which, he said, helped French imperialism and French-supported puppet regimes in West Africa. (14) When Kerry stated that he wants bilateral talks with North Korea, Bush pounced like a hungry cat on a crippled mouse, claiming that direct United States-North Korea discussions would destroy the multilateral talks currently under way. These include China, which, Bush said, provides necessary "leverage" against Kim Jong Il' fanatical regime. s Inversion S-V : (15) "Don'know why you come all this way to see the place," said Ben. t (16) "I came to see you Dad," said John. He looked around, slowly remembering certain things. (13a) *In any event, we know he lied, because we know the swift boat crews had M-16 automatic rifles in addition to .50 caliber machine guns, which claimed Kerry was the only weapon his crew was given. (14a) When Kerry stated that he wants bilateral talks with North Korea, Bush pounced like a hungry cat on a crippled mouse, claiming that direct United States-North Korea discussions would destroy the multilateral talks currently under way. These include China, which, said Bush, provides necessary "leverage" against Kim Jong Il' fanatical regime. s (17) To capitalize on tourist flow, the Christies rent the north side of their house as a bed and breakfast, which, said John, helps with total income. (18) When Kerry stated that he wants bilateral talks with North Korea, Bush pounced like a hungry cat on a crippled mouse, claiming that direct

United States-North Korea discussions would destroy the multilateral talks currently under way. These include China, which, Bush said, provides necessary "leverage" against Kim Jong Il' fanatical regime. s Insertion de that : (19) Im reading Great Expectations, which John said he had read last year. (19a) Im reading Great Expectations, which John said that he had read last year. (20) Im reading Great Expectations, which, John said, he had read last year. (20a) *Im reading Great Expectations, which, John said, that he had read last year. Le whom de rallocation de cas (Haegeman 2000) : (21) The Ambassador, whom we hope will arrive at 10 a.m. (Quirk et al. 1985: 1299) (22) Martin had obtained a flashlight and was desperately searching for Hanna whom he thought was in her cabin below. (Haegeman 2000: 30) (21a) *The Ambassador, whom, we hope, will arrive at 10 a.m. (22a) * Martin had obtained a flashlight and was desperately searching for Hanna whom, he thought, was in her cabin below. (12a) *At his Swiss trial he admitted murdering Setty, whom, he claimed, was the father of his wife' child. s Reprise anaphorique par everyone : (23) Johni is reading Great Expectations, which everyonej says hei/j likes. (24) Johni is reading Great Expectations, which, everyonej says, hei/*j likes. Mobilit de lincise (contra Lanc et Albrespit 2003) : (10a) Bala was outspokenly critical of Nigerian foreign policy which helped French imperialism and French-supported puppet regimes in West Africa, he said. (14b) When Kerry stated that he wants bilateral talks with North Korea, Bush pounced like a hungry cat on a crippled mouse, claiming that direct United States-North Korea discussions would destroy the multilateral talks currently under way. These include China, which provides necessary "leverage" against Kim Jong Il' fanatical regime, Bush said. s

JOURNEES DETUDE CERTA DISCOURS RAPPORTE(S) :APPROCHE(S) LINGUISTIQUES ET/OU TRADUCTOLOGIQUE , 25-26 NOVEMBRE 2004.

QUELLES CONSEQUENCES SUR LE TYPE DE DISOURS?

INTEGRATION SYNTAXIQUE PROPOSITION INCISE

=> DISCOURS INDIRECT => DISCOURS INDIRECT LIBRE PARTICULIER

(13f) In any event, we know he lied, because we know the swift boat crews had M-16 automatic rifles in addition to .50 caliber machine guns, which, was the only weapon his crew was given, Kerry claimed.

