The environmental impact of transport is significant because it is a major user of energy, and burns most of the world's petroleum.

This creates air pollution, including nitrous oxides and particulates, and is a significant contributor to global warming through emission of carbon dioxide,[1] for which transport is the fastest-growing emission sector.[2] By subsector, road transport is the largest contributor to global warming.[3]

Environmental regulations in developed countries have reduced the individual vehicles emission; however, this has been offset by an increase in the number of vehicles, and more use of each vehicle.[1] Some pathways to reduced the carbon emissions of road vehicles considerably have been studied.[4] Energy use and emissions vary largely between modes, causing environmentalists to call for a transition from air and road to rail and human-powered transport, and increase transport electrification and energy efficiency.

Other environmental impacts of transport systems include traffic congestion and automobileoriented urban sprawl, which can consume natural habitat and agricultural lands. By reducing transportation emissions globally, it is predicted that there will be significant positive effects on Earth's air quality, acid rain, smog and climate change.[5] The health impact of transport emissions is also of concern. A recent survey of the studies on the effect of traffic emissions on pregnancy outcomes has linked exposure to emissions to adverse effects on gestational duration and possibly also intrauterine growth.[6] Contents

[hide] 1 Sectors 1.1 Aviation 1.2 Road transport 1.2.1 Cars 1.2.2 Buses 1.3 Rail 1.4 Shipping 2 Mitigation of environmental impact 2.1 Road-Rail Parallel Layout 3 Australia 4 See also

5 References 6 External links [edit]Sectors [edit]Aviation Main article: Environmental impact of aviation

Emissions vary based on length of flight. For covering long distances, longer flights are a better investment of the high energy costs of take-off and landing than very short flights, yet by nature of their length inevitably use much more energy. CO2 emissions from air travel range from .24 kg CO2 per passenger mile for short flights down to .18 kg CO2 per passenger mile for long flights.[7][8] Researchers have been raising concern about the globally increasing hypermobility of society, involving frequent and often long distance air travel and the resulting environmental and climate impacts. This threatens to overcome gains made in the efficiency of aircraft and their

operations. Climate scientist Kevin Anderson raised concern about the growing effect of air transport on the climate in a paper[13] and a presentation[14] in 2008. He has pointed out that even at a reduced annual rate of increase in UK passenger air travel and with the government's targeted emissions reductions in other energy use sectors, by 2030 aviation would be causing 70% of the UK's allowable CO2 emissions. This section requires expansion.(January 2011) [edit]Road transport

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Road traffic contributes to seed dispersal. [edit]Cars

Unleaded gasoline has 8.87 kg of CO2 per gallon.[10] The average fuel economy for cars sold in the US 2005 was about 25.2 MPG giving around 350gCO2/mile.[11] The Department of Transportation's MOBILE 6.2 model, used by regional governments to model air quality, uses a fleet average (all cars, old and new) of 20.3 mpg giving around 440gCO2/mile.[12] [edit]Buses

On average, inner city commuting buses emit .3 kg of CO2 per passenger mile, and long distance (>20 mi) bus trips emit .08 kg of CO2 per passenger mile.[13] Road and transportation conditions vary, so some carbon calculations add 10% to the total distance of the trip to account for potential traffic jams, detours, and pit-stops that may arise.[7] [edit]Rail

On average, commuter rail and subway trains emit .16 kg of CO2 per passenger mile, and long distance` (>20 mi) trains emit .19 kg of CO2 per passenger mile.[13] Some carbon calculations add 10% to the total trip distance to account for detours, stop-overs, and other issues that may arise.[7] [edit]Shipping See also: Environmental issues with shipping The fleet emission average for delivery vans, trucks and big rigs is 10.17 kg CO2 per gallon of diesel consumed. Delivery vans and trucks average about 7.8 mpg while big rigs average about 5.3 m`pg.[14]

Shipping Emissions Factors:

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- Air cargo - .8063 kg of CO2 per Ton-Mile Truck - 0.1693 kg of CO2 per Ton-Mile - Train 0.1048 kg of CO2 per TonMile - Sea freight 0.0403 kg of CO2 per TonMile - Zeppelin 0.0887 kg of CO2 per TonMile [edit]Mitigation of environmental impact This section is empty. You can help byadding to it. (January

2011) Main article: Sustainable transport [edit]Road-Rail Parallel Layout

Construction of the route through the Ksching forest, north of Ingolstadt, Germany, had a large environmental impact but with Road-Rail Parallel Layout this would be less than using multiple routes. Road-Rail Parallel Layout is a design option to reduce the environmental impact of new transportation routes by locating railway tracks alongside a highway. In 1984 the Paris Lyon high-speed rail route in France had about 14% parallel layout with the highway, and in 2002, 70% parallel layout was achieved with the Cologne Frankfurt high-speed rail line. [edit]Australia

Main article: Environmental impact of transport in Australia The environmental impact of transport in Australia is considerable. Australia subsidizes fossil fuel energy, keeping prices artificially low and raising greenhouse gas emissions due to the increased use of fossil fuels as a result of the subsidies. The Australian Energy Regulator and state agencies such as the New South Wales' Independent Pricing and Regulatory Tribunal set and regulate electricity prices, thereby lowering production and consumer cost. [edit]See also Vehicle recycling

Environmental effects of biodiesel Aviation and the Environment List of environmental issues

Vehicle recycling is the dismantling of vehicles for spare parts. At the end of their useful life, vehicles have value as a source of spare parts and this has created a vehicle dismantling industry. The industry has various names for its business outlets including wrecking yard, auto dismantling yard, car spare parts supplier, and recently, auto or vehicle recycling. Vehicle recycling has always occurred to some degree but in recent years manufacturers have become involved in the process. A car crusher is often used to reduce the size of the scrapped vehicle for transportation to a steel mill.

Approximately 12-15 million vehicles reach the end of their use each year in just the United States alone. These automobiles, although out of commission, can still have a purpose by giving back the metal that is contained in them. The vehicles are shredded and the metal content is recovered for recycling, while the rest is put into a landfill. The shredder residue of the vehicles that is not recovered for metal contains many other recyclable materials including 30% of it as polymers, and 5-10% of it as residual metals. Modern vehicle recycling attempts to be as cost-effective as possible in recycling those residual materials. Currently, 75% of the materials are able to be recycled. As the most recycled consumer product, end-of-life vehicles provide the steel industry with more than 14 million tons of steel.

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