1

Passive RLC Networks*

References: - CMOS RF IC Design, Thomas Lee
- Solid State Radio Engineering, Krau et al Wiley, 1980
- Microwave Transistor Amplifier, Guillermo Gonzalez,
Prentice Hall, 1997
RF circuits have a relatively large ratio of passive to active components.
Passive circuits are important for matching (which is important for efficient
power transfer). They can be used for boosting amplifier gain at high
frequencies. Furthermore, they are also used to filter unwanted signals.
* A significant part of these notes were provided by Dr. Sherif H. K. Embabi
2
1. Series RLC Network
( ) jX R Z j L j R j Z
c
o
+

+
1
( ) R j Z
LC
o
o

frequency) (resonance rad/sec
1
at
Q
f
B
CR R
L
Q
Q
o
o
o
*

by given is B width, band power - half The

1
cycle per dissipated energy
circuit in the store engergy ous instantane max 2
5
1591
91 15
20

Q
pF C
H . L
R
3
2. Parallel RLC Tank
( )


At
frequency) (resonance
1

here w
1
1
G Y
sec / rad
LC
L
R
CR
G
C
Q
jQ G
L j
C j G j Y
o
o
o
o
o
o
o

1
]
1

,
_

+ +
We also know that the half power bandwidth, B, is given by:
Hz
RC Q
f
B
o

2
1
4
Note that at

C
L
L Z Z
o L c

This is know as the characteristic
Impedance of the network.
Note that at

Q I
C R I
Z
V
I I
in
o in
c
L c

Which could be very high!
Q R L
R Q C
K R
o
o


1
Z
5
3. Practical Parallel LC Network
Parallel RLC rarely exist in real life.
A more realistic network is the LC tank.
Real inductors are lossy (even more that
capacitors). That is why a series resistor is
added to the inductor.
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) 1 can write we
define we If
or
rad/sec
1
2
2
2
2 2 2 2
+

1
]
1

+
+

t s
s
s
t
s
s o
t
s
s
t o
s
s
t o
s
s
s
o
s s
s
s s
Q R
C R
L
R
R
L
Q
C R
L
R j Z
L
C R
G j Y
L
R
C L
L R
L
C
L R
R
j Y
This relation implies that a small resistance (R
s
) can be transformed to
a larger value (R
t
).
6
The practical parallel LC circuit can be converted to a parallel RLC network.
( )
p o
p
p
t s p
s
s o
t
t
t
s p
L
R
C C
Q R R
R
L
Q
Q
Q
L L

,
_

to equal also is and 1

1
2
2
2
( )

,
_

1

1
1
2
2
2
Q
Q
C C
Q R R
RC
Q
s p
s p
O
Note: These conversion expressions are only valid close to
o
Similarly:
7
X
s
R
s
or
X
s R
s
R
s
= Component Losses
R
p
Xp
or
R
p
Xp
A series-to-parallel transformation
Q = Q
s
which equals Q
p
which equals the Q of the component.
and,
p
p
p
Q
R
X
If the Q of the component is greater than 10, then,
and,
s p
s p
X X
R Q R

2
p p
p
p
s
s
s
s
s
s
p
p
p
Q Q
R
X
R
X
Q
R
X
Q
X
R
Q


2
8
4. The Maximum Power Transfer Theorem
For a given fixed source impedance Z
s
, what Load impedance Z
L
maximizes the
power delivered to the load?
~ V
S
s s s
X j R Z +
L L L
X j R Z +
The power delivered to Load impedance is only due to R
L
(reactive elements do
not dissipate power). Hence,
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
delivered
s L s L
s L
L
R
X X R R
V R
R
V
P
+ + +

V
S
and V
L
are r.m.s. voltage across R
S
and R
L
, respectively.
Max power can be achieved if X
L
= -X
S
and R
L
= R
S
which implies that Z
L
and Z
S
are complex conjugates.
9
5. Impedance Transformation
Impedance transformers are critical for RF circuit design to achieve max. power
transfer.
(a) L-Matching
R
S
L
S
C
R
p
upward
transformer
R
S
C
L
p
is equivalent
to
( )
C L
Z
C
L
R R Q
C
L
R
Q R R
Q
C L
L
Q
Q
L L
R
L
Q
Q R Q R R
L
R
C L
s
o
o
s
s p
s
s
s p
o
s
o
s s p
s
s o
s s p
s
s
s
o
1
1
1

