Counting Principles , Permutation, Combination

In some situations, finding the total number of outcomes by making an organized list can be difficult. If you are trying to find all possible outcomes of three or more sets containing 2 or more objects, use the counting principle. The Counting Principle states: if a situation can occur in (m) ways and a second situation can occur in (n) ways, then these things can occur together in (m x n) ways. Then use a tree diagram to prove that you have determined the total number of possible outcomes. Example; How many ways can a computer system be assembled if there is a choice of five computers, three monitors, five printers and two multi media players? Ans: 150 Permutations of Different Objects Example Examine the number of different arrangements for the words CAB and CAPE CAB CBA ABC ACB BAC BCA CAPE CAEP CPAE CPEA CEAP CEPA ACPE ACEP APCE APEC AECP AEPC PCAE PCEA PACE PAEC PECA PEAC ECAP ECPA EACP EAPC EPCA EPAC

Permutations

Permutations are ordered arrangements. (ABC is different from BAC, etc) The number of permutations of n unlike objects is n! = n (n 1) 2 1. The number of permutations of n objects, where a are of one kind, b are of a n! second kind, c are of a third kind, is a!b!c!... . The number of permutations of r objects from n unlike objects is n! . the number of ways that n elements can be arranged P(n, r )= n Pr = (n r )! in r positions Example 1: A set of 8 square tiles, identical in every way except colour, are to be arranged in a straight line. Given that 3 are red, 3 are black and 2 are white, calculate (i) the total number of different arrangements; (ii) the number of arrangements in which the first and last tiles are white; (iii) the number of arrangements in which the 2 white tiles have exactly 2 tiles, one red and the other black, between them. Solution: (i) (ii) Number of arrangements = 8! = 560 3!3!2!

These are called Permutations. With permutations, ORDER MATTERS. Each different order is a permutation.

The tiles must be placed like: W _ _ _ _ _ _ W. There are 6 tiles that can be placed in the middle, 3 of which are red and 3 are black. 6! So number of arrangements = = 20 . 3!3! (iii) Consider first the case where the 2 white tiles have a red and a black (in that order between them). Stick these four tiles together to get W R B W.
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There are now 5 tiles to be arranged (with 2 red and 2 black). 5! So number of arrangements is = 30. 2!2! The white tiles could also be separated by the black and a red (in that order). This results in another 30 arrangements. So total number of arrangements is 60
Example 2: a) How many three digit numbers can be formed using the digits 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8 where each digit can be used only once? b) One of the arrangements from (a) is picked at random. Find the probability it is odd? c) How many of the arrangements from (a) are odd and over 500?

The first digit must be 5, 6, 8 The final digit must be 1, 3, 5 Note that the number 5 appears in both lists. Case 1: Suppose 1st digit is 5. There are then 2 possible values for 3rd digit There are then 5 choices for 2nd digit. So number of arrangements is 1 2 5 = 10 Suppose 1st digit is either 6 or 8. There are then 2 choices for 1st digit There are 3 choices for 3rd digit There are 5 choices for 2nd digit. So number of arrangements is 2 3 5 = 30.

Case 2:

Solution: (a) We are picking 3 digits from 7 different digits. This can be done is P(7,3) = 210 ways. (We could also say there are 7 choices for 1st digit there are then 6 choices for 2nd digit there are then 5 choices for 3rd digit So 7 6 5 = 210 ) (b) There is now a restriction that the number must be odd, i.e. final digit must be 1, 3 or 5 So there are 3 choices for final digit there are then 6 choices remaining for 1st digit there are then 5 choices for 2nd digit. So 3 6 5 = 90.
90 3 = . 210 7

So altogether there are 10 + 30 = 40 arrangements. Combinations Example - determine all of the permutations of the word APE. APE AEP PAE PEA EAP EPA There are six permutations or 3! This is only 1 combination because the letters remain the same. For combinations, ORDER DOES NOT MATTER

Therefore probability is

Combinations are arrangements where order is not important. The number of ways of selecting r objects from n unlike objects is n n! C (n, r )= n C r = . = r r!(n r )!