(25) [L]orsque that est prsent, laccent est mis sur le dj-dit, et So sintresse davantage la relation <X say something> quau contenu informatif de la relation prconstruite elle-mme, qui pour lui est acquise. (De Mattia 2000 : 110) ; [Labsence de that estompe la hirarchisation entre la proposition principale et la proposition subordonne pour les prsenter comme en apposition lune par rapport lautre. Il ny a donc plus dcran interpos, ce qui a pour effet de confrer la compltive, quelque degr, une valeur de citation et donc de la mettre en relief. (De Mattia 2000 :113) (26) Il existe en effet un autre type de DIL, plus explicite, dans lequel les paroles ou penses rapportes sont attribues un nonciateur particulier par le biais dune incise. Dans ce cas, la question de savoir qui parle ? ne se pose plus mais on reste dans le discours indirect libre car on se trouve toujours dans la conscience dun personnage et il ne sagit pas dune citation. Ce type de DIL est donc ncessairement moins ambigu, moins riche dun point de vue littraire, lnonciateur rapporteur indiquant explicitement que ce nest pas lui qui parle mais un nonciateur rapport. (De Mattia 2000 : 294) (13b) In any event, we know he lied, because we know the swift boat crews had M-16 automatic rifles in addition to .50 caliber machine guns, which Kerry falsely claimed was the only weapon his crew was given. (13c) *In any event, we know he lied, because we know the swift boat crews had M-16 automatic rifles in addition to .50 caliber machine guns, which, Kerry falsely claimed, was the only weapon his crew was given. (13d) *In any event, we know he lied, because we know the swift boat crews had M-16 automatic rifles in addition to .50 caliber machine guns, which, he claimed, was the only weapon Kerrys crew was given. (13e) *In any event, we know he lied, because we know the swift boat crews had M-16 automatic rifles in addition to .50 caliber machine guns, which, was the only weapon Kerrys crew was given, he claimed.

1.1.2.

Absence de verbe introducteur mais source explicite (type III)

(27) They claimed that they were being treated like Gypsies or Albanians, which according to them was unacceptable. (28) Hungary and Czechoslovakia have reached a deadlock in discussions over a hydro-electric dam to be built on the River Danube, which according to environmentalists and scientists, presents serious hazards. (29) Fellini despised television with commercial breaks, which from his point of view destroyed natural rhythm of a film. (30) He was right next to Malfoy, who, Harry was pleased to see, didnt look too pleased with the seating arrangements. (31) They also spent much of that period defending their own line and, in the process, conceded penalties that Dawie du Toit kicked in contrast to Mike Catt, who, on his Lions debut, could only covert one of six penalty attempts as Gauteng forged a 9-3 lead. 1.1.3. Exemples sans source nonciatrice explicite (type IV)

(32) He had been to see two films with his mum, Home Alone 2, which wasnt as good as Home Alone 1, and Honey, I Blew Up the Kid, which wasnt as good as Honey, I Shrunk the Kids, and his mum had said that modern films were too commercial, and that when she was his age... (33) Frances introduced him to each of them : Sally and Moira, who looked tough, ignored him completely, helped themselves to a paper cupful of white wine and disappeared off to the further corner of the room (Moira, Will noted with interest, was wearing a Lorena Bobbit T-shirt); Lizzie, who was small, sweet and scatty; Helen and Susannah, who obviously regarded SPAT as beneath their dignity, and made rude comments about the wine and the location; Saskia, who was ten years

JOURNEES DETUDE CERTA DISCOURS RAPPORTE(S) :APPROCHE(S) LINGUISTIQUES ET/OU TRADUCTOLOGIQUE , 25-26 NOVEMBRE 2004.

younger than anybody else in the room, and looked more like somebodys daughter than somebodys mother; and Suzie, who was tall, blond, pale, nervy-looking and beautiful. She would do, he thought, and stopped looking at anyone else who came in. (32a) He had been to see two films with his mum, Home Alone 2, which according to the young boy wasnt as good as Home Alone 1. (33a) Frances introduced him to each of them : Sally and Moira, who looked tough to him. (34) Democratic chairman Leland said Gores high card in Ohio is the economy, which has left pockets of poverty in old steel cities like Youngstown but has brought a boom to cities such as Columbus... (34a) Democratic chairman Leland said Gores high card in Ohio is the economy, which, he claims, has left pockets of poverty in old steel cities like Youngstown but has brought a boom to cities such as Columbus... (34b) Democratic chairman Leland said Gores high card in Ohio is the economy(,) which, we must admit, has left pockets of poverty in old steel cities like Youngstown but has brought a boom to cities such as Columbus...