1
1

1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2 2
2

>>

,
_

+
ed. transform upward been has that implies which , and
2
s s p p s
R R Q R , R R
(characteristic
impedance Z
o
)
10
Example:
Find a matching network that match a 50 load to a 1000 source resistance. (f
o
=1.5MHz)

+

229 X
462.6pF C
10 50
1 23
10 5 1 2
218
50
3589 4 1
1
20 ratio er transform
c
3
6
2
C
L
R R recall
H . L
. * If
L X
X Q
.
R
R
Q
Q
R
R
s
s p
s
o
s o s
s
s
p
s
p

+
+
+

50
1000
1000 1000
1000
1000
Z
or
2 2
2
LEFT
LEFT
LEFT LEFT
c
c c
c
c
R
jX R
X
X jX *
jX
jX *
So by making R
LEFT
=50 and solving for X
c
we can find C.
11
Another alternative matching circuit:
Notice that matching is only valid around

The figure shows the

fractional power reaching
the Load vs. frequency
x

2
12
Downward Transformer
R
p
L
C
p
R
s
R
S
C
s
L
is equivalent to
( )
p
p
s
p p
s
C
Q
Q C
C
Q
R
Q
R
R

2
2
2 2
1
1
L-match can only specify two of the following:
( )

,
_

2
2
1
or ratio tion transforma
Q
Q
Q
o
So if Q is selected the ratio is determined.
Since the transformation ratio is usually not vary large, Q must be
relatively small.
13
(b) -Matching
First the resistor R
p
is downward transformed
to R
I
, which is then upward transformed to R
in
by the second L-Match
This way Q is decoupled from the
transformation ratio.
It can be shown that
( )
1 1
1 1 1
2 1
+
+

R
R
R
R
R
L L
Q
p
in o
For a given Q, R
in
and R
p
, find R
I
.
Then get
p o
in o
o
`
R
Q
C
R
Q
C
QR
L L

+
1
2
1
1
1
2 1
14
How to Construct -Matching Network
Based on the required (Q
TOT
= Q
1
+Q
2
) find R
I
. From the Appendix

,
_

,
_

,
_

+ +
+
+

2
2 2
4
1 1 1
4
L
s
L s
TOT
TOT
L s
I
R R
R R
Q Q
R R
R
R
I
R
I
R
s
V
s
1
p
X
1
s
X
2
s
X
2
p
X
R
L
R
I
R
I
R
I
V
s
1
s
X
2
s
X
R
I
'
s
X
1
'
s
X
2
1 1
1
2
2
1
1

I
L
L L
p
I
s
s
p
R
R
R
Q
R
X
R
R Q
R
X
I s I s
R Q X , R Q X
2
2
1 1

2 1
s s TOT , s
X X X +
1
1
1
2
2
2
2

+

I
L
L
I
p
p
sc
R
R
Q
Q
R
R
Q
R
R
15
Appendix
1 1 +
I
L
I
s
TOT
R
R
R
R
Q
Find the expression for R
I
as a function of Q, R
s
, and R
L
1 2 2
2
2
+ +
+

I
L s
I
L s
I
L s
R
R R
R
R R
R
R R
Q
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )
( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) 0 2 4
0 4 4 2 2 4
4 4 4 2 2 2
4 2
2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 4
2 2 2
2
2 2
2
2
2
+ + +
+ + + + + +
+ + + + + + +
+ + + +
L s I L s I
L s L s I L s L s I
I I L s L s L s I L s I
I I L s L s L s I
R R R R R Q R Q Q
R R R R R R R R R Q R Q Q
R R R R R R R R Q R R R Q R
R R R R R R R R Q R
( )
( ) ( )( )
( ) ( )

,
_

,
_

,
_

+ +
+
+

,
_

,
_

+ + t +
+

+ +
+
t
+
+

2
2 2
2
2
2
2
2 2 2 4
2 2 2
4
1 1 1
4

4
1
4
1

4 4 4
4 2
1
4
L s
L s L s
L s L s L s
L s L s
L s
I
R R
R R
Q Q
R R
R R
Q
R R R R
Q
R R Q Q R R Q
Q Q Q
R R
R
16
Example:
Design -matching network to match a 50 Load to a 1000 R
s
,
With a Q
TOT
= 12.
X=99.5 X=20
~
Z=10+j0 Z=10+j0
1000 X=100.5
X=-25
50
50
~
X=119.5
1000