(c) There are now restrictions on the first and third digits.
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 Example: A school has 4 vacancies for parent governors. 5 women and 3 men have applied to be a parent governor. a) How many ways are there of selecting 4 people to fill the vacant posts? b) If the 4 vacancies are filled at random, find the probability that there will be at least 2 female parent governors? c) Two of the people applying to be governors are Mr and Mrs Smith. How many ways are there of filling the 4 vacancies if these two must both be chosen? Solution: 8 =70. a) Number of possible selections of 4 people from 8 is 4

Problems on Counting Principles , Permutation, Combination

1. A store sells clothes for men. It had 3 different kinds of jackets, 6 different kinds of shirts, and 4 different kinds of pants. Find the number of ways a person can buy a) one of the items for a present; b) one of each of the items for a present. Ans: 13, 72 2. A class contains 8 male students and 6 female students. Find the number of ways that the class can elect: a) a class representative; b) two class representatives, one male and one female; c) a president and a vice-president. Ans: 14, 48, 182 3. There are 6 roads between A and B and 4 roads between B and C. Find the number of ways a person can drive a) from A to C by way of B; b) round-trip from A to C by way of B; Ans: 24, 576 4. Suppose a code consists of two letters followed by a digit. Find the number of codes; b) codes with distinct letters; c) codes with the same letters. Ans: 6760, 6500, 260 5. Find the number of ways where 6 people can ride a toboggan where a) anyone can drive; b) one of three must drive. Ans: 720, 360 6. Find the number of permutations that can be formed from all of the letters of each word: a) COMMITTEE; b) BASEBALL. Ans: 45360, 5040 7. Find the number of ways 9 toys may be divided among 4 children if the youngest is to receive 3 toys and each of the others 2 toys. Ans: 7560 8. Suppose that a club consists of 3 women and 2 men. In how many ways can a president and a secretary be chosen if (a) the president is to be female and the secretary male? (b) the president is to be male and the secretary female? (c) The president and secretary are to be of the opposite sex? 9. A box contains 12 cards numbered 1 through 12. Suppose one card is drawn from the box. Find the number of ways each of the following occur.
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b) Number of ways with exactly 2 women (and therefore 2 men) = 5 3 = 10 3 = 30 2 2 5 3 Number of ways with 3 women (and 1 man) = 3 = 10 3 = 30 1 5 Number of ways with 4 women (and 0 men) = 4 =5 So number of ways with at least 2 women is 65. So probability of at least 2 women =
65 13 = . 70 14

c) If Mr and Mrs Smith must be both chosen then there are still 2 places to fill from 6 people. This can be done in 6 C 2 = 15 ways.

a. The number drawn is even. b. The number is greater than 9 or less than 3. 10. Suppose that two cards are drawn in succession from the box in Problem 2. Assume that the first card is not replaced before the second one is drawn. In how many ways can each of the following occur? a. Both numbers are even. b. The two numbers are both even or both odd. c. The first number is greater than 9 and the second number is less than 3. 11. Do Problem 3 with the assumption that the first card is replaced before the second one is drawn. 12. In how many ways can a president, vice-president, and a secretary be chosen from a group of 10 people? 13. In how many 4-letter code words can be made from the word EQUATION? (Letters are not to be repeated.) 14. How many 3-letter code words can be made from the letters of the word PROBLEM if a. letters cannot be repeated? b. letters can be repeated? 15. Papas Pizza Place offers 3 choices of salad, 20 kinds of pizza, and 4 different desserts. How many different 3-course meals can one order? 16. Minnesota license plate numbers consist of 3 letters followed by 3 digits (for example, AFF033). How many different plates could be issued? 17. The letters of the word CREAM are printed on 5 cards. How many 3-, 4-, or 5-letter code words can be formed? 18. How many code words of all lengths can be made from the letters of LOGARITHM, repeated letters not allowed?

