*English *Grammar .

*Script

1.

Present simple tense

Affirmative form We make the affirmative form in P.S.T. by adding the suffix S or ES to the base of the main verb in third person singular. PLAY
1. 1. I wash 2. You play You wash 3. He plays They wash She plays It plays I 1. We wash 2. You play 3. They play play 1. We 2. You wash 3. He washes She washes It washes

WASH
play 2. 3.

We add the suffix ES to the base of the verbs ending in:

-

sh : ch : o: s, - ss :

ex. ex. ex. ex.

wash washes; crash crashes; fish fishes; watch watches; catch catches; go goes; do does; pass passes ; kiss - kisses; miss misses.

*** consonant +y : y>i + - es =ies: try tries; cry cries; study studies; fly - flies We add the suffix S to the base of all other verbs: ex. play plays ; dance dance ; sing sings ; love loves

Negative form
We make the negative form with :

verb

subject + auxiliary verb + negation + base form of the main

3 p. sg. does

rd

do

not

speak 1. 1 dont speak English 1 . We dont speak Chinese 2. You dont speak French 2. You dont speak Japanese 3. He doesnt speak Spanish 3. They dont speak Romanian She doesnt speak German It doesnt speak at all. ex. I dont like milk. // He doesnt eat eggs. // You dont smoke. full form : do not -- short form : dont full form : does not short form : doesnt 2.

Interrogative form
We make the interrogative form by inversion of the subject and the auxiliary verb. auxiliary verb 3rd p. sg. DO + subject + base form of the main verb Does

Watch 1. Do I watch? 1. Do we watch? 2. Do you watch..? 2. Do you watch? 3. Does he watch? 3. Do they watch? Does she watch? Does it watch? ex. Do you play basketball every day? // Does she like ice cream? Does he watch a lot of films?

Yes, I; you; we; they do. dont. Yes, he; she; it does. doesnt.

Yes/No - answers // No, I; you; we; they // No, he; she; it

USAGE
We use Present Simple Tense to express: ***1. regular habits and routines:
ex. They watch TV every day. /She plays basketball twice a week. / I always wake up at 6 oclock.

***2. permanent states:

ex. Cambridge is an ancient city. // My friends live in Scotland.

***3. emotions and feelings:

ex. I like ice cream. // My mother hates spiders. // We love English.

***4.eternal truths:
ex. The Earth goes round the sun. // Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius.

ADVERBS
*Every day; every week; every year; month; morning; afternoon;

evening; weekend; etc.

*Once a week; twice a week; three times a week; four times a month; five times a year

*On Mondays; on Tuesdays; on Wednesdays; on Thursdays; etc. ***Adverbs of frequency: always; usually; often; sometimes; hardly ever;

never ; seldom; frequently; from time to time 3.

Present continuous tense

Affirmative form . We make the P.C.T. affirmative form with the auxiliary verb BE in Present Simple Tense and the main verb + the suffix ING.

Subject + TO BE in Present Simple Tense + (main verb + - ING ) PLAY

1. I am playing 2. You are playing 3. He is playing She is playing It is playing 1. We are playing 2. You are playing 3. They are playing

Spelling rules for the ING form of verbs: * Verbs ending on E : ex. dance dancing;

live living; come coming

* Some verbs containing one syllable with a short vowel ending on

-m -n -t -p

= swim swimming; = run running; = sit sitting; = shop - shopping

Negative form It is made by adding the negation NOT to the auxiliary verb. Subject + verb + - ING) TO BE
in Present Simple Tense

negation

(main

NOT

EAT
1. I am not eating 1. We are not eating 2. You are not eating 2. You are not eating 3. He is not eating 3. They are not eating She is not eating It is not eating Full forms: am not; are not; is not Short forms: m not; arent; isnt Ex. I am not having lunch at the moment. He is not listening to me. 4.