,
_

1
1
]
1

,
_

,
_

+ +
+
+
10
4
1 1 1
4
2 1
2
2 2
L s
L s
TOT TOT
L s
I
R R
R R
Q Q
R R
R
For Load Side

25
20
2 1 5
5
2
2
2 2
2
Q
R
X
R Q X
Q
R
R
L
p
I s
I
L
X
s2
R
I
=10
X
p2
50=R
L
For the source side

5 100
5 99
95 9
100
1
1
1 1
1
.
Q
R
X
. R Q X
. Q
R
R
s
p
I s
I
s
17
The total Q for the -matched is 11.95 (?)
Note the improvement in the selectivity.
18
(c) T-Matching
( )
1
1
1
1
2 1 1

+ +
L
in
o
R
R
R
R
C C R Q
Determine R
1
Then calculate
o
L
o
in
o
R
``
Q
L
R
`
Q
L
R
Q
C C

+
2
1
1
2 1
T-Matching is suitable when the source and
termination parasitics are inductive, since they can
be absorbed by network.
Similarly for the -Matching it is more suitable
for capacitive parasitics.
19
TABLE 1 Parallel-Series Conversion Formulas for RC Networks
C
p
R
p
R
s
C
s
Define:
Define:
p
p
p
p
p
X
R
Q
C
X

1
s
s
s
s
s
R
X
Q
C
X

1
Parallel Equivalent of
The Series Network
Series Equivalent of
The Parallel Network
20
EXACT FORMULAS
APPROXIMATE FORMULAS
( )

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

+
+
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1

1
1

1
1
1
p
p
p se
s
s
s pe
p
p
p se
s
s
s pe
p
p
se s s pe
Q
Q
C C
Q
Q
C C
Q
Q
X X
Q
Q
X X
Q
R
R Q R R
p s pe
p se s pe
p
p
se s s pe
p s
C C C
X X X X
Q
R
R Q R R
Q Q




se
2
2
C


10 If 10 If
21
C
p
R
p
R
s
C
s
TABLE 2 Parallel-Series Conversion Formulas for RL Networks
Define:
Define:
p
p
p
p p
X
R
Q
L X

s
s
s
s s
R
X
Q
L X

Parallel Equivalent of
The Series Network
Series Equivalent of
The Parallel Network
22
EXACT FORMULAS
APPROXIMATE FORMULAS
( )

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

+
+
1

1
1

1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
p
p
p se
s
s
s pe
p
p
p se
s
s
s pe
p
p
se s s pe
Q
Q
L L
Q
Q
L L
Q
Q
X X
Q
Q
X X
Q
R
R Q R R
p s pe
p se s pe
p
p
se s s pe
p s
L L L
X X X X
Q
R
R Q R R
Q Q




se
2
2
L


10 If 10 If
23
TABLE 3 Design Formulas for the Resonant RL||C Circuit
R
t
C
L
R
Quantity Exact Expression Units Approximate Expression
10
1
Q
B
R
L
Q
o
t
o
1

( ) 1
1
1
1
2
2
2
1
2
2
+

,
_

,
_

t
o
t
t
t
o
o
o
Q R
C
Q
CR
L
Q
Q
C
CR
R
L
L
R
LC
rad/s
ohms
ohms
hertz
LC
1

CR
o

1
C
o

1
1
2
LQ R Q
o t

t
o
t
Q
f
L
R
CR

2 2
1
24
TABLE 4 Design Formulas for the Resonant RL||C Circuit
Quantity Exact Expression Units Approximate Expression
10
1
f Q
B
R
L
Q
o
t
o
1

( ) 1
1 1
1
1
2
2
2
2 1
2 2
+

,
_

,
_

t
t o
t
t
o
o
t
o
Q R
LQ
CR
L
Q
Q
C
L
R
CR
C R LC
rad/s
ohms
ohms
hertz
LC
1

R
L
o

C
o

1
C
Q
R Q
o
t
t

2
t t
o
CR Q
f

2
1
R
t
C
L
R
25
(c) Tapped Resonant Circuits
(i) Tapped Capacitor Circuit
It is usually designed for specified values for R
2
, R
1
, resonance frequency f
o
and
bandwidth B, L, C
1
, and C
2
are to be determined.
Using parallel-to-series conversion,
R
2
and C
2
can be converted to the
series R
se
and C
se
as shown.
1
1
C C
C * C
C
se
se
+