(13g) *Dans tous les cas, nous savons quil a menti, puisque nous savons que les quipages de patrouilleurs taient quips de pistolets automatiques M-16 en plus des mitrailleuses de calibre .50, qui Kerry soutient constituaient la seule arme que lon avait donne son quipe. Traduction par dont : (13h) Dans tous les cas, nous savons quil a menti, puisque nous savons que les quipages de patrouilleurs taient quips de pistolets automatiques M-16 en plus des mitrailleuses de calibre .50, dont Kerry affirme quelles constituaient la seule arme que lon avait donne son quipe. (9b) ??Mr Ritblat a dclar que lui et ses directeurs adjoints montraient leur engagement auprs de New British Land en investissant presque 12 millions de livres dans la nouvelle socit, dont il a dclar quelle se consacrerait au Royaume-Uni tout en cherchant des opportunits ltranger rendues possibles par la cration du march unique europen. Traduction par une proposition incise : (9c) Mr Ritblat a dclar que lui et ses directeurs adjoints montraient leur engagement auprs de New British Land en investissant presque 12 millions de livres dans la nouvelle socit, qui, selon-lui/a-t-il dclar, se consacrerait au le Royaume-Uni tout en cherchant des opportunits ltranger rendues possibles par la cration du march unique europen. (13i) Dans tous les cas, nous savons quil a menti, puisque nous savons que les quipages de patrouilleurs taient quips de pistolets automatiques M-16 en plus des mitrailleuses de calibre .50, qui, selon Kerry/selon les affirmations de Kerry/Kerry affirme-t-il constituaient la seule arme dont bnficiait son quipage.

2.

PROBLEMES DE TRADUCTION 2.1. Exemples de type (I) (intgration syntaxique)

Traduction littrale : (9) Mr Ritblat said he and his fellow directors were showing their commitment to New British Land by investing almost 12million in cash into the new company, which he said would concentrate on the UK but also look for overseas opportunities provided by the creation of the Single European market. (9a) *Mr Ritblat a dclar que lui et ses directeurs adjoints montraient leur engagement auprs de New British Land en investissant presque 12 millions de livres dans la nouvelle socit, qui il a dclar se consacrerait au Royaume-Uni tout en cherchant des opportunits ltranger rendues possibles par la cration du march unique europen. (13) In any event, we know he lied, because we know the swift boat crews had M-16 automatic rifles in addition to .50 caliber machine guns, which Kerry claimed was the only weapon his crew was given.

Traduction par une proposition indpendante : (9d) # en investissant presque 12 millions de livres dans la nouvelle socit. Il a ajout que celle-ci se consacrerait au Royaume-Uni tout en cherchant des opportunits ltranger rendues possibles par la cration du march unique europen. (13j) # des pistolets automatiques M-16 en plus des mitrailleuses de calibre .50. (Or,) Kerry soutient que ces derniers constituaient la seule arme que lon avait donne son quipe.

JOURNEES DETUDE CERTA DISCOURS RAPPORTE(S) :APPROCHE(S) LINGUISTIQUES ET/OU TRADUCTOLOGIQUE , 25-26 NOVEMBRE 2004.

