EEE C364/INSTR C364

Analog Electronics
First order Filter
Lecture 21
17-03-2012
Second order Passive and Active low pass filter
At low frequencies H 1V/V
At high frequencies a single RC section gives H 1/j(e/e
0
)
At high frequencies a two stage RC section gives
H 1/j(e/e
0
) 1/j(e/e
0
)=1/j(e/e
0
)
2
,
2 1
0
1
e e
e =
In fig (b) there will be considerable positive feedback only in the vicinity
of e = e
0
.
For e <<e
0
, the impedance of C1 is very high to feedback much signal
For e >>>e
0
, the shunting action of C2 makes output V0 too small
Filters of this type are called KRC filters or Sallen-Key filters, for their
inventors.
Sallen-Key (VCVS) Filters
) ( ) 1 (
) (
V that so KV V But
) (
V node at KCL
) ( ) ( ) (
V Node at KCL
3 2 1 4 3 2 2 1
2 1 0
0
2
4 1
1 2 0
4 2 2 2 1
2
3 0 1 2 2 1 1 1
1
Y Y Y Y Y Y K Y Y
Y KY
V
V
s H
V
KY
Y Y
Y V Y V V
Y V V Y V V Y V V
S
S
+ + + +
= =
+
= =
=
+ =
VCVS Low-pass filter
VCVS Low-pass filter
( )
1.414 2k filter, h butterwort a for function transfer standard with the comparing
C C R R
C R
K - 1
C R
1
C R
1
2k and
C C R R
1
where
2
) (
sC Y , sC Y ,
R
1
Y ,
R
1
Y , 1
) ( ) 1 (
) (
2 / 1
2 1 2 1
2 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 1
2
2 2
2
0
2 4 1 3
2
2
1
1
3 2 1 4 3 2 2 1
2 1 0
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + = =
+ +
= =
= = = = + =
+ + + +
= =
c
c c
c
S
A
B
S
s k s
K
V
V
s H
R
R
K
Y Y Y Y Y Y K Y Y
Y KY
V
V
s H
e
e e
e
Impedance Scaling: To scale impedance while maintaining a constant
corner frequency, use the following factor
Frequency scaling: To scale frequency while maintaining a constant
impedance, use the following factor
C
K
old
new
e
e
e
e
e
K K
1
Cnew and R K R
C and R of values new the factors, two Combining
change no have will R , C/K to change will C So
Z
Z new
= =
=
Z
K
C
to C and KZR to change will R So
old
new
Z
Z
Z
K =
High pass filter
High pass filter
( )
1.414 2k filter, h butterwort a for function transfer standard with the comparing
C C R R
C R
K - 1
C R
1
C R
1
2k and
C C R R
1
where
2
) (
) ( ) 1 (
) (
2 / 1
2 1 2 1
2 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 1
2
2 2
2
0
3 2 1 4 3 2 2 1
2 1 0
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + = =
+ +
= =
+ + + +
= =
c
c c S
S
s k s
Ks
V
V
s H
Y Y Y Y Y Y K Y Y
Y KY
V
V
s H
e
e e
VCVS Band-Pass filter
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
To transform normalized Substitute for s in T(s)
low-pas filter to
-----------------------------------------------------------------
L H
L H
L H
L H
c
s
s
s
s
s
e e
e e
e e
e e
e
+

+
2
2
) (
filter reject - Band
) (
filter Pass - Band
filter Pass High
VCVS Band-Pass filter
1 s
Q
1
s
s
Q
T
T(s) or
1 BWs s
BWs T
T(s) get we
1 s
T
T(s) function nsfer filter tra pass low in the s Replacing
1 for
1 f
Q factor quality The
1
BW
1
as written be can ation transform the , 1 For
BW and define We
) (
1, h filter wit pass low of expression in the s substitute We
2
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
2
c
+
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
.
|

\
|
=
+ +
=
+
=
= = =
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
= =

+
=
e
e
e e e e e
e e
e e
e
BW BW
s
s
s
s
L H L H
L H
L H
VCVS Band-Pass filter
VCVS Band-Pass filter
) /R R ( 1 K : gain Amplifier
K) - 1/(3 Q : factor - Q
K) - K/(3 T : f at Gain
RC) 1/(2 f frequency centre The
1 s
Q
1
s
s
Q
T
T(s) equation with the comparing
1 ) 3 (
) (
A B
0 0
0
2
0
0
2 2
0
2 2
0
+ =
=
=
=
+ |
.
|

\
|
+
|
.
|

\
|
=
+ +
=
t
e e
e
s K RC s C R
s KRC
s T
VCVS Band-reject filter
1 s
Q
1
s
1) (s T
T(s) or
1 BWs s
) 1 ( T
T(s) get we
1 s
T
T(s) function nsfer filter tra pass low in the s Replacing
1 for
1 f
Q factor quality The
1
B
as written be can ation transform the , 1 For
BW and define We
) (

1, h filter wit pass low of expression in the s substitute We
2
2
0
2
2
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
2
c
+
|
.
|

\
|
+
+
=
+ +
+
=
+
=
= = =
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
= =
+

=
s
BW BW
s
s
W
s
s
L H L H
L H
L H
e
e
e e e e e
e e
e e
e
VCVS Band-reject filter
) /R R ( 1 K : gain Amplifier
K) - 2(2
1
Q : factor - Q
K T : f at Gain
RC) 1/(2 f frequency centre The

1 s
Q
1
s
1) (s T
T(s) equation with the comparing
1 ) 2 ( 2
) 1 (
) (
A B
0 0
0
2
2
0
2
2
+ =
=
=
=
+ |
.
|

\
|
+
+
=
+ +
+
=
t
s K s
s K
s T
VCVS all-pass filter
i
i
i
i i i i
i i
c
c
i i
j j
i i
i
i i
i
a
a s frequencie
b b a
b a
T
b
e e
s b s a
s b s a
s b s a
s b s a
ator deno
s b s a
i
gr
4 2 2 2
2
gr c
gr
gr
gr
gr
2
i 1 -
2
2
2
2
1 1
2
1 1
0
2
1 1
0
b
Q as defined is factor quality The
1
T 0), ( low At
) 2 ( 1
) 1 ( 1
T 1, For
d
d
2
1
2
t
t
T delay, group Normalized
d
d
- t by, given is delay group
1
a
tan -2 -2 where
1
) 1 (
) 1 (
T(s)
as written is filter pass all an of function transfer general The
1
1
T(s)
get we , min complex conjugate with the T the replacing
1
T
T(s)
filter pass - low a of function transfer general he Consider t
=
=
+ +
+
= =
= = =
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

= =
= =
+ +
+
=
+ +
+
=
+ +
=

[
[

t
e
e e
e
t
e
e
|
t t
e
e
|
e
e
o |
| o