26
The following relations can be derived
from Table (4):
B
f
Q
o
t

and
1
2
+

t
t
se
Q
R
R
from Table (1): 2 2
R C Q
o p

(A)
and
1
2
2
+

p
se
Q
R
R
Hence;
( )
1
1
1 1
2
2
2
2
2

+
+

+
t
t p
p t
t
R
R
Q Q
Q
R
Q
R
for
for
1
10
2
2

N
Q
Q
Q
t
p
t
N
Q
Q
Q
t
p
t

>10
where
2
2
R
R
N
t

Transformer ratio
(B)
27
Design Procedure for the Tapped-Capacitor Circuit
Given R
t
, R
2
, and B
1-
t
o
t
BR
C
B
f
Q

2
1
proof
from Table (4)
2
2
2
1
R
R
N
C
L
t
o

from Table (4)

t t o
o
t o
t
o
t
o t
t
se t t
BR R B
f
R
Q
C
C
Q
C Q
* Q
R Q R

2
1

1

2
2
28
2- If
2 1
2
2
1
10

,
_

,
_

<
N
Q
Q
N
Q
Q . e . i Q
t
p
t
p p
from (A)
( )
C C
C C
C
Q
Q C
C
R
Q
C
se
se
p
p
se
o
p

1
2
2
2
2
2
1
If
,
_

> > 10 10
N
Q
. e . i Q
t
p
proof
NC C
s

2
2
R
Q
C
o
p

from Table (1)

from (B)
1

2
1
2

N
C
C C
C C
C
C C
se
se
se
NC
N R
C R
R N
Q
C
t
o
t

2
2
2
29
(ii) Tapped-Inductor Circuit
R
t
C
L
1
L
2 R
2
A similar design procedure can be derived.
See Table (6) for design equations.
30
R
t
C
2
C
1
L
R
2
TABLE 5 Design Formulas for Tapped-Capacitor Circuit
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
column. hand - right in the fomulas the follow
10 N If column. hand - left in the formulas the follow
and for value this use , 10 N If 5
4
3
1 2
2
1
1
10 For
2 1
2
2
, Q
Q Q . Q N Q
R R N
B f Q
C L
BR C
, B f Q
t
p t p t
t
o t
o
t
o t
<

31
Approximate Formulas
10
p
Q
Formulas for 10 <
p
Q
( )
( )
( )
1
8
7
6
2
1
2

N
C
C
NC C
N
Q
Q
t
p
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
C C
C C
C
Q
Q C
C
R
Q
C
N
Q
Q
se
se
p
p
se
o
p
t
p

,
_

1
2
2
2
2
2
2 1
2
2
9
1
8
7
1
6
32
R
t
C
L
1
L
2 R
2
TABLE 6 Design Formulas for Tapped-Circuit
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
column. hand - right in the fomulas the follow
10 N If column. hand - left in the formulas the follow
and for value this use , 10 N If 5
4
3
1 2
2
1
1
10 For
2 1
2
2
, Q
Q Q . Q N Q
R R N
B f Q
C L
BR C
, B f Q
t
p t p t
t
o t
o
t
o t
<

33
Approximate Formulas
10
p
Q
Formulas for 10 <
p
Q
( )
( )
( ) ( )
2 2 1
2
1 8
7
6
L : L L N L
N
L
C
N
Q
Q
t
p

( )
( )
( )
( )
se
p
p
se
p o
t
p
L L L
Q
Q L
L
Q
R
L
N
Q
Q

+

,
_

1
2
2
2
2
2
2 1
2
2
9
1
8
7
1
1
6
34
d. Transformers
Low frequency equivalent circuit of a perfectly coupled loss less transformer.
2 2
1 2 1 2 2 2
1 1
2 2 1 1 1 1


I R
I L L k j I L j V
I R
I L L k j I L j V
+
+
+
+
Where R
1
and R
2
are the resistance of the windings and can be neglected.
L
1
is the inductance of winding 1 when I
2
= 0 and
L
2
is the inductance of winding 2 when I
1
= 0
The ratio of there self-inductance L
1
/L
2
is equal to the square of the turns ration (N
1
/N
2
)
2
2
2
1
2
1