Interrogative form It is made by inversion of the subject and the auxiliary verb . TO BE in Present Simple Tense + subject + ( main verb + - ING) swim

1. Am I swimming? 2. Are you swimming? 3. Is he swimming? Is she swimming?

1. Are we swimming ? 2. Are you swimming? 3. Are they swimming?

Is it swimming? ex. Are you playing tennis now? Is he listening to me?// Is she watching me?

YES / NO answers Yes, I am; you are; he is; she is; it is; we are; you are; they are// No, Im not; you arent; he isnt; she isnt; it isnt; we arent; you arent; they arent ex. Are you watching TV at the moment ? Yes, I am. /// No, I am not.

USAGE
Primary usage:
**** We use Present Continuous Tense to talk about actions that are happening at the moment of speaking.
Ex. I am watching TV at the moment. Nick is doing a test now. They arent listening to music.

Adverbs: NOW; AT THE MOMENT; AT THIS MOMENT

Secondary usage:
***Present Continuous Tense is also used for actions that refer to the

future.

Ex. A: What are you doing tomorrow morning? B: Im cleaning my bike. Ex. I dont anybody in my room WHEN Im learning.

*** We also use Present Continuous Tense after WHEN; IF; WHILE: *** After some adverbial phrases such as : this morning; this evening; today; . still; anymore; any longer; etc.
Ex. Timmy is coming today; /// The children are still sleeping. 5. N. B. State verbs can not be used in continuous tenses: love, like; hate; want; adore; etc feel; hear; know; remember; understand; think; belong; consist; contain; possess; prefer, need

Going to
affirmative form

subject + TO BE verb

+ .

GOING TO + base form of the main in Present Simple Tense negative form

ex. I am going to make a cake this evening.

subject verb

TO BE

NOT + GOING TO + base of the main

in Present Simple

ex. It isnt going to rain soon.

interrogative form
TO BE + subject + GOING TO + base of the main verb in Present Simple

ex. Are you going to play football this afternoon?

Usage
*** 1. Future plans and intentions:
ex. I m going to have a holiday in France. Hes going to fly to London next week.

***2. Predictions based on what you know or can see:

ex. Look at those clouds! Its going to rain. Look out! We are going to crash. Did you hear the weather forecast? Its going to snow.

6.

Past simple tense

Regular verbs Affirmative form
***We make the affirmative form by adding the suffix ED or D to the base of the main verb.

D)
ex.

Subject + (main verb + - ED / -

play played; call called; listen - listened

***We add the suffix - D to the base of the verbs that end on E. ex. dance danced; love loved; like liked;

verb endings

n : plan planned; p : stop stopped; kidnap kidnapped; l : travel travelled; b : rob robbed; t : commit committed; r : occur occurred; *** Verbs ending on Y when there is a consonant in front of - Y , Y > I + - ED = - IED: study > studied; try > tried; hurry > hurried ex. I played football yesterday. /// She listened to music all day yesterday.

Negative form
*** Its made by the auxiliary verb DO in Past Simple Tense , the negation NOT and the ` base of the main verb.

Subject + DO > DID + NOT + base of the main verb

ex. I did not play tennis yesterday. She didnt listen to music last Sunday. Full form : DID NOT > Short form : DIDNT

Interrogative form
***It is made by inversion of the auxiliary verb and the subject.

DID + subject + base form of the main verb

ex. Did you go out last night? Did she watch that interesting film yesterday? 7.

Irregular verbs
*** The irregular verbs have their own forms which are used only in the affirmative form, not in negative and interrogative ( questions ).

Go went; see saw; leave left; be was;

ex. I went to my friends house last night. But : Did you go out last night ?

Usage
***1. It is used to express an action that ended in a specific time in the past.

ex. I visited him yesterday.

***2. To express past actions that happen one after another.

ex. He rang the bell, opened the door and entered inside.