19. Frigid Treats sells 10 flavours of ice cream and makes cones in one-to threedip sizes. How many different-looking cones can it make? 20. Using the letters of the word FACTOR (without repetition), how many 4letter code words can be formed a. starting with R? b. with vowels in the two middle positions? c. with only consonants? d. with vowels and consonants alternating? e. with all the vowels (if any) in the left-hand portion of the word (that is, a vowel cannot be preceded by a consonant)? 21. Using the letters of the word EQUATION (without repetition), how many 4-letter code words can be formed a. starting with T and ending with N? b. starting and ending with a consonant? c. with vowels only? d. with three consonants? e. with all the vowels (if any) in the right-hand portion of the word? 22. Three brothers and 3 sisters are lining up to be photographed. How many arrangements are there a. altogether? b. with brothers and sisters in alternating positions? c. with the 3 sisters standing together? 23. A baseball team is to be formed from a squad of 12 people. Two teams made up of the same 9 people are different if at least some of the people are assigned different positions. In how many ways can a team be formed if a. there are no restrictions? b. only 2 of the people can pitch and these 2 cannot play any other position? c. only 2 of the people can pitch but they can also play any other position? 24. How many different signals consisting of 8 flags can be made using 4 white flags, 3 red flags, and 1 blue flag?
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25. The letters of the word CYCLIC are written on 6 cards. a. How many 6-letter words can be obtained? b. How many of these have three Cs in consecutive positions? 26. I want to arrange my 5 history books, 4 math books, and 3 psychology books on a shelf. In how many ways can I do this if a. there are no restrictions as to arrangement? b. I put the 5 history books on the left, the 4 math books in the middle, and the 3 psychology books on the right? c. I insist only that books on the same subject be together? 27. In how many ways can a committee of 5 be selected from a class of 8 students? 28. A political science professor must select 4 students from her class of 12 students for a field trip to state legislature. In how many ways can she do it? 29. The professor of Problem 3 was asked to rank the top 4 students in her class of 12. In how many ways can that be done? 30. A police chiefs needs to assign officers from the 10 available to control traffic at junctions A, B, and C. In how many ways can he do it? 31. If 12 horses are entered in a race, how many ways can the first 3 places (win, place, show) be taken? 32. A basket contains 30 apples. In how many ways can a person select (a) a sample of 4 apples? (b) a sample of 3 apples that excludes the 5 rotten ones? 33. From a group of 9cards numbered 1, 2, 3, ,9, how many (c) sets of 3 cards can be drawn? (d) 3-digit numbers can be formed? 34. How many games will be played in a 10-team league if each team plays every other team exactly twice?

35. How many 10-member subsets does a set of size 12 have? 36. How many subsets (of all sizes) does a set of size 5 have? The empty set is a subset. 37. An investment club has a membership of 4 women and 6 men. A research committee of 3 is to be formed. In how many ways can this be done if (e) there are to be 2 women and 1 man on the committee? (f) there is to be at least 1 woman on the committee? (g) all 3 are to be of the same sex? 38. A senate committee of 4 is to be formed from a group consisting of 5 Republicans and 6 Democrats. In how many ways can this be done if (h) there are to be 2 Republicans and 2 Democrats on the committee? (i) there are to be no Republican on the committee? (j) there is to be at most one Republican on the committee? 39. Suppose that a bag contains 4 black and 7 white balls. In how many ways can a group of 3 balls be drawn from the bag consisting of (k) 1 black and 2 white balls? (l) balls of just one color? (m) at least 1 black ball? Note: Assume the balls are distinguishable; for example, they may be numbered. 40. John is going on a vacation trip and wants to take 5 books with him from his personal library, which consists of 6 science books and 10 novels. In how many ways can he make his selection if he wants to take (n) 2 science books and 3 novels? (o) at least 1 science book? (p) 1 book of one kind and 4 books of the other kind? 41. A committee of 4 is to be formed from a group of 4 freshmen, 3 sophomores, 2 juniors, and 6 seniors. In how many ways can this be done if (q) each class must be represented? (r) freshmen are excluded? (s) the committee must have exactly two seniors? (t) the committee must have at least one senior?
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42. An ice cream parlor has 10 different flavors. How many different double-dip cones can be made if (u) the two dips must be different flavors but the order of putting them on the cone does not matter? (v) the two dips must be different and order does matter? (w) the two dips need not be different but order does matter? (x) the two dips need not be different and order does not matter? EXPERIMENTAL MATURA (PERMUTATION, COMBINATION )

No.2: Multiple Choise Questions.