,
_

N
N
L
L
The coupling factor k, and the mutual inductance M is defined as:
2 1
L L k M
I
2
I
1
V
1
+
-
L
1
L
2
V
2
+
-
35
For perfect (maximum) coupling k=1, and zero loss (R
1
=R
2
=0), V
1
and V
2
can be
written as:
1 2 1 2 2 2
2 2 1 1 1 1
and

I L L j I L j V
I L L j I L j V
+
+
The ratio of
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
2 2 1 1 1
1 2 1 2 2
1
2
1
I
I
*
L
L
L
L
I
I
*
L
L
I L L I L
I L L I L
V
V
+
+

+
+

recall that
2
1
2
1
2
2
1
1
2
and

,
_

N
N
L
L
N
N
I
I
This can be modeled by an ideal transformer with a shunt inductor (magnetizing inductance)


expected as
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
2
L
L
I
L j
V
I
L
L
N
N
V
V

M
2
=L
1
L
2
(K=1)
I
1
I
2
V
1
+
-
L
1
L
2
V
2
=
+
-
N
1
N
2
Magnetizing inductance=L
1
Ideal transformer
2
1
2
2
1
L
L
N
N

1
]
1

36
The imperfectly coupled Transformer
If < 1, the transformer is equivalent to an ideal transformer with one inductor
connected in series with one of the windings. This series inductor is known as the
leakage inductance.
knowing that
( )
2 2
2
2 2 1 2 1
2 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 2
1
0
I L k j I
`
L j I
`
L
`
L j
~ R , I R I kL j I L L k j V
+ +
+ +
1
2
2
2
1
1
and when L k L L L
` `

Hence we can model the imperfect transformer as an ideal transformer with turns ratio
N
1
/N
2
. .
A leakage inductance L
2
(1-k
2
)
is connected in series with
2
nd
winding.
2
2
1
2
1
2
2
1
L k
L
L
L
n
n
`
`

,
_

N
1 N
2
=
n
1
n
2
n
1
n
2
=
I
1
I
2
+
-
V
1
+
V
2
+
-
L
1
L
2
L
1
Leakage inductance
( )
2
2
1 k L
Perfectly-
Coupled
transformer 2
2
1
2
2
1
L k
L
n
n

1
]
1

Ideal transformer
2
2
1
2
2
1
L k
L
n
n

1
]
1

Magnetizing Inductance =L
1
37
(i) Single-Tuned Transformer
A transformer with one side turned as shown below can be used for impedance
matching. The additional advantages of a transformer are; isolation between input
and output circuits, and can introduce reversal.
If R
t
, R
2
, f
o
, and B are given, a design procedure is required to design the
transformer, i.e. L
1
, L
2
, M and k and the tuning capacitance C.
R
1
C
L
1
R
2
L
2
M
38
TABLE 7 Design Formulas for the Single-Tuned Transformer
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
column. hand right the us , 10 If column. hand left in the formulas the
follow , 10 is this If k. t coefficien coupling for value acceptable
an gives that Q for value a Choose 30. - 3 Fig. Refer to 4
3
1 2
2
1
1
10 For
2
2 2 1
2
2
<

p
p
p
t t
o
t
o t
Q
Q
R N R ; R R N
C L
BR C
, B f Q
R
1
C
L
1
R
2
L
2
M
39
Approximate Formulas
10
p
Q
Formulas for 10 <
p
Q
( )
( )
( )
N
L L
Q
R
L
Q
Q
k
t
p o
t
p
1
1
2
2
2 1
L
M (8)
(2) step from 7
6
5

,
_

( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
2 1
2 1
2 2
2
1
2
2
2 1
2
8
1
1
7
6
1
1
5
L L k M
k Q
Q
L L
Q
R
L
Q Q
Q
k
p
p
t
p o
t p
p

,
_

+
+

,
_

+
+

40
6. Transmission Lines (TL)
A real wire has distributed capacitance and inductance. When wire length becomes
comparable to the wavelength, these distributed capacitances and inductances
cannot be ignored. The wires are then transmission lines. Which if designed
properly are entirely predictable and can be accounted for in the design.
Fundamentals:
Every increment of the TL contribute series inductance and shunt capacitance.
The TL can be modeled by the ladder network shown below.
=
L
L
L L L
C C C C C
41
At RF the series and shunt resistance can be neglected in comparison to the reactances.
(Series R is much smaller than , and shunt R is much larger than ). ( ) L ( ) C 1
Now consider an L-section of a TL which is loaded by an impedance Z
o
as shown.
( ) C Z L x j Z Z Z
xZ C
xZ C j Z
x L j
xZ C j
Z
x L j Z Z
o o o
o
o o
o
o
o
2
2 2 2 2
2
1 1
1
+ +
<< +