***3. To express a habitual past action:

ex. She went to church every Sunday. ***4. With expressions such as: I wish; If only; Its high time; As if; ex. I wish I had a new friend. If only you were kinder to her. He behaves as if he were my boss. It is high time they were nice with me.

Adverbs
* yesterday; the day before yesterday; * last week/year/Sunday/month * long ago; a year ago; a month ago; a week ago * in 1994; in 1937; in 1267 * the other day; previous ( week; month; year ) * in questions starting with WHEN: ex.When did you see that film?
Affirmative form 1. I played 2. You played 3. He played She played It played 1. We played 2.You played 3.They played Negative form 1. I didn t play 2. You didn t play 3. He didn t play She didn t play It didn t play 1. We didn t play 2. You didn t play 3. The didn t play

Interrogative form // Yes/ No answers 1. Did I play? Yes, I did. / No, I didnt. 2. Did you play? Yes, you did/ No, you didn t. 3. Did he play..? Yes, he did. / No, he didn t. Did she play? Yes, she did./ No, she didn t. Did it play? Yes, it did. / No it didn t. 1. Did we play? Yes, we did. / No, we didn t. 2. Did you play? Yes, you did/ No, you didn t. 3. Did they play?Yes, they did/ No, they didn t

8.

Past continuous tense

Affirmative form
The affirmative form of Past Continuous Tense is made by the auxiliary verb TO BE in Past Simple Tense + the main verb with the suffix ING.

subject - ING )

TO BE

(main verb +

ex. I was playing tennis. // They were listening to music. // She was dancing.

in Past Simple Tense (WAS / WERE)

TALK
1. I was talking 2. You were talking 3. He was talking She was talking It was talking 1. We were talking 2. You were talking 3. They were talking

Negative form
It is made by adding the negation NOT to the auxiliary verb.

Subject + TO BE + NOT + ( main verb + ING ) . in Past Simple ( WAS / WERE ) full form : was not ; were not :: short form : wasnt ; werent
ex. I was not talking to you. // They were not walking in the park. 1.
I was not talking

1. We were not talking 2. You were not talking 2. You were not talking 3. He was not talking 3. They were not talking She was not talking It was not talking

Interrogative form
It is made by inversion of the auxiliary verb and the subject.

WAS / WERE + subject + (main verb + - ING)

ex. Were you listening to music when I called you? Questions
1. Was I talking ? 2. Were you talking ? 3. Was he talking? Was she talking? Was it talking ? 1. Were we talking ? 2. Were you talking...? 3. Were they talking?

Yes / No answers

Yes, I was. // No, I wasn t Yes, you were. // No, you weren t. Yes, he was. // No, he wasn t. Yes, she was. // No, she wasn t. Yes, it was. // No, it wasn t Yes, we were. // No, we weren t. Yes, you were. // No, you weren t. Yes, they were.// No, they weren t. 9.

Rules -e: dance dancing -p: shop shopping; -t: sit sitting; -m: swim swimming; -n: run - running

Usage
*** 1. To express a past action that lasted a longer period in the past:
ex. It was raining all day yesterday. He was reading a book the whole night. We use ALL and WHOLE with this usage.

*** 2. To express a past action that was going on or was interrupted by another past action.
ex. I was having a bath when the phone rang. She was writing a letter when he arrived. We use WHEN with this usage.

*** 3. To express two actions that were happening at the same time in the past
ex. I was watching TV while she was making dinner. While he was speaking to you, we were waiting in front of the door. We link these sentences with WHILE.

Adverbs
All, the whole day/year/month; while; when
When : -------------------------------------------| *** an action interrupted by another
action.

While: ------------------------------------------- *** two actions happening at the

same time.
-----------------------------------------------------------------

10.