3. 2.2. Exemples de type (II) + (III) (proposition incise) (10) Bala was outspokenly critical of Nigerian foreign policy which, he said, helped French imperialism and French-supported puppet regimes in West Africa. (10b) Bala sest montr trs critique vis--vis de la politique trangre nigriane, qui, selon lui/daprs lui, a servi limprialisme franais et les rgimes fantoches de louest africain soutenus par les Franais. (27) They claimed that they were being treated like Gypsies or Albanians, which according to them was unacceptable. (27a) Ils ont affirm tre traits comme des Tziganes ou des Albanais, ce qui tait inacceptable selon eux/ leurs yeux. (35) Il venait chercher son parapluie, quil avait oubli lautre jour au couvent dErnemont. (35a) He had come, he said, to fetch the umbrella which he had left a day or two earlier at the Convent of Ernemont. (De Mattia 2000: 294) 2.3. Exemples de type (IV) (32) He had been to see two films with his mum, Home Alone 2, which wasnt as good as Home Alone 1, and Honey, I Blew Up the Kid, which wasnt as good as Honey, I Shrunk the Kids, and his mum had said that modern films were too commercial, and that when she was his age... (32b) Il tait all voir deux films avec sa mre, Maman jai encore rat lavion, qui selon lui ntait pas aussi bon que Maman jai rat lavion, et Chrie, jai agrandi le bb, qui ntait pas toujours selon lui aussi bon que Chrie, jai rtrci les gosses, et sa mre lui avait dit que les films modernes taient trop commerciaux, et que quand elle avait son ge

BIBLIOGRAPHIE

CHUQUET, H. 2002. Discours citant, discours cit : contraintes sur lordre des mots et incidences sur le statut nonciatif des propos rapports , in Palimpsestes 14 : 31-43. CHUQUET, H. et PAILLARD, M. 1989. Approche linguistique des problmes de traduction anglais <-> franais. Gap : Ophrys. DE MATTIA, M. 2000. Le discours indirect en anglais contemporain : approche nonciative. Publications de lUniversit de Provence. DUCROT, O. 1980. Les Mots du discours. Paris : Les Editions de Minuit. DUCROT, O. 1984. Le Dire et le dit. Paris : Les Editions de Minuit. HAEGEMAN, L. 2000. Extraction du sujet, rallocation de cas et localit , in SOUESMES, J.C. (ed). Journes Charles V sur les propositions relatives et laspect be + ing, Cycnos 17 : 39-45. LANC, M. et J. ALBRESPIT. 2003. Lieux didentification dans les relatives enclave nonciative , in Cycnos 21.1: http://revel.unice.fr/cycnos/document.html?id=3. LOOCK, R. 2003. Les Fonctions discursives des propositions subordonnes relatives appositives en discours , in Anglophonia 12: 113-31. LOOCK, R. (A paratre). The Functions of Appositive Relative Clauses in Discourse MELIS, G. 1999. Propositions relatives et niveau phrastique , in Anglophonia 6 : 43-59. QUIRK, R et al. 1985. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman VINAY, J.P. et J. DARBELNET. 1958. Stylistique compare du franais et de langlais. Paris ; Editions Didier.

JOURNEES DETUDE CERTA DISCOURS RAPPORTE(S) :APPROCHE(S) LINGUISTIQUES ET/OU TRADUCTOLOGIQUE , 25-26 NOVEMBRE 2004.

4.

ANNEXE : PROPOSITION DE TAXONOMIE SELON FONCTION DISCURSIVE (LOOCK 2003)

PRA CONTINUATIVE
Elle permet de faire avancer le schma narratif. Les vnements se suivent chronologiquement. Un lien de cause effet peut exister.

PRA DE PERTINENCE
Il sagit de rendre pertinent lantcdent de la PRA ou la relation prdicative dans laquelle celui-ci sinscrit. Lantcdent, bien que rfrentiellement stabilis, est insuffisamment dtermin pour fonctionner au sein du discours, au moins pour une partie du lectorat.

PRA

PRA DE SUBJECTIVITE
La PRA vhicule de linformation explicitement subjective. Elle permet un dcrochage entre deux niveaux: le niveau rfrentiel (PP) le niveau interprtatif (PRA)

JEU SUR LE LIEN INTERPROPOSITIONNEL Le lien interpropositionnel entre la PP et la PRA est exploit et apporte un clairage nouveau sur le contenu de la PP.