+
+
+ +
If input impedance is required to be Z
o
, i.e. Z = 0, then L must be equal to C
2
o
Z
or
C
L
Z
o

This implies that if a TL, which has a characteristic impedance , is
loaded by a Z
o
impedance (perfect termination) the input impedance remains to be
equal to Z
o
.
C L Z
o

Z Z
o
+
0 j Z
o
+
x
x L
x C
42
Now assume a perfectly terminated TL as shown.
If a voltage V is applied to the input,
what is the current?
Sine Z
in
= Z
o
, the current is:
o
Z
V
I
and the voltage drop across the inductor (V) is:
x L j *
Z
V
x L j * I V
o

Which leads to the following DE:
V LC j V
Z
L
j
dx
dV
o

The solution of this DE is:
( )
jkx
f
e V x V

where
LC k
o
Z
x L
x C
t j
V

e
V V +
43
Now let us add time dependency to the input voltage, . The voltage signal
propagating down the TL I s given by
( )
( ) kx t j
f
e V t , x V

t j
e V

The propagation of a constant-phase point is governed by t-kx = const. Which

implies that
phase
V
LC k dt
dx

1
LC
1
has units of velocity and is a measure for velocity of propagation denoted
as . Some other relations:
phase
V
C LC
V
phase

1
Were is the dielectric constant (relative to vacuum), and C is the speed of light.
and

2
phase
V
k
where is wavelength
44
Impedance Transformation using a TL
The wave propagating down the TL (in the +ve x-direction) is called incident wave. If
the termination is not perfect , a reflected wave will be traveling back to the
source (-vd x- direction). This will cause the input impedance to change.
( )
o L
Z Z
Assume that some source produces an incident wave traveling to the load (e
-jkx
) and Z
L
causes a reflected wave traveling in the opposite direction. At any point X, the
voltage on the line is:
jkx
e
( )
( )
o
jkx
o
jkx
jkx jkx
Z
e
Z
e
x I
e e x V

and

45
At X=0
( )
( ) ( )
+
1
1
1
o
Z
o I
o V
so the impedance at X=0
( )
( )
L
o
Z
Z
o Z

+

1
1
1
or

+

1
1
o
L
Z
Z
or
the reflection
coefficient
o L
o L
Z Z
Z Z
+

What happens if
o L
Z Z
l X at
l X at
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) \ \ k tan jZ Z
\ \ k tan jZ Z
* Z
Z
e e
e e
Z Z
L o
o L
o
o
jk jk
jk jk
in
l
l
l
l l
l l
+
+

+




46
( )
( ) l
l
k tan jZ Z
k tan jZ Z
* Z Z
L o
o L
o in
+
+

Consider the following cases:

( )
( )
impedance. reactive pure a
Z
circuit short 0 Z -
expected) (as Z

rmination perfect te
in
L
in
l k tan jZ
Z
Z Z
o
o
o L

on. so and inductive then and
2
for e capcitativ becomes and
2
for inductive is
< <

<
l
l
k
k Z
in
47
( )
L
l
l
inductive, then and
2
for ve capacitati is Z
Z
circit) (open
in
in

<


k
k tan j
Z
Z
o
L
48
Example:
Find the input impedance and reflection coefficient for
the TL shown. It is 8 long and has a 50
characteristic impedance.
Solution:
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )

+ +
+ +

<
+
+

50 100
45 50 50 50
45 50 50 50
50 8
45
4 8
2
4 63 447 0
50 50 50
50 50 50
j
tan j j
tan J J
* Z
* k
. .
j
j
Z Z
Z Z
o
o
in
o
o
o L
o L
l
50
o
Z
( ) 8
in
Z
50 50 j Z
L
+
+ 50 100 j Z
s
o
s
E 0 10
8

l d
0 d
49
For max. power transfer
( )
cm .
cm
f
j
Z Z
*
in s
75 3
30
10
10 3
V
GHz 1 At
50 100
8
9
10
phase

+

l
( ) 8 V
( ) 8 I
( ) 50 100 8 j Z
in
+ 50 100 j Z
s
o
s
E 0 100