Present perfect tense

Affirmative form
We make the affirmative form of Present Perfect Tense with the auxiliary verb HAVE in Present Simple Tense and the PAST PARTICIPLE of the main verb.

verb

Subject +

HAVE 3rd p. sg. HAS

past participle of the main

ex. I have lived in England for ten years. // She has visited her grandparents recently.

play played; arrive arrived; dance danced; stay stayed; study studied
*** We make the PAST PARTICIPLE of the REGULAR VERBS by adding the suffix -ED or D: ***The irregular verbs have their own PAST PARTICIPLE forms:

ex. see seen; be been; leave left; take taken; have had; break broken Negative form
It is made by putting the negation NOT after the auxiliary verb.

verb

Subject +
3rd p.sg.

HAVE + negation + past participle of the main HAS NOT

Full form : HAVE NOT/ HAS NOT :: Short form: HAVEN T/ HASN T ex. She hasnt visited her grandmother since last month.

Interrogative form
It is made by inversion of the auxiliary verb and the subject.

HAVE 3 p. sg. HAS

rd

subject

past participle of the main verb

No, I havent.
Yes / No answers

ex. Have you ever been to France?

Negative form 1. I havent played 2. You havent played 3. He hasnt played She hasnt played It hasnt played 1. We havent played 2. You havent played 3. They havent played

Affirmative form 1. I have played 2. You have played 3. He has played She has played It has played 1. We have played 2. You have played 3. They have played

Interrogative form :

1. Have I played? Yes, I have ./ No, I havent. 2. Have you played? Yes, you have./ No, you havent 3. Has he played? Yes, he has. / No, he hasnt. Has she played? Yes, she has./ No, she hasnt Has it played? Yes, it has. / No, it hasnt. 1. Have we played? Yes, we have./ No, we havent. 2. Have you played? Yes, you have./ No you havent. 3. Have they played? Yes, they have./No they havent.

11.

Usage
We use Present Perfect Tense: ***1. to talk about the things that happened very recently. Then we use the word JUST :
ex. He has JUST arrived.

***2. You can use the P.P.T. with ALREADY to say that something happened sooner than expected:
ex. A: Dont forget to post the letter, will you? B: Ive ALREADY posted it.

JUST and ALREADY are used only in AFFIRMATIVE sentences, right after the auxiliary verb. ***3. With adverbs EVER and NEVER, when they include the moment of speaking.
ex. They have NEVER been here. Sue has NEVER seen an aquarium. Have you EVER seen a shark?

NEVER is used in affirmative sentences, but the meaning is negative. EVER is used in QUESTIONS. ***4. To talk about things that happened in INDEFINITE
THE RESULTS ARE STILL PRESENT: TIME IN THE PAST, BUT

Ex. I have lost my book. Now I cant learn my lessons. Oh ! I ve burnt myself.

***5. You use P.P.T. to say that you have never done something or that you havent done something during a period of time which continues up to present:
Ex. Ive never smoked. I havent smoked for three years. I havent smoked since September. Jill hasnt written to me for nearly a month.

** FOR shows a period of time up to present. **SINCE - a point in time when the action started.
12.

*** 6. We often use the PPT with YET. It shows that the speaker I expecting . something to happen.

YET is used only in NEGATIVE and INTERROGATIVE usually at the end of the sentence.
ex. Has it stopped raining YET? I havent told them about the accident YET.

SENTENCES

. ,.

and

***7. We often use the PPT with the expressions: = THIS IS THE FIRST/ SECOND/ THIRD TIME =ITS THE FIRST TIME
ex. This is the first time he HAS DRVEN a car. Its the second time youve lost your passport. Is this the first time YOUVE BEEN in hospital?

***8. We often use PPT after SUPERLATIVES.

ex. Its the most boring film IVE EVER SEEN. Shes the most beautiful girl I VE EVER MET.

***9. With THIS MORNING/ EVENING/ WEEK/ TERM.. ( When these periods are not finished at the time of speaking)
ex. Ive smoked ten cigarettes today. Has Ann had a holiday this year? I havent seen Tom this morning, have you? Ron hasnt studied very much this term.