1. Factorial form of (n+1) (n) (n-1) is (n + 1)! (n 2 1)! (n 1)! n! a. b. c. d. (n 2)! (n 2)! (n 2)! (n 2)! 15! is a. 0 b. 1/0 c. 1 d. 15 Value of 15!(15 15)! 9 P2 is equal to: a. 91. b. 9 c. 9/8 d. 72 a. 5 b. 6 c. 6 d. 30 If n P1 = 30 then value of n is: The number of permutations that can be formed from the letters of the word OBJECT is: a. 700 b. 720 c. 600 d. 620
n

2. 3.

No.1 True or False.

1. Value of 0! is zero. 2. n! = n(n-1).(n-2)! n! 3. n(n-1)(n-2) = (n 2)! 4. Permutation of n different objects is a subset of given objects.
n! (n r )! 6. Number of signals that can be given by 5 flags of different colours using 3 flags at a time is 120. 7. Five boys and four girls can be seated on a bench so that the boys and the girls can occupy alternate seats in 20. 8. Four persons can be seated on a round table in 6 ways. 1 9. n C r = n Pr r! 10. Number of diagonals that can be formed by joining the vertices of 10 sided figure is 35. 11. 15 C11 + 15C12 =16 C13 12. If P(E) is the probability of an event E then, 0 < P(E) < 1 13. If a fair coin is tossed three times then the total outcomes are 3. 14. Probability for the occurrence of an even number when a fair die rolled is . 15. P(A U B) = P(A) + P(B) P (A I B) where A & B are disjoint.

4. 5.

6. 7.

C n r is equal to: a. n!

b. n C r

c. n 1C r

d. None of these.

5. No of permutations of n different objects taken r at a time is

The number of combinations of 10 different objects taken 8 objects at a time is. a. 90 b.55. c.45. d. 50.

No.3:
1. 2. 3.

Completion items:

Factorial form of 12. 11. 10 is __________. n (n-1) (n-2) --------- (n-r+1) =

n! (________)

The first event can occur in p different ways. After first event has occurred, the second event can occur in q different ways. The number of ways that two events can occur is ___________. A permutation of n different objects is __________ of the objects. A number of three digits from the digits 0,1,2,3----9 can be formed in __________ ways when digits can be repeated.
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4. 5.

6.

Five digit numbers from the digits 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 can be formed in ________ ways if the digits 2 and 8 are next to each other (when no digit is repeated). KEY OF EXPERIMENTAL MATURA
n 1

7. 8. 9.

C n + n 1C r 1 = _____________.
n

If

C12 = C 6 then n = _____________.

Number of arrangement of 3 books on English and 4 books in Urdu for placing on a shelf is equal to _________ when the books on the same subject are kept together.
n.n 1 Pr 1 =_____________.

No.1. 1 2 F T 9 10 T T No.2. 1 2 a c No.3.

3 F 11 F

4 F 12 T

5 T 13 F

6 F 14 T

7 F 15 F

8 T

10.

3 d

4 d

5 b

6 b

7 c

No.4:
1. 2. 3. 4.

Matching items:
A B a. b. c. P(A) + P(B) Sample space
P(n, r )

9! 2!(9 2)! (n + 2)! (n 1)! P(n,2) =30

Numbers of 4 digit numbers formed from the digits 1,2,3,4,5 d. Permutations of the Word BITTER C (n, r ) r! The set consisting of all possible out comes The set of all favourable out comes If A and B are events and A B = If A and B are disjoint sets, P (A U B) e. f. g. h. i. j. Mutually exclusive events Event set. 36 n=6 360 n(n+1) (n +2) 120

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. No.4: 1 f 2 i

12!/9! (n-r)! pq an arrangement 900 48 n 18 288 n

5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

3 g

4 j

5 h

6 c

7 b

8 e

9 d

10 a

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