Testing Convergence at Endpoints Section 9.

5 Objectives: - use the integral test and the alternating series test to determine convergence/divergence of a series of numbers - to determine convergence or divergence of p-series including the harmonic series - to determine the absolute conv., conditional conv. or divergence of a power series at the endpoints of its IOC The Integral Test If f is positive, continuous, and decreasing for x 1 and an = f (n) , then

n =1

an and

f ( x) dx either both converge or both diverge.

1

This test is best used if you can easily integrate the expression that defines the series. Show that each series converges or diverges by applying the Integral Test. EX1a:

n
n =1

1 n

EX1b:

n
n =1

n 2 +1

EX1c:

n
n =1

1 +1

Show that each series converges or diverges by applying the Integral Test. EX1d:

n=2

1 n ln n

EX1e:

n =1

n2 en

EX1f:

n =1

6n 2 n3 + 1

What is harmonic about the harmonic series?

The p-Series Test A p-series is a series is of the form

n
n =1

1
p

, where p is a positive number.

n
n =1

A p-series will converge if p > 1 but will diverge if p < 1. The Limit Comparison Test Suppose that an > 0 , bn > 0 , and

The terms in the harmonic series correspond to the nodes on a vibrating string that produce multiples of the fundamental frequency (the lowest note or pitch).

a lim n n b n

=L

where L is finite and positive. Then the two series

and

either both converge or both diverge.

This test is best used for comparing a messy algebraic series with a p-series or geometric series. Determine whether the series converge or diverge using the Limit Comparison Test. EX3a:
3 5 7 9 2n + 1 + + + +L = 2 4 9 16 25 n =1 ( n + 1)

EX3b:

1 1 1 1 1 + + + +L = n 1 3 7 15 n =1 2 1

EX3c:

8 11 14 17 3n + 2 + + + +L 3 = 4 21 56 115 n =1 n 2n

EX3d:

1 1 1 sin1 + sin + sin + L = sin 2 3 n n =1

A series in which the terms are alternately positive and negative is an alternating series. Alternating Series Test (Leibnizs Theorem) Let

an > 0. The alternating series

( 1)
n =1

an and

( 1)
n =1

n +1

an

converge if all three of the following conditions are satisfied: 1. the terms must alternate in sign 2. an an +1 for all n (the terms decrease as n approaches infinity) 3.

lim an = 0 (if a series doesnt pass this condition, use the nth term test!) n 1 n

Determine the convergence or divergence of each series using the Alternating Series Test. EX4a:

( 1)
n =1

n +1

EX4b:

( 1)
n=2

n +1

1 n ln n

EX4c:

n =1

( 1) ( n + 1)
n +1

EX4d:

n =1

cos n n n

In some instances, more than one test is applicable. However, your objective should be to learn to choose the most efficient test.

Determine the convergence or divergence of each series and identify the test used. If possible, find the sum. EX5a:

n =1

n +1 3n + 1

EX5b: n =1 6

EX5c:

ne
n =1

n2

EX5d:

n =1

1 3n + 1

EX5e:

( 1)
n =1

3 4n + 1

EX5f:

10
n =1

n!
n

Determine the convergence or divergence of each series and identify the test used. If possible, find the sum.

10n + 3 EX5g: n n =1 n 2

EX5h:

4n
n =1

2
2

EX5i:

n =1

( 1) n+1 3
n

EX5j:

n =1

cos n 4n

EX5k:

n =1

( 1)

5n 1 n!

EX5l:

n
n =1

8n +5

Absolute Convergence: If the series

of absolute values converges, then

converges absolutely.

Alternating Series Estimation Theorem For a convergent alternating series, the partial sum

S N can be a useful approximation for the sum S of the series. If a convergent alternating series satisfies the condition aN +1 aN , then the absolute value of the remainder Rn involved in approximating the sum S by S N is less than (or equal to) the first neglected term. That is, S S N = RN aN +1
EX6: Prove that the alternating harmonic series is convergent, but not absolutely convergent. Find a bound for the truncation error after 99 terms.