***10. To talk about a period of time that continues up to present. We are .. talking about the period between a short time ago and now.
ex. Have you seen my dog? I cant find him anywhere.

OTHER ADVERBS: After the conjunctions:

several times; always after; as soon as; before; till; when

13.

Future with will

Affirmative form
We make the affirmative form with the modal verb WILL and the base of the main verb.

Subject + WILL + base form of the main verb

ex. I will have a Coke, please. full form : short form

will

ll

Negative form
We make the negative form by adding the negation NOT after the modal verb and the base form of the main verb.

Subject + WILL + NOT + base form of the main verb ex. I will not go to school tomorrow. full form : short form

will not

wont

Interrogative form
We make the interrogative form by inversion of the subject and the modal verb.

WILL + subject + base form of the main verb

ex.. Will you help me with my homework?

Affirmative form
1. I will go 2. You will go 3. He will go

Negative form 1. I won t go 2.You won t go 3. He won t go She won t go It won t go 1. We won t go 2. You won t go 3. They won t go

Interrogative form 1. Will I go? 2. Will you go? 3. Will he go? Will she go? Will it go? 1. Will we go? 2. Will you go? 3. Will they go?

: Yes / No - answers Yes, I will. // No, I won t. Yes, you will .//No, you won t. Yes, he will .// No, he won t. Yes, she will. // No, she won t. Yes, it will. // No, it won t. Yes, we will. // No, we won t. Yes, you will. // No, you won t. Yes, they will.// No, they won t.

She will go It will go

1. We will go 2. You will go 3. They will go

14.

usage
*** 1. We use it to express an instant decision. decision ex. Q: What would you like to eat? A: I ll have a hamburger, please.

*** 2. To make a prediction based on what we think or can imagine.

ex.

I want to play tennis tomorrow, but it will probably rain. By the year 2030, everyone will have a computer.

*** 3. To make an offer or a promise. promise ex. A: I cant do my homework. B: OK, I ll help you. = offer

I will be careful, I promise. = promise

COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES
There are three degrees of comparison: 1. Positive -- small 2. Comparative smaller 3. Superlative the smallest There are three types of adjectives:
1. 2. 3.

short long irregular

15.

Short adjectives
*consist of only one syllable and the two syllable adjectives ending on Y
We make the COMPARATIVE form by adding the suffix ER to the base of the adjective:

ex. big bigger; tall taller ; nice nicer

We make the SUPERLATIVE form by adding the suffix EST and we put THE in front of the adjective:

ex. big the biggest; tall the tallest; nice the nicest Phonetic rules:

1. Short adjectives that end on Y and in front of which , there is a consonant : Y>I +
the suffix:

ex. pretty > prettier > the prettiest;

sunny > sunnier > the sunniest dry > drier > the driest
2. At the one syllable adjectives which end on a short consonant , we double the last
consonant:

-t: hot hotter the hottest; fat fatter the

fattest;

-g: big bigger the biggest;

- n: thin thinner the thinnest

3. If the adjective ends on for superlative:

then we use only

R for comparative and ST

ex. nice nicer the nicest

fine finer the finest strange stranger the strangest

Long adjectives
*The adjectives that have two or more syllables (except the two syllable adjectives ending on Y) are called long adjectives. We make the COMPARATIVE with MORE in front of the adjective: ex. MORE + beautiful; MORE + dangerous; MORE + expensive We make the SUPERLATIVE with THE MOST in front of the adjectives: Ex. THE MOST + beautiful THE MOST + dangerous THE MOST + expensive
16.

Irregular adjectives
* There are some adjectives that have different forms for comparative and superlative than the short and long adjectives. There are no rules. Such adjectives are:
ex. 1. well better the best

5. bad- worse the worst 6. little less the least 7. many more the most 8. much - more - the most

2. good better the best 3. far further - the furthest - farther the furthest

4. old older the oldest - elder the eldest

9. ill worse - the worst 10. evil worse the worst

*** To express the equality between two persons or two things we use the so called as + adjective + as comparison . ex. Your sister is as old as mine. She is as pretty as me. *** With the COMPARATIVE we express the superiority of one person or object over some other. .. Thats why we always use the word THAN with the comparative.
ex . My son is older than my daughter.

Our house is bigger than yours.

*** We can express inferiority with the word LESS or NOT SO AS . LESS + ADJECTIVE + than NOT SO + ADJECTIVE + AS ex. My coat is less expensive than yours. My coat is not so expensive as yours. *** If want to emphasize the comparative, we use MUCH, A GREAT DEAL, FAR, EVEN: EVEN ex. Your house is much bigger than ours. It is even bigger hotel than Sheraton. *** The person or the object that is better than the rest is expressed with expressions : . of all; of the whole; and with

the preposition IN
ex. She is the most beautiful of all.

Your is the biggest in our neighbourhood.

17.

imperative
The verb BE
Positive imperative: Negative imperative :

Be careful! Be wise ! Be quiet ! Don t be silly !

Be yourself !

Don t be stupid ! Don t be late !

Other verbs
Positive imperative :

Look !

Stop !

. Talk to me !
you. )

Listen (to me when I m talking to Get out ! Come in !

Negative imperative:

Dont stop ! Don t look at me ! Don t go out

late at night

If we want to emphasize the command or the request we use DO. ex. Do take another cake ! // Do stop here ! In first and third person singular and plural we use the verb LET: ex. positive : Let him do as he pleases ! Let me go ! Let us go ! ( Lets go!) Let them go! negative : Dont let him go ! Dont let me go ! Dont let them ruin this for us!

We use the IMPERATIVE to express:

USAGE

1. Command : Ex. Come here ! Speak out ! Open the book ! Shut the door ! 2. Request : Ex. Help me, please ! Show them the city, please ! 3. Permission : Ex. Take it if you like it ! 4. Invitation : Ex. Come with me ! We can also use a double imperative : ex. Go and see whats going on!
18.

TOO

&

ENOUGH

We use TOO and ENOUGH to express amount, size and degree. TOO goes before an adjectives: These shirts are TOO small. ENOUGH goes after an adjective : They arent big ENOUGH.

Ex. I dont want to go out. It s TOO cold. // Its not warm ENOUGH. My hair is TOO short. // My hair isnt long ENOUGH.

19.

PERSONAL PRONOUNS

Object

Subject
1. I 2. You 3. He She It 1. We 2. You 3. They 1. Me 2. You 3. Him Her It 1. Us 2. You 3. Them

POSSESIVE ADJECTIVES pronouns

1. My 2. Your 3. His Her Its 1. Our 2. Your 3. Their

-----

Possessive

1. Mine 2. Yours 3. His Hers Its 1.Ours 2. Yours 3. Theirs

We use the possessive pronouns ( mine, yours ) instead of a possessive adjective + noun
Ex. This is MY TICKET.

This TICKET is MINE

possessive + noun pronoun possessive adjective

20.

QUESTION TAGS
We use the question tags to check information that we think is correct. ***When the ***When the
MAIN VERB MAIN VERB

is is

AFFIRMATIVE, NEGATIVE,

the question tag is

NEGATIVE.

the question tag is

AFIRMATIVE.

We repeat the auxiliary / modal verb in the question tag. If there is no auxiliary verb use: / don t / / doesn t / / didn t MAIN VERB QUESTION TAG arent you ? cant you ? is he ? mustnt we ? do you ? doesnt she ? havent they ? did he ? didnt he ?

You are Spanish , You can speak French , He isnt English , We must take the dog out , You dont speak Italian , She eats meat , Your parents have been to York , He didnt arrive yesterday , He arrived yesterday , # Careful with question tags with
ex.

Im :

Im late, arent I ?