EX7 (2003BC6): The function f is defined by the power series f ( x) =

n =0

( 1) x 2 n = 1 x 2 + 3! ( 2n + 1) !
n

( 1) x2 n + L x 4 x6 +L + 5! 7! ( 2n+ 1) !
n

1 1 for all real numbers x. Show that 1 approximates f(1) with error less than . 100 3!

Absolute vs. Conditional Convergence Absolute Convergence: If the series If the series If Conditional Convergence: Rearrangements of Absolutely Convergent Series

a a

of absolute values converges, then

converges absolutely.

of absolute values does not converge, then

converges conditionally.

converges absolutely, and if

b1 , b2 , b3 ,K , bn , K is any rearrangement of the sequence { an } ,

then

bn converges absolutely and

bn = an .
n =1 n =1

Rearrangements of Conditionally Convergent Series If converges conditionally, then the terms can be rearranged to form a divergent series. The terms can also be rearranged to form a series that converges to any preassigned sum. Determine whether the following series is convergent or divergent. Classify any convergent series as absolutely or conditionally convergent. EX8:

( 1) ln ( n + 1) n =1
n

1 1 1 1 + + L ln 2 ln 3 ln 4 ln 5

Find the I.O.C. of each series. (You should be using the absolute value of the ratio test!)

EX9a:

( 1)
n =1

n +1

x 2 n x 2 x4 x6 = + L 2n 2 4 6

Find the I.O.C. of each series. (You should be using the absolute value of the ratio test!) EX9b:

n =0

( 10 x )
n!

= 1 + 10 x +

100 x 2 1000 x3 + +L 2! 3!

EX9c:

n !( x + 1)
n =0

=1 + ( x + 1) + 2! ( x + 1 ) + 3! ( x + 1 ) + L
2 3

Find the I.O.C. of the series.

EX9d:

n =1

( x 3)
2n

( x 3) + ( x 3 )
2 4

( x 3)
6

+L

The radius and interval of convergence are summarized below for various examples. Series Geometric series Radius of convergence R=1 Interval of convergence ( 1, 1)

x
n =0 n =0

Example 1

n! x
n =1

R=0

{ 0}
[2, 4)

Example 2

( x 3)
n
n

R=1

Example 3

( 1) x 2 n 22 n n ! 2 n =0 ( )

R=

( , )

The Ratio Test can be used to determine the radius of convergence R in most cases. The Ratio Test always fails when x is an endpoint of the interval of convergence, so the endpoints must be checked with some other test.

2009 AP Calc BC-Q6 The Maclaurin series for

2

is

x 2 x3 xn e = 1 + x + + + ... + + ... . The continuous function f is defined by 2 6 n!

x

e( x 1) 1 for x 1 and f(1) =1. The function f has derivatives of all orders at x = 1. f ( x) = ( x 1) 2
(a) Write the first four nonzero terms and the general term of the Taylor series for e ( x 1) about x = 1. (b) Use the Taylor series found in part (a) to write the first four nonzero terms and the general term of the Taylor series for f about x = 1. (c) Use the ratio test to find the interval of convergence for the Taylor series found in part (b) (d) Use the Taylor series for f about x = 1 to determine whether the graph of f has any points of inflection.
2

2006 AP Calc BC-Q6

2002 AP Calc BC-Q6 The Maclaurin series for the function f is given by

f ( x) =
n =0

( 2x )

( 2x) +L 4 x 2 8 x3 16 x4 = 2x + + + +L + n +1 2 3 4 n +1
n +1 n +1

on its interval on convergence. (a) Find the interval of convergence of the Maclaurin series for f. Justify your answer. (b) Find the first four terms and the general term for the Maclaurin series for f '( x ) . (c) Use the Maclaurin series you found in part (b) to find the value of

1 f ' . 3