** If the tag falls, the speaker expects people to agree with him / her :
Ex. Beautiful day, isnt it ?

**If the tag rises, the speaker is asking for confirmation.

The speaker thinks, he / she knows the answer, but isn t absolutely sure : ex. Your name is Abigail, isnt it ? You work in the city, dont you ?

21.

Quantifiers
SOME *** ANY
ex. There is some bread and there are some cakes. There isn t any bread and there arent any cakes
SOME and ANY go before a plural countable noun or an uncountable noun. noun We use SOME in affirmative sentences, sentences and ANY in negative and

interrogative.

HOW MANY ? with countable nouns HOW MUCH .? with uncountable nouns

Ex How many apples are there on the plate? How much sugar do you want in your coffee?

A LITTLE*** A FEW *** A LOT OF

with uncountable nouns ex. a little sugar, a little water, a little salt, a little
***A LITTLE

flour..

plural countable nouns ex. a few apples, a few boys, a few girls, a few bananas.. uncountable and plural countable nouns ex. a lot of sugar, a lot of bread, a lot of potatoes, a lot of oranges, a lot of people.. Ex. 1. Theres a little sugar. 2.There are a few apples. 3 a) Theres a lot of bread b) There are a lot of oranges.
***A LOT OF with

***A FEW with

22.

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

The conditional sentences are consisted of two clauses ( parts of the sentence ) 1. MAIN or INDEPENDENT CLAUSE 2. DEPENDENT or SUBORDINATE CLAUSE

ZERO CONDITIONAL
The sentences which express facts that are always true are called ZERO CONDITIONAL SENTENCES and we use PRESENT SIMPLE TENSE in both clauses. IF CLAUSE
PRESENT SIMPLE

MAIN CLAUSE
PRESENT SIMPLE

ex. If you boil water, it turns into steam. If you freeze water, it turns into ice. If you throw a stone into water it sinks.

FIRST CONDITIONAL OPEN CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

These sentences refer to the present or future and the combination of tenses is: PRESENT SIMPLE or FUTURE SIMPLE

IF CLAUSE
PRESENT SIMPLE

MAIN CLAUSE
FUTURE SIMPLE

***Every condition is expressed with clauses that start with IF . If the sentence is negative we use UNLESS ( not IF NOT ).
ex. If you invite me to your party, Ill come.

If she becomes a vet, she will look after animals. 1a. If you dont study hard, you wont pass the exam.
or

1b. Unless you study hard, you wont pass the exam. 2a. I won t forgive him if he doesnt apologize.
or

2b. I won t forgive him unless he apologizes. *** These sentences express prediction about the future.
23.

Conditional sentences supplement (DODATOK)

When the condition expressed in the If clause ( dependent or

subordinate clause ) is possible ( can be fulfilled ) - except FUTURE SIMPLE and PRESENT SIMPLE in the main clause, we can also use :
IF CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE

PRESENT SIMPLE

IMPERATIVE

ex. If he invites you, go and see him. positive command If he insists, don t go. negative command PRESENT SIMPLE + MODAL VERB

Ex. If it stops raining, we can go out. If it stops raining, we shall go out. **The meaning doesnt change if we put the main clause before the If clause.
ex. We can go out if it stops raining. ( If stops raining, we can go out.)

Go and see him if he invites you. ( If he invites you, go and see him )

24.

SECOND CONDITIONAL UNREAL CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

***We use these sentences when we talk about present or future unreal situations. The condition expressed in these sentences is not very likely to be fulfilled

- thats why we call these sentences potential ( improbable conditional sentences). We do not believe that the condition will be fulfilled or there is a very small possibility that the condition will be fulfilled. The combination of tenses is : If clause Condition
( minato opredeleno svrseno vreme)

Main clause results( consequences)

FUTURE - IN - THE - PAST- CONDITIONAL
( minato idno vreme)

PAST SIMPLE